Atalantis, or Atlantika (Greek: Ἀτλαντὶς νῆσος, "island of Atlas") is a legendary island first mentioned by Plato in Timaeus and Critias book.
In her notes, Plato wrote that Atlantis lay "beyond the pillars of Hercules", and have a navy to conquer Western Europe and Africa 9,000 years before the time of Solon, or approximately 9500 years BC. After the failed attack Greece, Atlantis sank into the ocean "in just one day and one night".
Atlantis is generally regarded as a myth created by Plato to illustrate political theory. Although the function of the Atlantis story clearly visible to most experts, they debated whether and how much Plato's account was inspired by older traditions. Some experts say that Plato describes the events that have passed, such as the Thera eruption or the Trojan War, while others insist that he took inspiration from contemporary events like the destruction of Helike in 373 BC or the failure of Athens to the invasion of Sicily in 415-413 BC.
People often talk about the existence of Atlantis during the Classic Era, but generally do not trust him and sometimes make jokes. The story of Atlantis is less known in the Middle Ages, however, in the modern era, the story of Atlantis was rediscovered. Plato's description inspired the works of Renaissance writers, such as "New Atlantis" by Francis Bacon. Atlantis also affect modern literature, from science fiction to comic books and movies. His name has become a byword for all that is advanced prehistoric civilization (and lost).
Note Plato.
Two of Plato's dialogues, Timaeus and Critias, written in 360 BC, contain the earliest references to Atlantis. Critias Plato never completed for reasons unknown; however, expert named Benjamin Jowett, and several other experts, argues that Plato originally planned to make a third record entitled Hermocrates. John V. Luce assumes that Plato, after describing the origin of the world and mankind in Timaeus, and also perfect society of ancient Athens and its success in defending themselves from attack Atlantis in the Critias-Hellenic civilization will discuss strategy during their conflict with the barbarians as a subject of discussion in Hermocrates.
The four characters that appear in both records are the politicians Critias and Hermocrates and also philosophers Socrates and Timaeus, although only Critias speaks of Atlantis. Although all the characters are historical figures (only the first three figures are taken), the note may be a work of fiction Plato. In his written works, Plato uses the Socratic dialogues to discuss opposing positions in relation to the forecast.
Timaeus.
Timaeus begins with the opening, followed by a record-making and the structure of the universe and ancient civilizations. In the introduction, Socrates pondered the perfect community, which is described in Plato's Republic, and wondered if he and his guests might recollect a story which exemplifies such a civilization.
In the book Timaeus, Plato recounts:
"In the presence of Mainstay Haigelisi Strait, there is a very large island, from there you can go to the other island, in front of the islands it is entirely inland sea surrounded by ocean, it is the kingdom of Atlantis. When the new Atlantis will launch a major war with Athens, but unexpectedly, Atlantis suddenly experienced earthquakes and floods, not until the day and night, completely submerged in the sea floor, a large country that goes beyond a high civilization, vanished overnight. "
Critias.
Critias mentions an allegedly historical tale that would make the perfect example, and follows by describing Atlantis. In his account, ancient Athens represents the "perfect society" and Atlantis is his enemy, representing the very antithesis of the perfect traits described in the Republic. Critias claims that his accounts of ancient Athens and Atlantis wing of a visit to Egypt by a poet of Athens, Solon in the 6th century BC. In Egypt, Solon met the pastor of Sais, who translated the history of ancient Athens and Atlantis, recorded on heroglif Papiri in Egypt, into Greek. According to Plutarch, Solon met with "Psenophis Heliopolis, and Sonchis Saite, the most learned of all the priests" (Life of Solon). Since the distance between Plutarch more than 500 years and the events that are the reason or excuse, and because there is no information on the Timaeus and Critias, this identification is questionable.
According to Critias, the Hellenic gods divided the territory for any god; Poseidon inherited the territory of the island of Atlantis. The island was larger than Libya and Asia Minor ancient united, but will sink because of the earthquake and into a sludge that can not be bypassed, precluding cross ocean journey. The Egyptians described Atlantis as an island located approximately 700 kilometers, mostly composed of mountains in the north and along the coast, and surrounding grasslands oblong shape in the south "extending in one direction three thousand stadia (about 600 miles), but in the middle about two thousand stadia (400 miles).
Native woman named Cleito Atlantis (daughter of Evenor and Leucippe) stay here. Poseidon fell in love with her, and then marry the young girl and gave birth to five pairs of twin boys. Poseidon divided the island into 10 regions, each of which was submitted on 10 children. The eldest son, Atlas, to be king over the island and the surrounding ocean (called the Atlantic Ocean in honor of Atlas). The name "Atlantis" is also derived from its name, which means "island of Atlas".
Poseidon carved the mountain where his girlfriend lived into the palace and closed it with three circular moats of increasing the width, varying from one to three stadia and separated by rings of land proportional magnitude. The Atlanteans then built bridges northward from the mountain, making a route to the rest of the island. They dug a great canal to the sea, and alongside the bridges carved tunnels into the rings of rock so that ships could pass into the city around the mountain; them making the pier of stone wall trench. Each entrance to the city was guarded by gates and towers, and a wall around the city each ring. Wall set of red rocks, white and black are derived from the trench, and coated with brass, tin and orichalcum (bronze or brass).
According to Critias, 9,000 years before the birth, the war going on between nations that are beyond the Pillars of Hercules (the Strait of Gibraltar generally suspected), the nation living in Pilar. The Atlanteans conquered Libya as far as Egypt and the European continent as far as the Tyrrhenian, and makes the slave population. The Athenians led an alliance against the Atlantean empire, and as the alliance disintegrated, Athena Atlantis itself against the empire, liberating the occupied lands. However, later, an earthquake and massive flooding in Atlantis, and in just one day and one night, the island of Atlantis sank and disappeared.
Other ancient records.
Timaeus and Critias addition, there are no ancient records of Atlantis, which means every other record of Atlantis based on Plato's account.
Many ancient philosophers regard Atlantis as fiction, including (according to Strabo) Aristotle. However, there are philosophers, geographers and historians who believe in the existence of Atlantis. Crantor philosopher, pupil of a pupil of Plato, Xenocrates, tried to find evidence of the existence of Atlantis. His work, commentary on the Timaeus, is lost, but other ancient historian, Proclus, reports that Crantor traveled to Egypt and find the column with a letter written in the history of Atlantis heroglif.
Plato never mentions that column. According to the Greek philosopher, Solon saw the Atlantis story in a different source that can be "taken for granted".
Another part of the 5th century commentary of Proclus on the Timaeus gives a description of the geography of Atlantis. According to them, there are seven islands in the sea at the moment, holy land to Persephone, and also three others of which are very large, one of which land was sacred to Pluto, another to Ammon, and the last of them to Poseidon, with an area of thousands of stadia . Its people-they add-preserve the memory of their ancestors on the large island of Atlantis ever existed and has been in power for all islands in the Atlantic ocean and sacred to Poseidon. Now, it has been written in the Marcellus Aethiopica ". [8] Marcellus is still not identified.
Other ancient historians and philosophers who believe in the existence of Atlantis were Strabo and Posidonius.
Plato's account of Atlantis also has inspired several imitation parodik: only a few decades after the Timaeus and Critias, the historian Theopompus of Chios wrote of a region called Meropis. Description of the region was included in Book 8 Philippica, which contains a dialogue between King Midas and Silenus, a companion of Dionysus. Silenus describes Meropids Nations, the human race is growing two times the size of a regular body, and inhabit two cities on the island Meropis (Cos?): Eusebes (Εὐσεβής, "Pious-town") and Machimos (Μάχιμος, "city-Battle"). He also reports that an army of ten million soldiers crossed the ocean to conquer Hyperborea, but abandoned this proposal when they realized that the Hyperboreans nation is the luckiest nation in the world. Heinz-Günther Nesselrath Silenus stated that the story was plagiarized from the Atlantis story, for the purpose of exposing Plato's ideas to ridicule.
Zoticus, a Neoplatonist philosopher of the 3rd century, wrote a poem based on Plato's account of Atlantis.
Historian of the 4th century, Ammianus Marcellinus, based on the work of Timagenes (historian of 1st century BC) is missing, writes that the Druids of Gaul said that part of the inhabitants of Gaul had migrated there from distant islands. Note Ammianus regarded by some as the claim that when Atlantis sank, its inhabitants fled to western Europe;, but Ammianus says that "Drasidae (Druid) call back that portion of the population is indigenous but others also migrated in from islands and regions passed the Rhine" ( Res Gestae 15.9), a sign that the immigrants came to Gaul from the north and east, not from the Atlantic Ocean.
Hebrew treatise on astronomical calculations in the year 1378/79, which is a paraphrase of the work of an unknown early Islam, offend the Atlantis myth in a discussion concerning the determination of the zero point of longitude calculations.
Modern records.
Francis Bacon's 1627 novel, The New Atlantis (New Atlantis), describes a utopian society called Bensalem, located on the west coast of America. The characters in this novel gives a history of Atlantis that is similar to Plato. It is not clear whether Bacon calls North America or South America.
Isaac Newton's 1728 novel, The Chronology of Ancient Kingdoms Amended the (Chronology of Ancient Kingdoms Evolve), studied various mythological relationship with Atlantis.
In the mid and late 19th century, some Mesoamerican scholars, starting with Charles Etienne Brasseur de Bourbourg, and including Edward Herbert Thompson and Augustus Le Plongeon, stating that Atlantis associated with the Mayan and Aztec civilizations.
In 1882, Ignatius L. Donnelly publish Atlantis: the antediluvian World. His work attracted the interest of many people to Atlantis. Donnelly took Plato's account of Atlantis seriously and stated that all ancient civilizations were known to have come from the high Neolithic culture.
During the late 19th century, the idea of the legend of Atlantis combined with stories of "lost continent", such as Mu and Lemuria. Helena Blavatsky, "Grandmother of the New Age Movement", writes in The Secret Doctrine (The Secret Doctrine) that the Atlanteans were cultural heroes (contrary to Plato who describes them as a military issue), and "Root Race" to-4, which passed by " Aryan race ". Rudolf Steiner wrote of the cultural evolution of Mu or Atlantis. Edgar Cayce first mention of Atlantis in 1923 and later explained that the location of Atlantis was in the Caribbean and claimed that Atlantis is a glorious ancient civilization, has ships and aircraft that uses energy in the form of mysterious energy crystals, and has sunk. He also predicted that parts of Atlantis would rise to the surface in 1968 or 1969. Bimini Road, found by Dr. J. Manson Valentine, a sinking rock formation that looks like a road in the northern North Bimini Islands. The road was discovered in 1968 and is claimed as evidence of the lost civilization and is now under investigation.
It has been claimed that before the era of Eratosthenes 250 BC, Greek writers state that the location of the Pillars of Hercules is located in the Strait of Sicily, but there is not enough evidence to prove it. According to Herodotus (circa 430 BC), Finisi expedition had sailed around Africa at the behest of pharaoh Necho, sailing south to the Red Sea and the Indian Ocean and in the northern part of the Atlantic, entering the Mediterranean Sea through the Pillars of Hercules. His description of northwest Africa explained that he located the Pillars of Hercules to the right where the pillars of Hercules are today. The belief that the pillars of Hercules which had been placed in the Strait of Sicily by Eratosthenes, has been cited in some Atlantis theories.
Nationalist ideas.
The concept of Atlantis attracted the attention of Nazi theorists. In 1938, Heinrich Himmler organize a search in Tibet to find a remnant of Atlantis white. According to Julius Evola (Revolt Against the Modern World, 1934), the Atlanteans were superhuman (Ubermensch) Hyperboreans-Nordic originating from the North Pole (see Thule). Alfred Rosenberg (The Myth of the Twentieth Century, 1930) was the head of the race "-Atlantis Nordic" or "Aryan-Nordic".
Current hypothesis.
With continental drift was widely accepted during the 1960s, most theories of "Lost Continent" Atlantis began to wane in popularity. Some recent theorists suggested that elements of Plato's story comes from the initial mythology.
Hypothesis location.
Since Donnelly, there are dozens-even hundreds-proposed location of Atlantis. Several hypotheses are archaeological or scientific hypotheses, while others are based on physics or other. Many places that have similar characteristics proposed by the Atlantis story (water, catastrophic, relevant time period), but none has been demonstrated as a true historical story of Atlantis.
The proposed site is located mostly around the Mediterranean Sea. Islands such as Sardinia, Crete and Santorini, Sicily, Cyprus and Malta; cities such as Troy, Tartessos, and Tantalus (in the province of Manisa), Turkey, and Israel-Sinai or Canaan. Large Thera eruption in the 17th century or 16th BC allegedly caused a massive tsunami that destroyed the Minoan civilization of experts around the island of Crete that are increasing the belief that it may be a catastrophic disaster that destroyed Atlantis. There are areas in the Black Sea as the proposed location of Atlantis: Bosporus and Ancomah (a legendary place near Trabzon). Around the Sea of Azov proposed as other locations in 2003. AG Galanopoulos stated that the time scale has been changed due to translation errors, the possibility of translation errors Egypt to the Greek language; same error would reduce the huge kingdom of Atlantis Plato became the island of Crete, which left the city with Thera crater size. 900 years before Solon is the 15th century BC.
Some hypothesis states that Atlantis was on the island that has sunk in northern Europe, including Sweden (by Olof Rudbeck in Atland, 1672-1702), or in the North Sea. Some have suggested the Al-Andalus or Ireland as a location.
The Canary Islands are also expressed as a possible location, west of the Strait of Gibraltar but close to the Mediterranean Sea. Various islands in the Atlantic also expressed as possible locations, notably the Azores Islands. Spartel Island which has sunk in the Strait of Gibraltar has also been proposed.
Antarctica, Indonesia, under the Bermuda Triangle, [21] and the Caribbean Sea has been proposed as the location of Atlantis. The story of the continent "Kumari Kandam" missing in India has inspired some people to describe it in parallel with Atlantis. According to Ignatius L. Donnelly in his book, Atlantis: The antediluvian World, there is a link between Atlantis and Aztlan (dwelling ancestors of the Aztec tribe). He claimed that the Aztec tribe points to the eastern Caribbean as the former location of Aztlan.
The location is believed to be the location of Atlantis;
Al-Andalus
Crete and Santorini
Turkey
Near Cyprus
Middle East
Malta
Sardinia
Troy
Antarctica
Australia
Azores Islands
Edge of the Bahamas and the Caribbean
Bolivia
Black Sea
English
Ireland
Canary Islands and Cape Verde
Denmark
Finland
Indonesia
Isla de la Juventud near Cuba
Mexico
North Sea
Estremadura, Portugal
Sweden
Atlantis in art, literature and culture.
The legend of Atlantis appeared in many books, films, television series, video games, songs, and other works. Examples of Atlantis in the film is a television series Stargate Atlantis and the Disney animated film Atlantis: The Lost Empire. The first Tomb Raider video game featuring a story of Atlantis as a base and the location for the end of the story.
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