State Coat of Indonesia.

State emblem of Garuda Pancasila Indonesia is the motto Unity in Diversity. Indonesian Coat-shaped eagle whose head turned to the right (from the point of view of eagle), a shield shaped like a heart with a chain hanging on the neck of Garuda, and the motto Unity in Diversity, which means "Different but still a" written on tape which is gripped by Garuda.

This symbol was designed by Hamid II, Sultan of Pontianak is then refined by the President, and its use as a symbol of the country inaugurated its first Cabinet meeting of the Republic of Indonesia States February 11, 1950. The symbol of Garuda Pancasila state regulated its use in Government Regulation No. 43/1958.

Garuda appeared in various stories, especially in the area of ​​Java and Bali. In a couple of story, Garuda describes the virtues, knowledge, strength, courage, loyalty and discipline. As the vehicle of Vishnu, Garuda also has properties as a custodian and guardian of Vishnu order of the universe. In the tradition of Bali, Garuda very honored, as the great king of the birds. In Bali he is usually portrayed as a creature that has the head, beak, wings and claws of an eagle, but has a body and a human arm. Usually portrayed in a subtle and intricate carvings with bright golden color.  Noble position Garuda Indonesia tradition since ancient times is what makes a national symbol of Indonesia, as the realization of the ideology of Pancasila. Not only that, Garuda also chosen as the name of the national airline of Indonesia

After the war of independence of Indonesia in 1945-1949, followed by the recognition of the sovereignty of Indonesia by the Dutch through the Round Table Conference in 1949, felt the need for Indonesia (which at the time of the Republic of Indonesia States) to have a state symbol. Then, on January 10, 1950 Technical Committee was formed under the name Committee coordinator Badge State under Secretary of State Zonder Porto Folio Sultan Hamid II with the composition of the technical committee as chairman Muhammad Yamin, Ki Hajar Dewantara, MA Pellaupessy, Moh. Natsir, and RM Ng Poer Batjaraka as members. The committee in charge of selecting the draft proposal for the state emblem chosen and submitted to the Government.

Referring to statements Bung Hatta in his book entitled "Bung Hatta Answering" The decision to implement the Cabinet meeting, the Minister Priyono carry out contest. Elected two draft the best state symbol, which is the work of Sultan Hamid II and the work of M. Yamin was rejected because it includes the sun, this illustrates the Japanese influence therein. Once the design was chosen, processed intensively between Sultan Hamid II, President of the RIS (Soekarno) and Prime Minister Mohammad Hatta, continue to be made for the purpose of perfecting the design. Merka three of them agreed to replace the ribbon is gripped Garuda originally red and white ribbon, white all by adding the motto "Unity in Diversity."

On 8 February 1950, the draft state symbol made Minister of State for RIS, Sultan Hamid II, submitted to the President. The design of the symbol of the country gets input from Masjumi Party for reconsideration, because of their objection to the image of an eagle with a human hand and shoulder holding a shield. It was considered too is mythological. Then Sultan Hamid II was re-submit the draft state symbol image has been enhanced, so as to create form-eagle Garuda Pancasila. Abbreviated Garuda Pancasila.

President Sukarno then submit the draft to the Cabinet RIS via Moh. Hatta as prime minister at the time. In his book entitled "About Pancasila" issued by the Department of Defense and Security, Military History, AG Pringgodigdo mentioned that the design work of the state emblem of Sultan Hamid II finally unveiled its use in the RIS Cabinet meeting on February 11, 1950. When the image shape of the head of an eagle eagle Pancasila is still bare and crested like its current form. President Sukarno then introduced for the first time the symbol of the country to the public on February 15, 1950.

On March 20, 1950, the President ordered a court painter named Dullah to paint back the draft, having previously also been improved by adding a crest on the head of the Garuda Pancasila, as well as changing the position of the gripping claw foot from the original tape behind it being in front ribbons, upon input of President Soekarno. It is believed that the reason Soekarno added crest because Garuda head bald too similar to the Bald Eagle, the symbol of the United States.

And for the last time, Sultan Hamid II completed the final form of image refinement symbol of the country, namely by adding the size scale and full color image of the state emblem. Garuda Pancasila draft last large statue made of gold-plated bronze material stored indoors Independence National Monument as a symbol of the state of Indonesia and desaainnya not changed until now.

Then what is the philosophy behind the description and meaning of the symbol of this country ?.

1. Garuda Pancasila itself is an eagle that has been known through the ancient mythology in the history of the Indonesian nation, which is the vehicle of Vishnu that resemble hawk eagles. Garuda is used as a symbol to illustrate that the Indonesian nation is a great nation and strong state.
2. Golden color on a garuda describe the majesty and glory.
3. Garuda has a beak, wings, tail and paws which symbolizes strength and power development.
4. Number of Garuda Pancasila feather symbolizes the proclamation of independence of Indonesia on August 17, 1945, among others; 17 feathers on each wing, 8 on the tail feathers, 19 feathers under the shield or on the base of the tail and 45 hairs on the neck.

To Section shield  :

1. Shield in question is a shield that has long been known in the culture and civilization of Indonesia as part of a weapon which symbolizes the struggle, defense, and self-protection in order to achieve the goal.
2. Amid the shield there is a thick black line depicting the equator. It describes the location of Indonesia is a tropical country that crossed the line that runs from east to west.
3. Basic color on the space shield is red and white. The reader must have guessed its meaning.
4. On the shield there are five pieces of space that embodies the Pancasila state ideology. The setting is a shield emblem on space; The first precept supreme Godhead one symbolized by the light in the center of the shield-shaped five-pointed star black background, Sila both just and civilized humanity symbolized by a chain strap edged circle and a square in the lower left shield red background. The third principle unity of Indonesia represented by the banyan tree in the left upper shield white background. Fourthly Populist led by the inner wisdom of deliberations representation symbolized by a bull's head on the right side of the shield red background, and the fifth Sila social justice for all Indonesian people symbolized by cotton and rice in the bottom right of the shield a white background.
Ribbon reads "Unity in Diversity"
Both Garuda Pancasila claw gripping a white ribbon reading "Unity in Diversity" in black.
Motto "Unity in Diversity" is a quote from Kakawin Sutasoma MPU works Tantular, where the word "Unity" means variegated or different, "Single" means one, and the word "Diversity" means it. It can literally be translated "Various one that", which means although different-duty but in essence still is a unity, that among flower varieties Indonesia is a unitary nation. This slogan used to describe the unity of the Indonesian nation made up of diverse cultures, language, race, ethnicity, religion and belief.
Some rules of use of the state emblem is regulated in the Constitution 45 Article 36A and Law 24 Year 2009 concerning the flag, the language, and the state emblem and national anthem. The state emblem shall be used in the building, office, or classroom education units outside the building or office gazette, additional sheets country, state news, and additional state news passports, diplomas and official documents issued by the government of coins or banknotes and stamp duty , Thank you for reading this article.
Written and posted by Bambang Sunarno. sunarnobambang86@gmail.com
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DatePublished: August 17, 2015 at 12:57

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Beware of Dangers Latent Communists.

Outlook on life, philosophy of the nation and the nation of Indonesia is the Pancasila ideology. Putting Pancasila as the State which is the ancestral heritage of Indonesia and used as the order of life in religious life, society and state.

The contents of Pancasila are as follows :

Ketuhanan Yang Maha Esa,
Kemanusiaan yang adil dan beradab,
Persatuan Indonesia,
Kerakyatan yang dipimpin oleh hikmah kebijaksaaan dalam permusyawaratan perwakilan,
Keadilan sosial bagi seluruh rakyat Indonesia.

Ever-present threat and has repeatedly tried to change the understanding of Pancasila with other than Pancasila understand, understand that contrary to Pancasila is understood Atheism. Atheism is understood that does not recognize the existence of God Almighty. Saxon has always wanted to strive to replace Pancasila understood primarily in terms of art and culture of Indonesian people, other philosophies which often seeks to undermine Pancasila is understood communism which is extremely cunning and endanger the established order. Communism is derived from the state of the Soviet Union and tried to infiltrate the Indonesian nation.

Countries emerging feel threatened by communism, because it is an enemy to understand the world and not just the enemy of the Indonesian nation. Communism aspires to communize world, to the struggle of the communist party has not completed before the whole world followed the communist ideology. Communists tried to instill their respective ideologies into the lives of Indonesian people always failed, they tried to replace Pancasila became communist ideology developed by the Indonesian Communist Party (PKI). In the historical development of Indonesian struggle proved Communist Party has repeatedly physically coup that aim clearly will replace Pancasila ideology become communist ideology.

Struggles they always fail and fail again because it is like a person abolish customs while the habit has become a way of life and has been flowing in the joint life of the nation. PKI rebellion in Madiun in 1948, they failed because the majority of the people do not support such understanding, there is a small percentage of people who had garnering and their average due to economic factors or factors influence the stomach. Indonesian Communist Party (PKI) is still trying hard to destroy and undermine the Pancasila ideology with the ideology of communism peak in 1965 in the event of the G 30 S / PKI. But again, their efforts can be thwarted mainly by the military together with the People.

History shows that whenever there are undermining the existence of Pancasila, the TNI is the leading element which is always upright nurturing and protecting Pancasila and the undermining of any threats from any party. This is in accordance with sound oath that the TNI as a patriot nation of Indonesia as a protector and defender of Indonesian people who are responsible and do not know surrender. Thus the military must be Garda forefront to eradicate and destroy anyone who tries to undermine, disrupt, weaken and replace the ideology of Pancasila with other ideology.

Even the most actual on 12 April 2012 found problems at school national exams that lead to the spread of communism to the students. However, the relevant agencies responsible have not been following up the incident. But the positive side should we take from this incident is indeed true latent danger of communism had to be wary of. It is reminded that all components of the Indonesian people always careful and cautious because it is consistent with the objectives of the communist party is communize world.

The communist party will not stop trying in any way, by any method, they seek to instill their ideology to every person and always tried before the world is becoming a communist. For that all elements of the nation and the people must always be vigilant and remind each other about the latent danger of communism. Communists always miserable and cause suffering, stupidity for the Indonesian nation. TNI must provide forms of training to other elements of the nation so that people have the personal resilience, community groups and nationally in defending Pancasila as a way of life and the life of the Indonesian people, it is necessary for the subject matter of the latent danger of communism in reminding the next generation a nation which later they will lead the Indonesian nation in the future.

Need inclusion of curriculum on the latent danger of communism to students kindergarten level up to college so that they as future leaders who will be manning the government and society will fill in the future have a basic knowledge of who the communists understand what brought about when the communist traitors and undermine the State Indonesia anywhere communist implement the action and why it happened so that the communist uprising young generation of Indonesia in the future will be more mature and more aware and capable of independently in warding off any threat of disruption obstacles and challenges caused by the communist party ideology will always instill country Indonesia.

Communist latent danger is the appropriate sentence and is still relevant to the development of today's government because in every society and state activities are still their slogans, reading and terms that lead to the revival of communism in this beloved country Indonesia. For the latent danger of communism it is necessary to watch out because there will always be around us.

Sources of Cenderawasih XVII Military Command.
Thank you for reading this article. Rewritten by Bambang Sunarno. sunarnobambang86@gmail.com
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DatePublished: August 17, 2015 at 11:25

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Indonesian independence day 70th.

Indonesian independence day 2015 is the Independence Day of the Republic of Indonesia to 70, held each year on 17 August. Indonesian nation won its independence after successfully repel the invaders from the Netherlands and certify the Indonesian independence in 1945.

Indonesian Independence Day August 17, 1945.

The flag-raising Saka Merah Putih on each occasion on 17 August. Every year on August 17, the people of Indonesia celebrate Independence Day this very festive. Start of the race climbing, eating crackers race, until a military ceremony at the Presidential Palace, all parts of society to participate in their respective ways to commemorate the Independence Day of the Republic of Indonesia.

Warning Seconds Proclamation Indonesian Nation  :

Independence Day commemoration at the Presidential Palace chaired by the President as Inspector Ceremony. These warnings are usually broadcast live by all TV stations. Events in the morning, including firing cannons and sirens, flag the Saka Merah Putih (the flag), the reading of the Proclamation text, and more. In the afternoon there are also show a decrease in the Saka Merah Putih flag at the State Palace.

Calendar of Indonesia in August 2015 :

Indonesia's history :

* Period: Old Order, New Order, Reform Era
* Colonialism: The arrival of the Portuguese-Spanish (1512-1850) - VOC exert influence (1602-1800) - Dutch subdued kingdoms Nusantara (1800-1942)
* Nationalism: National Revival (1899-1942) - Japanese Occupation (WWII) (1942-1945)
* Years 1945-1965: Proclamation of Independence of Indonesia - National Revolution (1945-1950) - Event 10 November - Dutch Military Aggression - Dutch Military Aggression II - General Offensive March 1, 1949 and the General Offensive Surakarta - Old Order (1950-1959) - Presidential Decree on July 5, 1959 - Guided Democracy (1959-1965) - Indonesia-Malaysia Confrontation - Papua conflict and Operation Trikora
* Year 1965-1966: The period of transition / political upheaval (1965-1966) - 30 September Movement - Massacre in Indonesia 1965-1966- Tritura - Supersemar
* Years 1966-1998: Warrant of March - New Order - Operation Lotus and the Integration of East Timor - Operation Red Net - the 27 July - Trisakti - Indonesian Student Movement 1998 - Occupation of DPR / MPR building - Riots May 1998 - The fall of Soeharto
* 1998-present: Reformation Era - Recognition of the date of the independence of Indonesia by the Dutch peace treaty with Aceh.
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DatePublished: August 16, 2015 18.18

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The great Wall of China.

Having a length of the Great Wall of China around 7,000 kilometers in the hills of China in which there is the history of China Life and make it into the Seven Wonders of the World. Wall of China is indeed Long Along with its manufacture.

History of the Great Wall of China.

Development History along the Lake Wall of China Great Wall can be searched until the 9th century BC. At that time the Chinese government in the middle of the fort and lighthouse connect into one long wall. The connection is a point guard troops on the border with the aim to more easily determine the existence of a particular ethnic attacks coming from the northern part of China.

At the time of Chunqiu leader many very warlike kingdom and the kingdom's leaders Building Walls Around the large hill and mountains borders to avoid impromptu attack of the enemy.

In the year 221 BC, On the orders of Emperor Qinshihuang walls are united and made one big wall to defend the area against nomadic ethnic cavalry in the Mongolian grasslands located in North China. and has a length of about 5000 Kilo meter.

In the reign of Qin dynasty, China back wall extended to reach 10,000 kilometers more. In the annals of the construction of the wall of china, has spent more than 2000 years with businessmen changed at various times that never stopped the building of the wall until it reaches a total length of 50,000 kilometers. This is a very fantastic lengths he even this is enough to go around the earth once.

A third section of the Great Wall of China Have Been Missing.

Approximately one third of the Great Wall of China disappear because of natural conditions or because of vandalism. One form of destruction is stealing the bricks of the Great Wall to be used as building a house.

Damage at the Great Wall is not only happening in one location, but also appeared in some parts of the coast Shanhaiguan in the east to Jiayuguan on the edge of the Gobi Desert. Most of the construction of buildings were destroyed, while, at some point, the plant meets the wall so as to accelerate the destruction. Similarly, The Beijing Times daily reports.

"Although a number of sections of the wall is made of brick and stone, this wall could not withstand the onslaught of rain and wind," said Dong Yaohui, Vice President of the Society of the Great Wall of China, told the Beijing Times.

"Many towers are increasingly shaky and likely to collapse when it rains summer winds hit," added Yaohui.

In addition, tourist activities and residents took part in adding to the damage that the longest man-made structure in the world. Villagers in the area of ​​Lulong, Hebei province, used to always take the bricks gray from the Great Wall to be used to build their homes.

Meanwhile, slice the bricks from the Great Wall of China which include engraving letters sold at a price of 30 yuan, or about US $ 65,000 by the local residents.

Actually, according to Chinese law, anyone who steals a part of the Great Wall can be subject to a fine of 5,000 yuan or USD 10.7 million. Similarly, the government-owned daily reported, the Global Times.

"Unfortunately, no organizations to enforce this rule. Damage can only be reported to the higher authorities, and very difficult to solve the problem when it occurs in the border provinces," Jia said Hailin, ancient objects protection department officials in Hebei.

Construction of the Great Wall of China first started in the year 3 BC. The damaged area, part of a wall along nearly 6,300 kilometers was built during the Ming Dynasty in 1368 to 1644, including what is now the most visited tourist attractions.

Great Wall of China or the Great Wall of China is one of the masterpieces of world architecture. His name is famous in all countries, to become a favorite tourist destination. But if you already know where the end of the Great Wall of China? The Great Wall of China as built beyond the limits of human ability. Celebration and tragedy dye making, two thousand years ago, during the Qing Dynasty. This wall was built on the orders of China's first emperor Qin Shi Huang, namely, to protect the Chinese Empire. It took decades, ie from 220-206 BC to complete this giant wall. This Chinese wall extends more than 20,000 kilometers, splitting the vast plains of China. So where the end of this castle? In addition to the Top Lake in the west, the other end is in Shanhaiguan. Located in eastern China, Shanhaiguan was dubbed as the Old Dragon's Head or also called Laolongtou. Ends exactly protrudes into the Bohai Sea. The place is so tourist destination because it is perched on a watchtower and a temple.
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You Know Wall of China.

The Great Wall of China or the Great Wall of China (traditional hanzi: 長城; hanzi simple: 长城; pinyin: Changcheng, meaning literally: Wall Length), also known in China by the name of Wall Along the 10,000 Li¹ (萬里長城; 万里长城; Wanli Changcheng) is The longest building ever built, is located in China.
The Great Wall of China is considered as one of the Seven Wonders of the World. In 1987, the building was included in the list of UNESCO World Heritage Site.

Long.

The Great Wall of China is not a continuous length, but a collection of short walls that follow the shape of the mountains of northern China. On April 18, 2009, after an investigation by the government accurately the People's Republic of China, announced that the giant wall constructed in the Ming Dynasty period length is 8851 km.
According to historical records, after a long wall built by the Ming, then known term "changcheng" (长城, "Great Wall" or "long wall"). Previous term was not found. The term of the Great Wall of China in Mandarin is "Wanli changcheng", meaning "wall that are 10 thousand li". At the present time the term is officially used.
In 2009, the Surveying and Mapping Agency and the Agency for Cultural Heritage Administration of the People's Republic of China to do research to re-calculate the length of the Great Wall of China. The results showed that the Great Wall of China is longer than the range that is currently known. According to measurements, the overall length of the walls reach 8,850 km. The project has also found parts of other wall 359 km in length, trench along 2232 km, as well as a natural barrier such as hills and rivers along the 2232 km. The average span of the Great Wall of China is 5000 km, generally quoted from various historical records.

Seen from space.

Great Wall of China was mentioned as one of the man-made structure visible from space with the naked eye. However, after an investigation conducted by the astronauts, the perception is not correct. From a low orbit, man-made structure such as roads, ships, cities and others can indeed be seen, but at the time the Earth passes through the orbit of the tens of thousands of feet high, none of objects on the Earth's surface can be seen, including the Great Wall of China , This is corroborated by NASA statement: "The Greatwall can barely be seen from the Shuttle, so it would not be possible to see it from the moon with the naked eye".
"The Great Wall of China is barely visible from the air Capsules (space), so it may not be visible from the moon to the naked eye"
Launched the first Chinese astronaut in space in 2004, Yang Li-wei, also stated that he could not see the building.
Perceptions about the invisibility of the giant wall of space has become a myth, even written into school textbooks in China. The earliest evidence comes from the writings of British antiques collector named William Stukeley in 1754 which compares the Great Wall of China with Hadrian's Wall in England by stating that Hadrian's Wall in England can only be defeated by the Great Wall of China, which is an important building in the world, so that it could be visible from the moon ("This mighty wall of four score Miles in length is only exceeded by the Chinese wall, the which makes a Considerable figure upon the terrestrial globe, and may be discerned at the moon.") The book by Richard Halliburton, an American adventurer in 1938, entitled "Second Book of Marvels", making the people believe that giant wall can be seen from space.

History.

Historically, the construction of the wall is one of the most important part in the history of Chinese architecture, namely to restrict urban areas and housing. Various theories why the Great Wall was established, among others, as a bulwark, land ownership boundaries, boundary markers and lines of communication to convey the message.
Based on the written evidence acceptable to the public, basically the majority of the Great Wall of China was constructed in the period of the Qin Dynasty, Han Dynasty and the Ming Dynasty. However, most of such a giant wall that stands today is the result of a period of Sun.

Pre-Qin.

Before the Qin Dynasty period, the earliest construction of a giant wall made in Spring and Autumn period (722 BC-481 BC) and the Warring States Period (453 BC-221 BC) to withstand enemy attacks and tribes of northern China. Countries that contribute to the construction of the first recorded inter alia the country Chu, Qi, Yan, Wei and Zhao. In subsequent periods, giant wall grew longer, repaired and modified.

Qin dynasty.

In the year 220 BC under the command of Emperor Qin Shi Huang, General Meng Tian collect employment of 300 thousand people to connect walls previously as a line of defense. Development takes 9 years require expensive and the expense of ordinary people. Workers who become victims of reaching millions of souls so that the state becomes weak. Hatred of the people on the labor angered farmers who rebelled overthrew the Qin Dynasty. After that, the construction of a giant wall was not continued.

Han dynasty.

The year 127 BC, when Emperor Han Wudi power (140 BC-87 BC), renovation projects and construction parts old wall was conducted over 20 years adds to the overall length of the wall to 1000 km. In the first period of the Han, giant wall serves as a protector of the western region of the United Hun is threatening the Chinese people. After the Hun influence weakened, the construction of the wall was not continued. Beginning in 39 AD, on the orders of Guang Wudi, general Ma Cheng restart construction of the Great Wall project. At that time, the Huns split into two parts, north and south. Northern Huns successfully subdued by Han while the southern part of peace. After that, the construction of a giant wall abandoned because China already has a large military force.

Ming Dynasty.

During the Ming Dynasty (1368-1644), after conquering Mongols, giant wall constructed back from the previous period, with a long record of 5,650 km. At this time, the Great Wall of China is divided into 9 districts equipped military fortifications and the gate to monitor the border area. On it made the road as a transportation hub. The most eastern gate named Shanhaiguan and most western gate called Jiayuguan.

Architecture.

Beacon.

Beacon or fenghuotai (烽火台) is used to convey military messages by making smoke signals during the day and fire by night to notify the movements of the enemy. Is one of the most important parts of the Great Wall, the structure is made in every part of the giant wall with local materials. In mountainous areas, composed of bricks, in grassland or desert made of clay. Shape can be round, oval and square. There are 3 types of beacon, which is the type that is built on top of the wall, the wall or built separately for lurking enemy.

The gate (slit).

The structure of the gate to function as a fortress in important positions. Composed of:
Chengqiang or stockade (城墙), with a maximum height of 10 meters. The outer part is made of large bricks or granite. The inside is made of yellow soil or a mixture of gravel. The top of the wall can be traversed horsemen. The side walls are square-shaped protective wall as a place to oversee and shelter.
Chenglou or tower gate (城楼) : the door to enter and exit the border, as a discharge while attacking enemy forces. Gates named after the pass.
Wangcheng : small on the outside wall of the great wall that serves as a protective gate.
Luocheng : second wall to protect wengcheng.
Trenches and drains in to slow the movement of enemies, giving the opportunity to strike quickly.

Wall.

The wall is the main body of the giant wall architecture. Its function is to connect the flare tower, watchtowers and gates into a defensive line. Height depending on the shape of the plains. At the strategic areas made higher. At the time of crossing the mountains or areas with uneven shapes made as low as possible to save on materials and labor. An average of 23-26 foot high wall.

Critical parts on the wall :

Nuqiang (女 牆) :

Protective wall on the upper side of the wall structure. Built to protect soldiers and horses on the wall. If the giant wall across the side of a steep mountain, just built one piece nuqiang to save material.

Duokou (垛口) :

Slotted wall to spy. Doukou is still covered by a protective layer of the wall again.

Racecourse :

The footpath next to the lookout that could be passed riders to reach the top of the wall.

Quanmen :

Curved door on the inside wall as the entrance to the top of the wall.

Material.

The material used to create a giant wall of disparate corresponding period of the dynasty. Before the bricks are found, a large wall made of earth, stone and wood. Due to its construction always requires a lot of resources, workers utilizing improvised materials. As it passes through the mountain, the mountain stone will be used.  At the time of building on flat land, a wall made of loose soil made and if through the wilderness, the material used is a mix of sand and grass twigs of coniferous trees. The wall of this material is brittle, easily penetrated and quickly destroyed.
At the time of the Qin Dynasty, the technology has not been developed, so that the material used is dirt or gravel mixed soil. At that time the castle structure has not been established. Some parts of the wall consists of a large mound of stones.
At the time of the Han Dynasty, soil and rock material as the previous period is still commonly used.
During the Tang Dynasty, bricks have been produced. However, because it is expensive, is limited to the city gates and walls that close.
Only in the Ming Dynasty, the wall construction technology is more advanced. However, only in the middle period of the dynasty quality bricks manufactured. Bricks better than soil or gravel because it is lighter, more resistant and effective load in a short time. Stone still used, mainly for the foundation, outer suburbs and the gate due to stronger than a brick. Limestone mortar with sticky rice that can be effective as a cement glue the bricks.

The new discovery.

In recent years began to find some walls in areas of China that is unattainable. In 1998, the site was found near one of the walls in the silk road between the provinces of Gansu and Xinjiang. The walls were built of yellow sandy soil and twigs Eucalyptus marginata has a length of 500 km, including solid bastion. This discovery adds to the length of the Great Wall to 2,700 km.
The deserts in Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region who move around a lot, also has opened up parts of the wall and fortress construction Sun
The discovery of the inscription which contains the writing carved in various regions of China around the walls became an important source of written historical documentation of the construction of the Great Wall of China. The earliest inscription is inscribed Northern Qi Dynasty (550-577). Ming Dynasty inscription found in Beijing and Hebei province, but the danger of being corrupted or lost due to rain, wind, erosion and environmental damage.
In the study, GPS and infrared technology used can help detect some parts that were buried by sandstorms. New parts found are the result of the construction of the Ming Dynasty (1368-1644) which extends from Hu Mountain in northern Liaoning province to Jiayu Cracks in the western province of Gansu. The project also charted parts of the wall which was established at the time of the Qin (221-206 BC) and Han (206 BC-9M).

Damage and maintenance.

Although it is a protected site, the Great Wall of China suffered a lot of damage, mostly due to the haphazard development of infrastructure, the theft of artifacts of stone inscriptions and parts of the wall and repairs done haphazardly.
Conservation report in early 2004 reported that only 1/3 of a length of 6,350 km wall that is still preserved, making the range of wall "shorter". Many people around the ancient sites do not know they stay close together because of views on a giant wall of fortress architecture solid Ming, but the actual condition of the Great Wall of China is not uniform. Residents around the Great Wall bricks to build houses and livestock enclosures.
The wall that was outside of Beijing is the most threatened, as in the provinces of Shaanxi and Ningxia. Of the 2,000 km range of the wall in the province of Shaanxi, 1/3 of 850 km from the Ming structures have disappeared due to infrastructure development and industrial activity. A total of 40 holes penetrated the wall by the road for vehicles.
Meanwhile, the Great Wall in Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region which has a length of 1500 km is established from various periods ranging from the Warring States Period, the Qin Dynasty, Han Dynasty, the Sui Dynasty and the Ming Dynasty is part susceptible to vandalism such as broken vehicle lanes and erosion.
Efforts and renovation projects have been carried out by the People's Republic of China government in order to repair the damage. One way open Studies majors Wall (长城 学; Changchengxue) in local universities. This study is a new branch of Chinese history are being developed to attract the attention of archaeologists and young researchers to trace the history of the giant wall and preservation.
Thank you for reading this article. Written and posted by Bambang Sunarno. sunarnobambang86@gmail.com
author:
https://plus.google.com/105319704331231770941.
name: Bambang Sunarno.
http://primadonablog.blogspot.com/2015/08/you-know-wall-of-china.html
DatePublished: August 16, 2015 at 12:14

Tag : You Know Wall of China.

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The Berlin Wall.

The Berlin Wall fell 25 years ago. It marked the fall of communism and the introduction of German reunification in 1990.

The collapse of the Berlin Wall celebrations held every year in Berlin with a variety of concerts, symposiums and the release of thousands of balloons at night.

Some things to know about the Berlin Wall are:

Protection against Fascism

On August 13, 1961, at 01:00 AM local time, East Germany closed the border between the eastern sector of Berlin and the Soviet-controlled western sector controlled by the Allies.

In a few weeks, the workers set up barricades along the 155 kilometers that encircle West Berlin. The Berlin Wall, which has a height of 3.6 meters, only the outer portion of the extra protection that include barbed wire, iron fences, watchtowers, hidden alarm and guard dog track.

Communist leader Walter Ulbricht called the Berlin Wall as an "anti-fascist protective wall," though in fact, the main purpose of the establishment of the wall is to prevent the wave of citizens to the West.

Runaway season.

Despite the remarkable preservation of the Berlin Wall strict, thousands of people trying to escape by digging tunnels, swam around, climbing or even flying through it.

Some people take advantage of the underground network Berlin, while others use false passports to exit.

There are some who dig tunnels to help other people behind the wall. There is one case in which a family escaped cable car vehicles.

Wall of Death.

According to the Historical Research Center Potsdam, at least 136 people, including children, lost their lives along the walls of the Cold War.

Some of them were shot East German border guards, others drowned in the River Spree.

The last victim killed was Chris Gueffroy. He was shot dead nine months before the fall of the Berlin Wall.

Reagan's speech.

During 28 years of existence, the Berlin Wall became a symbol of communist oppression. Western officials, including US President John F. Kennedy, often stopping at the Berlin Wall while visiting Germany.

In 1987, President Ronald Reagan gave a speech urged Mikhail Gorbachev to "tear down the wall immediately!"

Gorbachev did not respond to a serious speech Reagan, and call it a "performance" purely a Hollywood actor. But the speech was able to lift the morale of the people in the western city of Berlin.

The collapse of the Berlin Wall.

At night, November 9, 1989, West German television broadcast the news that the communist authorities lifted a ban on travel and give more flexibility to the citizens of East Germany.

The television news bulletin based confuse a senior official of East Germany, which failed to deliver various key points in the new regulation. Before the communist authorities had time to straighten out the news, thousands of East Berlin already past the border guards to celebrate freedom with their relatives in West Berlin.

Communist dictatorship disappear within a few months thereafter. On October 3, 1990, East and West Germany became one country again.
Thank you for reading this article. Written and posted by Bambang Sunarno. sunarnobambang86@gmail.com
author:
https://plus.google.com/105319704331231770941.
name: Bambang Sunarno.
http://primadonablog.blogspot.com/2015/08/the-berlin-wall.html
DatePublished: August 16, 2015 at 11:07

Tag : The Berlin Wall.

Code : 7MHPNPADAEFW

Did You Know History Berlin Wall fell.

The most famous wall in the world is a concrete barrier wall built by the German Democratic Republic (East Germany) that separates West Berlin and East Berlin and other East German regions so as to make an enclave of West Berlin. The Berlin Wall finally collapsed celebrated annually on 9 November in accordance with the current destruction of November 9, 1989.

The history of the Berlin Wall.

Berlin wall is also considered as the main icon of the Cold War. In addition to the "iron curtain" that form the border between East and West Germany. Reason east German government to build the Berlin Wall is to prevent the spread of Nazism understood in eastern Germany, which is considered to still exist. The Berlin Wall can be traced to its origin since Joseph Stalin blockaded West Berlin. And West responded with a massive airlift.

Stalin had long sought to expel all the elements of a block west of Berlin, but failed miserably with The Great Airlift Berlin to the west. Because Berlin west remain in the hands of the Western block, many residents fled to Berlin east Berlin west to escape Communist rule. Then East German leader at the time, Walther Ulbricht ordered the blockade to Berlin west to prevent the exodus of east Berlin. Carrying 3.5 million residents fled to Berlin Germany east west until 1961, when the Berlin Wall was built.

Initially the Berlin Wall is only a barbed wire fence, small wall which is made from the composition of rocks brick and wooden barriers. East German government also closed the border with western Germany and build a border wall dr north-south tip of Germany. The massive exodus that makes Walther Ulbricht to build the Berlin Wall and the wall of the state border.

In 1961 there was a crisis in Berlin. Soviet tanks and tanks at Checkpoint Charlie Americans faced, with cannon in aiming position. Commented one of the citizens of Berlin at that "if there are fraudulent turn on firecrackers wrote, we are toast" was so tense situation at the time. Then, the American and Soviet negotiate to resolve the crisis. In fact this is a game Ulbricht to reap the benefits. East German dictator then strengthen Berlin wall, set a trap for vehicles, nail boards to prevent the escape jump.

Many attempts were made citizens desperate to cross to the east Berlin west. Even the stakes are life threatening. There are building an underground tunnel, made hot air balloon, even using light aircraft. There's also early days when the Berlin Wall was still in the form of barbed wire, a lot of people desperate to jump over the wire fence. Berlin wall has two layers of walls. Between the two walls there is a "no man's land" area where the escapees were shot dead on the spot. "No man's land" include minefield, automatic machine gun nests, guard dog alert, alarm fitted to wire reply. Recorded more than 200 people killed in no man's land Berlin wall, mostly because they were shot dead east German border guards.

Broadly speaking, the Berlin Wall in the form of barbed wire, razor wire which modernized, concrete walls, no man's land, and the second wall. Which became iconic is the fourth tier wall, which was built in 1975 by Erich Honecker, Ulbricht's successor eastern German dictator. Erich Honecker optimistic, the Berlin Wall would stand up to 100 years. Honecker even create a program called "Wall in 2000". "Wall 2000" is a program of digitalization system of national borders and border the Berlin Wall which aims to reduce the manpower and costs. "Wall 2000", will be equipped with various sensors and detectors, intelligent minefield, to spray a liquid chemical to stop the run. Guaranteed there will be no escapees who will try to penetrate the Berlin Wall and the border fence east-west German state.

The core of the system "wall in 2000" was a variety of sensors such as heat sensors, motion sensors detect even the voice sensor breakout For that hide. And No Man's land is maintained, deliberately coated sand to detect footprints of the fugitives with ease. Actually, the guards were instructed to pretend guns know if he saw footprints in the no man's land. The new shoot later. "Wall 2000" null and built following the collapse of the Soviet Union, the dissolution of the German eastern and tore down the Berlin Wall. Berlin wall demolished in 1989, when a peaceful revolution throughout Germany began to burst.

Initially, neighboring countries open borders, so that hundreds of thousands of residents fled to the eastern German states such as Hungary and Austria. Following the German government's decision eastern eastern German states every citizen can freely travel anywhere. Stupid at a press conference, the government said the government's decision comes into force immediately. This is a fatal error. As a result, hundreds of thousands of people stormed the east Berlin Checkpoint Charlie and broke into the western Berlin. Erich Honecker desperate lowered its police force to dispel the citizens who tried to escape.

The collapse of the Berlin Wall history.

Prior to the construction of this wall, there are about 3.5 million East German citizens who migrate and defected to the west, one with a pass East German border and West Germany, and then they can go to other Western European countries. Between 1961 and 1969, these walls also prevent it. In the span of approximately 30 years, there are about 5,000 people who tried to escape, with estimates there are 100 to 200 people who died were shot.

In 1989, there were radical political changes in the Eastern Bloc, which is related to the liberalization of the system of authority in the Eastern Bloc and also began to decrease the influence of the Soviet Union in countries such as Poland and Hungary. After several weeks of civil unrest, the East German government announced November 9, 1989 that the people of East Germany should go to West Germany and West Berlin. Then, crowds of East Germans crossed and climbed over the wall even then, followed by West Germans on the other hand to celebrate the atmosphere of freedom. Several weeks later, the euphoria of public and souvenir hunters finally cracked parts of the wall. Later, most of the wall was destroyed by the government using heavy equipment. The Fall of the Berlin Wall paved the way formation of German reunification, October 3, 1990.

After allowing loopholes for residents to cross the border in the summer, Hungary finally effectively removes the physical barrier country with Austria on 19 August 1989. In September, more than 13,000 East Germans fled to Austria via Hungary. This causes some series of events next. The Hungarian prevent a growing number of East Germans who crossed the border, and return them to Budapest.

East German people's meets West German embassy and refused to return to East Germany. East German government responded by closing all the way to Hungary, but still allow those who want to return to East Germany. On this occasion, the East German authorities to allow them to go, as long as they use the train must pass through East Germany. Then came the massive demonstrations in East Germany alone. East German leader, Erich Honecker, resigned on October 18, 1989 and was replaced by Egon Krenz a few days later. Honecker had predicted that the walls were still will last up to 50 or 100 years from now, if the condition of the country has not changed.

Protest demonstrations broke out across East Germany in September 1989. At first, the protesters wanted to go westward, chanting "Wir wollen raus!" ("We want to go!"). But then the protesters began shouting "Wir bleiben hier" ("We will stay here!"). So, this is the beginning of what is called the East Germans as the "Peaceful Revolution" in late 1989. Protesters greater in early November. The protesters peaked on November 4, when nearly half a million people gathered at Alexanderplatz demonstration.

Meanwhile, the refugees who left East Germany to West Germany is increasing, and they found a new way to get out of East Germany, that is the way through Hungary via Czechoslovakia (or via the West German Embassy in Prague) as permitted by the new Krenz government, and with approval by the communist government of Czechoslovakia. So that the state is not more complicated, eventually politburo led by Krenz allow refugees to exit directly through the border between East Germany and West Germany, including West Berlin on November 9, 1989.

Date when the wall were chipped away is 9 November 1989, but at that moment the wall is not directly destroyed on the spot. In the afternoon and a few weeks later, people came carrying a sledgehammer and the like to destroy some walls and also create some holes unofficial border. These people are referred to as "Mauerspechte" (wall woodpeckers).

Back East German regime announced that it will open 10 new border crossings, including at several historic sites such as Potsdamer Platz, Glienicker Brücke, and Bernauer Straße. The mass of the two sides wait for hours, cheering when the bulldozers destroy this wall. New border crossings continued to be opened throughout 1990, including at the Brandenburg Gate dated December 22, 1989.

Residents of West Germany and West Berlin East Germany allowed entry without a visa from 23 December 1989. Until that date, they are only allowed in with various requirements and are required to make an application for a visa. In addition, they are required to pay a minimum of 25 DM per day. So, in fact on November 9 and December 23, the East German population is more free than West Germany.

Coverage on television about the many people who destroyed part of the wall on 9 November make many people abroad think that this wall will be destroyed as soon as possible. Actually, this wall is maintained until a few days later, although the intensity of the smaller guard. In the first month, the East German military even tried to repair the wall that was destroyed by the "wall woodpeckers". Then, over time, this action was stopped, and the guards increasingly tolerant to the action of the destruction of the wall and it goes through the wall of the hole population. Dated January 13, 1990, this wall was destroyed by a military official of East Germany, began in Bernauer Straße. The back wall destruction continued after German reunification until finally completed in November 1991.

Only a few parts of the walls and towers were maintained, as a memorial. The fall of the Berlin Wall was the beginning of German reunification, which was signed on October 3, 1990. The collapse of the Berlin Wall this illustrates that the power of the union of man in this world is unmatched strength as pharmaceutics resistance encountered. Thank you for reading this article.
Written and posted by Bambang Sunarno. sunarnobambang86@gmail.com
author:
https://plus.google.com/105319704331231770941.
name: Bambang Sunarno.
http://primadonablog.blogspot.com/2015/08/did-you-know-history-berlin-wall-fell.html
DatePublished: August 15, 2015 at 12:02

Tag : Did You Know History Berlin Wall fell.

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