11 September 2001.

The September 11 attacks (so-called September 11, September 11th or 9/11), is a series of four suicide attacks that have been set against some targets in New York City and Washington, DC on September 11, 2001. On that morning, the 19 hijackers of the Islamic militant group, al-Qaeda hijacked four passenger jets. The hijackers intentionally crashed two planes into the Twin Towers of the World Trade Center in New York City; both towers collapsed within two hours. The hijackers also crashed a third plane into the Pentagon in Arlington, Virginia. When the passenger tried to take over the fourth plane, United Airlines Flight 93, the plane crashed in a field near Shanksville, Pennsylvania, and failed to reach the target of the original in Washington, DC According to the investigation team 911, about 3,000 people were killed in this attack.

Alleged fell to al-Qaeda, and in 2004, the group leader Osama bin Laden, who initially refused to get involved, claimed responsibility for this attack. Al-Qaeda and bin Laden also said US support for Israel, the presence of US troops in Saudi Arabia, and sanctions against Iraq as a motive for this attack. United States responded to the attacks by launching the War on Terror to invade Afghanistan to topple the Taliban that protects members of al-Qaeda. Many countries are strengthening laws of their anti-terrorism and extend the power of law enforcement. In May 2011, after being hunted for years, President Barack Obama announced that bin Laden was found and shot dead by US marines, although no published evidence that states the death vividly.
This resulted in the destruction of the serious impact on the economy of Lower Manhattan. Land clearing the World Trade Center completed in May 2002. The National September 11 Memorial & Museum is scheduled to open on September 11, 2011. At the close of this memorial there is One World Trade Center as high as 1,776 feet (541 m) which is expected to be completed in 2013. The Pentagon fixed in period of one year, and the Pentagon Memorial was opened next to the building in 2008. Land acquisition for the Flight 93 National Memorial in November 2009, and a memorial was officially opened on September 10, 2011.

Attack.

On the morning of 11 September 2001, 19 hijackers took control of four commercial aircraft was flying towards San Francisco and Los Angeles after takeoff from Boston, Newark, and Washington, DC Aircraft with long-haul flights was deliberately chosen to be hijacked for carrying a lot of fuel. At 8:46 am, five hijackers crashed American Airlines Flight 11 into the North Tower of the World Trade Center (WTC 1) and at 9:03 am, five other hijackers crashed United Airlines Flight 175 into the South Tower (2 WTC).
Five hijackers crashed American Airlines Flight 77 into the Pentagon at 9:37 am. The fourth aircraft, under the control of pirates, dropping the United Airlines Flight 93 near Shanksville, Pennsylvania at 10:03 am after the passengers against the hijackers. Target Flight 93 allegedly is the US Capitol or the White House. Flight 93 cockpit voice recording discovered that the flight crew and passengers tried to take over the plane from the hijackers after learning through phone on other planes had been hijacked crashed into several buildings in the morning. After appearing strong evidence for the hijackers that the passengers would take over the plane, a hijacker ordered his friend to rotate the plane and accidentally dropped it. Finally, Flight 93 crashed in a field near Shanksville.
Some passengers were able to make phone calls using the telephone service aircraft and mobile phones and provides details that there were some hijackers on each plane; that the pepper spray or tear gas used and some of the people on the plane had been stabbed. The report found that the hijackers stabbed and killed pilots, flight attendants, and one or more passengers. In its final report, the 9/11 Commission found that the hijackers had recently purchased a multifunction hand tools and various types of knives and daggers. A flight attendant Flight 11, a passenger on Flight 175, and some of the passengers of Flight 93 said that the hijackers had a bomb, but one of the passengers also said he thought the bomb was a fake. The FBI did not find traces of explosives on the scene, and the 9/11 Commission concluded that the fake bomb.
Having confirmed that Flight 11 was hijacked, two F-15 dispatched from Otis Air National Guard Base in Massachusetts and airs at 8:53 in the morning. North American Aerospace Defense Command (NORAD) has a 9-minute notification that Flight 11 has been hijacked. Due to poor communication with the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA), they do not receive notification about the other planes were finally hit the target. After the Twin Towers was hit, several fighter aircraft flown from Langley Air Force Base in Virginia at 9:30 am. At 10:20 am, several orders were issued to shoot down any hijacked commercial airliner potential. This command is not delivered in time for a fighter to take action. Several fighter planes fly without carrying live ammunition, knowing that in order to prevent the hijackers reach its target of a fighter pilot crashed his plane into the plane to be hijacked, possibly by sliding out of the fighter aircraft at the last moment. In an interview in 2005 along with fighter pilots departing from Otis Air National Guard Base, a pilot said, "No one would have called us heroes if we shot down four planes on September 11th."

Three buildings in the World Trade Center Complex collapsed due to structural failure. South Tower collapsed at 9:59 am after burning for 56 minutes in a fire caused by the collision United Airlines Flight 175. The North Tower collapsed at 10:28 am after burning for 102 minutes. When the North Tower collapsed, rubble fell into the building 7 World Trade Center (7 WTC) that is next to him, so destroying it and creating a fire. These fires occur for several hours, damaging the building structure endurance, and WTC 7 collapsed at 5:21 pm.
All aircraft in the continental United States forced landing, and the aircraft had flown requested to land as soon as possible. All international civilian aircraft flown home or diverted to airports in Canada or Mexico, and all international airlines banned from landing on US soil for three days. This attack creates mass confusion among news organizations and air traffic controllers. Among the news unconfirmed and often contradictory broadcast throughout the day, one of which was a car bomb had been detonated at the headquarters of the US State Department in Washington, DC Another jet-Flight 1989-allegedly hijacked, but allegedly false report because the aircraft is finally responding to calls air controllers and landed safely in Cleveland, Ohio.
In an interview in September 2002, Khalid Sheikh Mohammed and Ramzi bin al-Shibh, who is alleged to have orchestrated the attacks, saying that the main target of Flight 93 was the United States Capitol, not the White House. During the planning stages of an attack, Mohamed Atta, the hijacker who will pilot Flight 11, suspect the White House is difficult to be targeted and asked for an assessment of Hani Hanjour, who then hijack and pilot Flight 77. Mohammed also said al-Qaeda initially planned to target nuclear installations, instead of the World Trade Center and the Pentagon, but they decided not so worried about everything being "uncontrollable". The final decision in determining the target, according to Mohammed, is in the hands of the pilot.

Damage.

Together with the 110-story twin towers, several other buildings in the area of ​​the World Trade Center were destroyed or severely damaged, including the building until 7 and St. WTC3 Nicholas Greek Orthodox Church. North Tower, South Tower, Marriott Hotel (3 WTC) and 7 WTC was destroyed completely. US Customs House (6 World Trade Center), 4 World Trade Center, 5 World Trade Center, and two pedestrian bridges that connect the buildings badly damaged. Deutsche Bank Building at 130 Liberty Street was broken in half and eventually torn down. Two World Financial Center buildings were also damaged.
Deutsche Bank Building across Liberty Street from the World Trade Center complex uninhabitable finally stamped back because poisonous atmosphere in the office towers and eventually torn down. Fiterman Hall belongs to the Borough of Manhattan Community College at 30 West Broadway was also torn down because of severe damage in the attack and eventually rebuilt. Other neighboring buildings such as 90 West Street and the Verizon Building suffered major damage but has been repaired. Building World Financial Center buildings, One Liberty Plaza, the Millenium Hilton, and 90 Church Street were damaged middle level and have been corrected. Communications equipment at the top of the North Tower were also destroyed, but media stations were able to divert the signal quickly and continue broadcasting.
The Pentagon, in Arlington County, Virginia, severely damaged by the crash of American Airlines Flight 77 and the fire that took place afterwards, resulting in one side of the building collapsed. When it leads to the Pentagon, the wings of the plane hit some lampposts and rammed his right engine power before crashing into the west side of the Pentagon, killing all 53 passengers, five hijackers, and 6 crew. The plane crashed into the Pentagon on the first floor and the front of his body broken when the collision, while the middle and tail kept bumping for less than one second. Ruins tail penetrate deep into the building, past three circles outside the building measuring 310 feet (94 m).

Rescue and repair.

New York City Fire Department immediately dispatched 200 units (half of the department) to the site. Their efforts were aided by firefighters and emergency medical technicians who are not on duty that day. New York City Police Department sends Emergency Service Units and other police personnel, as well as the dispatched helicopter unit. Upon arriving at the scene, FNY, NYPD, and Port Authority does not coordinate rescue efforts and eventually have difficulty in finding civilians. When the situation deteriorated, the unit cost NYPD convey information to the police commander, who issued instructions to its personnel to evacuate themselves from the towers; most of NYPD officers managed to get out safely before the building collapsed. Because the command post was set apart and radio communication between agencies was not able to do, the command was not up to the FDNY commanders.
After the first tower collapsed, FDNY commanders issued evacuation orders; but due to technical difficulties with the radio repeater system fails to function, many firefighters never heard the evacuation orders. 9-1-1 officers also received information from callers that are not passed on to the commanders on the scene. Within a few hours after the attack, search and rescue operations launched massive. After several months of 24-hour operations at the site, the land of the World Trade Center was finally cleared at the end of May 2002.

Attackers.

Hours after the attack, the FBI released the names of the suspected hijackers and pilots to the public, in addition to their specific personal information. Mohamed Atta of Egypt is the 19th chairman of the usurper and one pilot. Atta was killed in the attack along with all the other pirates, but the trunk (which is not connected from the flight from Portland to Flight 11) contains the papers that reveal the identity of all 19 hijackers and important clues other plans, motives and their background. At noon, the State Security Agency bypassing the communication that leads to Osama bin Laden, as well as German intelligence agencies.

On 27 September 2001, the FBI issued a usurper and its image 19 nationality and names of others who might use them. 15 of them from Saudi Arabia, two from the United Arab Emirates, one from Egypt (Atta), and one from Lebanon.
FBI investigation into the events code-named Operation PENTTBOM, an investigative efforts of the largest and most complex in the history of the FBI, involving over 7,000 special agents. Kingdom of the United States found that the al-Qaeda leader Osama bin Laden was responsible for this attack, while the FBI said that "evidence linking al-Qaeda and bin Laden to the attacks of September 11 is clear and can not be denied". Kingdom United Kingdom got the same conclusion that al-Qaeda and Osama bin Laden is guilty of the September 11 attacks.

Author Laurie Mylroie siasah writing in the conservative magazine The American Spectator in 2006, Khalid Sheikh Mohammed THAT argues the family is the main designer of 9/11 and the attacks for instance, when Khalid Sheikh Mohammed links with Osama bin Laden was responsible for al sideline and recognition Qaeda for the attack came after that and opportunistic nature. Former CIA officer, Robert Baer, ​​wrote a statement which is contrary to the arguments Mylorie in Timepada magazine in 2007, stressing that the recognition of responsible disclosure Khalid Sheikh Mohammed on 9/11 and other acts by the government of George W. Bush's leadership of the trials that lie to claim that all the main actors of 9/11 has been arrested.

Al Qaeda.

The origins of al-Qaeda may be laced to 1979, when the Soviet Union invaded Afghanistan. Soon after the attack, Osama bin Laden went to Afghanistan to lend assistance in setting up groups of Arab mujahideen and established the Maktab al-Khidamat organization (MAK) to fight the Soviets. When the war with the Soviet Union, bin Laden and his fighters received the American and Saudi funding, mostly channeled through the ISI, the Pakistani intelligence service. In 1989, when the Soviets withdrew, MAK was changed to "rapid response force" that had jihad upon governments throughout the Islamic world. With the guidance of Ayman al-Zawahiri, Osama bin Laden became more radical. In 1996, bin Laden issued a fatwa urging the first American soldiers to leave Saudi Arabia.

Bin Laden issued a fatwa in 1998 both to refute the base outside the United States to Israel, as well as the continuous presence of American troops in Saudi Arabia after the Gulf War. Bin Laden used Islamic holy book to encourage acts of violence against the army and people of the United States that demands diakur, with the argument that "the scholars throughout the history of Islam agree as round sound that jihad is the sole duty if the enemy destroys the Islamic countries."

Post-attack.

Within a few hours after the attack, the FBI get the names and personal details of the suspected pilots and hijackers. Suitcases Mohammed Atta, were not forwarded from his Portland flight to flight 11, containing files that may reveal the identity of all 19 hijackers and other important clues about their plans, motives, and backgrounds. On the day of the attack, the NSA intercepted communications that pointed to Osama bin Laden. German intelligence agency also get the same results. On 27 September 2001, the FBI published the photographs of the 19 hijackers along with information about the possibility of his nationality and the names of his aliases. Fifteen of the attackers came from Saudi Arabia, two from the United Arab Emirates, one from Egypt and one from Lebanon. Contrary to the suicide attacker profiles in general, pirate-hijackers were educated, mature, where the belief system has been formed completely.

Osama Bin Laden.

Just before the US presidential elections in 2004, in a recorded video statement, Osama bin Laden recognizes the involvement of al-Qaeda attack on the United States and acknowledging her relationship directly on the attack. He said that the attack was carried out because "We are free, and to gain freedom for our nation. As you underestimate our security, our security underestimate you." Osama bin Laden said that he himself had led the 19 hijackers. In the video he says, "We have agreed with the Commander-General Muhammad Atta, that all operations will be carried out within 20 minutes before Bush and his administration realized". Another video obtained by Al Jazeera in September 2006 shows Osama bin Laden with Ramzi Binalshibh, and the two hijackers Hamza al-Ghamdi and Wail al-Shehri, as they get ready for the assault. However, five days later in a statement on its television station Al Jazeera, Osama insists he was not involved with the events of September 11 and declared that the US government lied by making it a scapegoat for a particular purpose.

List perpetrators hijacked planes in the September 11 attacks.

American Airlines Flight 11:

Mohamed Atta, Egyptian
Abdulaziz Alomari, nationality Saudi Arabia
Satam M.A. Al Suqami, nationality Saudi Arabia
Wail M. Alshehri, nationality Saudi Arabia
Waleed M. Alshehri, nationality Saudi Arabia

United Arlines Flight 175:

Marwan Al-Shehhi, nationality United Arab Emirates
Fayez Rashid Ahmed Hassan Al Qadi Banihammad, nationality Saudi Arabia
Ahmed Alghamdi, nationality Saudi Arabia
Hamza Alghamdi, nationality Saudi Arabia
Mohand Alshehri, nationality Saudi Arabia

American Airlines Flight 77:

Hani Hanjour, nationality Saudi Arabia
Nawaf Alhazmi, nationality Saudi Arabia
Majed Moqed, nationality Saudi Arabia
Khalid Almihdhar, nationality Saudi Arabia
Salem Alhazmi, nationality Saudi Arabia

United Airlines Flight 93:

Ziad Samir Jarrah, the Lebanese nationality
Saeed Alghamdi, nationality Saudi Arabia
Ahmed Ibrahim A. Al-Haznawi, nationality Saudi Arabia
Ahmed al-Nami, nationality Saudi Arabia

Conflicting theories.

Architects and Technicians.

Richard Gage, an architect who has over 20 years in the construction field and has been involved in many projects building design anti-fire and a member of the Institute of Architects, founded the organization Architect and Engineer For 911 Truth (Architects and Engineers for Truth 911) which contains hundreds artsitek and experienced technicians in the field. They issued a statement refuting the claim that the 9/11 Commission stated that WTC 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, and 7 were destroyed by the explosion caused by the collision and spread aviation fuel from the flight 11 and 175. The architects incorporated in they state that they suspect the destruction of controlled explosives that cause collapse of towers 1, 2 and especially the collapse of Tower 7 after various investigations into the video recording and analysis of the field which they are very unnatural and unacceptable in science when the tower 7 which is located far away from the North and South towers to the ground.

Pilot.

Russ Wittenberg (Capt.) (Ret.), A senior pilot, former pilot with the USAF 30.000+ hours of flying, who also flew the plane flight 175 that crashed into the South Tower and the flight 93 who failed to reach the pentagon, expressed his distrust of the government's official investigation results , He questioned some awkward facts as to why the current flight timer recording 9/11 commissioner marred by the FAA, why the black boxes are not found on any plane, and also questioned the level of proficiency hijackers according to class of licensed aircraft pilot can control the pioneering highly suspicious plane 747 class at high speed and crashed into a target position that is not wide. He joined the organization Pilots for 911 truth that inside contains hundreds of pilots and professionals in the field from around the world who also denied the official report of the 9/11 Commission.
Thank you for reading this article. Written and posted by Bambang Sunarno. sunarnobambang86@gmail.com
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name: Bambang Sunarno.
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DatePublished: 11 September 2015 17:49

Tag : 11 September 2001 attacks, September 2001, attacks, wtc, teroris.

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Did you know erythrocytes function.

According to the Merck Manual Home Health Handbook, the main function of erythrocytes, better known as the red blood cells to carry oxygen from the lungs to many tissues of the body. Red blood cells are also responsible for taking carbon dioxide out of the network and bring it back to the lungs where it can be exhaled.

Merck Manual Home Health Handbook states that the color characteristic bright red blood is a byproduct of protein hemoglobin, which is found in all red blood cells. Hemoglobin binds oxygen molecules individually, allowing red blood cells to carry them to the entire cardiovascular system.
University of Rochester Medical Center explains the red blood cells have a spherical shape, slightly flat, disk-like cells with indented center. Red blood cells produced in the bone marrow, which is found in some types of bone. Individual red blood cells live for about 120 days.

Merck Manual Home Health Handbook reports that the red blood cells are the most prolific solid component found in the blood and store about 40 percent of the volume. Other solids found in the blood are white blood cells and platelets. Blood solid components suspended in a liquid called plasma, with more than half of the total blood volume.

Erythrocyte

Erythrocytes, also known as red blood cells, serves to carry oxygen in the blood. Erythrocyte shape is ideal for this function. Seen from above, erythrocytes appear circular, but in terms of showing that they actually biconcave discs. This shape increases the surface area to volume ratio of the cell, thereby increasing the efficiency of the diffusion of oxygen and carbon dioxide into and out of cells. Erythrocytes also has a flexible plasma membrane. This feature allows the erythrocytes, which has a diameter of 7 micrometers, to squeeze through capillaries as small as the width of 3 micrometers. Erythrocytes contain large amounts of hemoglobin, the protein that binds oxygen.

In order to create more space for hemoglobin carries more oxygen, erythrocytes lose their nucleus and other organelles as they develop in the bone marrow. Because they lack a nucleus and other cellular machinery, erythrocytes can not repair itself when damaged, as a result they have a limited life span of about 120 days. Elimination of old and dying erythrocytes conducted by the spleen. Erythrocytes, which is a type of cell in the body most die at high speed, 2-3 million erythrocytes die every second. Erythrocyte production must be equal to the death of erythrocytes or cell populations will decrease. Erythrocytes are produced through a process called erythropoiesis.

Erythrocytes, or red blood cells, forming the largest population of blood cells, which numbered 4500000-6000000 per cubic millimeter of blood. They perform the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide between the lungs and body tissues. To effectively combine with oxygen, erythrocytes should contain the normal number of red pigment hemoglobin protein, the amount of which in turn depends on the level of iron in the body. Lack of iron and hemoglobin can lead to anemia and poor oxygenation of tissues.
Erythrocytes continues to grow from stem cells, differentiated cells to regenerate themselves that give rise to erythrocytes and leukocytes in the bone marrow.

In the fetus, the red blood cells produced in the spleen. As they mature, the erythrocytes lose their core, the form of discs, and began to produce hemoglobin. After circulating for about 120 days, erythrocytes undergo wear and destruction by the spleen. Despite all the red blood cells are basically the same, specific structures on their surface varies in each person. It serves as a basis for classification into the blood groups. There are four major blood groups, the compatibility or incompatibility is an important consideration in a successful blood transfusions.

Red blood cells are highly specialized, able to adapt to their primary function of which is to carry oxygen from the lungs to all body tissues. Red blood cells have a diameter of about 7.8 micrometers and has a double concave disc shape, the shape that gives the ratio of surface-to-volume. When the fresh blood under a microscope, the red blood cells appear yellow-green disc with a pale center does not contain an internal structure that is visible. When blood is centrifuged cause the cells can be separated, the volume of red blood cells packed tightly (hematocrit value) ranged between 42 and 54 percent of the total volume in men and between 37 and 47 percent in women; these values ​​are slightly lower in children. Normal red blood cells are fairly uniform in volume, so that the hematocrit value is determined primarily by the number of red blood cells per unit of blood. Count of red blood cells which normally ranges between four million and six million per cubic millimeter. Thank you for reading this article.
Written and posted by Bambang Sunarno. sunarnobambang86@gmail.com
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name: Bambang Sunarno.
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DatePublished: 11 September 2015 11:00

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Different Serum And Plasma Blood.

Plasma.

Is the liquid component of blood, comprising 55 percent of the total blood volume. Plasma can be separated artificially by rotating or centrifugation of blood at a high rotation of 3000 rpm or higher. Blood cells and platelets that make up about 45 percent of blood is separated by centrifugal force to the bottom of the tube specimen, leaving the plasma as a top layer. Plasma consists of 90 percent water along with various substances needed to maintain the body's pH, osmotic load, and to protect the body. Plasma also contains coagulation factors and antibodies.

Serum.

Is a blood plasma component that does not have a coagulation factors, similar to interstitial fluid where the exact composition of the key acts as an electrolyte ions are essential to the normal functioning of muscles and nerves. Other components include proteins in serum, which helps maintain the pH and the osmotic balance when giving blood viscosity, antibodies, or specific proteins that are important for the defense against viruses and bacteria, lipids, including cholesterol, are transported in serum; and various other substances, including nutrients, hormones, metabolic waste, and external substances, such as drugs, viruses, and bacteria.

Albumin.

Human serum albumin, the most abundant protein in human blood plasma, are synthesized in the liver. Albumin, which is about one-half of blood serum proteins, transporting hormones and fatty acids, buffer pH, and maintain osmotic pressure. Immunoglobulin, an antibody protein produced in the mucosal layer, plays an important role in the immune antibodies.

Summary of Differences in Blood Serum and Plasma.
Plasma, the liquid component of blood, comprising 55 percent of the total volume of blood.
Plasma consists of 90 percent water with antibodies, coagulation factors, and other substances such as electrolytes, lipids, and proteins needed to keep the body.
Elimination of plasma coagulation factors from the leaves of a fluid similar to interstitial fluid, known as serum.
Albumin, a protein produced in the liver, consisting of approximately one-half of blood serum protein, serves to maintain osmotic pressure and to transport hormones and fatty acids.
Immunoglobulin antibody is a protein produced in the mucosal layer, plays an important role in the immune antibodies.

Function Blood In Humans.

Blood function very much but basically can be divided into two major parts. Blood to carry something into the various tissues of the body, and also eliminate something from body tissues. Perhaps the most easily remembered than the function of blood is a never-ending series such as car or train to its rails running through the transport network is very large. In this sense, "train" constantly either provide the necessary elements or carry away the substances produced by the body.

As part of tranport system, there is a lot of blood function. What is important among these is to provide oxygen to the entire network, because there is no area of ​​the body that can survive without a regular supply of oxygen. This is not the only important function of blood. Other things that travel in the blood include hormones, nutrients, temperature control element, and various forms of food, such as minerals and vitamins.

Some types of blood cells act only when the body needs it, and this is one of the main functions of blood. If the bacteria enter the body, white blood cells arrive to fight it. Injury requires cells and materials to aid blood clotting. These cells are not separated from the other blood and constantly traveling along it. If seen bleeding from cuts, people can not see the cell as part of a different, but under a microscope, it is easy to see there are many elements that make up the blood. With all of these elements go together, they are ready to work in a way that is needed when needed, and these additional functions "required" could be called a special delivery, based on the state of the individual's body.

It was clear then, that one of the functions of blood is to work as a transport system, but the transport network has another important job. It should also be capable of cleaning substances produced from the body or eliminate unnecessary. Various types of waste carried by the blood and can eventually expelled from the body or is converted through a chemical process. Blood also have to get rid of excess carbon dioxide that blood levels maintain normal pH balance.

When the function of blood suspected of inadequate or not normal, one thing that might be done is to test doctors complete blood count (CBC) or other medical tests to determine the efficacy of the blood and tissues. Doctors can for example see the veins and arteries to see if the narrowing create problems with the blood moving. In addition, they could see the blood itself to check their adequacy. Because so many parts of the body will not be able to do entirely dependent on this vital transportation system, the problem with it can be very important and in need of immediate repair or medical care.
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DatePublished: 11 September 2015 at 10:20

Tag : Difference Serum And Plasma Blood.
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About Blood Plasma.

Blood plasma is the liquid component of blood into a medium yellow blood cells, where blood cells are closed. 55% of the amount / volume of blood is blood plasma. The volume of blood plasma consists of 90% water and 10% in the form of a solution of the protein, glucose, coagulation factors, mineral ions, hormones and carbon dioxide. Blood plasma is also a medium in the process of excretion.
Blood plasma can be separated in a tube containing fresh blood that has been spiked with an anti-coagulant which is then rotated centrifugal until red blood cells fall to the bottom of the tube, white blood cells will be in it and form a layer of buffy coat, blood plasma is above the layer with a density of about 1025 kg / m3, or 1,025 kg / l. Blood serum is plasma without fibrinogen, cells and other coagulation factors. Fibrinogen occupies 4% allocation in the plasma protein and is an important factor in the blood clotting process.
Plasmapheresis is a type of medical therapy that distills (en: extraction) of blood plasma out of the collection of particles for further processing and re-enter the blood plasma at the end of therapy.

Blood Plasma components.

Blood plasma is composed of about 91% water, organic compounds 8%, and 1% inorganic substances. Organic compounds, especially proteins, and plasma is generally described as a colloidal solution of protein in water.

Three major plasma proteins are albumin, globulin, and fibrinogen. In 100 milliliters (3.3 oz) of plasma, the approximate concentration of this protein is 4.5 grams (0.16 oz) albumin, 2.5 grams (0.08 oz) globulin, and 0.3 grams (0.01 oz) fibrinogen.

Albumin.

One of the smallest of molecules of protein, albumin has a net electric charge relatively high which makes it possible to deploy around three quarters of the colloid osmotic pressure that is present in the blood stream. It is mostly this pressure that makes a constant volume of blood plasma. Albumin is produced in the liver, and in people with severe liver disease there is a decrease in the amount of albumin in the blood, a condition known as hypoalbuminemia. The amount of albumin can also be reduced by deficiencies in the diet; loss through the urine in some kidney diseases, such as nephrosis; and with prolonged infections, such as osteomyelitis. If the shortage of albumin cause drop in blood pressure, plasma can seep slowly out of the bloodstream and into the tissues of the body. This leads to a condition known as edema, or dropsy, where tissue becomes swollen with excess fluid.

Globulin.

There are several types of plasma globulin, and with a technique called electrophoresis small proteins can be separated into fractions known as alpha, beta, and gamma. Alpha and beta globulins perform a variety of functions, including transporting food proteins and other substances by while combining with them. Gamma globulin plays a major role in defending the body against infection, because they bring many antibodies that provide immunity against bacteria and other organisms. If a person is born without the normal amount of gamma globulin, blood can not produce enough antibodies to fight infection.

Fibrinogen.

Fibrinogen name literally means "producing fiber," and in the final step of blood coagulation, fibrinogen is converted to fibrin molecules, protein threads that help form clots. Fibrinogen is produced in the liver, and if the amount of fibrinogen in the blood is used too quickly, disturbances known. as a result defibrination.

Other Plasma components. In addition to protein, plasma containing other organic substances. Some, such as urea, uric acid, creatinine, and amino acids, is a nitrogen compound. Others, including glucose, neutral fat and cholesterol, which nonnitrogenous.

The main inorganic substances in plasma are electrolytes, including sodium, potassium, chloride, calcium, phosphate, sulfate, and magnesium. When carbon dioxide is released by cells of the body taken up by the blood, mostly done in the plasma in the form of sodium bicarbonate. Minute traces of hormones, vitamins, and enzymes are also present in the plasma.

Differences And Blood Plasma.

Blood is a liquid that is pushed out by the heart. Blood traveling in various parts of the body through arteries and capillaries, and returns to the heart through the veins. System responsible for transporting blood in the body is the circulatory system. Blood contains substances such as minerals, protein and nutrients needed for the development of cells, tissues and organs. It is said that the blood is the food of the body's systems. The adult male has about 5-6 liters of blood, and an adult woman has about 4-5 liters of blood. Children have about three liters of blood in their body.

Blood is also a transport that carries oxygen (O2) through the body and remove carbon dioxide (CO2), and other waste products from the body. Blood when taken from a person, considered as whole blood. Blood has three components, which include red blood cells (erythrocytes), white blood cells (WBCs), plasma, and platelets. These components are usually separated for use in transfusions. Blood is not very often used entirely for the transfusion process; with the exception of cardiac surgery and sickle cell disease, where there is a large amount of blood loss. In addition to nutrition brings, it also brings the immune response, and serves as a heat distributor for the body. Red blood cells from the blood takes longer to fill, about 3 to 5 weeks, and contain antigens that can harm someone's life if the blood donor and the recipient are not compatible, when transfused. Blood is vital for survival.

Plasma is usually cited as a substance that remains behind in the blood when red blood cells are taken out. It is part of a yellow liquid, from whole blood, which makes up 55 percent of whole blood, and it is about 90 percent water. As a major component of blood, is more widely used plasma for transfusion, especially for victims of burns, trauma, and those who suffer from physiological destruction. Plasma contains clotting factors that impede the flow of excessive blood from an open wound. Patients who suffer from hemophilia often transfused with plasma.

Because it can be recharged faster than erythrocytes (approximately within 24 hours), plasma can be donated up to twice a week. One of the processes that are used to treat some autoimmune diseases, is plasmapheresis, or plasma exchange. This is a procedure in which blood is cleaned for therapeutic purposes. It is safer to donate plasma, because it has antibodies that fight infection and harmful substances. Antibodies in the plasma rapidly changed, so that is conducive to donate when the donor and recipient matching. Plasma can be extracted and stored in the freezer for a year. When taken out and thawed, it is called Plasma Fresh, and a small portion coming apart after frozen and thawed, called cryoprecipitate.

Summary :

Blood is drawn from the very substance of the body, while the plasma is one of the blood components.
Whole blood is used for patients with sickle cell anemia, and those undergoing heart surgery, while the plasma is usually used for hemophiliacs, or burns, trauma and the patient unconscious.
Plasma is safe for transfusion if there may be a risk of incompatibility.
Plasma can be recharged faster than erythrocytes.
Plasma contains clotting factors to stop bleeding.
Thank you for reading this article. Written and posted by Bambang Sunarno. sunarnobambang86@gmail.com
author:
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DatePublished: 11 September 2015 at 09:05

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Is Bone Marrow was.

Bone marrow (English: bone marrow, cord ossea) is the soft tissue found in the hollow interior of bones is where most of the production of new blood cells.

There are two types of bone marrow:

Red marrow, is also known as myeloid tissue. Red blood cells, platelets, and most of the white blood cells produced from the red marrow.
yellow marrow. Yellow marrow produces white blood cells and the color is caused by fat cells that many contain.
Both types of bone marrow contains many blood vessels and capillaries.
At birth, all bone marrow is red marrow. Along with the growth, the more it turns into yellow marrow. Adults have an average of 2.6 kg which is about half of the bone marrow is the red marrow. Red marrow is found mainly in the flat bones such as the pelvis, sternum, skull, ribs, spine, scapula, and the soft parts at the ends of long bones femur and humerus. Yellow marrow is found in the hollow interior of the middle portion of long bones.
In the state when the body loses so much blood, yellow marrow can be converted back to red marrow to increase the production of blood cells.

Spinal cord.

The spinal cord is a thin nerve is an extension of the central nervous system of the brain and the vault as well as protected by the spine. The main function of the spinal cord is the inclusion of transmission between the periphery and brain stimulation. Another function is to control the spinal cord reflex, including reflex movements of the eyes, nose, and others.

The bone marrow function.

Bone marrow is the soft, fatty tissue is present in the bones of the skull, scapula, pelvis and spine. Bone marrow consists of hematopoietic cells and fat cells that helps in producing new cells. It helps in the production of red blood cells and white blood cells and platelets. The function of these cells is to carry oxygen, helps the body fight infection.

Bone marrow.

When the production of white blood cells in the bone marrow gets out of control will cause Leukemia. Lately, serious diseases such as leukemia, blood cancer has been successfully treated in many patients with bone marrow transplantation. The following article will discuss:

What is the bone marrow?
What is the structure of the bone marrow?
What is the function of bone marrow?
What are diseases associated with bone marrow?
What is the bone marrow?

The bone marrow has a large cellular structures that are present in the hollow cavity of the hard bone tissue. These are 2 types: red bone marrow which produces blood cells and bone marrow with fat yellow. Age change the nature of the bone marrow in different parts of the body. Partly for youth and children, the bone marrow which is present in many parts is a kind of red and while the time we had reached adulthood, the cells of bone marrow, especially in the long bones of the legs and arms ceased to function and replaced by cells of the bone marrow yellow , But the spine, pelvis, skull, sternum bring red bone marrow cells throughout life. Therefore, these bones are the first to be affected by the disease.

What is the structure of the bone marrow?

The bone marrow is composed of adipose cells and hematopoietic tissue islands surrounded by sinus vein. It is spread in the webbing trabecular bone. In the adult mouse bone marrow sediment about 3% of body weight, 5% human and 2% in dogs. The bone marrow is considered the main hematopoietic organ, and also the primary lymphoid tissue. It is responsible for producing red cells, monocytes, granulocytes, lymphocytes, and platelets.

What is the function of bone marrow?

Bone marrow cells continue to divide and produce a variety of cells in the blood and is very functional.

Various blood cells include:

Red Blood Cells.

This performs the function of transferring oxygen from the lungs to the body

White Blood Cells.

The fight against infection by creating various types of cells such as lymphocytes, antibodies and chemicals.

Platelets,

It performs an important function of blood clotting after any wound or injury and prevent blood loss.
Blood flow to provide feedback to the bone marrow and controls the amount of cell growth produced for the common cell types.

Diseases associated with bone marrow?

One of the most common disorders and serious bone marrow is associated with the overproduction of cells. It is largely forced by diseases such as leukemia, which curb the production of other cells and hence the disease is growing rapidly. Bone marrow cells have been found to be highly sensitive to radiation due to the nature of their continuous separator. That is the reason why the use of radiation therapy for cancer that caused a lot of loss of bone marrow cells. When there is a general decline in the cells present in the blood, it is called as aplastic anemia. When the cells of the bone marrow or blood cells are not produced in sufficient quantities, yellow bone marrow changed to red bone marrow. Because the red bone marrow can be traced in an unusual location in the body.

Some other bone marrow disorders including myeloproliferative disorders (MPD), Myelodysplastic Syndrome (MDS), plasma cell disorders, anemia due to deficiencies (such as iron) and / or hemoglobinopathies, lymphoma and anemia due to deficiency / dysfunction erythropoietin.

Spinal cord function.

The spinal cord is a cylindrical shaped bundle of nerve fibers that connect the brain to the brain stem. The spinal cord runs in the middle of the spine protector extends from the neck to the lower back. Brain and spinal cord is a major component of the central nervous system (CNS). SSP is a processing center for the nervous system, receive information from and send information to the peripheral nervous system. The cells of the peripheral nervous system connects the various organs and structures of the body to the CNS via cranial nerves and spinal cord. Spinal cord nerves transmit information from the organs of the body and the brain to external stimuli and transmit information from the brain to other areas of the body.

Anatomy Bone Marrow behind.

Spinal cord consists of nerve tissue. The inside of the spinal cord is made up of neurons, supporting cells called glia nervous system, and blood vessels. Neurons are the basic unit of a neural network. They consist of a cell body and a projection that extends from the cell body that is able to perform and transmit nerve signals. This projection axons (carries signals from the cell body) and dendrites (carry signals toward the cell body). Neurons and dendrites they are contained in a region of the H-shaped spinal cord called "gray matter." Some areas of gray is a region called "white matter." The white matter of the spinal cord containing axons are covered with insulating substance called myelin. Myelin is a whitish in appearance and allowing electrical signals to flow freely and quickly. Axons carry signals along the descending and ascending channel to and from the brain.

Neurons are classified as motor, sensory, or interneurons. Motor neurons carry information from the central nervous system to the organs, glands, and muscles.

Sensory neurons.

Sensory neurons transmit information to the central nervous system of internal organs or from external stimuli. Interneurons relay signals between the motor and sensory neurons. The descending channel of the spinal cord consists of motor nerves that send signals from the brain to the muscles controlling voluntary and involuntary. They also help to maintain homeostasis by helping in the regulation of autonomic functions such as heart rate, blood pressure, and internal temperature. Channel ascending spinal cord consists of sensory nerves that send signals from the internal organs and external signals from the skin and extremities to the brain. Reflexes and repetitive movements are controlled by the spinal cord neuronal circuits that are triggered by sensory information without input from the brain.

Axons that connect the spinal cord to the muscles and the entire body are combined into 31 pairs of spinal nerves, each pair with a sensory root and a motor root that make connections within the gray matter. These nerves must pass through the protective spine to connect the spinal cord to the rest of the body. Location nerves in the spinal cord determines their function.

Advanced marrow (medulla ablongata).

Ablongata medulla is the starting point of the spinal cord of the left body toward the right side of the body, and vice versa. Medulla form the lower part of the brain stem and the connecting bridge pons to the spinal cord.

Advanced marrow (medulla ablongata) The medulla controls the automatic functions of the brain, such as heart rate, blood circulation, respiration and digestion. This is all done by a group of neurons in the reticular formation in the advanced marrow (function controls the respiratory system) and cranial nerve (controls the heart rate).

In addition, there is also acts as a central regulator of reflex physiology, air pressure, body temperature, blood vessel dilation or penyepitan, movement of the digestive tract, and secretion of digestive glands. The other function is to regulate reflex motion, such as coughing, sneezing, and blinking.
Cord acts as a central regulator of respiration in a manner that stimulates nerve impulses continue the muscle between the ribs and the diaphragm. Among the advanced marrow, there thalamus consisting of two protrusions.

The role of the thalamus is as a forward impulse to the sensory areas in the cerebral cortex to put together. In addition, the thalamus has ties to various parts of the brain that is where the traffic of impulses between the brain and parts of the cerebrum.

Anterior thalamus, hypothalamus which plays a role there regulate the function of internal organs (visceral). The hypothalamus regulates diverse functions, (such as body temperature, sleep, drink (thirst), emotions (angry, upset, happy), and reproductive behavior. In addition, the hypothalamus is also the place neurosekresi affecting spending on pituitary hormone.
Thank you for reading this article. Written and posted by Bambang Sunarno. sunarnobambang86@gmail.com
author:
https://plus.google.com/105319704331231770941.
name: Bambang Sunarno.
http://primadonablog.blogspot.com/2015/09/is-bone-marrow-was.html
DatePublished: 11 September 2015 at 08:22

Tag : Bone Marrow.

Code : 7MHPNPADAEFW

Nervous System Human Body.

The nervous system is one of the most complex body systems and the controls work virtually all parts of the body.

The role of the nervous system in our body is often compared to a centralized computer that controls the function of the whole system. This analogy may explain one of the best way the nervous system works. The nervous system plays an important role in the smooth functioning of the various parts of our body. The nervous system is basically a complex network of cells with special functions. Cells communicate with each other through an electrochemical waves. Neurons and glial cells is an essential component of the nervous system. Given the complex structure of the nervous system, all functions have not been understood in their totality.

The different functions of the Nervous System.

The main function of the nervous system is to control the different systems of our body. Two sections where we divided the nervous system is the central nervous system and the peripheral nervous system. Spinal cord and brain together make up the central nervous system. Nerve tissue outside the central nervous system together form the peripheral nervous system.

Central nervous system.

Brain Function.

The human brain is made up of selebrum, small brain, the limbic system and brain stem.

Large brain (cerebrum).

This is the part of the brain, is divided into four lobes are the frontal, parietal, temporal occipital.

Frontal lobe.

The frontal lobes are associated with functions such as reasoning, language, planning, etc.

Parietal lobe.

Recognition, orientation and perception of different stimuli is a function of the parietal lobe.

Temporal lobe.

Speech, memory, auditory stimuli, etc. is a field where the temporal lobe of the brain function comes into play.

Occipital lobe.

This part of the brain perform visual processing functions.

Small brain (cerebellum).

This part of the brain primarily involved in motor control. Language, concentration, pleasure response, etc are some other areas of the cerebellum functions.

Thalamus.

This part of the cerebellum do various motor and sensory functions.

The amygdala.

The amygdala is primarily associated with emotional response, memory and fear.

Hypothalamus.

It is primarily responsible for regulating the body temperature. The hypothalamus is compared with a device called a thermostat. In addition to controlling the temperature of the body, the hypothalamus also plays an important role in controlling thirst, hunger and emotions. It's suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) is present in the hypothalamus controls the body's sleep-wake cycle.

Hippocampus.

Hippocampus enables us to learn new things. It is also associated with memorization, even, the hippocampus helps in converting short-term memories into permanent.

The limbic system.

The limbic system controls our emotional responses and also helps in memorizing and learning.

Stem brain (Brain stem).

Stem the brain perform different functions such as feel the vibrations, recognizing subtle touch, pain, rough touch, itching, etc. This part of the brain is also associated with the functioning of the respiratory system and the heart.

Hindbrain.

Coordination of body movements and homeostasis are both carried out by the hind brain. Hind brain is formed from the medulla, cerebellum and pons.

The basal ganglia.

Body balance and movement are controlled by the basal ganglia.

Medulla Oblangata.

This part of the brain controlling breathing, blood pressure and heart rate.

The function of the spinal cord.

The spinal cord plays an important role in connecting the peripheral nervous system to the brain. Here are the different functions performed by the spinal cord.

Movement of the shoulder, elbow flexing and movement of the arm lifting is all done by cervical spinal cord 5 and 6.
This thoracic spinal cord and cervical spine 1 7 nerves responsible for movement of the wrist and the small muscles in the other.
The movement of the rod and the intercostal muscles lying on the waist performed by thoracic spinal cord 1-6.
Hamstring muscles of the knee can be bent with the help of the spinal cord and the lumbar 4 and 5 spinal cord sacrum 1 & 2.
Adduction is movement in which muscles are brought closer to the middle of the field sagittal our bodies. Spinal cord lumbar 2, 3 and 4 to bring the thigh adduction movements.
Abduction is the movement in which a particular muscle or group of muscles to move in the opposite direction to that in adduction. Spinal cord and lumbar 4 and 5 spinal cord sacrum 1 enables the movement of the thigh abduction.
Spinal cord sacrum 1 & 2 and lumbar spinal nerve 5 aid in the movement of plantar flexion of the foot and also in flexing the toes.
The movement of the abdominal muscles are controlled by nerves from the chest spinal nerve 7 lumbar spinal cord 1.
Flexing thigh was taken by lumbar spinal nerve 1, 2, 3 and 4.
Spinal cord skull 6 & 7 is responsible for the movement of the wrist and elbow extension and wrist pronation.

Reflex arc.

It is a unit of the nervous system responds to stimuli. Reflex arc can work in relation to the spinal cord and brain and independent as well. Blinking eyes is one example of the reflex arc function.

The peripheral nervous system.

The main function of the peripheral nervous system (PNS) is to connect the limbs and other organs to the central nervous system. The peripheral nervous system sends the processed information to the central nervous system of glands and muscles of the body. An appropriate response is then activated by the glands and muscles. Motor neurons send instructions to the muscles or glands. This civil servant is sub-divided into somatic and autonomic nervous system.

Somatic Nervous System.

The nervous system controls all movements conscious (voluntary) body by way of the skeletal muscles, reflex arc is an exception to it. There are 3 types of somatic nerves are described below.

Spinal nerve.

These nerves carry information obtained from sensory organs to the spinal cord.

Nerves Association.

They bring about the integration of sensory input and motor output.

Cranial nerve.

This is the somatic nervous system that transfers the information entered into and emerging from the brain stem.

The autonomic nervous system.

The nervous system also known as visceral or involuntary nervous system. Digestion, perspiration, breathing, urinating, dilated pupils, etc. are controlled by the nervous system processes this. The autonomic nervous system responds involuntarily, ie not having to rely on the brain to activate a response. The autonomic nervous system is divided into the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems. The first helps increase the activity of the autonomic nervous system while the second act in a reverse way.

The enteric nervous system.

It is a sub-division of the autonomic nervous system. The enteric nervous system (ENS) to control the gastro-intestinal system. Although the ENS is part of the autonomic nervous system, is also capable of functioning independently. Ischemia can inhibit the function of ENS. Ischemia is essentially a problem in which the blood supply to tissues is restricted. This in turn eliminates the tissue of oxygen and glucose. The end result is that the cell metabolism are affected.

Receptors function.

Sensory receptors of the nervous system plays an important role in extracting information from the environment and send it back to the central nervous system. Sensory neurons carry information from the sensory receptors to the central nervous system.
Central nervous system collects information from sensory receptors that process. Job transfer and interpret this information carried by interneurons.

The receptors are classified into three types, namely exteroceptors, interoceptors and proprioceptors. Here is the function of this receptor.

Exteroceptors used by the nervous system to detect various types of smell, to hear, see, touch, taste and feel.
Signal associated with blood pressure, digestive tract, bladder and osmotic pressure of blood plasma received by interoceptors.
The movement and position of body parts tracked by proprioceptors.
Type of stimulus received by the receptor is one of the criteria used in classifying the receptor. Chemical receptors, mechanoreceptors and thermoreceptors is a type of receptor is classified based on the criteria given.

These receptors thermoreceptors consisting of warm and cold receptors each very enthusiastic about the rise and the temperature drops
mechanoreceptors carry information about the mechanical stimulation to the central nervous system.
Chemical receptors are divided into olfactory, gustatory and glucose detectors each of which is responsible for detecting odors, flavors and glucose. Glucose detector is also responsible for providing information about the acid-base balance in the body.
Nervous system functions listed in this article helps in understanding the role of the central nervous system, the peripheral nervous system and the autonomic nervous system in the body functions. This information will assist in understanding the function of various parts of the body with a better way.
Thank you for reading this article. Written and posted by Bambang Sunarno. sunarnobambang86@gmail.com
author:
https://plus.google.com/105319704331231770941.
name: Bambang Sunarno.
http://primadonablog.blogspot.com/2015/09/nervous-system-human-body.html
DatePublished: 10 September 2015 11:59

Tag : Nervous System Human Body.

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Central Nervous System.

The central nervous system (CNS) includes the brain (Latin: 'ensephalon') and spinal cord (Latin: 'spinal cord'). Both are very soft organ, with a very important function it needs protection. In addition to the skull and spine segments, the brain is also protected three layers of the meninges membrane. When the membrane is exposed to infection, inflammation will occur is called meningitis.

The third layer of the meninges membrane from the outside in are as follows :

- Durameter.

Composed of two layers, the outer one with the skull as endostium, and other layers as dura mater easily removed from the skull. Among the bones of the head with the dura mater contained epidural cavity.

- Arachnoidea mater.

So called because it looks like a cobweb. In it there is a liquid called liquor cerebrospinalis, a kind of lymph fluid that fills the gap between the arachnoid membrane. Arachnoidea membrane function is as a cushion to protect the brain from the danger of mechanical damage.

Pia mater.

The innermost layer which has a form adapted to the folds of the brain surface.

Brain and spinal cord has three essential materials, namely :

- The cell bodies.

Which forms part of the gray matter (substance grissea)

- Nerve fibers.

Which forms part of the white matter (substance alba)

- Neuroglia cells.

That is the connective tissue that lies between the nerve cells in the central nervous system
Although the brain and spinal cord have the same material but different composition. In the brain, the gray matter located in the outer or skin (cortex) and the white section in the middle. At the center of the spinal cord gray matter in the form of a butterfly-shaped, while the cortex in the form of white matter.

Brain.

The brain has five main parts, namely: a large brain (cerebrum), midbrain (mesensefalon), small brain (cerebellum), marrow grafting (medulla oblongata), and the bridge Varol.

Large brain (cerebrum).

Large brain has a function in the regulation of all mental activity, which is associated with intelligence (intelligence), memory (memory), awareness and consideration.
Big brain is the source of all activities / voluntary movement or in accordance with the will, although there are also some reflex movements of the brain. In the cerebral cortex of gray are excitatory receiver section (area sensor) located in the rear area of ​​the motor which controls voluntary movement or to respond to stimuli. In addition there is an association area that connects the motor and sensory areas. This area plays a role in learning, memory store, make conclusions, and learn various languages. In the vicinity of the area is the part that regulates the activities of higher psychology. For example, the front is the center of the process of thinking (ie remembering, analysis, speech, creativity) and emotions. Vision center located on the back.

Midbrain (mesensefalon).

The midbrain is located in front of the cerebellum and the bridge Varol. In front of the thalamus and midbrain are the pituitary gland which regulates the endocrine glands work. The upper (dorsal) midbrain is the optic lobe that regulates such eye reflex constriction of pupils, and also a center of hearing.

Small brain (cerebellum).

The cerebellum has a major function in coordination of muscle movements that occur consciously, balance, and body position. When there are adverse or harmful stimuli then normal voluntary movement impossible.

Marrow grafting (medulla oblongata).

Continued marrow function deliver impulses coming from the spinal cord to the brain. Marrow grafting also affect bridge, reflex physiology such as heart rate, blood pressure, volume and respiratory rate, movement of the digestive tract, and secretion of digestive glands.
In addition, marrow grafting also regulate other reflexes such as sneezing, coughing and blinking.

Varol bridge (pons Varoli).

Varol bridge contains nerve fibers that connect the cerebellum to the left and right, also connects the large brain and spinal cord.

Spinal cord (spinal cord).

In the cross section of the spinal cord looks white exterior, while the inside of a butterfly-shaped and gray. In the cross section of the spinal cord there are parts such as wings, consisting of the upper wing is called the dorsal horn and lower wing is called the ventral horn. Sensory impulses from the receptors were ushered into the spinal cord through the dorsal horn and exit the motor impulses from the spinal cord through the ventral horn to the effector. In the dorsal horn neuronal cell bodies contained a link (association connector) which will receive impulses from sensory nerve cells and will deliver them to the motor nerve.

Nerve cells

Nerve cells or neurons is the main working unit of the nervous system that functions to deliver electrical impulses formed by the existence of a stimulus (stimuli). Millions of nerve cells forming a nerve system.

Structure.

Each neuron consists of a cell body in which there are cytoplasm and the cell nucleus. From the cell body out two types of nerve fibers, the dendrites and axons.
Dendrites function sends impulses to the nerve cell body, whereas the function of axons transmit impulses from the cell body to another nerve cell or to another network. Axons are usually very long. Conversely, short dendrites. At the end of the end of the axon synapses that there is a gap between the nerve endings where neurotransmitter is released to deliver impulses to the next nerve or organ in question.
Each neuron has only one axon and at least one dendrite. Both of these nerve fibers containing plasma cells. On the outside of the axon there is a layer of fat called myelin formed by Schwann cells attached to the axon. Schwann cells are the primary glial cells in the peripheral nervous system that serves to form the myelin sheath. Myelin function is to protect and nourish the axon. Part of that is not wrapped myelinated axons are called nodes of Ranvier, which can accelerate the delivery of impulses.

Grouping.

Based on its function, nerve cells can be divided into three groups, namely sensory nerve cells, motor nerve cells, and nerve cells intermediates (association).

Sensory nerve cells.

Sensory nerve cell function is deliver impulses from receptors to the central nervous system, the brain (ensefalon) and spinal cord (spinal cord). Tip of the axon of nerve sensory nerves associated with associations (intermediates).

Motor nerve cells.

The motor nerve cell function is to send impulses from the central nervous system to muscles or glands which results in the body's response to stimuli. The motor nerve cell bodies located in the central nervous system. His very short dendrites associated with nerve axons association, whereas its axon can be very long.

Intermediates nerve cell / nerve cell connectors.

Intermediates nerve cells called neurons association. These cells can be found in the central nervous system and serves to connect the motor nerve cells to sensory nerve cells or in connection with other nerve cells in the central nervous system. Intermediates nerve cells receive impulses from sensory receptors or nerve cells other associations. Groups of nerve fibers, axons and dendrites join in the sheath and form a fibril. While the neuronal cell bodies come together to form a ganglion or ganglion. Thank you for reading this article.
Written and posted by Bambang Sunarno. sunarnobambang86@gmail.com
author:
https://plus.google.com/105319704331231770941.
name: Bambang Sunarno.
http://primadonablog.blogspot.com/2015/09/central-nervous-system.html
DatePublished: September 9, 2015 at 10:37

Tag : Central Nervous System.

Code : 7MHPNPADAEFW