History kingdoms in Indonesia.

Kingdoms in Indonesia Indonesia is the first developing in Hindu and Buddhist kingdoms while the economic system that is in use at the time it is trading, so the relationship with neighboring countries and further afield as India, China and the Middle East region can be established.
At the time of the kingdom growing Hinduism was the first to enter Indonesia with less is expected in early AD Tarikh and continues to grow until the Islamic kingdoms emerged. Here's a list of kingdoms in Indonesia.

Kutai kingdom. 

Kutai kingdom is the oldest Hindu kingdoms in global, this kingdom was founded in 400 AD, on the banks of the Mahakam River, East Kalimantan.
The kings who ruled is:
* Kudungga (king pertartama).
* Aswamarman.
* Mulawarman.

Tarumanegara kingdom. 

Kingdom of Tarumanegara a Hindu kingdom, founded in 450 AD, in West Java. Pernawarman is the reigning king.

Kaling kingdom. 

Kaling kingdom was established in the year 674 in Jepara, Central Java. Queen is the reigning king Sima. Famous pastor is lhanabhadra.

Kingdom of Srivijaya. 

Srivijaya kingdom was established in the 7th century in Sunmatra (Buddhist kingdom). The kings who ruled is:
* Sri Jayanaga.
* Balaputradewa.
* Sri Sangrawijayatunggawarman.
Famous Buddhist teacher who is Sakyakirti
The causes of the collapse of Sriwijaya, among others:
* Attacks king Colamandaladari India.
* Attack the King Kertanegara of Singasari.

Malay kingdom. 

Malay kingdom stood almost simultaneously with the Kingdom of Srivijaya, but in 692 it was ruled Srivijaya empire.

Hindu Mataram kingdom. 

Hindu Mataram kingdom in Central Java stand with capital Medang Kamulan.
The kings who ruled is:
* Sarna
* Sanaya who holds Raka Queen Sanjaya of Mataram.
* Rakai Panangkara, which holds Mahraja Dyah Sri Sailendra Pancapana Rakai Panangkarana
After the reign of Rakai Panagkaran, Mataram split into two. As Buddhists, religious affiliation Hinsu. Buddhist dynasty in Central Java, South, ruling Hindu Syailendara around Dieng mountains. In the reign of Rakai Pikatan, Mataram reunited
Subsequent kings are:
* Belitung who holds Rakai Watukara.
* Daksha.
* Tulodong
* Wawa
* MPU Spoon.

Isyana royal dynasty. 

Spoon MPU seat of government moved to East Java dynasty in 929, then form a new dynasty, the House of Isyana.
The kings who ruled:
* MPU Spoon, Hino degree Rake Maharaj Sri Isyana Wikramadharmotunggadewa.
* Sri Isyanatunggawijaya
* Makutawangsawardhana.
* Darmawangsa, titled Sri Darmawangsa True Anantawikramatunggadewa.
* Airlangga, the title of Maharaja Sri Sri Lokeswara Dharmawangsa Rake Halu Anantawikramatunggadewa Airlangga.
In 1401 Kahuripan kingdom divided into two 2 (division of tasks submitted to the MPU Bharada), namely:
* Janggala or Singasari, with capital Kahuripan.
* Panjalu or Kediri, with its capital at Daha.

Kediri kingdom. 

Janggala kingdom on orders by King Mapanji Garakasan. Kediri kingdom in order by the king Sri Samarawijaya.
Usurper between Jenggala and kediri lasted until tahun1520. Furthermore, for more than half a century the two kingdoms is not mentioned again in history.
117 years of royal was performed again with the king:
* Sri Sri Maharaja Rakai Sirikan Kameswara.
* Jaya-aged, styled Sri Maharaja Sang Mapanji jaya Jayabaya
At that time, the book Baharata Yudha in sedihdan composed by MPU MPU proceed Panuluh (MPU Sedah leave before his book was completed)
* MPU Penuluh also wrote books and Gatutkacasraya Hariwangsa.
* Sri Aryeswara.
* Kameswara, styled Sri Maharaja Sri Kameswara Triwikramawarata.
Famous poets of the period are:
* MPU Tanakung, his Werasancaya and Lubdaka.
* MPU Darmaja, his Smaradhahana.
Kediri kingdom collapsed in 1222, because it was conquered by Ken Arok.

Kingdom of Bali. 

A. Kings Wangsa Warmadewa.

One of the famous dynasty that ruled in Bali is Warmadewa dynasty.
King is famous:
* Tri Candrabhaysingka Warmadewa.
* Udayana, titled Dhamodayana Warmadewa.

Udayana, rotating three persons, namely:
* Airlangga, who became King Dharmawangsa-law, and later became king Kahuripan (royal dynasty Isyana).
* Marataka, which replaces Udayana (but not famous).
* Children Wungsu, which replaces Marataka throne in 1049.
* From the Children Wungsu administration left behind 28 short inscriptions, which among other things found in the cave Gajah, Gunung Kawi (Siring), Mount Writing, and Sangit.

B. Other Kings in Bali.

After Warmadewa dynasty rule, the island of Bali in order by other kings alternated, and the famous among them:
* Jayasakti, have codes of law that is uttara Widhi Balawan and Rajawacana (1133-1150).
* Jayapangus, using the book of the law Manawasasa nadharma (117-1181).
* Know 1284 Bali conquered by the Kingdom of the Lion-sari Kertanegara.

Singasari kingdom. 

Ken Arok history and government as well as the kings Singasari contained in the book, and country Pararaton Kertagama. The kings who ruled is:

1) Ken Arok.
Ken Arok became king after killing Tumapel Singasari Ametung and conquered the kingdom of Kediri in 1222 in Ganter. Ken Arok as the founder and first king of Sri Singasari who holds the antler Rajasa Amurwabhumi, then the offspring known as Rajasa dynasty.
2) Anusapati (child Ametung - Ken Dedes).
Anusapati became king after killing Ken Arok (his stepfather), by having a foundation of (slave).
3) Tohjaya (son of Ken Arok - Ken Umang).
Tohjaya became king after killing Anusapati. In 1248 launched a rebellion raised by:
* Ranggawuni (child Anusapati).
* Mahisa Campaka (child or grandchild Mahisa Wongaleleng Ken Arok and Ken Dedes)
4) Ranggawuni.
Sri Jaya holds Wisnuwardhana 1248-1268. Wisnuwardhana Singasari ruled together as Queen Anggabaya Mahisa Cempaka, the top official in charge of tackling the dangers that threaten the kingdom, Narasinghamurti title.
5) Kertanegara.
Degree Srimaharajadhiraja Sri mammal (1269 - I292), is the largest Singasari king. Pamalayu expedition sent in 1275.
Conquered areas that include Bali, Pahang, Sundanese, Bakulapura (Southwest Kalimantan) and Desert (Maluku) and held friendly relations with Jaya Singawarman - King of Campa. In 1292 conquered by Jayakatwang of Kediri.

Majapahit Kingdom. 

1) Kertarajasa, Jayawardhana (1292-1309).
Founded by Raden Wijaya (Ox-Tal child or grandchild Mahisa Campaka) in 1292 after Kublai Khan's armies deceive and China are intent on punishing the Javanese king insult tela envoy Meng Ki ie during the reign Kertanegara in Singasari.
Because Kertanegara been destroyed by Jayakatwag of Kediri, then destroy the armies of Kublai Khan Kediri, The above strategy Raden Wijaya further helped by Arya Wiraraja, the Chinese army could be destroyed by Raden Wijaya. Finally Raden Wijaya became the first king of Majapahit with a degree Kertarejasa Jayawardhana. Raden Wijaya marry Kertanegara 4 daughters, namely:
* Tribuana, as consort.
* Gayatri. which then lowers the kings of Majapahit.
* Narendraduhita.
* Prajnaparamita.
Kertarajasa King died in 1309, leaving three sons:
* Jayanegara (from empress).
* Sri Gitarya (Gayatri) then becomes Bhre Kahuripan
* Dyah Wiyat (Gayatri) then becomes Bhre Daha.
2) Sri Jayanegara (1309-1329).
Jayanegara replacing his father with the title Sri Jayanegara. In the reign of rebellion arises, namely
* Rebellion Ranggalawe of Tuban.
* Revolt Sora, in the year 1311.
* Revolt Nambi, in the year 1316.
* Revolt Kuti, in the year 1319. lbukota successfully occupied and the king of Majapahit
Jayanegara Bedander fled to the village escorted by 15 guards loyal (Bhayangkari troops) under the command of Gajah Mada. Top venture capital Gajah Mada can be taken again, and again Jayanegara throne, For his services was made duke of Gajah Mada Kahuripan and then Kediri.
In the reign of King Jayanegara using Minadwaya emblem (two fish)
3) TribhuwanaTunggadewi (1328 -1350).
Jayanegara died leaving no son, then Gayatri or Rajapatni entitled to become king. Because of Gayatri has been a nun (Buddhist priest), then delegated to Sri Gitarya, Bhre Kahuripan who holds Tribuwanatunggadewi Jayawisnuwardhana.
Sadeng rebellion arises, which can be quenched by Gajah Mada, for his services in 1331 Gajah Mada was appointed prime minister, saying that at the time of his inauguration Palapa Oath. 1350 Gayatri or Rajapatni died, representing Tribuwana hand over power to his son was named, Hayam Wuruk.
4) Rajasanegara (1350 -1391).
Hayam Wuruk ascended the throne at the age of 16 years, holds Rajasanegara, is the greatest king in the history of the Gajah Mada of Majapahit as Mahapatih. He ruled over the entire archipelago, even still with Tumasik (Singapore) and the Malay Peninsula.
Well-known literary works include:
* Negarakertagama work prapanca MPU.
* Sutasoma or Parusadashanta and Arjunawijaya Tantular MPU works.
Gajah Mada's death in 1364, his position is replaced by four ministers. Hayam Wuruk Died in 1389.
5) Wikramawardhana (1389-1429).
Hayam Wuruk with the queen just mempuyai a daughter who subsequently ruled that Kusumawardhani Wikramawudhana with her husband who was her cousin. Bhre Wirabumi, children of concubines were given the power to rule Blambangan area, was not satisfied, and feel more entitled to the throne of Majapahit.
Year 1401 - 1406 civil war broke out between Bhre Wirabumi and Wikramawardhana. Bhre Wirabumi fall (War Paregreg). Wikramawurdhana died in 1429, the Majapahit empire had become smaller as a result of the region melepaskau themselves one by one.
Lord King Girindrawardhana 1478 king of Majapahit king of Daha seize Kertabumi (the last king of Majapahit).

Kingdom of Samudra Pasai. 

Pasai Ocean archipelago is the first Islamic empire. It is in North Aceh (now entering Lhoksumawe District) stand 13th century. King-king is:
* Sultan Malik al Saleh.tahun 635 Hijri or AD L297
* Sultan Muhammad Malik al Tathir Sulatan degree.

Demak Kingdom. 

1) Raden Patah (± 1500 -1518).
In early 1500 a Demak regent who converted to Islam, namely Raden Patah escape from Majapahit. Helped establish the scholars Raden Patah of Demak Kingdom.

Demak subsequently developed into the center of the development of Islam. In 1511 Demak relationship with disconnected because Malacca Malacca Portuguese controlled. In 1513 a fleet under the command of Pati Unus Demak attacked Malacca but failed.
2) Pati Unus (1518 - l 521).
Pati Unus known as prince sabrang Lor, only three years to become king.
3) Trenggana Sultan (1521-1546).
Sultan Trenggana is law Pati Unus. In 1522 believe a scholar of Pasai (Faletehan) to lead the fleet Demak seize Banten, Sunda Kelapa, and Cirebon from Padjadjaran.
Trenggana Sultan died in 1546 in his quest to conquer Pasuruan. After a power struggle that arises between Sunan Prawata (eldest son of Sultan Trenggana) with Prince Sekar (brother of Sultan Trenggana). Sunan Prawata ascended the throne after killing the Prince Sekar, Sunan Prawata shortly afterwards killed by Arya Penangsang (son Prince Sekar).

Pajang kingdom. 

Jake Tingkir (Sultan Trenggana law), managed to destroy the Aryan Penangsang the help Kyai Ageng archery. Jake holds the throne Tingkir Adiwijaya and move the center of the kingdom of Demak to Display.
Display kingdom is not of long standing. After the death of Sultan Adiwijaya a power struggle. Arya Pangiri (son of Sunan Prawata) try to grab at Prince Benawa abort (son of Sultan Adiwijaya) assisted Sutawijaya (son of Kyai Ageng archery).
Prince Benawaa felt unable to replace handanya father, then handed power to Sutawijaya, who then moved the seat of government to Mataram.
Islamic Mataram Kingdom.
Panambahan Sutawijaya known as Senapati. Panembahan Senapati died in 1601.

Kingdom of Banten. 

After seizing Faletehan Banten, Sunda Kelapa, and Cirebon, then he is mastered. Because in the power struggles arise Demak in 1522 Faletehan handed to his son Hasanuddin Banten Banten as the first king and Faletehan focused on Islam in Gunung Jati, Cirebon.
Other kings are:
* Joseph Prince (1570)
* Maulana Muhammad (9 years old), died in 1596 in his attempt to attack Palembang.
* Abdulmufakir (5 years old), controlled by the government Mangkubumi Jayanegara.

Kingdom of Malacca. 

Kingdom of Malacca is not located in the archipelago. King-king is:
* Paramisora, escape of Majapahit, who have entered Islam, which has changed the name of Sultan Iskandar Shah.
* Mansour Sultan Shah.
* Sultan Mahmud Shah.
* Year 1511. Malacca fell to the Portuguese.

Kingdom of Aceh. 

In the early 16th century was a small kingdom, under the rule of Pedir.
King-king is:
* Sultan Ibrahim. Aceh break away from the Kingdom Pedir. Aceh more advanced because of Malacca controlled by the Portuguese, so the Arab and Muslim traders from Gujarat divert trade to Aceh.
* Sultan Iskandar Muda (1607-1639). On reaching the summit ketayaannya Aceh administration.

Kingdom of Ternate. 

Standing roughly 13 century. Being the 14th century Ternate Islamic kingdom. The Reign of Sultan Ternate Baabullah Reaching their peak. In 1575 Sultan Baabullah Dispelling Portuguese From the Moluccas. The degree-Pertuan Baabullah on 72 islands, expanding its territory to the Philippines.

Tidore kingdom. 

An Islamic empire in the Moluccas. Had played off by the Portuguese and Spanish, to be at odds with the kingdom of Ternate, but turned back together even expel the Portuguese from the Moluccas.
Famous king was Sultan Nurku, indomitable fighting to repel the Netherlands. Its territory covers Halmahera. Seram, Kai, and, to Papua.

Makasar kingdom. 

In the 16th century in South Sulawesi, there are two kingdoms, namely Goa and Tailo. Both kingdoms were united under the name of Goa-Tailo, or Napier with sombaopu the capital, as the first Islamic kingdom in Sulawesi.
King-king is:
* King of Goa Daeng Manribia with the title of Sultan Alaudin. Mangkubuninya is king Tailo Karaeng Matoaya title of Sultan Abdullah.
* Sultan Hasanuddin, reaching the height of glory reign

Banjar kingdom. 

With the help of Demak Kingdom, 76th century kingdom of Banjar in South Kalimantan conquer Daha (a kingdom in the interior of Borneo) is a question of the Islamic empire, with its king Raden Ocean Has Changed Name to Islam Sultan Suryanullah. Thank you for reading this article.
Written and posted by Bambang Sunarno.  sunarnobambang86@gmail.com
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http://primadonablog.blogspot.com/2014/02/history-kingdoms-in-indonesia.html
DatePublished: February 28, 2014 at 12:12
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Religious Affairs official corruption.

Investigation of alleged corruption in the procurement and catering lodge on the implementation of the 2012-2013 pilgrimage only to pave the way so that the KPK could expose corruption is greater. The case is a candidate member of deposit funds pilgrims reached Rp 50 trillion and has never been clear. 
Commission has won a number of evidence about the use of deposit funds candidates for the pilgrims by the Ministry of Religious Affairs officials of alleged corruption. 
This is partly a deposit of candidates for the use of funds to finance pilgrims wives of top-level officials in the Ministry of Religious Affairs. 
About the extent to which the organization of the Hajj corruption investigation, the KPK spokesman Johan Budi said only that the Commission continues to explore allegations of corruption. 
"In the not too distant future there will be a demand for more information," Johan said in Jakarta, Wednesday (26/2). 
However, this time, the investigation is focusing on hajj procurement of goods and services in organizing Hajj 2012-2013. 
"The point is that the investigation of the hajj 2012-2013 relating to the implementation of goods and services. Could lodge, can transport, catering can, "he said. 
Price bubble 
According to researchers Indonesia Corruption Watch, Ade Irawan, one of the findings in the audit of the Audit Board of the implementation of the Hajj is any indication of the price inflation of catering to pilgrims. 
Catering also become a target for hunters rents in the House because of its value quite tempting. 
The same thing happened in procuring lodgings for pilgrims while in Saudi Arabia. There are indications in the procurement price game Hajj dormitory worth more than Rp 100 billion. They were allegedly involved, among others, officials at the Ministry of Religious Affairs with legislators to discuss the procurement budget lodgings join this pilgrimage. 
Ade justify foreign exchange game in the procurement of goods and services on the organization of the Hajj became one mode of corruption. 
"There are two game in the procurement of goods and services such as hostels and catering. First through foreign exchange, which both mark up the value of the procurement, "said Ade. 
The contract value is calculated with the exchange rate of the currency of Saudi Arabia, the Saudi riyal. In the investigation the Commission found indications that rate games were allegedly carried out a number of relevant officials of the Ministry of Religious Affairs.
Allegations of corruption mode is done through foreign exchange differences riyals dollars that do not comply with the conditions on the ground. Rupiah against the riyal deliberately weakened from exchange rate that should apply in the currency market. Such modes allegedly known by a number of members of Parliament who come to enjoy the advantages of undue foreign exchange in procuring lodgings Hajj. 
Not only that mode of corruption. Commission also found the allegation of inflation of prices in the procurement of the Hajj dormitory. Value of the procurement contract Hajj dormitory allegedly unnatural. 
Based on information collected, procurement and catering lodge is also suspected of corruption involving members of the House of Representatives. Even one political party officials close to the Ministry of Religious allegedly involved in procuring catering pilgrims. 
Thank you for reading this article. Written and posted by Bambang Sunarno. sunarnobambang86@gmail.com
author:
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http://primadonablog.blogspot.com/2014/02/religious-affairs-official-corruption.html
DatePublished: February 28, 2014 at 10:39

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MUI never reported income.

Members of the House of Representatives Commission VIII, Hasrul Anwar, say, the Indonesian Ulema Council ( MUI ) never reported the income giving halal certification . In fact , revenue from the provision of halal certification in the pockets of the MUI and not transferred to the state treasury through non-tax revenues ( non-tax revenues ) .
"There is no (report), has never been reported. Dan (revenue) to bag the MUI," said Hasrul Parliament Complex in Senayan, Jakarta, Thursday (02/27/2014).
Hasrul explained , revenue from the provision of halal certification should be tightly controlled and put into state coffers . This is one of the spirit of the draft Law on Halal Product Guarantee that is being held in the Commission VIII .
Currently , Hasrul said , there is no official rates to obtain halal certification from MUI . The applicant for certification was only required to bear all the requirements for granting certification process carried out , such as the cost of accommodation , transportation , and others .
"When the bill is passed , all the income will be certified in the state treasury , " he concluded .
As reported , the problem of giving halal certification is still reaping the spotlight . Halal Product Warranty bill proposed at the initiative of the House of Representatives since 2006, has not completed its discussion until the end of the assignment period 2009-2014 .
In addition to regulating the tariff and non-tax revenues , the bill would also regulate the institutions that will provide halal certification . Proposals regarding institutions that create internal debates at the Commission VIII and with the government and ultimately the bill never passed into law .
Thank you for reading this article. Written and posted by Bambang Sunarno. sunarnobambang86@gmail.com
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DatePublished: February 28, 2014 at 10:20

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The title of Professor.

Education and Culture Minister Muhammad Nuh said , the title of professor are pinned to dangdut Rhoma Irama equalization should be tested first in the country . If it turns out not to be valid Rhoma degree , according to Noah , could have been sentenced Rhoma accordance with Law No. 20 Year 2003 on National Education System (Education ) .
" So that would be if he was graduated abroad , not necessarily we admit . There should be a name equalization . We'll see if it has been accredited institution , the curriculum , only if already qualified , we set it equal , " Noah said when met at Bidakara , Jakarta , Thursday ( 27/02/2014 ) .
Noah said he did not know anything about Rhoma obtained the title of professor . He also questioned the title because typically , a professor still teaches and has research work recognized .
" It's usually when in Indonesia . If outside , I do not know . But usually a great teacher is one who teaches . This general rule everywhere for a great teacher . He has papers and has research , "said Noah .
What impact, if carelessly pinned academic degree ? " Yes there are sanctions , trying to read in the Education Law , " said Noah .
Rules on the use of criminal sanctions are not appropriate academic degree is governed by Article 68 of Law No. 20 Year 2003 on National Education System . In verse two and four aforementioned article stated , " Any person who uses a diploma , a certificate of competence , academic degree , professional , and / or vocational education units obtained from ineligible shall be punished with imprisonment of five years and / or criminal maximum fine of Rp 500,000,000.00 ( five hundred million rupiah ) . "
In the fourth paragraph of Article 68 stated , "Everyone who acquire and / or use the designation professor who does not comply with Article 23 Paragraph ( 1 ) and / or paragraph ( 2 ) shall be punished with imprisonment of five years and / or fined maximum of Rp 500,000,000.00 ( five hundred million rupiah ) . "
As reported , billboards and banners illustrated Rhoma Irama in the Western Cape Street Raya , South Jakarta , was invited talks . Because these billboards that read " President Prof Together We Rhoma Irama " .
Rhoma admitted he was more than happy if just written Rhoma Irama without using his title . According to him , the addition of a professor that is the initiative of a team of supporters .
Presidential candidate from PKB was claimed the title of professor from the American University of Hawaii in 2005 . At that time, there were three professors who came to Taman Mini Indonesia Indah . The award , called Rhoma , because he was regarded as a great teacher in Indonesian dangdut music .
" Those who give the title because they assess Rhoma is professor of music , so given the title of Professor in Music , " Rhoma said .
Thank you for reading this article. Written and posted by Bambang Sunarno. sunarnobambang86@gmail.com
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DatePublished: February 28, 2014 at 10:03

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The Roman Empire.

The Roman Empire (Latin: Imperium Romanum IMPERIVM ROMANVM or) is a political entity that once in power in Italy today with Rome as the center of government. Although the city of Rome was founded in 753 BC, it took 500 years for the Roman government to affirm its power to pass through the Italian peninsula.
In the process of expanding its power, the Roman clashed with Carthage (government established in 814 BC by the Phoenicians). As a result, they fought in a war called Punic War (264-241 BC). The war ended with the capture of the city of Carthage by the Romans in 146 BC, which marked the beginning of the dominance of the Roman government in Europe, which continued to rule with supreme power over the next six centuries.

The dissolution of the Roman Republic (50 BC). 

Julius Caesar is remembered as the most perfect Roman emperor (although Rome was still a republic office of the emperor during his lifetime and has not established until he died). He ruled the Roman Republic a few years after the conquest of Gaul in force last alesia hill, until his tragic death in the Senate in 44 BC trial.
Julius Caesar owned power acquired while he was serving as a member of the triumvirate (a governing board consisting of the triad, when it: Caesar, Crassus and Pompei) as a military leader. It was then that he started a plan to seize vast areas in northern Europe dominated the Gauls with the support of her best friend, Pompei (106-48 BC).
Since the defeat of Carthage, about a century before Caesar's birth, the Republic of Rome was filled with civil war, rebellion military power, corruption, and the dissatisfaction of the board of the Senate as the center of government. A chaotic political conditions in a powerful republic in the middle of the sea. With the establishment of the triumvirate, some problems can be handled, although Caesar realized that the republican system has been improperly maintained.
In the hands of Julius Caesar the Roman nation began to realize his dream to strike northeast and northern Europe. He urged the Roman border to mainland UK (Brittania) so that more than half of the European continent under the control of the Roman Republic. However Caesar victory was considered a threat to the republic by some members of the Senate, even Pompei supporting the Senate against Caesar. The situation is forcing Caesar to commit coup and ignoring the law of the republic's government. From the north, Caesar with his army attacked and captured the city of Rome from the hands of the Senate, defeating Pompei and chased her to Egypt (where he got only one remains due to head Pompei committed murder conspiracy in Egypt, it is very regrettable by Caesar). Make it as a victory of Julius Caesar Roman ruler with absolute power. He continued to rule until killed by a group of people who still support the republic in 44 BC.
Julius Caesar of Rome changed the course of history - and of course, the history of Europe. In Rome itself, he overthrew the republican government (despite having to do a coup and fought with his comrades in arms, Pompeius magnus) and created the office of the fact is that according to an emperor, who made an official office by his nephew Octavian (63 BC-14 AD) when he came to power after the death of his uncle. When the new Caesar began to reign, Rome was the main ruler in the Mediterranean. At the time of his death, Rome also became the first government in the European superpower-or perhaps all over the world (with the exception of the Persians under Cyrus and Macedonia under Alexander).

The birth of the Roman Empire (30 BC). 

Emperor Augustus, the first emperor and founder of the Roman Empire
After Julius Caesar died, he was succeeded by his nephew named Octavian. But not only a big office, big issues also helped inherited his uncle, besides getting a lot of resistance from his rivals, Octavian also must dismantle scandal caesarean murder committed by a syndicate led by Gaius Cassius conspiracy and Mark Yunius Brutus. Therefore, he agreed to lead a triumvirate (a governing board consisting of the triad) together Marcus Lepidus (? -13 BC) and Marcus Antonius (83-30 BC).
But once again, this triumvirate of government is not quite successful, giving rise to many problems including Mark Antony's love story with the Egyptian queen Cleopatra in the future. Cleopatra itself was the last leader of the last dynasty of Egypt (Ptolemy), a queen who in the past have also been scandalous romance with Caesar. We leave first Cleopatra, Julius Caesar after the killers were caught and destroyed, triumvirate agreed to share power geographically, with Octavian in Europe, Africa and Lepidus in Antony of Egypt.
In Egypt, Mark Antony began his reign in the cosmopolitan city of Alexandria, that's where he met Cleopatra (69-30 BC) which later he married (although it is probable the two had met when Caesar was alive). Slowly but surely, friend of Julius Caesar's arms start moving party. He sets his three sons as his successor, and often times he presented his wife with expensive objects, even a rumor arose that he will award the city of Rome (which is controlled by Octavianus) to Cleopatra, as a gift.
When the rumor spread and heard by Octavian, he became furious and declared war against Anthony. Both sides face to face in the Battle of Actium in 31 BC In. In the battle, forces and urged Anthony successfully defeated (Anthony and Cleopatra then end their lives by suicide in 30 BC). Octavian declared himself as a Roman emperor with new titles, including Imperator and Emperor Augustus (Augustus Caesar). With this declaration, the Roman Empire, the peak of political domination that was built during the 7th century, the official stand. Precisely in 27 BC.

Year four emperors (69 AD). 

After Emperor Nero committed suicide in AD 68, a civil war erupted in the Roman Empire (the first civil war since Antony's death in 30 BC), a period also known as the Year four Emperor (Year of the four emperors). Between June 68 to December 69, Roman Emperor changed up to 3 times in one year (Nero replaced Galba, Otho replaced Galba, Otho Vitellius replaced, replaced Vitellius Vespasian, first ruler of the Flavian dynasty). This civil war period itself is considered to be the beginning of a black record in the history of the Roman Empire, because he has incurred huge implications on the political and military stability of Rome at that time.

Crisis In the 3rd century (253-284). 

After Augustus declared an end to the civil war in the 1st century BC, the Roman Empire experienced a period in which the expansion of the region, peace, and economic kemakmurah felt all over the Empire (Pax Romana). But in the third century, the Empire faced with a crisis in which the nation attacks bars, civil war, and hyperinflation occurs at the same time and continuously, which almost caused the collapse of the Roman Empire.
One caused this mess in the absence of a clear system governing the succession (succesion) since Augustus died without a successor appointed Empire (normally, power will be transferred to the child emperor, but at that time Augustus had no children). This causes chaos at the turn of the empire in the 1st century and 2nd, but usually the turmoil did not last long.
In the 3rd century, the peak of the empire led at least 25 years of Emperor between 235-284 (commonly called Emperor-Military (Soldier-Emperor). Emperor Most of these 25 have been killed or been killed in the conflict this century 3. Periods This is considered expired after Diocletian ruling.

The spread of Christianity in the Roman. 

Approximately three centuries after the death of Emperor Augustus (died in 14 AD), in the form of imperial Rome has grown rapidly. With a vast territory and invincible military power, the Roman Empire became the largest empire in the known world at that time, a period commonly known as the Pax Romana, where ever materialized.
At this time, Christianity began to grow and flourish in Rome. Unlike previous religions, which is passed from generation to generation as cultural characteristics of a nation, Christianity is actively convert those who do not believe. Christianity originated from the Middle East and spread to Greece and Egypt. The Christian missionaries, especially disciples of Jesus, Peter (? -67 AD), pioneer of the spread of Christianity, together Saul of Tarsus (5-67 AD), now known as Paul, preaching the new religion throughout the Empire and even as far as Rome.
At first, the arrival of this new religion could be tolerated by the Romans. But on further development, the Romans began to worry about the spread of Christianity so quickly. They are worried about this religion will split the unity of the Romans. So began the massacre of the people who embraced Christianity. They were killed, persecuted or be fed lion in a circus ring. Nevertheless, underground movements remain active Christians proselytize, they make Rome as the center of their movement.
Until one day, this situation changed when Constantine (280-337 AD), who embraced Christianity, in power. Under his leadership, which initially opposed the religion, began to be accepted and even developed. In fact, he had become a mediator in a serious dispute about the doctrine between western and eastern groups in the Church. He invited the bishops representing both groups to attend a Council of Nicea in 325 AD. There differences between them resolved. The Nicene Creed, the manuscript was made at the conference, establish Christian beliefs are fundamental to both groups agreed.
Furthermore, Constantine took a number of steps to save Christians from destruction, either as a result of external or internal strife persecution. It also establishes Christianity as the state religion of the Roman Empire across government.
That's because his services, the religion began to spread even become dominant in the rest of Europe (because when it was, the Romans controlled almost the entire continent of Europe).

The division of the Roman Empire (395). 

Single division of the Roman Empire into two (Western Roman Empire and the Eastern Roman Empire) occurred about 395 years after the death of Thedosius I. The division of power is carried out through a series of interrelated events.

Regional division by Diocletian (305). 

When the Roman Emperor, Diocletian began experiencing serious difficulties in running the government over a vast area, the difficulty of which;
* The area is too wide resulting in coordination with other regional centers are blocked, it took many months for an edict or law of the seat of government samapai to remote areas.
* The area is too wide it also results in lower supervision and custody of another nation attacks such as the Goths, Visigoths, Vandals and the Franks.
Diocletian saw that the Roman Empire would not survive if it is led by the government alone, so he divided the empire into two at around the eastern Italian regions (see), and called its leader with the title of Augustus
* The Western Roman Empire by Diocletian as Augustus for the Western Region
* Eastern Roman Empire with Maximian, Diocletian's best friend, as Augustus region East Region
However, at the time of the Roman Empire remains a single Empire, splitting into the Western Roman Empire and the Eastern Roman Empire occurred during the leadership Theodisius I.

Tetrachy (Four Leader) (285-324). 

After the Roman Empire divided into two regions. In each of the 293 young emperor Augustus chose called Caesar (distinguishing between Emperor (Emperor) with Caesar) as a maid and as successor administrative affairs of the Empire if they die; become Caesar Galerius and Constantius Chlorus under Dioclotian under Maximian. This constitution is called Tetrachy in the science of modern government.
At first, the system is quite successful in preventing the destruction of the Roman Empire. The decrease in power was held peacefully. Every Caesar, from the west or east, replacing each Augustus Caesar and raised New; raised his nephew Maximinus Galerius, and Constantius Flavius ​​Valerius Severus raised as his Caesar. But the situation changed when Constantius Chlorus died on July 25, 306. Constantius troops in Eboracum immediately raised area Constantine, son of Constantius, as Augustus. And in August the same year, also decided to appoint Galerius became Augustus Severus.
When dissatisfaction is rampant, Roma faced with a revolution that menginkan Maxentius Maximian child, became Augustus (eventually he became Augustus on October 28, 306). Unlike the others, the appointment of Maxentius was supported by the Praetorian troops. This led Empire has 5 leaders: Four Augustus (Galerius, Constantine, Severus and Maxentius) and a Caesar (Maximinus)
And in the year 307, Maximian also proclaimed himself as Augustus, next door to his son Maxentius (so in total, there are 6 people in the Roman Empire Augustus, namely: Maximinus, Maximian, Maxitius, Galerius, Constantine and Severus). However this is not approved by Galerius and Severus, giving rise to a civil war in the Italian regions. Finally, Serverus killed at the hands of Maxentius on September 16, 307. Both (Maximinus and Maxentius) was trying to lure Constantine to cooperate with how to match with Fausta Constantine, son Maxentius Maximian well as older sibling.
Things are complicated when Domitius Alexander, Vicarius (sort of governor) of the province of Africa self-proclaimed Augustus in 308. Seeing this development, it was held, which was attended by Congress Carnuntum Diocletian, Maximian, and Galerius.

The Congress resulted in the decision include: 

* Galerius became Augustus in the Eastern Roman Empire
* Maximinus became Caesar in the Eastern Roman Empire
* Maximian Fired
* Maxentius is not recognized, leadership is considered illegal
* Constantine gained recognition, but his position became Caesar scaled in the Western Roman Empire.
* Replaces Maximian Licinius Augustus in the Roman Empire as the Western Conference.
But the problem persists. Maximinus demanded that his title as Augustus returned. Finally, he proclaimed himself back as Augustus on May 1, 310. Followed by Maximian that memproklamairkan himself, for the third time, becoming Augustus. But he (Maximian) was killed by his own law, Constantine, in July 310. At the end of the year 310, the Roman Empire is still led by 4 official Augustus (Galerius, Maximinus, Constantine and Licinius) and an illegal Augustus (Maxentius)
Galerius died in May 311 leaving Maximinus sole ruler of the Roman Empire as the Eastern Conference. At the same time, Maxentius declared war on Constantine, who had killed his father (Maxentius Maximian is the biological father). But it backfired war for himself. He was killed in a battle against Constantine, Battle of the Milvian Bridge, on October 28, 312.
Due to the death of Maxentius, Augusti (the plural of Augustus) only trace 3; Maximinus, Constantine and Licinius. Licinius later married Constantia, sister of Constantine, to tie friendship with Constantine.
In August 313, Maximinus was killed in the area of ​​Tarsus, Cilicia. Remaining Augusti (Licius and Constantine) finally agreed to split the two regions of the Roman Empire, as was done by Diocletian; Constantine in the Western Roman Empire, and Lucius in the Eastern Roman Empire.
This power sharing lasted for ten years. Until the year 324, a battle between the two remaining Augusti happen. The war ended with the defeat of Lucius, making Constantine as sole ruler in the entire Roman Empire.
Then Constantine decided that almost destroyed the Empire, requiring new capital as the center of government. He decided to move the seat of government to the ancient city of Byzantium and changed its name to Nova Roma (but later, the city was known as Constantinople, the city of Constantine). Constantineople continues to be a center of the glorious reign of Constantine until his death on May 22, 337.

Theodosius I, Last Emperor (395). 

In 392, Valentinian died in Vienne. I Theodosius succeeded him, ruling the entire Roman Empire.
Theodosius had two sons (Arcadius and Honorius) and a daughter, Pulcheria, from his first wife, Aelia Flacilla. Daughter and his first wife later died in the year 385. From his second wife, Galla, he got a daughter, Galla Placidia, the mother of Valentinian III, a person who later became Emperor of the Western Roman Empire.
After his death in 395, her power is divided to two Arcadius and Honorius; Arcadius became ruler of the Eastern Roman Empire, with its capital of Constantinople, and Honorius became ruler in the West, with its capital Milan. This division is considered as the end of the Roman Empire Single.

Battle of Adrianople (378). 

Battle of Adrianople (August 9, 378) was a battle between a Roman army led by Emperor Valens and Germanic tribes (Germanic Tribes, mostly from the tribe of Visigoths and Ostrogoths) led by Fritigern. Battle of Adrianople occurred in the area and ended with a crushing defeat of the Roman Empire. This battle resulted in the death of the Emperor Valens. Thank you for reading this article.
Written and posted by Bambang Sunarno.  sunarnobambang86@gmail.com
author:
http://schema.org/Personal.
https://plus.google.com/105319704331231770941.
name: Bambang Sunarno.
http://primadonablog.blogspot.com/2014/02/the-roman-empire.html
DatePublished: February 27, 2014 at 19:29
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Tag : The Roman Empire.

Did you know Biogas Production Method.

Through bioconversion, organic waste such as feces, domestic rubbish and waste
agriculture can be converted into bioenergy. Bioenergy is a complex gas
consisting of methane, carbon dioxide, acid sulfide, and other gases.
This involves the bioconversion of organic waste fermentation process. Bioconversion process such a process also known as Anaerobic Digestion. Bioconversion process also naturally occurring in nature, ie, the formation of marsh gas or as animal byproducts of digestion, particularly ruminant animals.
Swamp gas actually a methane gas formed from materials organic crops through plant decomposition by bacteria. Furthermore, the gas is removed from the swamp and under certain conditions can ignite spontaneously.
This gas is an important fuel economy that can be used as a substitute for fuel oil, but because the plants are decomposed naturally limited in number, it is necessary to look for raw materials and technology successor.
Gas formation in ruminants occurs in the stomach and held in conjunction with the process of digestion. In the stomach, materials that have cellulose from grasses or other materials into ruminant diet with the addition of water is converted into acid
organic. These organic acids are further decomposed into methane gas and anaerobic carbon dioxide. It is estimated that about 75 tons a surprise methane released by the animals ruminants annually.
The process of anaerobic methane-making involves a complex interaction of
a number of different bacteria, protozoa and fungi. Some bacteria are
involved are Bacteroides, Clostridium butyrinum, Escericia coli and some
other intestinal bacteria, Methanobacterium, and Methanobacillus.
Two bacterial last is the main bacteria and methane-producing anaerobic life.

The process of making methane is divided into three stages, namely  ; 

1. Enzymatic hydrolysis, organic materials become insoluble ingredients organic soluble. The main enzymes involved are disjoint cellulase cellulose.
2. Changes in organic materials can be dissolved into organic acids.
The formation of organic acids is the case with the help of non-bacterial
methanogenik, protozoa and fungi.
3. Changes in organic acids into methane and carbon dioxide. Process these changes may occur due to the help of methanogenic bacteria
(Methanobacterium and Methanobacillus). Overall reaction to changes in organic materials into methane gas and carbon dioxide can be written by the following equation:
(C6 H10 O5) n + n  H2O ------ 3n 3n CO2 + CH4
The above equation applies when the substrate is cellulose. For
substrate in the form of complex organic compounds, such as lignin and tannins and aromatic compounds other polymers, the formation of methane gas through the reaction does not as above. Substrate in the form of a more simple aromatic compounds through aerobic activity of extracellular enzymes produced by a number of microorganisms.
Simple aromatic compounds is generally Benzenoid.
Furthermore, the benzenoid compounds through bacterial activity metaorganik, such as Methanobacterium formicum and Methanospirilum hungati, changed anaerobic seca into methane and carbon dioxide. This process occurs through the stages of change reaction as follows:
4 C6H5 COOH + 24 H 2 O  12 ------ HCOOH CH3COOH + 4 + 8 H2
 CH3COOH ------ 12 12 12 CH4 + CO2
      4 COOH ------  4 CO2 + H2
3 CO2 + H2 ------ 12  3 CH4 + 6 H2O
In brief, the overall reaction above can be simplified to:
4 C6H5 COOH + 18 H 2 O ------ 15  CH4 + CO2

TOOLS AND MATERIALS. 

TOOLS: 

1. Drum volume 200 liters
2. Drum volume 120 liters
3. A piece of pipe with a diameter of 10 cm 2 cm
4. Slang for gas distributor
5. Faucet gas distributor
6. Bucket
7. 5-liter jerry can
8. Hammer
9. Sculpture.

MATERIALS: 

1. Cow dung, buffalo, poultry or other animals
2. Crops or waste and other organic waste
3. Water

HOW TO WORK. 

MAKE OR STARTER GENERATOR.

1. Combine 2 liters of cow dung and two liters of water into the bucket, stir
up evenly
2. Add the mixture to the chopped grass to taste and stir back up evenly
3. Put mixture ingredients earlier in jerry volume 5 liter. Let the jerry can open
4. Keep jerry cans which have contained a mixture of materials was the
a safe and secure place for 2 months.
5. During storage, do lawyer-shocks on the jerrycan as much as 3 or 4 times a week starter biogas.

PREPARING WASTES TO BE USED. 

1. Collect manure or other farm animals
2. Collect organic materials such as agricultural waste, waste market, animal waste, or other organic wastes.
3. When organic materials that will be used has dried, crushed first by chopping until smooth.
4. When organic materials that will be used is still wet (still fresh), did laceration to facilitate decomposition, then keep it in the open for about 10 days in order to experience decay.

PUTTING IN THE WASTE BIOGAS. 

1. Put 3 buckets of organic materials that have been prepared on together with 3 buckets of water into the drum volume of 200 liter, then stir until evenly distributed.
2. Do the same up to a volume of about 2/3 the volume of the drums
Up to as high as 200 liters or 120 liters drum volume.
3. Put the prepared starter over into the 200-liter drums have filled organic ingredients, then stir until evenly distributed.
4. Put the drum volume of 120 liters with the faucet in a state opens.
Press the small drum to reach the bottom of the drum major.
There should be no air in the small drum.
5. If the surface of the drum volume of 120 liters is not set, remove
The drum back and add back organic materials and water into a 200-liter drum up sufficient volume to immerse the drum volume of 120 liters.
6. When it is believed that the drum volume of 120 liters immersed entirely
in a mixture of organic materials contained in the drum volume of 200 liters and the inside of the drum volume of 120 liters has been filled with organic ingredients, close the taps were found in
120 liter drum volume earlier (see figure).
7. Let the drums last for 3-4 weeks. During this time the process
fermentation will take place and the resulting gas will be trapped in a volume of 120 liters drums. This gas will cause the drum volume of 120 liters pushed upwards.
8. While waiting for the fermentation process takes place, check to see if there
gas leak from the drum volume of 120 liters. If leakage immediately the patched with paint or asphalt. To find a leak can be done by wetting the surface of the drum volume of 120 liters of soapy water. Leakage will be seen in the presence of froth on the leaking area.
9. Once known volume of 120 liter drums containing gas, check the gas is to
ensure that the gas is a gas formed can be used for fuel. Checks can be made by
open the faucet and igniting the gas pipelines.

Note: 

1. The time required to produce gas about 3-4 weeks, after which
gas will be produced in abundance continuously for 8 weeks. During this 8-week,
half of the total gas produced was formed in 2-3 weeks first, the rest formed in 5-6 weeks.
2. After 8 weeks passed, the gas will not be a lot of form, then the unit biogas can be emptied again and the content can be used as a starter next to biogas production.
3. In making cow dung used starter still sought new (warm).
Thank you for reading this article. Written and posted by Bambang Sunarno. sunarnobambang86@gmail.com
author:
http://schema.org/Personal.
https://plus.google.com/105319704331231770941.
name: Bambang Sunarno.
http://primadonablog.blogspot.com/2014/02/did-you-know-biogas-production-method.html
DatePublished: February 27, 2014 at 18:21
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Tag : Did you know Biogas Production Method.

Champagne No. 1 Available in Indonesia.

Esklusivitas , Tradition and Excellence are the 3 words that can describe the Armand de Brignac . Crowned as champagne ( champagne ) number 1 in the world in a blind - tasting conducted among more than 1,000 brands, Armand de Brignac is an example of winemaking expertise unmatched passion and genuine symbol of the art of Champagne .
Armand de Brignac is produced by Champagne Cattier chateau award winners of Chigny - les - Roses in France , which has the status of Premier Cru vineyards in the Montagne de Reims in the Champagne region . Patriarchy Cattier , Jean - Jacques Cattier , also oversees the production of Armand de Brignac to ensure that the family legacy lingers in every bottle .
" My family has been making the best wines for ten generations since 1793 in Chigny - les - Roses , France . Each Armand de Brignac in a mixture made ​​from selected grapes with a tight and just plucked from the vineyards of the status of Premier Cru and Grand Cru . Champagne is then produced through a combination of traditional methods of family secrets Cattier.Tiap bottle is made by hand in limited numbers by the mine workers , amounting to only 8 people including my son , Alexandre , who became head of production Cattier " Obviously Jean - Jacques Cattier , head of Champagne Cartier and Armand de Brignac Patriarchy of the brand .
Each wine is used in a mixture of Armand de Brignac status as Premier Cru and Grand Cru . - The highest rating for quality champagne , and wine - grapes used are picked from the most famous Champagne region : the Montagne de Reims , Cote des Blancs , and the Vallée de la Marne .
Traditional mixture of champagne Brut is composed of three main types of grapes used in champagne mix : Chardonnay , Pinot Noir and Pinot Meunier and for champagne Armand de Brignac authentic as , by law , any wine must be picked by hand to ensure only the highest quality wines used in the winepress .
To ensure that the liquid produced by selected wines Armand de Brignac be a mix of high -quality , Cattier using traditional winepress Coquart machine , taking only the top layer of freshly Armand de Brignac to first , this is how Armand de Brignac is classified as Prestige Cuvee . Armand de Brignac mixture stored for more than 3 years in the cellar as deep as 30 meters or more than 119 rungs - categorized as the deepest cellar in the Champagne region so it is conducive to the process of aging champagne is very slow .
At the final stage of Armand de Brignac aging process , one by one bottle rotated by hand-a process that is rarely done today - then tilted to remove sediment there. One more thing that adds to the uniqueness of Armand de Brignac is a final touch of liqueur de dosage that has been stored in casks made ​​of oak Burgundy , added Armand de Brignac in a mixture in which no other champagne that have the same combination .
Armand de Brignac presentation of itself is a work of art . Gold -plated bottle impeccably already have their own roots in the French fashion industry . Fourth own label tin glued by hand and polished by the craftsmen of Armand de Brignac makes a very unique and special just like those who drink it . Each bottle is not wrapped in paper decorated velvet bag embroidered with Armand de Brignac and stored in a black wooden box into a lifestyle symbol 1 .
Armand de Brignac has also received international acclaim from wine experts around the world and was named the # 1 champagne in the world in the sense that the competition was conducted among 1000 names champagne from around the world , as reviewed by Fine Champagne magazine , the only media special international review of champagne and industry.
Armand de Brignac is currently available in more than 95 countries and has been presented in the best restaurants and hotels in the world such as Le Moulin de Mougins and La Bastide St . Antoine, Cannes - Greece , Le Sens and La Maison Blanche in Paris , Amsterdam 's Ciel Bleu , Four Seasons , Hilton , The Banyan Tree and Ritz - Carlton hotels around the world and officially announced the availability of the first in Indonesia , recently in Lobo Restaurant , Ritz Carlton Jakarta with the theme " the Taste of Gold " .
Armand de Brignac is present in Indonesia and brought by PT . Dimatique International , which provides an opportunity for No. community . 1 Indonesia to appreciate the precious moments in life with the No. champagne . 1 in the world .
" Different points of prestige in Indonesia has requested Armand de Brignac availability and we are very proud to provide our best champagne in Indonesia for the first time . Armand de Brignac is the perfect partner for every precious moment in life . Not to cover the perfection of the moment itself by its superiority , but to demonstrate a lifestyle statement as Armand de Brignac # 1 has been assessed . " Close Marjuky , General Manager of PT . Dimatique International , the authorized distributor and only Armand de Brignac for in Indonesia .
Thank you for reading this article. Written and posted by Bambang Sunarno. sunarnobambang86@gmail.com
author:
http://schema.org/Personal.
https://plus.google.com/105319704331231770941.
name: Bambang Sunarno.
http://primadonablog.blogspot.com/2014/02/champagne-no-1-available-in-indonesia.html
DatePublished: February 27, 2014 at 17:04

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Tag : Champagne No. 1.