Did You Know About Hippos.

Hippopotamus (Latin: Hippopotamus amphibius) or hippo (Greek: ἱπποπόταμος, hippopotamos, from ἵππος, hippos, "horse", and ποταμός, Potamos, "river") is a mammal of the family Hippopotamidae large, omnivorous, and derived from sub-Saharan Africa. Hippopotamus is the third largest land animal after elephants and white rhinos

Physical state. 

Hippopotamus has a great body and weight, as well as dark gray skin. They also have large tusks that they use to defend themselves from predators. Memiriki hippopotamus hallmark great body, mouth and teeth are very large, four short legs and fat, and almost hairless body. Adult hippos weigh 1.5 to 3 tons. Although large-bodied and short-legged, hippo able to run fast. For short distances, they can run as fast as 30 km / h, faster than the speed of a human running at large. Hippopotamus has an aggressive temperament and is considered one of the most dangerous animals in Africa.

Relatives hippos are the closest group of cetaceans, such as whales, dolphins and dolphin. In addition hippos also related to pigs and even hoofed animals other.

Habitat. 

Hippos live in sub-Saharan Africa. They live in and near fresh water, such as lakes and rivers. There are approximately 125 thousand to 150 thousand hippos in Africa, and that most are in Zambia and Tanzania. Hippopotamus is also a popular animal in the zoo.
The threat to hippos including habitat loss, and poaching. Hippos hunted for their meat and their canines.

Life. 

Hippos are herbivores. During the day, hippos were in the water or mud to keep cool. In the water, hippos live in groups, and master a particular area. Hippos also sleep, reproduce and give birth in the water. In the afternoon and evening, hippos out of the water and eat the grass. On land, the hippopotamus is not a group and do not have a territory.

What food Hippo? 

Hippos eat a variety of vegetation that grows in sub-Saharan Africa.
The food consists of grass hippopotamus, but they are also known to eat fruits, leaves, nuts, etc..
Being semi-aquatic animals, the hippopotamus also eat water plants and reeds are found in their natural habitat.
Although rare, hippos also eat small animals and animal carcasses.
Hippos prefer to spend time lazing in the water or basking on the banks of the river throughout the day.
These animals have an amazing ability to hold my breath and dive in a long time.
Only hippo out of the water at night to find food.
Hippos can spend 50 kg of vegetation a meal. These animals find food four to five hours each night, and can go from 1.5 to 3 km of water bodies.
Although choosing to stay close to the water, if necessary, hippos can go up to 10 miles from a body of water in search of food.
The number of hippos decrease over time due to hunting and destruction of their habitat. Hippos hunted for ivory-like teeth and meat for local consumption.
So, thank you for reading this article. Written and posted by Bambang Sunarno.
sunarnobambang86@gmail.com
author:
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DatePublished: February 13, 2014 at 21:04
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Tag ; Did You Know About Hippos, hippos.

Did You Know About Algae.

Indonesia is known as a country that is fertile and rich in natural resources. As a country with an area of ​​more than 70%, one of the natural resources that we can use is the natural resources. Besides fish, seafood alternatives that can be processed is algae though not all algae can be used.
Algae in the Indonesian term is often referred to as the algae is a plant of the talus as yet have roots, stems, and true leaves. Algae (algae) can be divided into seven groups: Cyanophyta, cholrophyta, euglenophyta, pyrrophyta, crysophyta, Phaeophyta, Rhodophyta based pigment dominant seventh of the group include: Chrysophyceae, Phaeophyta, and Rhodophyta.
Plant algae are plants that live in water talus, both fresh water and sea water, at least always occupied habitat is damp or wet. The kind that live freely in the water, especially the single-celled and can move an active constituent of plankton, phytoplankton precisely. Attached to something that is in the water are called benthos. Type actively engaged have tools to move a feather whip or flagellum.
In addition to the usual algae spores and can move on with their flagella intermediaries anyway. Spores and gametes of a species of algae are often the same shape and size. Algae has benefits, especially in the food industries. It also has a role as a constituent of algae in marine plankton.

ALGAE. 

Algae are nonvascular plants that have diverse forms thalli, unicellular or multicellular, and photosynthetic pigment. Macroalgae are not vascular plants that grow attached to subtract on the seabed. The plant does not have roots, stems leaves, flowers, fruits, and seeds true.
Macroalgae and sublitoral largest littoral area. The area was still able to obtain sufficient sunlight so that photosynthesis can take place.
Makraoalga absorb nutrients such as phosphorus and nitrogen from the surrounding waters.
In the world of plants algae (algae) belong to the world tallopyta (plant talus), because does not have roots, stems and leaves are clear. Plants there are single-celled algae and also there are many-celled with a similar form threads or sheets.
Plant algae are plants that live in water, either fresh water or sea water, at least always occupy moist and wet habitats. There was actively moving and there is not. Types of algae that have actively engaged in the form of a tool to move the feathers whip or flagellum which amounted to one or more.
Body types are single-celled and can move an active constituent of plankton, rather fikoplankton. Attached to something that is in the water like a stone or wood called benthos.
There algae body dyes (pigments), namely:
Ø phycocyanin: blue
Ø chlorophyll: green color
Ø fikosantin: color war / brown
Ø phycoerythrin: red carotene: golden color
Ø xantofil: yellow
Algae (algae) are autotrophs (can prepare their own food). Almost all algae are Eukaryotic Structural. Habitat for life in freshwater, marine and humid places. Algae (algae) are divided into several classes:
1) Cyanophyta (blue algae), still prokaryotik.
2) Chlorophyta (green algae)
3) Chrysophyceae (golden algae)
4) Phaeophyta (brown algae / war)
5) Rhodophyta (red algae)

Morphology algae (algae). 

Many species of algae exist as single cells that can be spherical, rod, a rod or coil. Can move or not. Unicellular green algae are typical.
Algae contain a membrane bounded nucleus. Each cell contains one or more chloroplasts, which can be shaped like a ribbon or discrete discs (individual units) as found in green plants. In the matrix of the thylakoid membrane of chloroplasts contained and containing chlorophyll pigments complement the site of the light reactions in photosynthesis.
Algae multiply sexually or asexually. Asexual reproduction in the form of simple binary fission. Sexual reproduction found among algae. In this process there is a conjugation of gametes (sex cells) to produce a zygote.

Physiological algae (algae). 

Algae are photosynthetic aerobic microorganisms, found everywhere where there is enough light, moisture, and nutrients that prolong life simple.
Rapid growth of algae in the stagnant water with the help of sunlight. Phosphate and Nitrate in water can support the growth of algae.
Some species of algae living on snow and ice in the polar regions and mountain tops. Some algae live in hot springs and temperatures as high as 70 degrees Celsius. Some algae adapted to moist soil, pepagan trees, rocks and even surface.
Algae (algae) has three kinds of photosynthetic pigment chlorophyll, carotenoids, and fikobilin (all three are in the chloroplast). As a result of photosynthetic, algae store food reserves as a variety of product granules or globules in the cells. Green algae store starch as found in plants. Other algae can store a variety of carbohydrates, some algae save the oil or fat.

Class division Algae (Algae). 

1. Cyanophyta (Blue Green Algae). 

Blue-green algae belong to the monera, because the cell structure similar to the structure of the bacterial cell, which are prokaryotic. Microscopic blue-green algae. Blue-green algae are widespread, are found in the waters of moist soil, the surface of walls, pots, damp rock. Even found also in a less favorable environment. Several types found in hot springs such as springs Hot Yellow Stone Park in America.
* The characteristics and properties of blue-green algae:
- One-celled plants, yarn (filament) and live in colonies
Chlorophyll, carotenoids and pigments fikobilin consisting of phycocyanin and fikoeritin (often called blue-green algae)
Peptide-containing cell walls, hemicellulose and cellulose, sometimes slimy and not have a cell nucleus membrane (prokarion).
Example:
a. UNISEL shape (one cell): Chroococcus, Gloeocapsa
b. Form of colonies: Polycystis
c. Filament shape: Oscilatoria, Nostoc, Anabaena, Rivularia.
* How the proliferation of blue-green algae, is done in three ways:
a. Cell division
In this way the cells can be directly separated or remain joined to form colonies. For example: Gloeocapsa.
b. Fragmentation.
Fragmentation is how to decide which parts of a plant and then form a new individual. Fragmentation mainly on algae Oscillatoria. In the long filaments, if one cell dies, the dead cells that divide the filament into two or more parts. Each part is called Hormogonium.
c. Spores.
In less favorable circumstances will form spores which is actually a vegetative cell. Spores enlarged and thick due to the accumulation of nutrients. Example: Chamaesiphon comfervicolus.
Consider the types of blue-green algae following:
*. The benefits of blue green algae
Spirulina / Blue Green Algae is a micro algae cultured, contains the greatest concentration of nutrients known in any food, plant, grain or herb. Is a high-protein foods, with more than 60% digestible vegetable protein perfectly. Bluish-green algae was initially known only as lowering cholesterol. Scientific testing conducted by the Nayaka of Tokai University, Japan. A total of 30 healthy men high cholesterol and hyperlipidemia were given spirulina intake showed a 4.5% decrease in the amount of serum cholesterol, triglycerides, and LDL. They consume 4.2 grams of spirulina for 4 weeks without changing your diet.
J. E. Piero Estrada from Pharmacologist Departament, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Madrid, Spain reveal spirulina is rich in antioxidants due to pigment-rich protein 3 content is phykosianin, klorofi l, and zeasantin.Phykosianin, water-soluble antioxidants, support liver and kidney health. Zeasantin, antioxidant eye protection, especially when old. While klorofi l, antioxidants and anti-cancer and anti-toxins.
In addition to anti-cancer and anti-toxins, Laboratory of Viral Pathogenesis research, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Harvard Medical School, Massachusetts, United States in 1996 proved, spirulina in concentrations of 5-10? G / ml were able to inhibit HIV-1 cell division. It caused spirulan spirulina contains calcium, sugar polymerization molecules containing calcium and sulfur. Consumption of Spirulina shown to provide a longer life span in AIDS patients.
While Armida Hernindez-Corona from Departamento de microbiology, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biologicas, IPN, Mexico, shows spirulina extract has antiviral properties. He was effective against herpes simplex virus type 2, pseudorabies virus (PRV), human cytomegalovirus (HCMV), and HSV-1, with an effective dose (ED50) respectively 0.069, 0.103, 0.142, and 0.333 mg / ml. Because of tremendous benefit, Arthrospira platensis is now widely cultivated throughout the world. Millions of spirulina pills have also proved to be produced due to blocking and attacking various diseases.
Function:
1) Balancing the body's pH
2) Contains Iron which cure anemia
3) Preventing bacterial infections and heal wounds
4) Lowering Cholesterol
5) Preventing the spread of cancer
6) Strengthen the immune system
7) Helps soften the skin and make it appear more radiant
8) Keep the beneficial bacteria in sufficient quantities in the intestines
9) Increase the body's digestive system
10) Encourage kidney detoxification
11) Restoring the health of malnourished
12) Lowers cholesterol levels and control weight problems
13) Controlling blood pressure and prevent diabetes
14) Contains GLA which cure heart disease, menstrual problems, stiffness and alcohol poisoning.
Some Benefits-Blue Green Algae.
Type of single-celled blue-green algae is a pioneer vegetation, this is because the algae is able to / can initiate life before other organisms can live in a place.
A number of filamentous blue-green algae (form thread) can bind nitrogen (N2) from the free atmosphere and converted into ammonia (NH3). This is done also in the heterokista, so it can play a role in the process enrich the soil. Type of blue-green algae are beneficial include:
- Nostoc
Soaking the rice fields during the rainy season resulted in Nostoc flourish and N2 fixation and air so that it can help provide nitrogen that is used for growing rice.
- Anabaena azollae
Live in symbiosis with Azolla pinata (water fern). Water spikes profit ammonia nitrogen fixation by Anabaena results azollae.
- Spirullina
This algae contains high levels of protein, so used as a source of food.

2. Chloropyta (green algae) 

Having pigment chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, carotene and xantofil. Algae can also perform photosynthesis. 90% live in fresh water and 10% live in the sea. That live in water are generally as plankton or benthos, are also attached to rocks and soil. Green algae are a group of algae that most numerous among other algae. Reproduction by fragmentation and conjugation.
As examples, among others;
a. Chlorella: unicellular, spherical shape, chloroplasts resemble bowls or bells, live in freshwater / marine / brackish / land, vegetative multiplication with each cell division and cell form four daughter cells. Some experts believe these algae can be used later to produce new material for human food, namely protein, fat and carbohydrates.
b. Ulva: found at the base of a rocky beach, a sheet called water lettuce and edible.
c. Spiroggyra: shaped yarn (filament) cylindrical, living in ponds, rice fields or waters where the water is not heavy, vegetative reproduction by fragmentation, generative Spirogyra with conjugation is the bumpy two adjacent, then two combine to form veins bulge, protoplasmic contents of the cells that act as gametes , gamete cells of the gamete cells move to the other and there plasmogami and followed kariogami, the results of this union zigospora diploid form, zigospora entered meiosis and grow into new haploid thread, and only one cell into a new individual.
d. Chlamidomonas: oval with two flagelum, the vacuole and the nucleus. Found items and pirenoid stigma that serves as the center of the formation of starch (starch). Reproduction is done divide and conjugation.
e. Euglena: also grouped into protozoa (animal), because in addition to having chlorophyll can also migrate.
f. Hydrodictyon: found in freshwater and colony-shaped nets. Vegetative reproduction by fragmentation (separation) cells produce colony zoospores, being generative cells by conjugation of gametes are released from the parent produces zigospora.
g. Oedogonium: usually attached to aquatic plants, snails homes and others.
h. Chara: shaped like higher plants, found in fresh water. Jointed stem and each segment of small branched.
The role of green algae in life:
a. Profitable;
1) As plankton and is an important component in the freshwater food chain.
2) Can be used as food, such as Ulva and Chlorella.
3) Produce O2 from photosynthesis process required by aquatic animals.
b. Adverse;
1) green algae can be annoying when the water is too fertile, so that the water will change color and smell.
The proliferation of green algae.
Group of green algae proliferate in;
Vegetative (asexual), namely;
· Cell division
· Fragmentation
· Separation of colonies
· Spore formation
Generative (sexual), namely;
· Isogami
· Anisogami
· Oogami

3. Phaeophyta (brown algae / war). 

Phaeophyceae or brown algae is one of a class of algae based dyes or pigmentation. More dominant pigment is pigment xantofil that causes brown algae. Other pigments contained in the Phaeophyceae is chlorophyll A and C and carotene. Most of Phaeophyceae are at sea, there are only three types of course that live in fresh water and the types of these are kind of rare. Phaeophyceae there are many areas with cold climates. These algae dominate many parts of the Arctic and Antarctic regions laterally. However, there are other types of tropical and subtropical areas of life. Most of phaeophyceae live attached to rocks and other subtract. Some of them live as epiphytes.
Paeophyta or brown algae are divided into three groups, based on the type of change of descent. The brown algae live in seawater, only a few species are found in sea water, only a few live in fresh water, sea, ocean, in temperate and cold regions.
Brown algae is entered in a very large group, Heterokontopyta, a group of eukaryotic organisms that significantly differentiated, these algae found irtidal more, especially in the northern parts of the region.
Phaeophyta members found about 500 genera with 5600 species. In the tropics, some species can form an important biomass.
Living on the coast, because of the brown color pigment fikosantin (brown), chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b and xantofil. The body is shaped like a thread or a sheet that can reach tens of meters. Vegetative reproduction by fragmentation, c while the generative with isogami and Oogami.
Examples of brown algae:
- Laminaria
- Fucus
- Turbinaria
- Sargasum
a. The role of brown algae:
- Producers of alginic acid, a mixture of ice cream, paint, pharmaceuticals, synthetic latex
- Source of I2 (iodine) and K (potassium)
- As fodder
b. Habitat:
Brown algae generally live in sea water, especially the ocean and being a rather cold.
c. Way of life
Autotrophs are photosynthetic, which have occurred in the leaf blade. The sugar is transported on a stalk that resembles the stem.
d. The role of brown algae in life.
Used as food or pharmaceutical industry, algin or alginate from brown algae acid used in the formation of ice-cream, the formation of pills, ointments, dental cleaners, lotions dank rim, but it can be used for nitrogen and potassium content is quite high, while the phosphorus content is low.
e. Reproduction.
Occurs asexually by zoospore formation and fragmentation have flagella, whereas sexual reproduction occurs Ogami and isogami.
Examples of brown algae;
- Focus serratus
- Macro cystis pyrefera
- Sargassum vulgare
- Turbinsaris decurrens

4. Rhodophyta (red algae) 

Generally live in the sea and in fresh water several types, contain a kklorofi pigment, chlorophyll d, carotenoids, phycoerythrin, phycocyanin. Multicellular body resembling a thread or sheet. Vegetative reproduction by spores.
Example:
- Batrachospermum
- Gelidium
- Eucheuma
- Gracililaria
- Chondrus
- Porphyra
- Polysiphonia
- Nemalion
a. The role of red algae:
Eucheuma spinosum, Gracilaris, Gelidium is the producer of gelatin.
b. Red algae habitats;
Most live in marine red algae, are common in the tropical sea. A small part of living in cold fresh water with heavy flow and oxygen. There are also live in brackish water. Red algae that are found in the deep ocean is Gelidium and Gracilaria, Euchema spinosum was found in a shallow sea.
c. Breeding red algae;
Red algae reproduce vegetatively and generative.
Ø vegetative propagation.
Red algae takes place with the formation of haploid spores produced by a sporangium or talus algae are diploid. These spores grow into algae subsequent male or female haploid cells.
Ø generative propagation.
Oogami red algae, fertilization of the female sex cell (ovum) by the male sex cells (spermatium). Male breeding tool called spermatogonia which produces no berflagel spermatium. While the female genitalia is called karpogonium, which produces ova. Fertilized ovum by a diploid zygote spermatium is. Furthermore, the zygote that will grow into new algae that produces aplanospora with meiotic division. Haploid spores will grow into a gamete-producing algae. So the red algae occur rotation between sporophyte and gametophyte offspring.
d. The role of the red algae
Red algae can provide large quantities of food for fish and other animals that live in the sea. This type also into food for humans eg Chondrus crispus (Irish moss) and some genus Porphyra. Chondrus crispus and Gigortina mamilosa utilized to generate karagen tanner, material for cream, shampoo and medicine. Red algae such as Gracilaria lichenoides, Euchema spinosum, Gelidium and Agardhiella produce gelatinous material known as agar-agar. Gelatin is used by researchers as a medium of bacteria, for thickener in many foods, textiles and adhesives as a purgative (laxative), or other foods. Euchema spinosum widely cultivated society as a raw material for gelatin.

5. Chrysophyceae (golden algae). 

Single-celled or many, have pigment chlorophyll a, chlorophyll c, carotene, and fikosantin xantofil. Living in a damp, marine, freshwater, and is phytoplankton.
Example:
- Vaucheria: live in water or moist places, often branched threadlike.
- Ochromonas: spherical cells, stigmatized, two equally long flagella, chloroplasts form a curved sheet of yellowish color.
-Diatomaceous (Navicula or algae grit): live in freshwater, marine as epiphytes and the majority of the plankton. Famous example of diatomaceous was Pinnularia sp. Grafts made of diatomaceous silica glass is.
a. Benefits golden algae:
Diatomaceous (algae grit) can be used as an absorbent of nitroglycerine in explosives, as a mixture of cement and as an abrasive material.
b. The role of algae in life:
1) Industrial Sector
- Alginic acid produced by algae war role for the manufacture of plastics, cosmetics and textiles.
- Navicula sp, who died form diatomaceous earth is used as an insulating material dynamite, polisher and filter.
- Eucheuma spinosum (red algae), a producer of gelatin.
-Chlorella is a source of carbohydrates and protein.
-Fukus and Laminaria, ashes produce iodine.
2) The field of fisheries
Phytoplankton algae in the form of a food fish in the sea.
3) In ecosystems
Algae in aquatic ecosystems serve as a major component of most manufacturers.
c. Breeding golden algae
Ø vegetative propagation (asexual) with cell division, fragmentation, separation of the colonies, and the formation of spores (aplanospora or zoospores).
Ø Breeding generative (sexual) by conjugation, isogami, anisogami, and Oogami.
d. Examples of golden algae
Celled golden algae.
· Ochromonas.
Spherical body cells are equipped with 2 flagella as tool motion. Both flagella are of unequal length. In the cytoplasm there are some important organelles, such as a curved sheet-shaped chloroplasts, vacuoles, stigma, and the nucleus. Ochromonas multiply by dividing.
· Navicula sp.
This is known as diatomaceous algae or algae cell wall grit for grit containing his body. Grit is an essential component of the plankton. Navicula sp live in fresh water and in sea.
Navicula sp body consists of two parts, namely the box (hipoteka) and lid (epiteka). Between the box and the lid there is a gap called the raphe.
Breeding Navicula sp:
Navicula vegetative propagation by dividing. Each core diatomaceous splitting into two, followed by division of the cytoplasm into two parts. Furthermore, the cell wall of Navicula split into the box and lid. In daughter cells, both the box and the lid will be closed function, and each will form a new box. Thus each daughter cells derived from the box will have a smaller size than the cells of origin. This event took place repeatedly.
Navicula generative propagation takes place by conjugation. When Navicula body size does not allow to hold another division, cell nucleus will undergo meiosis and produce gametes. Gametes that would then leave the cell and after fertilization occurs in the water will produce a zygote. The next zygote grows into a new Navicula cells and form a new lid and box.
When Navicula die, the cell wall will settle to form a substance rich diatomaceous earth grit. This land is dynamite, insulators, and materials smoothing scrub.

Filament-shaped golden algae. 

· Vaucheria
His body was in the form of branching threads and not insulated, has a lot of cell nucleus, and spreads. Vaucheria grow attached to a substrate by using a tool shaped roots. Nor Mr habitat in freshwater in brackish water.
Breeding Vaucheria:
Vaucheria vegetative propagation takes place with the formation of zoospores in a sporangium gathered at the end of the filament. Furthermore, the core in the sporangium divide meiosis and produce zoospores. The zoospore flagellum multinucleated and has grown throughout its surface. Once ripe sporangium, zoospores will come out and grow into new Vaucheria.
From the article above, it can be concluded that;
1. Algae are plants that live in various places. Eg fresh water, sea water, river water in the lowlands and mountains.
2. The forms of algae varied among them: form filaments, spheres, slabs, bowls, belt and disc shapes.
3. Algae are divided into five, namely algae blue, green, brown, gold, and red algae.
4. The classification of algae based on the pigment contained in the algae.
5. Benefits of green algae is a producer and is widely used as a vegetable.
6. Benefits of roasted red is widely used in the manufacture of gelatin.
7. Benefits of golden algae is used in the manufacture of silicate.
8. Pigments found in algae are respectively:
 Green algae: xantofil pigment, chlorophyll, chlorophyll a and b.
 Brown algae: fukoxantin pigment, chlorophyll a and chlorophyll c.
 Red algae: has fikosiani, fikoeritin, and chlorophyll a and chlorophyll b.
 Golden algae: pigment yellow, brown, and chlorophyll a and chlorophyll c.
Blue-green algae: have the fikobilin, phycocyanin, and fikoeritin.

Image ;

Thank you for reading this article. Written and posted by Bambang Sunarno.
sunarnobambang86@gmail.com
author:
http://schema.org/Personal.
https://plus.google.com/105319704331231770941.
name: Bambang Sunarno.
http://primadonablog.blogspot.com/2014/02/did-you-know-about-algae.html
DatePublished: February 13, 2014 at 19:27
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Tag ; Algae.

Did You Know About Pearls.

About Pearls , pearls synonymous with something very valuable . It can be seen from the use of this word to make sure things are amazingly awesome , majestic , sublime , and the connotations equivalent to this . For example , the soul pearl , pearl of wisdom , pearly-white , aphorisms , or honesty is like a pearl that is priceless .
Pearls in the real sense , too, is a form of jewelry that is very valuable , valuable in the sense that a high selling price , is also valuable because it will beautify and enhance the women who wear them , either in the form of bracelets and necklaces strands, pendants, earrings, and various other jewelry.
Pearls are produced by several types of pearl oysters. Pearls consist of two types, namely sea water pearls and freshwater pearls . Seawater pearls produced by pearl oysters that live in the ocean, both natural and cultivated life. Natural pearl, the pearl is formed without human intervention or intervention at all , from the pearl oysters that live in the wild , they were very expensive .
Of natural pearls , natural pearls which have the best quality , synchronized and sometimes even exceed gemstones , whose beauty has been honored for centuries . However, these types of pearls are very rare . To overcome this scarcity of natural pearl , cultured pearl oyster and then human intervention for the formation of pearls .
Meanwhile , fresh water pearls are produced by oysters pearls are cultured pearls in freshwater , such as rivers and lakes . Color variations are owned freshwater pearl more than seawater pearls . However , in terms of price , sea water pearls are more expensive than the price of freshwater pearls .
Pearl jewelry is a kind of glorified and expensive . That is why , a lot of fraud committed by various parties . Until pearls on the market are circulating the third type , namely imitation or fake pearls . Fake or imitation pearls are produced in factories using leather or plastic shells .

Characteristics of Pearls .

If you are a beginner in the field of pearls so your knowledge of this type of jewelry is still limited , the ability to recognize imitation pearls would be very important for you to master. Thus , you will not be deceived or mistaken purchase . With this knowledge , when you buy pearls , you are actually buying the original . Characteristics of imitation pearls which you can identify , among others, as follows .
1 . Sold at very cheap prices .
2 . Size weight and size of the pearls is not appropriate .
3 . If bitten will feel slippery .
4 . Easy to peel .
Cheap imitation pearls is valuable , but the quality is very bad . So , you have to be careful and thorough when they wanted to buy pearl jewelry . Do not be easily tempted by the low price . Worse would be if without your knowledge , it turns out you have to buy imitation pearls , but the price you have to pay the equivalent of genuine pearls are expensive .
Pearl powder is known as the natural materials used Chinese society , especially women , since centuries ago for skin beauty . Real pearl powder made ​​from freshwater pearls are ground finely and contains amino acids for skin rejuvenation.
Not only efficacious for smoothing the skin cells are damaged , pearl powder also can eliminate the inflammation and redness due to irritation . Currently pearl powder can you get in Chinese drug stores , you can even try using pearl powder mixture as a face mask .
The trick , mix one teaspoon pearl powder with egg yolk and honey . Combine the warm water , stir well , then apply to face . After settling for 20 minutes , rinse your face thoroughly. Not infrequently, pearl powder is used as a mask in some central body or spa treatment . This mask can brighten skin is considered better than just milk bath treatment . In addition to being a mask , pearl powder is widely used in make-up to enhance makeup . Usually used on top of foundation or powder to give the impression of glowing makeup and skin looked smooth as porcelain .

Picture / image;

So , thank you for reading this article .  Written and posted by Bambang Sunarno.
sunarnobambang86@gmail.com
author:
http://schema.org/Personal.
https://plus.google.com/105319704331231770941.
name: Bambang Sunarno.
http://primadonablog.blogspot.com/2014/02/did-you-know-about-pearls.html
DatePublished: February 13, 2014 at 16:48

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Tag ; Did You Know About Pearls, pearls.

About shellfish.

Understanding shells are general and have no biological significance but its use is widespread and used in economic activity. 
In the broadest sense, means all the shells of mollusks with a shell (see Bivalvia). With this understanding, more appropriate to call the shellfish and clam commensurate with the meaning used in the United States. Examples of such usage can be seen in the term "craft of shells". 
The word can also mean all the shells of shellfish that lives attached to an object. This includes all types of edible, such as blood clams and mussels (mussels Awung), but not including the types that can be eaten but sprawled on the sand or water base, such as seashell and mussels. 
Shells are also used to refer to a variety of shellfish shells thick, chalky, with a radial pattern on the shell firmly. In this sense, green mussels are not included in it and is more properly called Kupang. Understanding the closest in English is a cockle. 
In the most narrow sense, which is referred to as the shells are shells of blood (Anadara Granosa), a type of shellfish aquaculture which are common in the Indo-Pacific region, and many are sold in the shop or restaurant that sells seafood. 

Common traits. 

All shellfish have a pair of shell (also called grafting or valve) is usually connected to the mirror symmetry of a ligament (connective tissue). In most shells, there are two adductor muscles which regulate open-shell lid. 
Shellfish do not have a head (also the brain) and the scallop only have eyes. Organ is owned by the kidneys, heart, mouth, and anus. Shells can move with "legs" that form a kind of flat organs removed from the shell at any time or by opening and closing the shell is startling. 
Open circulatory system, blood vessels do not have the means. Blood oxygen supply comes from a very liquid rich in nutrients and oxygen that surrounds the organs. 
The food is plankton shells, by means of filtering. The mussels themselves are prey for sharks and squid. 
All shells are when young males. Some females will be in line with the maturity. 
Shellfish have gonads, genital glands that produce sperm or egg shells depending on gender. Egg fertilization occurs externally where the sperm and egg meet in the water. Fertilized egg develops into a larva called trochophore, which will swim with the flow and stick it somewhere before it starts to form a shell. 

Bivalves. 

Bivalves are in a class of mollusks that includes all shellfish: has a pair of shell (called "bivalves" means two shells). Another name is Lamellibranchia, Pelecypoda or bivalve mollusks. Into this group includes a variety of shellfish, mussels, clams, gravestones, seashell, scallop, oysters, and clams; despite variations in bivalves is actually very broad. 
Many shellfish useful in human life since ancient times. The flesh is eaten as a protein source. Shells used as jewelry, crafts materials, supplies grave, as well as means of payment in the past. Pearls are produced by several types of oysters. Modern use is also made of shellfish as a biofilter to pollutants. 

Systematics. 

The following classification is based on the classification of Newel (1965) based on morphology. Until now not available phylogeny that can be completely trusted. Some groups are known parafiletik, especially Anomalodesmata. There is also an alternative based on morphological systematics gills of Franc (1960) and mentioned as necessary in the list below. Franc separating Septibranchia in separate groups, although the molecular basis even make Eulamellibranchia be parafiletik. 
Subclass Palaeotaxodonta (Protobranchia by Franc) 
* Order Nuculoida 
Subclass Cryptodonta (Protobranchia by Franc) 
* Praecardioida 
* Solemyoida 
Subclass Pteriomorphia (oysters, mussels, etc.., Filibranchia according Franc) 
* Arcoida 
* Cyrtodontoida 
* Mytiloida 
* Ostreoida - initially including Pterioida 
* Praecardioida 
* Pterioida 
Subclass Paleoheterodonta (Eulamellibranchia by Franc) 
* Trigonioida 
* Unionoida (types of freshwater mussels) 
* Modiomorpha 
Subclass Heterodonta (includes mussels, seashell, and the shells are commonly known, according Eulamellibranchia Franc) 
† Cycloconchidae 
† Hippuritoida 
† Lyrodesmatidae 
Myoida 
† Redoniidae 
Veneroida 
Subclass Anomalodesmata ((Eulamellibranchia according Franc) 
* Pholadomyoida 

The body structure. 

If observed, the shell is divided into two parts bound together by ligaments as strong and elastic fastener. These ligaments are usually always open, if disturbed, it will close. So, opening and closing the shell governed by ligament assisted by two kinds of muscles, namely the anterior and posterior parts. Looks concentric lines are parallel, the line is called a line menunjukkanmasa growth slow growth or no growth. This line berselangseling with ribbon growth shows rapid growth. The more lines and ribbon growth, then the older age of the animal. The oldest part of the shell is usually the thickest, prominent, located on the persendiaan called the umbo. In the posterior part of the shell there are two kinds of so-called slit chiffon. Cracks near the anus is called the siphon, to serve out the rest of the entry of water and Zatzat. Instead chiffon entrance is located at the lower part of which serves to siphon out the entry of oxygen, water, and food. 

Shells Pelecypoda. 

Shell / home Pelecypoda consists of the parts; 
1. Periostrakum. 
Periostrakum an outermost layer, formed from a substance called chitin konkiolin serves as a protector. If wet dark blue, brown when dry. 
2. Prisma. 
Prisma is a middle layer composed of calcite crystals. 
3. Nakre. 
Nakre known as mother of pearl layer is composed of a thin layer layer parallel and calcite (carbonate) that looks shiny. 
4. Coat. 
Mantle lies beneath nakreas consisting of cells nakreas (which 
sekretnya nakreas forming layer and forming a pearl) connective tissue, and epithelial cells are ciliated. 

Organ Systems. 

Digestive system starts from the mouth, esophagus, stomach, colon, and anus. Mouth and anus is located in the mantle cavity. Excretion system uses a pair that functions as kidney nephridium. The nervous system consists of the brain, legs ganglion, and the ganglion muscle. Open circulatory system, the heart consists of a chamber and two porches. Respirasinya using gills. 

Life Cycle. 

VHewan there that are hermaphrodites and most of these animals have separate genitals. At the time of mating, the male genitalia will release sperm into the water and will be included in the body of a female animal. Through chiffon incoming water, so there was fertilization. Ovum will grow and evolve gills attached to the coat room, then exit the larvae will hatch and called glokidium. These larvae will come out of the female animal's body via siphon the water out, then the larvae attach to the gills or fins of fish and larvae will be wrapped by the skin mucus of fish. This is a parasite larvae for about 3 weeks. After growing up, the larvae will break away from the gills or fins of fish and will live free. 

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So, thank you for reading this article. Written and posted by Bambang Sunarno. 
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author: 
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http://primadonablog.blogspot.com/2014/02/about-shellfish.html 
DatePublished: February 13, 2014 at 15:25
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Tag . About shellfish, clam.

Did You Know About Weeds sea.

Sea weed or kelp is one of the biological resources found in coastal and marine areas . The term " seaweed " is ambiguous because it is used in botany for the two groups of " plants " are different . In Indonesian , seaweed term used to refer to both the sea weed and sea grass .

Referred to as sea weed vegetation is a member of the group known as algae ( " algae " ) . These resources can be found in the waters usually associated with the presence of coral reef ecosystems . Natural sea weed can usually live on top of a substrate of sand and dead coral . In some coastal areas in the southern part of Java and Sumatra's west coast , sea weeds commonly found living on top of cliffs that protect the coast from the waves. On the south coast of West Java and Banten , for example , sea weed can be found around the coast Santolo and dear Heulang in Garut district or in Ujung Kulon area Pandeglang . While on the west coast of Sumatra , sea weed can be found on the west coast to the coast of Lampung Province of North Sumatra and Aceh .
In addition to living freely in nature , some kind of sea weed is also widely cultivated by most Indonesian coastal communities . Examples of the type of sea weed that is widely cultivated of which is Euchema cottonii and Gracilaria spp . Some areas and islands in Indonesia, which many coastal communities do this sea weed cultivation of which are located in the coastal area of Thousand Islands regency , Riau Islands Province , the island of Lombok , Sulawesi , Maluku and Papua .

Seaweed .

In botany , which is referred to as seaweed is seagrass , a true member of a group of plants that have adapted monocot group with sea water , even depending on the environment . Seagrass economically less meaningful to humans , but life seagrass into place like the various inhabitants of shallow waters in the tropics .
Seaweed is one kind of seafood nutritious for health. All kinds of seaweed from Dulse , Bladderwrack , Kombu , Sea Lettuce , until Nori is rich in protein which is good for improving the quality of health.

Some of the benefits of seaweed .

Rich in vitamins

Seaweed is known as a healthy food because it contains vitamin A , vitamin B 12 , calcium , iron , potassium , and iodine . Even the calcium content in the seaweed more than the content of calcium in beef , broccoli , and milk .
Maintaining the health of the thyroid and other hormones
The content of iodine in the thyroid can keep your thyroid health and physiological functions of the body. Without iodine , your body can not synthesize hormones produced by the thyroid gland .

Rich in fiber

Seaweed is rich in soluble fiber that is readily absorbed by the body . In addition to the existing fiber in seaweed can increase the good bacteria in the stomach so that you stay healthy digestion .

Losing weight

Seaweeds have absolutely no fat content or calories . The iodine content in seaweed also able to maintain the health of your body's thyroid gland . The thyroid gland is able to regulate the body's metabolism so that weight remains balanced. Moreover minerals in seaweed can destroy fat cells in the body .

Preventing cancer

Seaweed contains natural antioxidant substances called lignans . This compound is known to slow the growth of tumors . Other studies have also shown that high folic acid content in the seaweed can prevent colon cancer .

Being able to detoxify the body

Seaweed consumption suitable for those who are often exposed to toxins and pollutants from the body . This is because in the seaweed contained chlorophyll content helps the body to naturally detos .
There are so many benefits that exist in the seaweed to your health . So do not hesitate to consume seaweed or kelp -containing foods .

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So, thank you for reading this article. Written and posted by Bambang Sunarno.  

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http://primadonablog.blogspot.com/2014/02/did-you-know-about-weeds-sea.html
DatePublished: February 13, 2014 at 13:45

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Tag ; Did You Know About Weeds sea, weeds sea.

Seahorses are unique animals.

Sea horse ( Cavalluccio Marino ) is a very unique animal . He has called armor clothes or " armor " that serves as a protective hazard. The armor was very hard as a rock, can not even be destroyed only by human hands. Sea horse turns, including the type of fish, and breathe with gills. Their size varies from about 4 to 30 centimeters.

Although included in the species of fish , sea horses swam way different from the way the fish swim . Sea horses move in water by changing the air content in the swimming bag . If this bladder is damaged and lose a bit of air , sea horses sank to the seabed . Sea horses swim with the body upright and they can nod your head up and down .
Sea horse 's eyes are very unique . He could see that two different objects at the same time . His eyes can also move freely , circling observe each side so that they can look around easily, without having to move his head to the left and to the right.
The sea horse body colored ( red , yellow , green , and black ) and can be changed according to the circumstances of sunlight shining on her body , and the state of his own body . Although it has a lot of color , but some species partially transparent color , so it is not easily seen . Sea horses usually live around coral reefs and tether tail in a crack rocks . It lives in tropical waters spread throughout the world's oceans .
The most unique thing is the male sea horse , who gave birth to her children . The male has a large pouch and a slit-like opening at the base of his stomach . Seahorse females will lay their eggs directly into the stomach pouch and the male seahorses fertilize the egg when dropped .
Lining inside the pouch to be like a sponge and filled with blood vessels , which serves to feed the eggs or embryos . Stomach pouch or bag is used to store the seeds given the female egg .
The eggs will flow through the tube into the bag and then they will be fertilized seeds . Results of conception is called an embryo . The embryo will develop for 10 days to 6 weeks , depending on the species and water conditions .
If it's time , ' bore ' the male will pump its tail until the baby seahorses out . Sea horse babies will come out with a very small form . In addition to containing , the male seahorse pouch also serves to regulate salt levels , to fit with the external environment when the eggs hatch .
Seahorses life in the waters of Indonesia , was endangered friends. Their habitats, such as coral reefs damaged by human activity . The uniqueness of the sea horse made ​​a lot of people want to make a collection , it resulted in the small number of horses have captured excessive sea .
Do not let this sea horse extinct in the future , and we can not see anymore , to it , must participate in order to keep the Indonesian seas could become a comfortable place for the sea horse .

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So , thank you for reading this article . Written and posted by Bambang Sunarno.
sunarnobambang86@gmail.com
author:
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http://primadonablog.blogspot.com/2014/02/seahorses-are-unique-animals.html
DatePublished: February 13, 2014 at 12:46

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Tag ; You Want to Know the Childbirth Seahorse males , sea horse.

Sea urchin.

Sea urchin.

If you think urchins are part of the pig's body, you are completely wrong. Because sea urchins is precisely the name of the other animals who not only live on land but are also able to live in the ocean.
Marine animals this one is almost always found in the waters of Indonesia , especially in polluted areas . Animals whose entire body is covered with spines do look grim from the outside . The horror of the higher level if you punctured thorns .
Phylum Echinodermata includes sea urchins, the basic body shape pentagon. Line has five pairs of legs and spines long tube that can be driven. Tube feet and spines allow the animals crawling on the coral surface and can also be used for walking on sand. And a thin outer shell composed of plates which are related to each other. Sea urchins or urchins also called (Echinoidea) is divided into about 950 species and can be found ranging from tidal zones at depths of up to 5,000 meters.

Sea urchin. 

Popular species found among others Diadema antillarum, Strongylocentortus, Spatangus, Echinarachnius and many others. In the meantime, if distinguished from the color variants, the urchins urchins consists of black, brown, purple, red and green.
Although not visible, sea urchins have teeth made of calcium carbonate used for chewing. Teeth can also be sharpened itself, even to chew rocks. For its survival, sea urchins have many favorite foods, namely algae, dead fish, shellfish and seaweed. Meanwhile, enemy sea urchins are crabs, birds, snails and humans.
95% of the body sea urchin or sea urchin consist of thorns. These thorns are used to move, take food and protect themselves. In some types of sea urchins, these spines contain toxins. There are two types of spines on a sea urchin, the spines smooth and hard spines. In the hard spines often are toxic. The more bright colors urchins, it shows that the stronger the poison he had brought.

Poisonous thorns is extremely fragile and dangerous skin when touched. If punctured, the spines can be left in the skin layer, and of course the pain left.
Like most injuries in the world of diving, sea urchins injury caused animals to defend themselves when they feel threatened. Sea urchin spines are their first line of defense. With the length and sharpness of spikes that vary on each - each species. Even sharp spines can easily penetrate thick wetsuit.
Many species of sea urchins, such as the purple sea urchin, has an additional defense mechanism called pedicellarines. Pedicellarines form of small, has a structure that resembles the jaws can grip the skin and inject venom divers painful.
In extreme cases, such as many stab wounds, a relatively small number of thorns and toxins can accumulate pedicellarines cause severe muscle spasms, fainting, difficulty breathing, and death.
The best way for divers to avoid touching the sea urchin is to maintain a good awareness of their surroundings. Divers must control their buoyancy for at least a few feet of coral, sea urchins that can hide in the cracks. The diver must also be careful of the thorns in the sand, as many urchins bury themselves. Choosing a dive spot can also help avoid the sting of sea urchins.

First Aid If Stung Fur Pig.

If you accidentally step on Sea Urchin, the following steps you can take: 

* Coming away from Sea Urchin and seek help.
* As soon as possible you avoid the area where the incident because it could be there are other Sea Urchin around the site.
* Set aside a thorn that sticks to the skin
Although it has been trying to clean up, often times the end of the spines still inside the skin. You can destroy the end of the spines are small pieces to be very small so it can be absorbed by the body. In certain cases if the rest of the left are thorns in the finger joints, medical attention is needed to capture the rest of the spines by using tweezers and surgical tools is simple. The rest of the remaining spines can cause skin reactions such as swelling granulomas.
* Use of liquid ammonia.
Sea Urchin tell which are toxic or which do not require special skills-in-emergency situation difficult. Therefore, let's assume each of the Sea Urchin spines have venom. Toxins found in Sea Urchin spines capable neutralized with ammonia administration.
However, very rarely people prepare themselves to carry liquid ammonia while walking on the beach. Fortunately, liquid ammonia is naturally very easy to find, which is present in the urine (urine). Right! Habits of our society that gives urine when exposed to Sea Urchin spines seem to have a scientific basis that can be justified. With the flow of urine (urine should be alone, yeah) expected to toxins can be neutralized immediately.
There are things to consider after administration of "natural liquid ammonia", ie immediately to health care to prevent secondary infection.
* Anti Tetanus injections.
If you have a history of tetanus immunization of more than 5 years, and during the journey to health centers passed the place is not clean, it is advisable to get a shot of anti tetanus. One example is the injection of Anti Tetanus Tetagam.
* Relieve pain with warm water.
While waiting for medical care, you can reduce pain by entering the wounded part in warm water. If soaking the affected part of the spines can not be done, then compress with warm water also helps reduce pain.

Benefits Fur Pig. 

These animals consume algae or algae to survive. Because healthy foods, not only sea urchin eggs contain healthy high protein even reached 70%, sea urchin eggs also contain other compounds such as iron, minerals, amino acids as well.
With the composition of the compounds it contains, sea urchins quite nutritious for the consumer. Not only that, these animals also proved to cure some types of disease such as reducing bad cholesterol in the blood, lowering blood pressure, improving the metabolic system, increase vitality, and many others. Meanwhile, not only the useful part of the egg. Because almost all of the body parts of sea urchins have benefits. Call it shell, this part can be processed into flour which is used as animal feed. Not only that, the body shell can also be used as high-quality craft products. Meanwhile other parts of the gut is also very good as processed into organic fertilizer.
In some other countries, such as the Mediterranean, New Zealand, and North America, sea urchins have become one of the promising marine commodities. In Japan, the popular sea urchin sushi as well as sashimi culinary complement. If compared with the potential of Indonesian sea, the sea urchins should not only be used as garbage but economic blessing for our society. Moreover, our sea is the habitat of marine life complete.

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Thank you for reading this article. Written and posted by Bambang Sunarno.
sunarnobambang86@gmail.com
author:
http://schema.org/Personal.
https://plus.google.com/105319704331231770941.
name: Bambang Sunarno.
http://primadonablog.blogspot.com/2014/02/sea-urchin.html
DatePublished: February 13, 2014 at 12:24
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Tag ; Sea urchin, urchin.