This monument consists of six square terraces on which there are three circular courtyard, the walls are decorated with 2,672 relief panels and 504 Buddha statues originally contained. Borobudur has the most complete collection of Buddhist reliefs in the world. The main stupa in the middle teletak once crowned this building, surrounded by three rows of circular 72 perforated stupas in which there are statues of buddha sitting cross-legged in the lotus position perfectly with mudra (hand gesture) Dharmachakra mudra (turning the wheel of dharma).
This monument is a model of the universe and built as a shrine to honor Buddha also functions as a place of pilgrimage to lead mankind to switch from natural lust to enlightenment and wisdom according to the teachings of Buddha. The pilgrims enter through the east side begin the ritual at the base of the temple with a walk this sacred building circling clockwise, while continuing to ascend to the next steps through the three levels of the realm in Buddhist cosmology. The third level is Kamadhatu (the realm of lust), Rupadhatu (the realm of intangibles), and Arupadhatu (formless realm). In this journey the pilgrim goes through a series of hallways and stairs with witnessing no less than 1,460 relief panels beautifully carved on the wall and balustrade.
According to historical evidence, Borobudur was abandoned in the 14th century as the weakening of the influence of Hindu and Buddhist kingdoms in Java as well as begin the influence of Islam. The world began to realize the existence of this building since it was discovered in 1814 by Sir Thomas Stamford Raffles, who was then serving as the British Governor General of Java. Since then Borobudur has suffered a series of rescue and restoration efforts. The restoration project was held in the period 1975 to 1982 for the efforts of the Government of the Republic of Indonesia and UNESCO, then this historic site included in the list of World Heritage Sites.
Borobudur is still used as a place of religious pilgrimage; each year Buddhists who come from all over Indonesia and abroad gather at Borobudur to celebrate Vesak Trisuci. In the world of tourism, tourism Borobudur is Indonesia's single most visited by tourists.
Borobudur name.
In Indonesian, ancient religious buildings called temples; temple term is also used more broadly to refer to all the ancient buildings dating from the Hindu-Buddhist in the archipelago, such as gates, gate, and petirtaan (pool and shower baths). The origin of the name Borobudur is unclear, although it is the original name of most temples in Indonesia is unknown. Name Borobudur was first written in the book "The History of Java" by Sir Thomas Raffles. Raffles wrote about a monument called borobudur, but no older document that mentions the exact same name. The only old Javanese manuscripts that give clues about the existence of the Buddhist sacred buildings which may refer to Borobudur is Nagarakretagama, written by MPU Prapanca in 1365.Bore-Budur name, which is then written Borobudur, probably written Raffles in English grammar to refer to the closest village to the temple, the village Bore (Boro); Most of the temple was often named after the village where the temple stood. Raffles also suspect that the term 'Budur' may be associated with the term Buda in the Java language, which means "ancient" - it means "ancient Boro". But other archaeologists believe that the name comes from the term Bhudhāra Budur which means mountain.
Many theories attempt to explain the name of this temple. One of them states that the name is probably derived from the word Sambharabhudhara, which means "mountain" (bhudara) where the slopes are located terraces. In addition there are several other folk etymology. Suppose Borobudur word derived from the words "the Buddha" is due to shift the sound becomes Borobudur. Another explanation is that the name comes from the two words "coal" and "beduhur". The word bara said to have originated from the monastery, while there are also other explanations where coal comes from Sanskrit which means temple or monastery and beduhur meaning is "high", or to remind the Balinese language means "above". So the point is a monastery dormitories were on high ground.
Historian J.G. de Casparis in his dissertation for a doctorate in 1950 argued that Borobudur is a place of worship. Based on the inscriptions Karangtengah and Tri Tepusan, Casparis estimates Borobudur is the founder of a dynasty Mataram dynasty king named Samaratungga, doing construction around 824 AD The huge building will be completed at the time of her daughter, Queen Pramudawardhani. Borobudur construction is expected to take half a century. In Karangtengah inscription also mentioned about the conferment of land sima (tax-free land) by CRI Kahulunan (Pramudawardhani) to maintain Kamulan called Bhūmisambhāra. Kamulan term itself comes from the word originally meaning the origin place, a sacred building to honor ancestors, most likely ancestor of the Sailendra dynasty. Casparis estimates that Bhumi Sambhāra Bhudhāra in Sanskrit means "Hill set ten levels boddhisattwa virtue", is the original name of Borobudur.
Surrounding environment.
Located about 40 kilometres (25 miles) northwest of the city of Yogyakarta, Borobudur is situated on a hill on a plateau surrounded by two pairs of twin mountains; Mount Sundoro-cleft in the northwest and Merbabu-Merapi in the northeast, to the north there is a hill Tidar, closer to the south there is a range of hills Menoreh, and the temple is located near the confluence of two rivers namely Progo and Elo River next east. According to the legend of Java, an area known as Kedu plain is considered sacred in Javanese belief and hailed as the 'Garden of Java' for its natural beauty and fertility of the soil.
Three temple triad.
In addition to Borobudur, there are some Buddhist and Hindu temples in the region. At the time of discovery and restoration in the early 20th century discovered other Buddhist temples are Mendut and Pawon who lay stretched in a straight line. Initially thought to just a coincidence, but is based on a fairy tale locals, there used to be a stone-lined street that is lined on both sides of the balustrade that connects the third temple. No evidence of physical existence of the highway bare rocks and fenced and this may only fairy tales, but experts suspect there is a symbol of the unity of the third temple. The third temple (Borobudur-Pawon-Mendut) have similar architectural style and the decoration and is derived from the same period which strengthens the case for linkages between the third temple ritual. Holy linkages must exist, but how the religious rituals of pilgrimage is done, it is not certain.Besides Mendut and Pawon, around Borobudur also found several other ancient relics, including various findings of pottery like pots and jugs which show that around Borobudur first there are some residential areas. Archaeological findings around Borobudur is now kept in the Museum Karmawibhangga Borobudur, which is located in the north of the temple next to the Ocean Museum Mercury. Not how far north Pawon found ruins of a Hindu temple called Candi Banon. At this temple was found several statues of the main Hindu gods in a state good enough that Shiva, Vishnu, Brahma and Ganesha. But the original stone temple Banon very little was found that it was impossible to do reconstruction. At the time of its discovery Banon statues transported to Batavia (now Jakarta) and now stored at the National Museum of Indonesia.
Ancient lake.
Unlike other temples built on flat land, Borobudur was built on a hill with a height of 265 m (869 ft) above sea level and 15 m (49 ft) above the ancient lakebed that has dried. The existence of an ancient lake is a matter of heated debate among archaeologists in the 20th century; and led to speculation that Borobudur was built on the edge or even in the middle of the lake. In 1931, an artist and expert on Hindu Buddhist architecture, WOJ Nieuwenkamp, put forward the theory that Kedu Plain was once a lake and Borobudur was built symbolize the lotus flower floating on the lake surface. Either in the form of a lotus flower lotus (lotus red), Utpala (blue lotus), or kumuda (white lotus) can be found in all the Buddhist iconography of religious art. often held by Bodhisattva as like (symbol regalia), became cushion throne Buddhist stupa or a pedestal. The architecture of Borobudur itself resembles a lotus flower and Buddha postures in Borobudur symbolize the Lotus Sutra, mostly found in schools of Mahayana Buddhist religious texts (Buddhism later spread to East Asia). Three circular courtyard at the top of Borobudur is also thought to symbolize the lotus petals. But Nieuwenkamp theory that sounds incredible and fantastic rebuttal reap many of the archaeologists. the land around the monument have been found archaeological evidence that proves that the area around Borobudur during the construction of this temple is dry land, not the ancient lakebed.Meanwhile geologists actually support the view Nieuwenkamp by showing evidence of mud sediments near the site. A study stratigraphy, sediment and analysis of pollen samples conducted in 2000 supports the existence of an ancient lake in the neighborhood of Borobudur, which reinforces the idea Nieuwenkamp. This ancient lake surface elevation heaving change from time to time, and evidence suggests that the base of the hill near Borobudur never go back under water and into the edge of the lake around the 13th century and the 14th. River flows and volcanic activity is thought to have contributed to alter a landscape and topography of the environment around Borobudur including its lake. One of the most active volcanoes in Indonesia is Mount Merapi which is located quite close to Borobudur and has been active since the Pleistocene.
History.
Development.
Was not found written evidence explaining who build Borobudur and what it does. Construction time is estimated based on the comparison between the type of script that is written in closed toe Karmawibhangga with the kind of characters commonly used in royal inscriptions 8th century and 9th. It is estimated that Borobudur was built around 800 AD. This period according to the period between 760 and 830 AD, the height of the glory of the house of dynasty in Central Java, who was then influenced Srivijaya Empire. Borobudur development is expected to spend time 75-100 years and actually completed during the reign of Samaratungga in the year 825.There is confusion as to whether the facts of the ruling king at that time Java Hindu or Buddhist. Sailendra known as Mahayana Buddhists devout, but through finding Sojomerto inscriptions indicate that they may originally Hindu Shiva. In the period that was built many Hindu and Buddhist temples in the Kedu Plain. Based Canggal inscription, in 732 AD, the king of religion Shiva Sanjaya ordered the construction of sacred buildings Shiwalingga built in the hills of Mount Wukir, located only 10 km (6.2 miles) east of Borobudur. Borobudur Buddhist temple built in the same time period with temples at Prambanan Plain, though Borobudur is expected to be completed around 825 AD, twenty-five years earlier before the commencement of construction of the Shiva temple Prambanan around the year 850 AD
Construction of Buddhist temples - including Borobudur - when it is possible for the heir Sanjaya, Panangkaran grant permission to Buddhists to build the temple. In fact, to show respect, Panangkaran village confers Kalasan the sangha (Buddhist community), for maintenance and financing Kalasan built to glorify Bodhisattwadewi Tara, as mentioned in kalasan inscription to the year 778 AD. These instructions understood by archaeologists, that the ancient Javanese society, religion was never an issue that can reap the conflict, exemplified Hindu king could support and fund the construction of a Buddhist temple, and vice versa. However allegedly contained dynastic rivalry between the two kingdoms at that time - embracing Buddhist Sailendra dynasty and dynasty Sanjaya who worships Shiva - who then won a battle Sanjaya dynasty in the year 856 in the hills Ratu Boko. Ambiguity also arises regarding the temple Lara Jonggrang in Prambanan, the magnificent temple that is believed to be built by the winner of Rakai Pikatan as an answer dynasty Sanjaya to rival the grandeur of Borobudur owned dynasty dynasty, but many people believe that there is an atmosphere of tolerance and togetherness that peace between the two dynastic this namely the Sailendra also involved in the construction of Shiva temple at Prambanan.
Borobudur development stages.
Archaeologists suspect that the preliminary design of Borobudur is a very large single stupa crowning the peak. Suspected mass of the giant stupa unusually large and is harmful to the body weight and leg Borobudur temple so the architect designer decided to dismantle the giant stupa and changed to three rows of small stupas and a main stupa as it is now.Here are the approximate stage of development Borobudur :
The first stage:
Borobudur construction period is not known for sure (estimated range of 750 and 850 AD). Borobudur is built on a natural hill, the top of the hill flattened and expanded flat yard. Indeed Borobudur is not entirely made of andesite, part of the hill the soil is compacted and covered stone structure that resembles a shell that encloses the hill land. The remaining parts of the hills covered stone structure layer by layer. Initially built-storey apartment layout. It seems designed as a pyramid staircase, but later changed. As evidence of the demolished apartment layout. Built three first steps that closes the original structure of the pyramid staircase.The second stage:
The addition of two square steps, balustrades and one step circular stupa was built directly on top of a single, very large.The third stage:
A change in the design, steps over the circle with a single large parent stupas demolished and replaced three railroad circle. Stupas built smaller circular march at the court of these steps with a large stupa in the middle. For some reason the foundation widened, built extra legs that wrap original foot while closing relief Karmawibhangga. Archaeologists suspect that Borobudur stupa was originally designed in the form of a single, very large terrace crowned shelf-shelf square. But the great stupa is too heavy so as to encourage structural skew shifted out. Keep in mind that the heart is just a hill Borobudur ground so that the pressure at the top will be distributed to the outer side of the bottom so Borobudur danger of landslides and collapses. That is why it was decided to dismantle a single large stupa and replace it with a circular terrace lined with small stupas and only one. To shore up the walls of the temple so that no avalanche then added an additional foot structure that encloses the foot of the original. This structure is an amplifier and function like a belt that ties in order that the temple did not collapse and fall out, while hiding the relief Karmawibhangga on the KamadhatuThe fourth stage:
There are small changes such as improvement of relief, additional outer balustrades, stairs and arch changes over the wicket door, as well as the widening of the toe.Borobudur abandoned.
Borobudur hidden and neglected for centuries buried under a layer of volcanic ash soil and then covered with trees and shrubs so that Borobudur was then actually resembles a hill. Borobudur was abandoned real reason the cause is still unknown. Is not known exactly since when this sacred building is no longer a Buddhist pilgrimage center. In the range 928 and 1006, the king moved the capital of the kingdom Mpu Sindok Medang to East Java after a series of volcanic eruptions; it is uncertain whether these factors cause Borobudur was abandoned, but some sources suspect that perhaps Borobudur began to be abandoned in this period. This sacred building is mentioned vaguely around 1365, by Mpu Prapanca in Nagarakretagama script written during the Majapahit kingdom. He mentioned the "Temple in Budur". In addition Soekmono (1976) also proposed the popular opinion that this temple started really abandoned since a population of around proselytised to Islam in the 15th century.This monument is not completely forgotten, through folklore Borobudur switched on as evidence of the glory of the past into a story that is more superstition associated with bad luck, misfortune and suffering. Chronicle of Java written two 18th century mention the bad luck associated with this monument. According to the Chronicle Tanah Jawi (History of Java), this monument is a fatal factor for Mas Fund, dissident rebel against Pakubuwono I, king of the Sultanate of Mataram in 1709. It is said that the hill "Redi Borobudur" surrounded and the rebels were defeated and put to death by the king. In the Chronicle Mataram (Mataram Kingdom History), the monument is associated with bad luck Monconagoro Prince, Crown Prince of the Sultanate of Yogyakarta who visited this monument in 1757. Despite the taboo that forbids people to visit this monument, "the Prince to come and visit the imprisoned knight in confinement (buddha statues contained in the stupa overlay) ". After returning to the palace, the prince fell ill and died a day later. In Java confidence during the Islamic Mataram, rubble enshrinement regarded as the abode of spirits and considered wingit (haunted) that is associated with bad luck or misfortune that may befall anyone who visits this site and disturbing. Although scientifically suspected, probably after the site was not abandoned and covered with bushes, this place was once a nest of diseases such as dengue fever or malaria.
Rediscovery.
After the Anglo-Dutch War in the fight over the island of Java, Java under British rule (UK) in the period 1811 to 1816. Thomas Stamford Raffles was appointed as Governor General, and he has a special interest in the history of Java. He collects antique artifacts of ancient Javanese art and make notes about the history and culture of Java were collected from the encounter with the local people in the journey around Java. On an inspection visit in Semarang in 1814, he was informed about the existence of a big monument deep in the forest near the village Bumisegoro. Because absent and his duties as Governor General, he can not go alone to search the building and sent HC Cornelius, a Dutch engineer, to investigate the existence of this large building. In two months, Cornelius and his 200 subordinates cut down trees and bushes growing on a hill Borobudur and clean the soil layer to bury this temple. Because of the threat of landslides, he was not able to dig in and clean up all the hall. He reported his findings to Raffles including various drawings sketches handed Borobudur. Although the invention is only a few sentences, Raffles is credited on the rediscovery of this monument, and to draw global attention to the existence of this monument is ever lost.Hartmann, a Dutch government official in the Residency of Kedu continue working in 1835 Cornelius and eventually the entire building has been excavated and visible. His interest in the Borobudur is more personal than his duty. Hartmann did not write a report on their activities; in particular, it was rumored that he had found a large Buddha statue in the main stupa. In 1842, Hartmann investigated the main stupa in spite of what he found remains a mystery because the inside of an empty stupa.
Dutch East Indies government commissioned F.C. Wilsen, an engineer Dutch officials in engineering, he studied the monument and drew hundreds of relief sketches. J.F.G. Brumund was also appointed to conduct more detailed research on this monument, whose completion in 1859. The government plans to publish an article based on Brumund study incorporating sketches Wilsen work, but Brumund refused to cooperate. Dutch East Indies government then commissioned another scientist, C. Leemans, who compiled a monograph based on the source of Brumund and Wilsen. In 1873, the first monograph and more detailed research on Borobudur was published, followed by editions in French translation a year later. The first photograph of the monument was taken in 1873 by a Dutch engrafi, Isidore van Kinsbergen.
Appreciation on this site is growing slowly. For quite a long time Borobudur has become a source of souvenirs and income for thieves, looters temple, and collectors "artifact hunter". Head of Buddha statue is the most often stolen. For stealing whole buddha statues too heavy and bulky, statues deliberately turned upside down and dropped by the thief so that his head severed. That's why many are now at Borobudur was found headless Buddha statue. Borobudur Buddha head has long been a coveted collector of antiquities and museums around the world. In 1882, chief inspector of cultural artifacts recommended that Borobudur entirely dismantled and moved to the museum reliefs due to unstable conditions, uncertainties and theft are rampant in the monument. As a result, the government appointed Groenveldt, an archaeologist, to hold a thorough investigation of the site and take into account the actual condition of the complex; the report states that these concerns are exaggerated and suggested that this building is left intact and not dismantled to be moved.
Part Borobudur stolen as souvenirs objects, statues and carvings hunted collector of antiques. Acts of looting of historic sites is even one of them sanctioned colonial government. In 1896, the King of Thailand, Chulalongkorn when visiting Java in the Dutch East Indies (now Indonesia) expressed interest in having parts of Borobudur. Dutch East Indies government permit and presented eight carts full of statues and parts of the building Borobudur. Artifacts are trafficked to Thailand, among others; five Buddha statue along with 30 stone reliefs, two lions, some shaped stone, stairs and gates, and the statues that once stood guard Dwarapala in Bukit Dagi - a few hundred meters northwest of Borobudur. Some artifacts, namely lions and Dwarapala, now on display at the National Museum Bangkok.
Restoration.
Borobudur again attracted attention in 1885, when Yzerman, Chairman of the Archaeological Society in Yogyakarta, finding hidden leg. The photos show the reliefs on the hidden foot were made in the period 1890-1891. This discovery encourages the Dutch government to take steps to preserve this monument. In 1900, the government set up a commission consisting of three officials to investigate this monument: Brandes, an art historian, Theodoor van Erp, an engineer who is also a member of the Dutch army, and Van de Kamer, building construction expert engineer of the Department of Public Works.In 1902, the Commission submitted a proposal three steps Borobudur conservation plan to the government.
First, the immediate danger must be overcome by adjusting the angles of the building, moving the stone endangering another rock next to him, strengthening the first balustrades and restoring several niches, gate, stupa and the main stupa.
Secondly, fenced yard of the temple, maintain and repair the drainage system by fixing the floor and shower.
Third, all loose rocks and loose must be removed, the monument cleared up to the balustrade of the first, the broken stone removed and restored the main stupa. The total cost required at the time were estimated at around 48 800 Gulden.
The restoration undertaken during 1907 and 1911, using the principle anastylosis and led Theodor van Erp. The first seven months were spent to excavate the ground around the monument to find missing Buddha heads and panel stones. Van Erp dismantle and rebuild three circular terraces and a stupa at the peak. In the process Van Erp discovered many things that can be improved; he submitted another proposal approved by the supplementary budget amounting to 34,600 guilders. Van Erp do further reconstruction, he even meticulously reconstruct chattra (umbrella stone stacking three) crowning the peak of Borobudur. At first glance, Borobudur has recovered like in its heyday. But reconstruction chattra only use a little native stone and fabrication approx. Because they are not accountable authenticity, Van Erp dismantle part chattra. Now mastaka or waterless Borobudur chattra stacking three stored in the Museum Karmawibhangga Borobudur.
Due to a limited budget, this restoration is only focused on cleaning and stone sculptures, Van Erp did not solve the problem of drainage and water system. In 15 years, the gallery walls slant and relief showed cracks and damage. Van Erp used concrete that causes the formation of salt crystals alkali and calcium hydroxide which spread to all parts of the building and damage the stone temples. This causes further problems so renovation is needed.
Small-scale restoration carried out since then, but not enough to provide complete protection. In the late 1960s, the Indonesian government has submitted a request to the international community for a massive refurbishment to protect this monument. In 1973, a master plan for restoring Borobudur made. Indonesian government and UNESCO to take steps to repair this monument thoroughly in a large project between 1975 and 1982. The foundation is strengthened, and all 1,460 relief panels cleaned. The restoration was done by dismantling the entire five square terraces and improve drainage by embedding water channels into the monument. Filter layer and waterproof added. This colossal project involving 600 people to restore the monument and cost a total of 6,901,243 US dollars. After the renovation, UNESCO Borobudur insert into the list of World Heritage Sites in 1991. Borobudur Cultural entrance criteria (i) "represent a masterpiece of human creative genius", (ii) "featuring the exchange is important in human values within a certain time span within a cultural area of the world, in the development of architecture and technology, monumental arts, town planning and design of landscape ", and (iii)" directly and clearly connected with events or living traditions, with ideas, or with beliefs, with artwork artistic and literary works which have outstanding universal value ".
Contemporary events.
After a massive refurbishment in 1973, supported by UNESCO, Borobudur back into religious and pilgrimage center of Buddhism. Once a year during the full moon in May or June, Buddhists in Indonesia celebrate Vesak holy day, a day that commemorates the birth, death and enlightenment of Siddhartha Gautama especially events that achieve the highest level of wisdom of the Buddha Shakyamuni. Vesak is a national holiday in Indonesia and a memorial service was centered on three major Buddhist temples with ritual walk from Mendut towards Pawon and procession ending at Borobudur.On January 21, 1985, nine stupas nine severely damaged by bombs. In 1991 a Muslim preacher extreme wing blind, Husein Ali Al Habsyie, sentenced to life in prison for acting as the brain a series of bomb attacks in the mid-1980s, including the attack on the temple of Borobudur. Two members of the extreme right-wing groups were sentenced to death 20 years in prison in 1986 and the other received a sentence of 13 years in prison.
This monument is a tourist attraction single most visited in Indonesia. In 1974 as many as 260,000 tourists that 36,000 of them are foreign tourists have visited this monument. This figure increased to 2.5 million visitors annually (80% were domestic tourists) in the mid-1990s, before the Asian financial crisis of 1997. However, tourism development does not involve the local community criticized that some local conflicts often occur. In 2003, the population and small-scale entrepreneurs around Borobudur held a meeting and protest with poetry readings, rejected the provincial government's plan is planning to build three-story mall complex called 'Java World'. The local community's efforts to earn a living from Borobudur tourism sector has increased the number of small businesses around Borobudur. But their efforts to earn a living is often even disturbing the comfort of visitors. For example merchants interfere with souvenir hawkers who insist on selling merchandise; widespread souvenir market stalls so that when going out of the temple complex, visitors walk away instead herded play entering the labyrinth of souvenir market. If not well then all of this makes the temple complex of Borobudur increasingly chaotic.
On May 27, 2006, an earthquake measuring 6.2 scale shook the southern coast of Central Java. This natural disaster destroyed the region with the most casualties in Yogyakarta, but Borobudur remained intact.
On August 28, 2006 symposium titled Trail of Civilizations (traces of civilization) was held at Borobudur on the initiative of the Governor of Central Java and the Ministry of Tourism and Culture, also attended representatives of UNESCO and the countries the majority of Buddhists in Southeast Asia, such as Thailand, Myanmar, Laos, Vietnam, and Cambodia. The highlight is a colossal ballet performances "Borobudur Masterpiece" in front of Borobudur. This dance was created with a style based on traditional Javanese dance, gamelan music, and fashion, telling about the history of the construction of Borobudur. After this symposium, ballet staged Borobudur Masterpiece back several times, particularly ahead of the commemoration of Vesak which is usually attended by the President of the Republic of Indonesia.
UNESCO identifies three critical issues in the effort to preserve Borobudur: (i) vandalism or destruction by visitors; (ii) soil erosion in the southeastern part of the site; (iii) analysis and the return of the missing parts. Loose soil, several earthquakes and heavy rain could destabilize the structure of this building. Earthquakes are the most serious factor, because not only the rocks can fall and arch collapsed, the ground itself moves bumpy which can damage the structure of the building. The increasing popularity of stupa attract many visitors most of whom are Indonesian. Although there are many signs warning not to touch anything, warning through loudspeakers and guards, vandalism such as graffiti vandalism and graffiti reliefs and sculptures often the case, this is clearly damaging the site. In 2009, there was no system to limit the number of tourists are allowed to visit per day, or apply each visit must be accompanied by a guide so that visitors are always in control.
Rehabilitation.
Borobudur greatly affected by the eruption of Mount Merapi in October and November 2010. The volcanic ash from Merapi covered the temple complex within 28 kilometres (17 miles) west-southwest of the crater of Merapi. Volcanic dust layer reaches a thickness of 25 Centimetres (10 in) cover of the temple when the eruption of 3 to 5 November 2010, the dust also kill plants around, and experts are concerned that volcanic dust chemically acidic rocks can damage this historic building. The temple complex was closed 5 to 9 November 2010 to clean up the dust fallout.Observing Borobudur rehabilitation efforts after the eruption of Merapi in 2010, UNESCO has donated $ 3 million to fund rehabilitation efforts. Cleanse the temple of the deposition of volcanic ash will spend at least 6 months, followed by reforestation and tree planting to stabilize the temperature of the surrounding environment, and finally revive social and economic life of local communities. More than 55,000 blocks of stone temples to be demolished to improve the drainage system and clogged water batter mixed with volcanic ash rain. Restoration ended November 2011, earlier than previously thought.
Architecture.
Borobudur is a masterpiece of Buddhist art Indonesia, for example crowning achievement of architectural engineering and aesthetic harmony of art Buddha in Java. The building is inspired by the idea of dharma of India, among others stupa and mandala, but also believed the continuation of local elements; megalithic structures punden or terraced pyramids are found from the prehistoric period in Indonesia. As a combination of the original ancestor worship Indonesia and the struggle for Nirvana in Buddhism.The concept of design.
In essence, Borobudur is a stupa which, when viewed from above form a great Mandala pattern. Mandala is an intricate pattern composed of square and concentric circles that symbolize the cosmos or universe that is commonly found in streams Wajrayana-Mahayana Buddhist. Ten yard owned illustrates clearly Borobudur Mahayana school of philosophy that simultaneously illustrate the concept of the universe cosmology, as well as the level of the mind in Buddhism. Like a book, Borobudur describes ten Bodhisattva levels which must pass to reach the perfection of the Buddha. Basic sketch of the square measuring 123 meters (404 ft) on each side. The building has nine terraces, six terraces of a square bottom and the top three circular terraces.In 1885, accidentally discovered a hidden structure at the foot of Borobudur. This hidden feet there is a relief that 160 of them is the story of Karmawibhangga. On this panel are carved reliefs script which is an indication for the engraver to create a scene in relief image. The original leg is covered by the addition of a stone structure that forms a fairly large yard, the real function is still a mystery. Initially it was suspected that the addition of these feet to prevent sliding of the monument. Other theories propose that this is due to the addition of foot fault foot of the original design, and not in accordance with Wastu Literature, Indian book about architecture and urban planning. Whatever the reason for adding these feet, adding an extra leg and manufacturing is done carefully with consideration for religious reasons, aesthetic, and technical.
The third level of the spiritual realm in Buddhist cosmology is:
Kamadhatu The legs symbolize Kamadhatu Borobudur, the world is still dominated by kama or "low desire". This section is mostly covered by a pile of stone that allegedly made to strengthen the construction of the temple. At the foot of the original enclosed additional structure there are 160 panels Karmawibhangga story that is now hidden. Most small additional structure on the southeast corner is set aside so that people can still see some relief in this section. Andesite additional foot structure that covers the foot of this original has a volume of 13,000 cubic meters.
Rupadhatu four steps that form a corridor around the patio which is on the gallery walls adorned with reliefs by experts called Rupadhatu. The floor is rectangular. Rupadhatu consists of four hall with 1,300 relief image. 2.5 km long relief entirely with 1,212 decorative carved panel. Rupadhatu is the world that has been able to break free from lust but are still bound to appearance and shape. This level represents the nature among which, between the underworld and the upper world. In part this Rupadhatu Buddha statues found in the niche or niches in the wall above the balustrade or breezeway. Originally there were 432 Buddha statues in the niches open along the outer side on the balustrade. On the balustrade there is a slight difference in design that symbolizes the transition from the realm Kamadhatu towards the realm Rupadhatu; lowest balustrade crowned jewel, while four levels above the balustrade crowned stupika (small stupas). Part of this rectilinear terraces rich ornaments and carved reliefs.
Arupadhatu Unlike the hallways Rupadhatu rich in relief, from the fifth to the seventh floor walls are not berelief. This level is called Arupadhatu (which means no tangible form or not). Circular floor plan. This level represents the upper world, where people are free from all desires and the bond forms and shapes, but have not reached nirvana. In the courtyard of the circle there are 72 two small stupas arranged in three rows surrounding a large stupa as the main stupa. Small bell-shaped stupa is arranged in three circular terraces, each of which are 32, 24, and 16 (total 72 stupas). Two terraces bottom Stûpa greater with rhombus-shaped hole, the top terrace Stûpa a little smaller and a square box-shaped hole. Buddha statues are placed in a stupa covered with holes like in confinement. From outside the statues were still seem vague. This design is cleverly explained the concept of transition to a state without form, the Buddha statue was there but invisible.
The highest level that describes the absence of perfect form is represented in the form of the largest and highest stupa. Stupa depicted plain with no holes. The largest stupa is ever found a statue of imperfect Buddha also called Buddha that is not finished, in expect him as a statue 'Adibuddha', but through further research there is never a statue in the main stupa, sculptures that do not finish it the fault of the sculptor in ancient times. According to the belief that one statue in the manufacturing process it should not be tampered with. Archaeological excavations conducted in the temple found many statues like this. The main stupa left empty allegedly meaningful highest wisdom, which is true, perfect silence and the absence of which the human soul is not tied to desire, desire, and the shape and free from the cycle of samsara.
Building structure.
Approximately 55,000 cubic meters of andesite quarry and transported from place to build this monument carvers. This stone is cut into a certain size, transported to the site and put together without using cement. Borobudur structure does not use cement at all, but the interlock system (interlocking) are like Lego blocks that can be attached without adhesive. These stones are put together with the bulge and the right hole and fit each other, as well as a form of "doves" that locks the two blocks of stone. Relief made at the site after the building structure and the walls completed.This monument is equipped with a drainage system which is good enough for areas with high rainfall. To prevent inundation and flooding, 100 showers installed at each corner, each with a unique design in the form of a giant head of kala or makara.
Borobudur is very different from the design of other temples, the temple was not built on a flat surface, but on top of a natural hill. However, the construction techniques similar to other temples in Java. Borobudur has no worship spaces like the other temples. That there are long hallways which is a narrow road. The hallways surrounding the walled temple level by level. In general design is similar to the pyramid terraces Borobudur. In the halls of this is expected to conduct Buddhist ceremonies walk around the temple to the right. Borobudur may initially serve more as a stupa, rather than a temple or temple. Stupa is intended as a sacred building to honor Buddha. Sometimes stupa was built as a symbol of respect and glorification of the Buddha. While shrine or temple is to function as a house of worship. Complex design of this monument shows that this building was a building places of worship. The shape of the building without room and terraced patio structure is believed to be the development of a form of punden, which is a form of original architecture from prehistoric Indonesia.
According to local legend Borobudur architect designer named Gunadharma, little is known about this mysterious architect. His name is based on fairy tales and legends of Java and not based on historical inscriptions. Gunadharma legends associated with the folklore of Menoreh hills resembling the body of lay people. Local fairy tale is told that the body lying Gunadharma turned into the ranks of the hills Menoreh, of course, this is just fiction legends and fairy tales.
Borobudur design using a tuning measuring units, namely the length of a human face between the ends of the hairline at the forehead to the tip of the chin, or span the distance between the tip of the thumb to the tip of the little finger when the hand is fully developed. Of course, this unit is relative and differ slightly among individuals, but the unit is still on this monument. Research in 1977 revealed a ratio of 4: 6: 9 found on this monument. Architects use this formula to determine the exact dimensions of a fractal geometry of self-similar repetition in the design of Borobudur. The mathematical ratio also found in the design Mendut and Pawon nearby. Archaeologists believe that the ratio 4: 6: 9 and a tuning unit has a function and meaning calendar, astronomy, and cosmology. The same thing applies in the temples of Angkor Wat in Cambodia.
The structure of the building can be divided into three parts: the base (foot), the body, and the summit. Basic measuring 123 × 123 m (403.5 × 403.5 ft) with a height of 4 meters (13 ft). The temple body consists of five square terraces shelf decreasing over it. The first terrace retreated 7 meters (23 ft) from the base of the terrace. Each subsequent retreat terrace 2 meters (6.6 ft), leaving a narrow corridor at each level. The upper part consists of three circular terraces, each level of shoring row are arranged concentrically stupa. There is a main stupa of the largest in the middle; the shoots reach a height of 35 meters (115 ft) above the ground. The original high Borobudur including chattra (umbrella stacking three) now released is 42 meters (138 ft). Stairs located at the center of the four sides of the wind that brings visitors towards the top of the monument through a series of gates guarded arch 32 stone lions. Wicket gate decorated with carvings Kala at the top middle of the door and carvings vacant makara prominent on both sides. Kala-Makara motif commonly found in architectural door of the temple in Java. The main door is located on the east side, at the same starting point to read the story of relief. This staircase straight ahead connected with stairs on the slope of the hill that connects the temple with the surrounding plains.
Relief.
In the temple walls at every level - except on the terraces Arupadhatu - carved panels of bas-reliefs made with meticulous and refined. Borobudur reliefs and decorative patterns naturalist style with ideal proportions and refined aesthetic taste. These reliefs are very beautiful, even considered as the most elegant and graceful in the art of the Buddhist world. Relief Borobudur also discipline Indian art, such as a variety of gestures that have particular meaning or aesthetic value. Reliefs noble human form like a hermit, king and duchess, angel atapun achieve the degree of sanctity creatures like gods, such as tare and Boddhisatwa, often depicted with the body position tribhanga. The position of the body is called "curve of three" that is curved or bent slightly at the neck, hips, and ankles with only body weight resting on one foot while the other foot is curved to rest. Flexible posture implies elegance, for example Surasundari angel figure standing with posture tribhanga clutching long-stemmed lotus.Relief Borobudur view multiple pictures; like a good human figure nobles, commoners, or ascetic, a variety of plants and animals, as well as displays of traditional vernacular building forms the archipelago. Borobudur is like like a book that records the various aspects of the life of the ancient Javanese society. Many archaeologists researching past life in ancient Java and the archipelago of the 8th century and 9th with examining and refer carved reliefs of Borobudur. Form of stilt house Wooden boats with outriggers typical of the archipelago shows ancient maritime culture. Ark replica made by the reliefs of Borobudur is stored in the Museum Ocean Mercury is located in the north of Borobudur., barns, palaces and temples, the form of jewelry, clothing and weapons, a variety of plants and wildlife, as well as transportation, to be observed by the researchers. One is the famous relief depicting Borobudur Ship. Wooden boats with outriggers typical of the Nuantara shows ancient maritime culture. Ark replica made by the reliefs of Borobudur is stored in the Museum Ocean Mercury is located in the north of Borobudur.
These reliefs read in accordance clockwise or referred mapradaksina in Old Javanese language derived from Sanskrit meaning daksina is east. These reliefs variety of story content, among other reliefs Jataka stories. Reading of the stories are always the starting relief, and ends on the east side of the gate at every level, starting on the left and right ends of the gate. So obviously that the east is the ladder up the real (main) and to the top of the temple, it means that the temple facing east while the other sides of similar right.
In sequence, the story of the temple reliefs significant briefly as follows:
Karmawibhangga.
In accordance with the symbolic meaning of the feet of the temple, reliefs that decorate the walls of a hidden shelf illustrates the law of karma. Karmawibhangga is a script that describes the doctrine of karma, namely causation good and evil deeds. Rows of relief is not a story of the series (the series), but at every frame illustrates a story that has a causal relationship. Relief is not only to give an idea of the human misconduct penalty shall be accompanied by the acquired, but also the good deeds of man and reward. Overall a depiction of human life within the circle of birth - life - death (samsara) which never ends, and by Buddhist tersebutlah chain will be terminated to perfection. Now only the southeastern part of the open and can be seen by the end. Photo Karmawibhangga complete relief can be seen in the Museum Karmawibhangga on the north side of the temple of Borobudur.Lalitawistara.
A portrayal of the history of the Buddha in a series of reliefs (but not a complete history) that starts from the Buddha's descent from Tushita heaven, and ends with the first sermon in the Deer Park near the city of Banaras. These reliefs lined the stairs on the south side, after a row exceeded the relief of 27 frames starting from the east side of the stairs. 27th frame depicts activity, both in heaven and in the world, as a preparation to welcome the presence of the last incarnation of the Bodhisattva as the Buddha. The reliefs depict the birth of the Buddha in this arcapada as Prince Siddhartha, son of King Suddhodana and Empress Maya of Kapilavastu State. The relief amounts to 120 frames, which ended with the first sermon, which was symbolically expressed as the Wheel of Dharma, the Buddha's teaching is called dharma which also means "law", while the dharma represented as a wheel.
Jataka and Awadana.
Jataka are stories about the Buddha before he was born as Prince Siddhartha. Its content is the subject protrusion good deeds, such as self-sacrifice and helpfulness that distinguishes the Bodhisattvas from any other creature. Several Jataka tale fable featuring the story of the story involving animal figures who behave and think like humans. Indeed, the collection service or good deeds are in the preparatory stages of the business to the level to Buddhahood.While Awadana, basically almost the same as the Jataka but the culprit is not the Bodhisattvas, but other people and stories collected in the book Diwyawadana meaning noble act of divinity, and the book Awadanasataka or a hundred stories Awadana. At Borobudur temple reliefs Jataka and Awadana, are treated equally, meaning they are in the same row without distinction. The set of the most famous of the life of the Bodhisattva is Jatakamala or strands Jataka, works Aryasura poet who lived in the 4th century AD.
Gandawyuha.
A row of reliefs adorn the walls of the hallway of the 2nd, is the story of Sudhana who traveled tirelessly in his search for the highest knowledge of the Truth by Sudhana. Depiction in the frame 460 based on Mahayana Buddhist scripture entitled Gandawyuha, and to the lid by any other book story that Bhadracari.Buddha statue.
In addition to the form of Buddha in Buddhist cosmology is engraved on the wall, in Borobudur there are many statues of Buddha sitting cross-legged in the lotus position and displays the mudras, or symbolic hand gesture particular. Buddha statue with a height of 1.5 meters was carved from andesite stone.Buddha statue in the recesses in Rupadhatu level, set by the line on the outer side of the balustrade. Diminishing numbers on its upper side. The first row of the balustrade consists of 104 niches, the second line 104 niches, niches third line 88, line 72 niches fourth and fifth rows 64 niches. The total amount are 432 statues of Buddha in Rupadhatu level. At the Arupadhatu (three circular courtyard), the statue of Buddha placed in stupas berterawang (perforated). In the first circular courtyard there are 32 stupas, the second court of 24 stupas, and the third courtyard there are 16 stupas, everything is a total of 72 stupas. Of the original number as many as 504 Buddha statues, over 300 have been damaged (mostly headless) and 43 missing (since the discovery of this monument, buddha head often stolen as collector's item, mostly by foreign museums).
At first glance all this buddha statues look similar, but there are subtle differences among them, namely the position mudras or hand gesture. There are five groups of mudra: North, East, South, West, and Central America, all of which is based on five main directions of the compass according to the teachings of Mahayana. Fourth balustrade has four mudras: North, East, South, and West, where each of the buddha statues facing the direction showing a typical mudra. Buddha statues at the fifth balustrades and statues of Buddha in the 72 stupas berterawang in the courts above displays mudra: Central or Central. Each mudra symbolizes the five Dhyani Buddhas; each with its own symbolic meaning.
Heritage.
Achievement of aesthetic and architectural engineering skills shown Borobudur, as well as the extraordinary size, be evidence of past grandeur, and has raised the pride of the nation of Indonesia. As the role of the Nation Cambodia Angkor Wat, Borobudur has become a powerful symbol for Indonesia - as witnesses of past glory. Sukarno confirm it by inviting guests to visit the country. While Suharto - aware of the symbolic significance and economic potential - diligently staged restoration project to restore this monument with the help of UNESCO. Many museums in Indonesia exhibiting small scale model or replica of Borobudur. This monument has become an icon, grouped together wayang and gamelan as a form of classical Javanese culture that inspired Indonesia.Some archaeological artifacts from Borobudur, or replica, exhibited in several museums in Indonesia and abroad. Besides Karmawibhangga Museum within the complex of Borobudur, some museums keep relics of Borobudur, Indonesia, among others, the National Museum, Tropenmuseum in Amsterdam, the British Museum in London, and National Museum Bangkok. While the Louvre Museum in Paris, the Museum Negara Malaysia in Kuala Lumpur, and the Museum of World Religions in Taipei also features a replica of Borobudur. This monument has attracted the world's attention to the classical civilizations of ancient Javanese Buddha.
Rediscovery and restoration of Borobudur has been praised by Buddhists Indonesia as a sign of the revival of Buddhism in Indonesia. In 1934, Narada Thera, a monk speaker of Sri Lanka, to visit Indonesia for the first time as part of his journey spread the teachings of the Dharma in Southeast Asia. This opportunity was used local Buddhists to renewed calls Dharma in Indonesia. On that occasion the Bodhi tree planting ceremony held on the southeast side of Borobudur, on March 10, 1934 to be blessed by Narada Thera, as well as removal of some laymen become monks. Every year, thousands of Buddhists from all over Indonesia and neighboring countries, gathered at Borobudur to celebrate Vesak Trisuci.
Symbol of the province of Central Java and Magelang District, featuring the image of Borobudur. This temple has become a symbol of Central Java and Indonesia at large. Borobudur has been the name of several institutions and entities, such as the University of Borobudur Hotel Borobudur Jakarta, Indonesia as well as several restaurants abroad. Borobudur is displayed in the rupiah currency, stamps, discussed in several books, news, publications, documentaries, as well as Indonesia's tourism promotional materials. This temple becomes the leading tourist attractions in Indonesia, it is important to drive the local economy and in the area around Borobudur. For example, the tourism sector Yogyakarta grow one of them thanks to its proximity to the Borobudur and Prambanan.
Thank you for reading this article. Written and posted by Bambang Sunarno. sunarnobambang86@gmail.com
author:
https://plus.google.com/105319704331231770941.
name: Bambang Sunarno.
http://primadonablog.blogspot.com/2015/12/borobudur-temple.html
Published Date: December 20, 2015 at 09:40
Tag : Borobudur temple.
Code : 7MHPNPADAEF
