Did You Know About saccharin.

 saccharin

Artificial sweetener used as a sugar substitute in low-calorie foods, can be classified into two kinds. The first, which does not produce calories. For example, saccharin and cyclamate. Secondly, which still produces calories when consumed, for example sarbitol and aspartame. Saccharin has 200-500 times the sweetness of sucrose (sugar). SDI USA, saccharin is still allowed, while cyclamate has been banned because it allegedly can cause urinary tract disorders.
Sarbitol is a derivative of glucose (4 calories per gram). Sarbitol sweetness value relative to glucose and sucrose, respectively, 0.7 and 0.6. sarbitol means can provide the same level of sweetness to a lesser extent than glucose. So if you want to reduce calories, this is not the right kind of sweetener. Sarbitol more beneficial for people with diabetes because it can maintain stable blood glucose levels (to prevent rapid increases due to longer than glucose metabolism)
Another sweetener is aspartame which is an artificial sweetener that is safe for consumption. Aspartame consists of two amino acids, namely aspartame and assessment as amino asama both protein metabolism, which produces only 4 calories per gram. However, because the sweetness level is very high (approximately 400 times the sugar or sucrose), then use a small amount already meet the desired sweetness. Thus, given the number of calories is much lower than with sugar.

Understanding Saccharin. 

Saccharin is known among other names 0 - sulfone imide-benzoic first discovered in 1879 by Remsen. Saccharin is an artificial sweetener made from the sodium salt of saccharin to form a white powder, odorless and very sweet. This artificial sweetener has 550 times the sweetness of sugar levels normal. Therefore angat popular material used as a sugar substitute.
In trading known as Gucide, Glucid, Garantose, Saccharimol, Saccharol, and Sykosa. The cheapest price saccharin compared with other artificial sweeteners. Saccharin can save production costs. Price artificial sweeteners are much cheaper than real sugar. Artificial sweeteners are added only slightly to obtain a strong sweet taste.
There is no doubt that the majority of people, Äúmanis, Äù is a flavor that has its own appeal. Furthermore ituakan sweet appeal continues to increase, as the common phrase, Äùlebih sweeter, more attractive, Äù. Even this tendency for a child even though adults can merupaka addiction, meaning that sugary food addiction will continue to grow, if we do not own the limit. This is especially if as a baby, the first known food additives have been given sweetener.
So far, the main sweetener used is human, sugar, further developing artificial sweetener ingredients other than sugar. With these sweeteners are many people who use it as a gift for children for a particular achievement or as an expression of love. It is further exploited by the industrialists are particularly engaged in sugary foods (convectionery), such as sweets, chocolates, drinks, and pastries. They connect in terms of advertising (promotion) between, the sweetness of the love, luck, understanding, ease and variety of attraction that causes us more enamored with the products of the high sugar content.
Artificial sweetener is a sweetener produced through organic chemical reactions in the laboratory or on an industrial scale, may also be obtained synthetically and said no, result in calories as well as sugar substitutes. Most of the sweeteners saccharin and cyclamate mixture of. The World Health Organization (WHO) has set the boundaries of the so-called ADI Werte (requirement per person per day), which is a number that can be consumed without risk. This value for adults does not mean too much, but for children relative pose great sensitivity. For saccharin limit is 5 mg per body weight, while for cyclamate 11 mg per kg of body weight, meaning that if one tablet containing 16.5 mg or 70 mg saccharin cyclamate, then for a man weighing 70 kg the recommended amount to be consumed per day no more than 21 tablets or 11 tablets of saccharin cyclamate.
It is known human or animal body is composed of organs and tissues. Organ or tissue is composed of units which are very small, which is called a cell. These cells have different functions, but they multiply that number by way of the same division. In normal circumstances, the process of division was set up such that the number of cells that the body is formed in accordance with the amount needed to replace cells that have been worn or dead, in order to form organs or tissues are still arranged in a balanced and harmonious proportions. When the aberrant cell division process and can not be controlled, will lead to abnormal growth. The abnormal growth called neoplasia or grow double. Causes or factors diversion process of cell division that many kinds, including the now often discussed is that due to the nature of chemical substances and mikotoksi.

Chemical Structure and Sense. 

Small changes in chemical structure can alter the taste of these compounds, for example, be bitter or sweet taste bland. Example: the effect of substitution of saccharin (saccharin is 500 times sweeter than sugar), the addition of a nitro group at the meta position would make be very bitter compounds, metal substitution on the amino group to produce compounds that bland, saccharine whereas in high concentrations tend to give a bitter taste.

Dangers of Excessive Use of Saccharin. 

Artificial sweeteners pose many hazards to human health such. Ie: migraine and headaches, memory loss, confusion, insomnia, irritation, asthma, hypertension, diarrhea, abdominal pain, allergies, impotence and sexual disorders, hair loss, brain cancer, and bladder cancer.
Mice that were fed 5% saccharin for more than 2 years, showed mucosal cancer of the bladder (the dose is roughly equivalent to 175 grams a day for adults saccharin lifetime). Although these results are still controversial, but most of the epidemiologists and researchers argue, saccharin does increase the degree of incidence of bladder cancer in humans is approximately 60% higher on the wearer, especially in men. Therefore, the Food and Drug Administation (FDA), the U.S. advocated to limit the use of saccharin is only for people with diabetes and obesity. The dose is not to exceed 1 gram per day.

Mechanism of Action A compound to be used as a sweetener, but taste sweet, have to meet certain criteria, such as; 

(1) soluble and stable in a wide pH range.
(2) is stable in a wide temperature range.
(3) Has a sweet taste and has no side or after-taste.
(4) cheap, at least not exceed the price of sugar.
Compounds that have a sweet flavor structure is very diverse. However, these compounds have a similar feature, which has a system of donor / acceptor proton (AHS system / Bs) that matches the receptor system (AHrBr) in the human sense of taste.
Saccharin, which is the oldest sweetener, including sweeteners very important role and are usually sold in the form of Na or Ca salt. Saccharine sweetness is 300 times sweeter than sugar. Because it has no caloric value, saccharin is used as a sweetener very popular diet food, good for diabetics as well as for other patients with a low calorie diet. At high concentrations, saccharin has a bitter after-taste. Although the results of testing in experimental animals showed a tendency that the carcinogenic effects of saccharin, but this has not been proven in humans. Therefore, saccharin is still permitted its use in almost all countries.
From the above discussion it can be concluded that Saccharin is an artificial sweetener made from the sodium salt of saccharin formed a white powder, odorless and very sweet. This artificial sweetener has 550 times the sweetness of sugar levels normal. Therefore it is very popular used as a sugar substitute.
Artificial sweetener is a sweetener produced through organic chemical reactions in the laboratory or on an industrial scale, may also be obtained synthetically and is said to produce no calories as well as sugar substitutes.
Thank you for reading this article. Written and posted by Bambang Sunarno. sunarnobambang86@gmail.com
author:
http://schema.org/Personal.
https://plus.google.com/105319704331231770941.
name: Bambang Sunarno.
http://primadonablog.blogspot.com/2014/02/did-you-know-about-saccharin.html
DatePublished: February 27, 2014 at 16:42
7MHPNPADAEFW
Tag : Did You Know About saccharin?

Unsolved mysteries.

HUMAN CREATION.

Where did humans come from? If you view the Gospel and Scripture , it is very clear to say that God is the creator of man ( Genesis, Article 1 ) . But what about the actual process of creation ?
Charles Darwin once offered the theory that humans evolved from apes . If so , then it " should " man will continue to evolve into better beings . But in fact , already more than 2000 years , no change in humans . Does that mean evolution stopped ?
Another theory says that humans came from space creature Space . If so , then the question becomes : where creatures come from?

BIMINI ROAD.

The diver ( diver ) who would never see the form of the path under the North Sea island of Bimini in the Bahamas . Many people argue that the path created by nature . However, the arrangement of stones that path raises further questions as too " neat " . Some experts suspect that the road is part of the City of Atlantis ( as written by Plato several centuries ago ) . But to this day there has been no additional evidence regarding the existence of " lost city " of it. And the Bimini Road is still the question: is the way it is made of natural or man ? Who is the author ?

LIGHT BULB Marfa.

                             

Also called " Ball of Light Ghost " . First seen in 1880 in the western town of Marfa , Texas . The light was described by basketball , drifting with the human shoulder height . Usually white , yellow , orange , red , and sometimes blue or green . Ordinary balls flying around a particular area , then disappear by itself . To this day , it still looks light . No explanation , what actually lights it .

MYSTERY OF THE LOST JIMMY Hoffa.

Known as the Labour Leader of America's most influential in the year 1950-1960, Jimmy Hoffa is a figure that has changed the face of American labor . Dated July 30, 1975, Hoffa disappeared in the Detroit parking lot and was never found again. One theory is believed Hoffa was killed by Jack Anthony Giacalone , a New Jersey gang leader . Hoffa mentioned corpse buried under the foundations of the Giants stadium , Detroit . When digging in the foundations of the stadium , Hoffa's corpse was not found .

MOTHMAN.

Mothman is one urban legend that is quite well known in the Virginia area . Mothman is a creature depicted with wings and a tall man , red -eyed , sometimes without the head and the eyes appear red in the chest . First discovered in the cemetery in Virginia in 1926. To this day , the police are still receiving reports of the appearance of the Mothman . Who is he ? No one knows . In general , there has never been a report of people being attacked Mothman .

JACK THE RIPPER.

Famous as a mysterious killer in 1888, the identity of Jack the Ripper to this day not been revealed . The victim was a prostitute who was killed by mutilation that is reliable and perfect , make the police think Jack is a surgeon . While there have been many books , movies , and theories published , the identity of Jack the Ripper remains mysterious and not a single shred of evidence that could explain his identity .

The Babushka Lady.

If you 've ever watched footage of President John F. Kennedy's assassination in Dallas in 1963 , noticed in the right corner of the tape. There is a veiled woman babushka ( scarf made ​​in Russia ) who seem to record events . The woman was believed to be the person who had a significant role in the murder of John F. Kennedy because he is in a position very close to the victim when the incident occurred. In the tape, the woman is seen holding a camera, and record the events.
Surprisingly , the woman was never found . The FBI has asked her to hand over the tape to help the FBI find the killer of the American President . But the woman never showed up . Who is she ? How can he stand so close to the President's car ? No one knows to this day .

ZODIAC KILLER.

One of the most intelligent killer who was never caught up to this day is the Zodiac Killer . In 1960, the Zodiac Killer did the attempted murder of 7 people in Northern California . Five victims died , and two seriously injured. Initially , police trouble finding the killer identity . A month after the first murder , the killer sent a letter to the police and claimed that he named the Zodiac Killer , and challenged the police to arrest him .
After the murder 7th , Zodiac Killer suddenly disappeared . Has he been killed ? And who he really is ? No one can explain .

Ogopogo.

If the lake creature named Nessy Loch Ness is proven false , then it is different with the Ogopogo . Creature similar to Nessy ( long-necked , big bodied , and headed like a lizard ) is a mysterious creature that appears in the Okanagan River , Canada . Many witnesses who managed to record images of these creatures . But no one caught him . Creature also known as Naitaka is now the mascot Keilowa Park , Canada . Is Ogopogo really exist ? Is it true that he is still alive ancient reptiles? There is no concrete evidence that could explain its existence to this day.

SHAG HARBOUR Incident.

Is a mysterious explosion incident that occurred in Shag Harbour , Nova Scotia , dated October 4, 1967 . An object hit the Shag Harbour at 11:20 the night , causing a huge explosion . There were no fatalities . The witness saw the object as " flying saucer ". Not long after , the place was immediately closed . Canada military coming soon . In an instant , the place was cleaned and debris immediately transported . The incident seemed very covered up . What exactly is happening ? Is it true that crashed flying saucer ? Government of Canada has never issued any statement on this subject . And to this day , the mystery is never revealed .
Thank you for reading this article. Written and posted by Bambang Sunarno. sunarnobambang86@gmail.com
author:
http://schema.org/Personal.
https://plus.google.com/105319704331231770941.
name: Bambang Sunarno.
http://primadonablog.blogspot.com/2014/02/unsolved-mysteries.html
DatePublished: February 27, 2014 at 14:58

7MHPNPADAEFW

Tag : Unsolved mysteries.

The lost continent of Atlantis.

Atlantis , you may already be familiar sound of the name . Continent of Atlantis which has been long lost for centuries it is located in Southeast Asia , specifically in Indonesia .
Long ago in the days of the civilization of the island of Sumatra , Java , Borneo , Singapore and also Malaysia western Sunda Strait fused its land , the area is often mentioned Sunda Island .
Santos is Professor Arysio who concluded that after doing research over the past 30 years , he believes the continent of Atlantis is Indonesia .
Santos works are then recorded with the title ' Atlantis , The Lost Continent Finally Found ' supported a number of facts which is closer to Indonesia with Atlantis . In fact , the statement archaeologists , the oldest man Pithecanthropus Erectus is increasingly indicate this .
" There is info from archaeologists , the oldest man yes man Pithecanthropus Erectus of Java . So it's possible it's actually a great civilization of Indonesia,".
If it is possible, a great civilization then disappear , despite the lost of Indonesian history and people of the world , it is suggested that this study will motivate Santos Indonesian nation that rose from the present situation .
" Most important is that we never great , this ( book by Santos ) as a source of motivation for the future in order to get ahead , " .
" Hopefully this book can inspire for scientists to search for the truth academically. Because the Indonesian offensive and it is fitting we are finding out ,"

The destruction of Atlantis .

Because of the lost continent of Atlantis in the ocean and drowned by the earthquake , to lead the land of Atlantis sank until it reaches the bottom of the sea . It is clear that there are old buildings that have been around for centuries on the sea floor in the Sunda Strait .
Predicted the existence City of Atlantis sank 11,600 years ago remains a mystery . However, there is one document that Indonesia is a region called the real Atlantis. Really? .
Santos believes continent disappeared as a result of some volcanic eruptions that occurred simultaneously at the end of the last ice age about 11,600 years ago . Among the large mountain that erupted that day was the Ancient Krakatoa ( Krakatau volcano erupted parent in 1883 ) which is said eruptions could darken the entire world . Volcanic eruptions that occurred simultaneously raises the earthquake , melting ice , flooding , and very large tsunami waves .
When the volcano erupted , the blast open the Sunda Strait . The incident also resulted in the sinking portion of the earth 's surface which is then called Atlantis .
Almighty disaster also resulted in the loss of nearly 70 percent of mammal species that lived at that time , including humans . Those who survived then dispersed to various parts of the world by bringing their civilization in the new territory .
"Most likely two or three species of human-like ' hobbits ' were recently discovered on the island of Flores destroyed in about the same time , " Santos wrote .
Before the onset of the floods , some parts of Indonesia such as Sumatra , Java , Kalimantan , Nusa Tenggara , and is believed to still blend with the peninsula of Malaysia and the Asian continent .
According to Santos , the islands of Indonesia in the thousands that are the tops of mountains and high plains before sinking continent of Atlantis . One thing that is emphasized Santos is a lot of research has been fooled by the name Atlantis .
They see the name Atlantis proximity to the Atlantic Ocean that lies between Europe , America and Africa . Whereas in ancient times to the era before Christopher Columbus or the discovery of the Americas , the Atlantic Ocean is the canal is the Pacific Ocean .
Once again Indonesia has a requirement for it because Indonesia is in between the two oceans . If there are so many possibilities Indonesia became the real location of Atlantis then , why during the Indonesian name is rarely mentioned in reference to Atlantis ? .
Santos assess the reluctance of the Western World on an expedition or recognize Indonesia as the Atlantic is because it would alter the historical record of who the inventor of civilization . With the amount of evidence about the existence of Atlantis in Indonesia, the theory that says the West as the inventor and the center of the world civilization will be destroyed .
" The fact of Atlantis ( in Indonesia) will likely result in the need for a major revision in the humanities , such as anthropology , history , linguistics , archaeological , evolution , paleantropologi and maybe even religion , " Santos wrote in his book .
In addition to Santos , many U.S. archaeologists also believe Atlantis was a large island called Sunda Land twice the breadth of the Indian state . Mainland is now living Sumatra , Java and Borneo . One of the islands in Indonesia, which is likely to be the best example of where the remains of Atlantis is Natuna Island , Riau .
Based on the study , this gene is similar to native Natuna oldest Austronesian peoples . Clumps of Austronesian peoples who became the forerunner of the nations of Asia is a major phenomenon in the history of human existence .
These families are now scattered from Madagascar in the west to Easter Island in the east . It also gave birth to the nation clumps 1,200 languages ​​are now scattered in various parts of the world and used more than 300 million people .
Interestingly , 80 percent of the clump Austronesian living in the archipelago of Indonesia. However , the opinion that Santos et al believe that Atlantis was in Indonesia is still to be assessed due to lack of evidence furnished .
Experts Geotechnology Indonesian Institute of Sciences ( LIPI ) Hantoro Rev. Prof. Santos said analysis is still a hypothesis .
" It should be explained further categorization of the type of high culture that existed at the time of Atlantis and waves as high as what can make split Sunda Shelf , " .

Facts about the lost atlantis .

Revealing the name of Atlantis until now this has always been a mystery until the controversy existence . There are claims that it is a continent of Atlantis with a great civilization of its time , some say that Atlantis is Indonesia .

Explanation Existence Lost Continent of Atlantis .

The story about the existence of Plato's story of Atlantis found in his book Tiameus and Critias . Plato tells in the book there is a lost civilization in the year 9500 before the plateau which means 12000 alive then than now . And the continent as a result of the earthquake and flooding gone within a day .
Is there really continent lost in 1 day ? Belief, it is a continent of Atlantis no fictitious alias . Why is that ?

The existence of " continent " of Atlantis .

Until the early 20th century believed Atlantis was once exist in this world , but until the advent of the theory of continental drift that emerged in 1915 were triggered by the Alfred Wegener stating that the entire continent shifted 5 - 10cm per year and this theory is supported by seismologists in 1960 and to this day is believed to be the truth of science .
In this theory proves that America and Europe are slowly separated for 100 million years . From this it can be concluded that there is no room for that on the continent atlantis believed to be in the ocean atlantis .
The second is the absence of artifacts , historical records , the former location of the former land and of course , everything is just there on depiction plateau alone . Of the thousands and thousands of sailors diary , shipping records , the results of imaging sonar , the results of the study of geology, biology , oceanography , linguistics , archeology , deep sea diving , submarines and unmanned satellite picture SURE NO EVIDENCE that the existence of Atlantis in gembar heralded as the lost continent . Science can not accept anything without solid scientific evidence .
Supported also by the theory of plate tectonics that have mapped the entire tectonic plates on the planet and there are no hidden mass between the American continent and Europe .
Satellite imaging systems have mapped all the ocean floor . Multipita scanner system is switched depleted Atlantic ocean and the result is nil . Depth of 1500m to 2500m which is the basis of the Atlantic ocean there is no evidence of shear mass and shape of the Earth's crust in the last 15 thousand years .
So there may be a giant mass that sank more than 1500 m without leaving a trace at all . Here, the available evidence we can conclude the existence of " continent " Atlantis that many people believed it was not there.

As Atlantis Island .

A new viewpoint and careful research to at least give new clues hint where atlantis is meant by Solon .
Let's look wider than atlantis plato says , it clarifies that " extending in one direction three thousand stadia ( length = 600km ) , but the middle about two thousand stadia ( width = 400km ) from even this measure has actually been clear that Atlantis was an island , not a continent . Area of ​​atlantis is just 1/32 Australian continent , smallest continent in the world .
So of course this does not explain the plateau word -based records which revealed that the vast solon atlantis is the combined area of ​​libya and asia minor . Here is a description of inconsistencies plateau . Then the possibility of truth solon notes that " Atlantis is larger than Libya and Asia minor " is actually the " Atlantis is between libya and asia minor " which in Greek writing two words differ only 1 letter .
And for the explanation that Atlantis sank between 8000 - 9000 years before Plato certainly beyond existing research in which several ways to raise and grow crops in human civilization was discovered in 6000 - 7000 years ago .
So the most plausible is Atlantis sank 800-900 years before Solon visited Egypt , namely the 1500SM
John V. Luce in his Lost Atlantis : New light on an old legend found on atlantis plato story is actually a story based on the viewpoint of the Egyptian people . It is based on the fact that the poet athena , Solon 6SM century during a visit to Egypt to meet with the pastor of Sais who translated the ancient history of the land athena suspected as atlantis .
Recorded on Papiri in heroglif egypt . Atlantis was actually referring to the Egyptian Keiftu or so-called great civilizations of Minoan Crete , Keiftu himself recorded in ancient Egyptian texts since 1500SM 3000SM up .
Keiftu the Egyptian language means " Pillar " and the name is the same as the Akkadian Kap - Ta - Ra which means the land above the sea which is also the same as the so-called Caphtor in hebrew . In the Egyptian text explained that keiftu is " isle of the great green " or island amid a large green expanse . And the great green itself is the name for the Mediterranean Sea or the Mediterranean Sea and the island has ever seen at sea it is a Crete middle .
It looks like keiftu is a place called the pillar at the end of the Sustainer of the world who are in Minoan crete and equate it as atlantis plato, inspired from Atlas, a mythological Greek god who sustains the sky .
Explanation existence of Atlantis The Lost Continent - blogs about the world of mystery stories

So if there really was a disaster that sank Atlantis at that time ?

Around age 17-16 BC there was a very large volcanic activity , the results of the last test performed carbon 14 indicate age 1620SM , this eruption resulted in half of the island of thera -half is collapsed into the sea and also led to the earthquake that triggered devastating tsunami to cause island of crete crushed and drowned in the incident .

The evidence;

The similarity between Crete with Atlantis .
a. Atlantis was to the belt of islands , is the same as being the path between crete cyclades and greece .
b . Atlantis administrative center is located on a hill at a distance of 50 stadia from the beach . This is consistent with the description of which is the center of government knossos crete .
c . description of atlantis land well suited to the southern coast of crete .
d . Construction of building construction atlantis many similarities with knossos .
Search we can be , it can be concluded that Atlantis was an island closer to the basis of the evidence available .
How in your view ? Please give your feedback to uncover facts about the existence of the lost continent of Atlantis .
Thank you for reading this article. Written and posted by Bambang Sunarno. sunarnobambang86@gmail.com
author:
http://schema.org/Personal.
https://plus.google.com/105319704331231770941.
name: Bambang Sunarno.
http://primadonablog.blogspot.com/2014/02/the-lost-continent-of-atlantis.html
DatePublished: February 27, 2014 at 12:49

7MHPNPADAEFW

Tag : The lost continent of Atlantis.

About Atlantis.

Atalantis, or Atlantika (Greek: Ἀτλαντὶς νῆσος, "island of Atlas") is a legendary island first mentioned by Plato in Timaeus and Critias book.
In her notes, Plato wrote that Atlantis lay "beyond the pillars of Hercules", and have a navy to conquer Western Europe and Africa 9,000 years before the time of Solon, or approximately 9500 years BC. After the failed attack Greece, Atlantis sank into the ocean "in just one day and one night".
Atlantis is generally regarded as a myth created by Plato to illustrate political theory. Although the function of the Atlantis story clearly visible to most experts, they debated whether and how much Plato's account was inspired by older traditions. Some experts say that Plato describes the events that have passed, such as the Thera eruption or the Trojan War, while others insist that he took inspiration from contemporary events like the destruction of Helike in 373 BC or the failure of Athens to the invasion of Sicily in 415-413 BC.
People often talk about the existence of Atlantis during the Classic Era, but generally do not trust him and sometimes make jokes. The story of Atlantis is less known in the Middle Ages, however, in the modern era, the story of Atlantis was rediscovered. Plato's description inspired the works of Renaissance writers, such as "New Atlantis" by Francis Bacon. Atlantis also affect modern literature, from science fiction to comic books and movies. His name has become a byword for all that is advanced prehistoric civilization (and lost).

Note Plato. 

Two of Plato's dialogues, Timaeus and Critias, written in 360 BC, contain the earliest references to Atlantis. Critias Plato never completed for reasons unknown; however, expert named Benjamin Jowett, and several other experts, argues that Plato originally planned to make a third record entitled Hermocrates. John V. Luce assumes that Plato, after describing the origin of the world and mankind in Timaeus, and also perfect society of ancient Athens and its success in defending themselves from attack Atlantis in the Critias-Hellenic civilization will discuss strategy during their conflict with the barbarians as a subject of discussion in Hermocrates.
The four characters that appear in both records are the politicians Critias and Hermocrates and also philosophers Socrates and Timaeus, although only Critias speaks of Atlantis. Although all the characters are historical figures (only the first three figures are taken), the note may be a work of fiction Plato. In his written works, Plato uses the Socratic dialogues to discuss opposing positions in relation to the forecast.

Timaeus. 

Timaeus begins with the opening, followed by a record-making and the structure of the universe and ancient civilizations. In the introduction, Socrates pondered the perfect community, which is described in Plato's Republic, and wondered if he and his guests might recollect a story which exemplifies such a civilization.

In the book Timaeus, Plato recounts:
"In the presence of Mainstay Haigelisi Strait, there is a very large island, from there you can go to the other island, in front of the islands it is entirely inland sea surrounded by ocean, it is the kingdom of Atlantis. When the new Atlantis will launch a major war with Athens, but unexpectedly, Atlantis suddenly experienced earthquakes and floods, not until the day and night, completely submerged in the sea floor, a large country that goes beyond a high civilization, vanished overnight. "

Critias. 

Critias mentions an allegedly historical tale that would make the perfect example, and follows by describing Atlantis. In his account, ancient Athens represents the "perfect society" and Atlantis is his enemy, representing the very antithesis of the perfect traits described in the Republic. Critias claims that his accounts of ancient Athens and Atlantis wing of a visit to Egypt by a poet of Athens, Solon in the 6th century BC. In Egypt, Solon met the pastor of Sais, who translated the history of ancient Athens and Atlantis, recorded on heroglif Papiri in Egypt, into Greek. According to Plutarch, Solon met with "Psenophis Heliopolis, and Sonchis Saite, the most learned of all the priests" (Life of Solon). Since the distance between Plutarch more than 500 years and the events that are the reason or excuse, and because there is no information on the Timaeus and Critias, this identification is questionable.
According to Critias, the Hellenic gods divided the territory for any god; Poseidon inherited the territory of the island of Atlantis. The island was larger than Libya and Asia Minor ancient united, but will sink because of the earthquake and into a sludge that can not be bypassed, precluding cross ocean journey. The Egyptians described Atlantis as an island located approximately 700 kilometers, mostly composed of mountains in the north and along the coast, and surrounding grasslands oblong shape in the south "extending in one direction three thousand stadia (about 600 miles), but in the middle about two thousand stadia (400 miles).
Native woman named Cleito Atlantis (daughter of Evenor and Leucippe) stay here. Poseidon fell in love with her, and then marry the young girl and gave birth to five pairs of twin boys. Poseidon divided the island into 10 regions, each of which was submitted on 10 children. The eldest son, Atlas, to be king over the island and the surrounding ocean (called the Atlantic Ocean in honor of Atlas). The name "Atlantis" is also derived from its name, which means "island of Atlas".
Poseidon carved the mountain where his girlfriend lived into the palace and closed it with three circular moats of increasing the width, varying from one to three stadia and separated by rings of land proportional magnitude. The Atlanteans then built bridges northward from the mountain, making a route to the rest of the island. They dug a great canal to the sea, and alongside the bridges carved tunnels into the rings of rock so that ships could pass into the city around the mountain; them making the pier of stone wall trench. Each entrance to the city was guarded by gates and towers, and a wall around the city each ring. Wall set of red rocks, white and black are derived from the trench, and coated with brass, tin and orichalcum (bronze or brass).
According to Critias, 9,000 years before the birth, the war going on between nations that are beyond the Pillars of Hercules (the Strait of Gibraltar generally suspected), the nation living in Pilar. The Atlanteans conquered Libya as far as Egypt and the European continent as far as the Tyrrhenian, and makes the slave population. The Athenians led an alliance against the Atlantean empire, and as the alliance disintegrated, Athena Atlantis itself against the empire, liberating the occupied lands. However, later, an earthquake and massive flooding in Atlantis, and in just one day and one night, the island of Atlantis sank and disappeared.

Other ancient records. 

Timaeus and Critias addition, there are no ancient records of Atlantis, which means every other record of Atlantis based on Plato's account.
Many ancient philosophers regard Atlantis as fiction, including (according to Strabo) Aristotle. However, there are philosophers, geographers and historians who believe in the existence of Atlantis. Crantor philosopher, pupil of a pupil of Plato, Xenocrates, tried to find evidence of the existence of Atlantis. His work, commentary on the Timaeus, is lost, but other ancient historian, Proclus, reports that Crantor traveled to Egypt and find the column with a letter written in the history of Atlantis heroglif.
Plato never mentions that column. According to the Greek philosopher, Solon saw the Atlantis story in a different source that can be "taken for granted".
Another part of the 5th century commentary of Proclus on the Timaeus gives a description of the geography of Atlantis. According to them, there are seven islands in the sea at the moment, holy land to Persephone, and also three others of which are very large, one of which land was sacred to Pluto, another to Ammon, and the last of them to Poseidon, with an area of ​​thousands of stadia . Its people-they add-preserve the memory of their ancestors on the large island of Atlantis ever existed and has been in power for all islands in the Atlantic ocean and sacred to Poseidon. Now, it has been written in the Marcellus Aethiopica ". [8] Marcellus is still not identified.
Other ancient historians and philosophers who believe in the existence of Atlantis were Strabo and Posidonius.
Plato's account of Atlantis also has inspired several imitation parodik: only a few decades after the Timaeus and Critias, the historian Theopompus of Chios wrote of a region called Meropis. Description of the region was included in Book 8 Philippica, which contains a dialogue between King Midas and Silenus, a companion of Dionysus. Silenus describes Meropids Nations, the human race is growing two times the size of a regular body, and inhabit two cities on the island Meropis (Cos?): Eusebes (Εὐσεβής, "Pious-town") and Machimos (Μάχιμος, "city-Battle"). He also reports that an army of ten million soldiers crossed the ocean to conquer Hyperborea, but abandoned this proposal when they realized that the Hyperboreans nation is the luckiest nation in the world. Heinz-Günther Nesselrath Silenus stated that the story was plagiarized from the Atlantis story, for the purpose of exposing Plato's ideas to ridicule.
Zoticus, a Neoplatonist philosopher of the 3rd century, wrote a poem based on Plato's account of Atlantis.
Historian of the 4th century, Ammianus Marcellinus, based on the work of Timagenes (historian of 1st century BC) is missing, writes that the Druids of Gaul said that part of the inhabitants of Gaul had migrated there from distant islands. Note Ammianus regarded by some as the claim that when Atlantis sank, its inhabitants fled to western Europe;, but Ammianus says that "Drasidae (Druid) call back that portion of the population is indigenous but others also migrated in from islands and regions passed the Rhine" ( Res Gestae 15.9), a sign that the immigrants came to Gaul from the north and east, not from the Atlantic Ocean.
Hebrew treatise on astronomical calculations in the year 1378/79, which is a paraphrase of the work of an unknown early Islam, offend the Atlantis myth in a discussion concerning the determination of the zero point of longitude calculations.

Modern records. 

Francis Bacon's 1627 novel, The New Atlantis (New Atlantis), describes a utopian society called Bensalem, located on the west coast of America. The characters in this novel gives a history of Atlantis that is similar to Plato. It is not clear whether Bacon calls North America or South America.
Isaac Newton's 1728 novel, The Chronology of Ancient Kingdoms Amended the (Chronology of Ancient Kingdoms Evolve), studied various mythological relationship with Atlantis.

In the mid and late 19th century, some Mesoamerican scholars, starting with Charles Etienne Brasseur de Bourbourg, and including Edward Herbert Thompson and Augustus Le Plongeon, stating that Atlantis associated with the Mayan and Aztec civilizations.
In 1882, Ignatius L. Donnelly publish Atlantis: the antediluvian World. His work attracted the interest of many people to Atlantis. Donnelly took Plato's account of Atlantis seriously and stated that all ancient civilizations were known to have come from the high Neolithic culture.
During the late 19th century, the idea of ​​the legend of Atlantis combined with stories of "lost continent", such as Mu and Lemuria. Helena Blavatsky, "Grandmother of the New Age Movement", writes in The Secret Doctrine (The Secret Doctrine) that the Atlanteans were cultural heroes (contrary to Plato who describes them as a military issue), and "Root Race" to-4, which passed by " Aryan race ". Rudolf Steiner wrote of the cultural evolution of Mu or Atlantis. Edgar Cayce first mention of Atlantis in 1923 and later explained that the location of Atlantis was in the Caribbean and claimed that Atlantis is a glorious ancient civilization, has ships and aircraft that uses energy in the form of mysterious energy crystals, and has sunk. He also predicted that parts of Atlantis would rise to the surface in 1968 or 1969. Bimini Road, found by Dr. J. Manson Valentine, a sinking rock formation that looks like a road in the northern North Bimini Islands. The road was discovered in 1968 and is claimed as evidence of the lost civilization and is now under investigation.
It has been claimed that before the era of Eratosthenes 250 BC, Greek writers state that the location of the Pillars of Hercules is located in the Strait of Sicily, but there is not enough evidence to prove it. According to Herodotus (circa 430 BC), Finisi expedition had sailed around Africa at the behest of pharaoh Necho, sailing south to the Red Sea and the Indian Ocean and in the northern part of the Atlantic, entering the Mediterranean Sea through the Pillars of Hercules. His description of northwest Africa explained that he located the Pillars of Hercules to the right where the pillars of Hercules are today. The belief that the pillars of Hercules which had been placed in the Strait of Sicily by Eratosthenes, has been cited in some Atlantis theories.

Nationalist ideas. 

The concept of Atlantis attracted the attention of Nazi theorists. In 1938, Heinrich Himmler organize a search in Tibet to find a remnant of Atlantis white. According to Julius Evola (Revolt Against the Modern World, 1934), the Atlanteans were superhuman (Ubermensch) Hyperboreans-Nordic originating from the North Pole (see Thule). Alfred Rosenberg (The Myth of the Twentieth Century, 1930) was the head of the race "-Atlantis Nordic" or "Aryan-Nordic".
Current hypothesis.
With continental drift was widely accepted during the 1960s, most theories of "Lost Continent" Atlantis began to wane in popularity. Some recent theorists suggested that elements of Plato's story comes from the initial mythology.

Hypothesis location. 

Since Donnelly, there are dozens-even hundreds-proposed location of Atlantis. Several hypotheses are archaeological or scientific hypotheses, while others are based on physics or other. Many places that have similar characteristics proposed by the Atlantis story (water, catastrophic, relevant time period), but none has been demonstrated as a true historical story of Atlantis.
The proposed site is located mostly around the Mediterranean Sea. Islands such as Sardinia, Crete and Santorini, Sicily, Cyprus and Malta; cities such as Troy, Tartessos, and Tantalus (in the province of Manisa), Turkey, and Israel-Sinai or Canaan. Large Thera eruption in the 17th century or 16th BC allegedly caused a massive tsunami that destroyed the Minoan civilization of experts around the island of Crete that are increasing the belief that it may be a catastrophic disaster that destroyed Atlantis. There are areas in the Black Sea as the proposed location of Atlantis: Bosporus and Ancomah (a legendary place near Trabzon). Around the Sea of ​​Azov proposed as other locations in 2003. AG Galanopoulos stated that the time scale has been changed due to translation errors, the possibility of translation errors Egypt to the Greek language; same error would reduce the huge kingdom of Atlantis Plato became the island of Crete, which left the city with Thera crater size. 900 years before Solon is the 15th century BC.
Some hypothesis states that Atlantis was on the island that has sunk in northern Europe, including Sweden (by Olof Rudbeck in Atland, 1672-1702), or in the North Sea. Some have suggested the Al-Andalus or Ireland as a location.
The Canary Islands are also expressed as a possible location, west of the Strait of Gibraltar but close to the Mediterranean Sea. Various islands in the Atlantic also expressed as possible locations, notably the Azores Islands. Spartel Island which has sunk in the Strait of Gibraltar has also been proposed.
Antarctica, Indonesia, under the Bermuda Triangle, [21] and the Caribbean Sea has been proposed as the location of Atlantis. The story of the continent "Kumari Kandam" missing in India has inspired some people to describe it in parallel with Atlantis. According to Ignatius L. Donnelly in his book, Atlantis: The antediluvian World, there is a link between Atlantis and Aztlan (dwelling ancestors of the Aztec tribe). He claimed that the Aztec tribe points to the eastern Caribbean as the former location of Aztlan.

The location is believed to be the location of Atlantis; 

Al-Andalus
Crete and Santorini
Turkey
Near Cyprus
Middle East
Malta
Sardinia
Troy
Antarctica
Australia
Azores Islands
Edge of the Bahamas and the Caribbean
Bolivia
Black Sea
English
Ireland
Canary Islands and Cape Verde
Denmark
Finland
Indonesia
Isla de la Juventud near Cuba
Mexico
North Sea
Estremadura, Portugal
Sweden

Atlantis in art, literature and culture. 

The legend of Atlantis appeared in many books, films, television series, video games, songs, and other works. Examples of Atlantis in the film is a television series Stargate Atlantis and the Disney animated film Atlantis: The Lost Empire. The first Tomb Raider video game featuring a story of Atlantis as a base and the location for the end of the story.
Thank you for reading this article. Written and posted by Bambang Sunarno. sunarnobambang86@gmail.com
author:
http://schema.org/Personal.
https://plus.google.com/105319704331231770941.
name: Bambang Sunarno.
http://primadonablog.blogspot.com/2014/02/about-atlantis.html
DatePublished: February 27, 2014 at 11:24
7MHPNPADAEFW
Tag : About Atlantis.

Did You Know About Penicillin.

Penicillin (UK: Penicillin or PCN) is a group of β-lactam antibiotic used to treat infections caused by bacteria, usually Gram positif.Madigan, MT; Martinko JM, Dunlap PV, Clark DP. Brock Biology of Microorganisms (12th Edition ed.). San Francisco: Pearson Benjamin Cummings. p. p. 795. ISBN 9780321536150. Penicillin works by inhibiting bacterial cell wall formation, by inhibiting acid N-asetilmuramat Combined non-essential to the structure Mukopeptida usually makes cells become rigid and strong. This way of working also means that penicillin would only actively working on the unit pathogen actively growing. The name "penicillin" can also be used for a specific member of the penicillin group. All penicillins have Penam base, which has the formula R-C9H11N2O4S, where R is a variable side chain.

History. 

The discovery of penicillin is always associated with a Scottish scientist, Alexander Fleming in 1929, even though many other scientists have noted before Fleming antibacterial effect.
Fleming, in his laboratory at the Hospital of Santa Maria (now one of the teaching hospitals in London), noted a halo of inhibition (clear zone) on the growth of bacteria in the Staphylococcus plate culture. Fleming concluded that the resistance was due to a substance inhibiting bacterial growth and destroy. He grew a pure culture and discovered Penicillium which became known as Penicillium chrysogenum. Fleming coined the term "penicillin" to describe the filtrate of a broth culture of Penicillium.
Although in the early stages, penicillin was found to be effective against Gram-positive bacteria and is ineffective in Gram negative and fungi. Fleming optimism that penicillin would be a very useful disinfectant, high potential with a low level of toxicity compared to antiseptics of the time.
In subsequent experiments, Fleming was convinced that penicillin could not last long in the human body to kill pathogenic bacteria. He stopped studying penicillin after 1931, but trying to start it again in 1934.
In 1939, Australian scientist Howard Walter Florey and a team of researchers at the University of Oxford made a significant progress in showing the in vivo bactericidal action of penicillin. They failed the test because not enough penicillin, but they proved harmless penicillin and work in mice. Several experiments carried out in Oxford penicillin. In 1942, John Bumstead and Orvan Hess became the first expert who successfully cure patients with penicillin.
During World War II, penicillin instrumental in suppressing the number of deaths from infections caused open wounds that did not receive treatment, which is in a similar situation can lead to gangrene and even death, saved the lives of 12-15%. The availability of penicillin is still very limited because of the difficulty to produce them en masse, and rapid renal clearance of residual penicillin frequent dosing. At that time, the collection returned penicillin from the patient's urine is a common procedure. Penicillin will be used again.
Reuse of penicillin is not the end of the road is good. This led researchers to look for another way to slow penicillin secretion. They hoped to find a molecule that could compete with penicillin for the organic acid transporter. The transporter function in the secretion of penicillin, it is predicted that the transporter will carry the penicillin molecule inhibitors that will last longer in the body. An agent probenecid finally proven to prevent. Probenecid will compete and inhibit the secretion of penicillin. Penicillin was finally able to work longer in the
body.  Technique of mass production of penicillin was eventually able to overcome.
Chemical structure of penicillin by Dorothy Crowfoot Hodgkin known in the early 1940s. This makes the discovery of penicillin can be made synthetically. A team of Oxford discovered a method of mass production of penicillin. Tim Howard Walter Florey led it to get the Nobel Prize in Medicine or Physiology in 1945. At that time, the antibiotic penicillin became widely used and are still used for some Gram-positive bacterial infections.

The development of penicillin. 

Narrow the scope of activity of penicillin researcher makes the search for derivatives of penicillin that could treat infections more.
The first major development was ampicillin, which has a broader scope of activities than the original penicillin. The next development that can withstand produce penicillin beta-lactamase enzymes including flucloxacillin, dicloxacillin and methicillin. This discovery is very important to fight the bacteria species which have beta-lactamase, but not against strains of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus.
Penicillin is antipseudomal like Tisarsilin and Piperacillin useful against Gram-negative bacteria.

Mechanism of action. 

Β-lactam antibiotics work by inhibiting the formation of peptidoglycan in the cell wall. Beta-lactam will be bound to the enzyme transpeptidase related to bacterial peptidoglycan molecules, and this will weaken the bacterial cell wall when splitting. In other words, these antibiotics can cause divisiveness cells (cytolysis) when the bacteria tries to divide.
In Gram-positive bacteria cell wall would be lost protoplasts, whereas Gram-negative into sferoplas. Protoplasts and sferoplas then would rupture or lysis.

Clinical function. 

The term "penicillin" is often used primarily to indicate benzylpenicillin.

Benzathine benzylpenicillin. 

Benzathine benzylpenicillin or benzathine penicillin, is slowly absorbed into the circulation, inserted or injected intramuscularly in the muscles, and hydrolysed to benzylpenicillin in vivo. The drug is selected when low concentrations of benzylpenicillin are required, allowing prolonged antibiotic action 2-4 weeks after a single IM dose.

Specific indications for benzathine penicillin: 

Prophylaxis of rheumatic fever
Early or latent syphilis
Benzylpenicillin (penicillin G).

Penicillin G (Benzylpenicillin) 

Benzylpenicillin or penicillin G is the gold standard penicillin. Penicillin G is typically given by a parenteral because it is unstable with hydrochloric acid in the stomach. Penicillin G is the first effective antibiotic clinically, discovered by Howard Florey and his colleagues in 1939

Specific indications for benzylpenicillin: 

Cellulite
Bacterial endocarditis
Meningitis
Aspiration pneumonia, lung abscess
Syphilis
Septicemia in children
Phenoxymethylpenicillin (penicillin V) [edit | edit source]
Phenoxymethylpenicillin, or known as penicillin V, is the orally active penicillin (administered orally). The drug is less active than benzylpenicillin. This medicine is only appropriate in conditions of high tissue concentrations are not required.

Specific indications for phenoxymethylpenicillin; 

Infections due to Streptococcus pyogenes
Tonsillitis
Pharyngitis
Dermatitis
Prophylaxis of rheumatic fever
Moderate-to-severe gingivitis (with metronidazole)
Procaine benzylpenicillin.
Procaine benzylpenicillin or procaine penicillin, is a combination of benzylpenicillin with the local anesthetic agent procaine. Intramuscular injection, it is slowly absorbed into the circulation and hydrolysed to benzylpenicillin.
This combination aims to reduce the pain and discomfort associated with injections of penicillin that much into muscle. This treatment is often used in veterinary medicine.

Specific indications for procaine penicillin; 

Syphilis
Respiratory tract infections
Cellulitis
The drug is also used in anthrax.
emi-synthetic penicillin.
Structural modifications on the side chain of the penicillin nucleus to enhance the ability of the drug, stabilizing beta-lactamase activity, and increase the scope of work.

Penicillin narrow scope. 

This group was developed to be effective against beta-lactamase produced by Staphylococcus aureus, and is known as an anti-staphylococcal penicillin.

Penicillin scope being. 

This group was developed to increase the scope of work, such as amoxicillin. 

Amoxicillin
Ampicillin
Penicillin is a broad scope.

This group was developed to increase efficacy against Gram-negative bacteria. 

Piperacillin
Tisarsilin
Azlosillin
Carbenicillin
Penicillin with β-lactamase inhibitors.
Penicillin can be combined with beta-lactamase inhibitors to help fight the enzyme beta-lactamase.

Side effects. 

Adverse reactions. 

Frequent adverse reactions are (≥ 1% of patients) diarrhea, urticaria, nausea, and superinfection dri Candidiasis. Effects rare (0.1-1% of patients) include fever, vomiting, dermatitis, angioedema or pseudomembarnosus colitis.

Allergy. 

Allergy to beta-lactam antibiotic may occur in 10% of patients. 0:01% may suffer from anaphylaxis.
Thank you for reading this article. Written and posted by Bambang Sunarno. sunarnobambang86@gmail.com
author:
http://schema.org/Personal.
https://plus.google.com/105319704331231770941.
name: Bambang Sunarno.
http://primadonablog.blogspot.com/2014/02/did-you-know-about-penicillin.html
DatePublished: February 26, 2014 at 20:49
7MHPNPADAEFW
Tag : Penicillin.

Did You Know About Google.

Google Inc.. is an American multinational corporation that specialized in Internet products and services. These products include search technology, web computing, software, and online advertising.  Most of its profits come from AdWords. 

Google was founded by Larry Page and Sergey Brin while still a student Ph.D. at Stanford University. They both hold a 16 percent stake in the company. They make Google a private company on September 4, 1998. Its mission statement is "gathering the world's information and make it accessible and useful to everyone", and the unofficial slogan is "Do not be evil". In 2006, Google moved its headquarters to Mountain View, California.
Since its founding, the company's rapid growth has resulted in a wide range of products, acquisitions, and cooperation in the field of Google's core search engine. The company offers online productivity software (in the network), including electronic mail (email), an office suite, and social networking. Computer desk products include applications for browsing the web, organize and edit photos, and instant messaging. The company initiated the development of the Android operating system for mobile phones and Google Chrome OS on Chromebook netbook lineup. I've switched to the communication hardware. They work with many major electronics manufacturers to produce its Nexus devices and acquired Motorola Mobility in May 2012.
In 2012, fiber optic infrastructure installed in Kansas City to facilitate broadband Internet service Google Fiber.
The company is expected to operate more than one million servers in multiple data centers around the world and processes over one billion search queries and about 24 petabita artificial data users every day. In December 2012, Alexa calls google.com as the most visited websites in the world.
Google sites in other languages ​​ranked the top 100, as well as the Google-owned sites such as YouTube and Blogger. Google is ranked second in the BrandZ brand equity database. Its market dominance criticism regarding copyright, censorship, and privacy.

Products. 

Google has created services and tools for the business environment and society; including Web applications, advertising networks and solutions for businesses.

Advertising. 

Google Adsense. 

An advertisement offers services to the owner of the web, where the ad will be shown on relevant web pages with keywords from the ad.

Google Adwords. 

An advertising service by Google, where ads appear only ads relevant to the content of the web page.
Most of Google's revenue comes from advertising programs. For the 2006 fiscal year, the company reported a profit of advertising gets the amount of $ 10.492 billion and only $ 112 million in licensing and other revenues.
Google AdWords allows advertisers to display their ads web in Google search results and the Google Content Network, through either a cost-per-click or pay-per-view. Google AdSense website owners can also display adverts on their own websites, and earn money every time ads are clicked.

Search application. 

Google Search. 

Google is widely known for its web search service, which is a major factor of the success of this company. In August 2007, Google is the search engine on the web is most often used with a 53.6% market share, ahead of Yahoo! (19.9%) and Live Search (12.9%).
Google has billions of web pages, so users can search for the information they desire, through the use of keywords and operators. Google has also employed the Web Search technology into other search services, including Image Search, Google News, the price comparison site Google Product Search, the interactive Usenet archive Google Groups, Google Maps and others.

Google Maps. 

Services to look at a map on the mobile app and is also available for personal computers.

Google Earth. 

Services of Google Earth to view the map. Is an interactive mapping program powered by satellite and aerial photography covering the entire planet Earth. Google Earth is considered highly accurate and more detailed.
Some large cities have a clear picture can zoom in close enough to see vehicles and pedestrians clearly. As a result, there are several reasons for involvement in national security. Specifically, some countries and militaries of this software can be used to see with clarity clear close-physical location of critical infrastructure, commercial and residential buildings, bases, government agencies, and others. However, satellite images are rarely updated, and all of them are available free of charge through other products and even government sources (NASA and the National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency, for example). Some counter this argument by stating that Google Earth is easy to access and research location.

Google Books. 

Service from Google to look and search for books.

Communication. 

Gmail. 

At cope 2004, Google launched a free web-based email service, known as Gmail. Gmail features spam filtering technologies and the ability to use Google technology to search e-mail. The service generates revenue by displaying ads from AdWords service is included in the content of the email message displayed on the screen.

Google Drive. 

Service from Google to store data, which is connected with the Google Docs service.

Google Docs. 

Service from Google to store documents.

Google Chrome. 

Google also launched Google Chrome is a browser. The browser is quite fast and looks minimalist. In September 2008 Google releases Google through the code for Chromium project, which until now Google Chrome is based on Chromium.
Google Chrome comes with a good safety feature, which Google Chrome will warn users that access the existing site blacklisted by Google. In addition, Google Chrome also distinguish the processes running on the tab with the process on the other tabs, thus increasing the ease of the user, as well as improve the reliability of Google Chrome.

Mobile Phones. 

In 2007, several reports surfaced that Google was planning the release of its own mobile phone, possibly a competitor to Apple's iPhone. On 5 November 2007, Google finally announced Android, a software platform and operating system for mobile devices backed Open Handset Alliance, a consortium of 34 companies software, hardware, and telecommunications which aims to develop open standards for mobile devices. In September 2008, T-Mobile released the first mobile phone that runs on the Android platform, the G1.

Entertainment. 

Google Video. 

In early 2006, the company launched Google Video, which not only allows users to search and view videos for free, but also allow users and disseminators of media disseminate its contents, including television shows on CBS, NBA basketball games, and music videos.
In August 2007, Google announced that they would stop the video rental and sale program and offer refunds and Google Checkout credits to users who have purchased the video for yourself.

Else. 

Google Analytics. 

A service that contains tools for webmasters to analyze their web users.

Google SMS. 

In October 2007, Google SMS service launched in India and allow users to get business listings, movie showtimes and information by sending a short message.

Google Product Promotions. 

Google has promoted their products in various ways. In London, Google Space was set up in Heathrow Airport, featuring a wide range of products, including Gmail, Google Earth and Picasa. Also, a similar page was launched for American college students, under the name College Life, Powered by Google.

Derivative products. 

In 2007, Google launched Google Apps Premier Edition, a version of Google Apps targeted primarily at business users. This product has a few extras such as more disk space for e-mail, API access, and premium support, at a price of U.S. $ 50 per user per year. A large implementation of Google Apps with 38,000 users is at Lakehead University in Thunder Bay, Ontario, Canada.
On December 13, 2007, Google announced the launch of a limited Knol, a website that is intended as a reference source of knowledge. Knol opened freely to all users on July 23, 2008.

Platform. 

Google services running on multiple server farms, each comprising thousands of low-cost commodity computers running a version of Linux. While the company does not provide detailed information about the hardware, a calculation of 2006 states that there are 450,000 servers, grouped and placed in data centers around the world.

Habits and Corporate Culture. 

Google is known for a relaxed work ethic, which is reminiscent of the Dot-com. In January 2007, it was cited by Fortune Magazine as the # 1 (of 100) best company to work.
The company's philosophy is based on many casual principles including, "You can make money without doing evil," "you can be serious without a suit," and "work should be challenging and the challenge should be fun." A complete list of corporate fundamentals is available on its website. Google's relaxed corporate culture can be seen from the Google logo that varies on a day-to-day matters.
Google has been criticized for having salaries below industry standards. For example, several system administrators are paid less than $ 35,000 per year - considerably less for the Bay Area job market. However, Google's stock performance following its IPO has enabled many early employees to be competitively compensated by participation in the growth of corporate wealth.
Google implemented other employee incentives in 2005, such as the Google Founders' Award, in addition to offering higher salaries to new employees. Leisure, culture, global popularity, and strong brand recognition have also attracted potential applicants.
After the IPO in August 2004, it was reported that founders Sergey Brin and Larry Page, and CEO Eric Schmidt requested that their base salary be cut to $ 1. Subsequent offers by the company to increase their salaries have been turned down, primarily because, "their primary compensation continues to come from returns on their ownership stakes in Google. As significant stockholders, their personal wealth is tied directly to sustained stock price appreciation and performance, which provides direct alignment with stockholder interests. " In 2004, Schmidt was making $ 250,000 per year, and Page and Brin each paid $ 150,000.
They all have refused offers bonuses and increased compensation by Google's board of directors. In the United States reports the richest people in 2007, Forbes reported that Sergey Brin and Larry Page were tied for # 5 with a fortune of $ 18.5 billion, respectively.

Googleplex. 

While playing around with the Google name, headquarters, in Mountain View, California, was named "Googleplex" - a googolplex is 1 followed by one hundred zeros, and the HQ being a complex of buildings (cf. multiplex, cineplex, etc). The lobby is decorated with a piano, lava lamps, old server clusters, and a projection of search queries on the wall. Aisle full of exercise balls and bicycles. Each employee has access to the corporate recreation center. Recreational amenities are scattered throughout the campus and include a workout room with weights and rowing machines, locker rooms, a massage room, video games, Foosball, a baby grand piano, pool table, and ping pong. With the addition to the rec room, there is a dining room filled with a variety of cereals, candy bears, candy, black candy, cashews, yogurt, carrots, fresh fruit, and dozens of drinks such as fresh juices, soda, and homemade cappuccino.

Board layout at the Googleplex 

In 2006, I moved to an area of ​​28,900 m² office building in New York City, exactly 111 Eighth Ave. in Manhattan. The office was designed and built for Google and houses its largest advertising sales team that has been instrumental in securing large partnerships, especially with MySpace and AOL.
In 2003, they added an engineering staff in New York City, which has been responsible for more than 100 engineering projects, including Google Maps, Google Spreadsheets, and others. It is estimated that the building costs Google $ 10 million per year to rent and is also functionality to its Mountain View headquarters, including foosball, air hockey, and ping-pong tables, as well as a video game area. In 2006, Google also launched a new headquarters for its AdWords division in Ann Arbor, Michigan.
Google search system size is not yet known; estimate of the number of servers the company is 450,000, which is spread over 25 locations around the world, including major operations centers in Ireland and Atlanta, Georgia. Google is also in the process of building a large operations center in The Dalles, Oregon, on the banks of the Columbia River. The site, referred to the media as Project 02, was chosen because of the availability of hydroelectric power and a large stock of fiber optic cable, which was abandoned since the dot com boom in the late 1990s. The computing center estimated area of ​​two football fields, and has resulted in hundreds of construction jobs, resulting in local real estate prices increased by 40%. Once completed, this building will generate 60 to 200 permanent jobs in a town of 12,000 people.
Google is taking steps to ensure that their operations are environmentally friendly. In October 2006, the company announced plans to install thousands of solar panels to provide up to 1.6 megawatts of electricity, enough to meet 30% of energy needs of the campus. This system will be the largest solar power system in the U.S. corporate campus and one of the largest in the world. In June 2007, Google announced that they plan to become carbon neutral by 2008, which includes investing in energy efficiency, renewable energy sources, and carbon offsets, such as investing in projects like capturing and burning methane from animal waste at farms Mexico and Brazil.

"Twenty percent" time. 

All Google engineers spend 20% of their work time (one day per week) on projects that interest them. Some of Google's newer services, such as Gmail, Google News, Orkut, and AdSense originated from these independent endeavors. In a talk at Stanford University, Marissa Mayer, Google's Vice President of Search Products and User Experience, stated that her analysis showed that half of the new product launches originated from the 20% of the time.

Easter eggs and April Fool's Day jokes. 

Google has a tradition of creating April Fool's Day jokes - such as Google MentalPlex, which featured the use of mental power to search the web. In 2002, they claimed that pigeons were the secret behind their growing search engine. In 2004, they featured Google Lunar (which claimed to feature jobs on the moon), and in 2005, a fictitious brain drink, termed Google Gulp was launched.
In 2006, they came up with Google Romance, an online dating service.
In 2007, Google announced two joke products. The first was a free wireless Internet service called TiSP (Toilet Internet Service Provider) in which one obtained a connection by flushing one end of the fiber optic cable down their toilet and waiting about an hour for a "Plumbing Hardware Dispatcher (PHD)" to connect to the Internet. In addition, Google's Gmail page displayed an announcement for Gmail Paper, which allows users of their free email service to have email messages printed and shipped to a snail mail address.
Some thought the announcement of Gmail in 2004 around April Fool's Day (also doubling Gmail storage space to two gigabytes in 2005) lying, although both are changed into the original announcement. In 2005, a comedic graph depicting Google's goal of "infinity plus one" GB is displayed on the Gmail homepage.
Google's services contain a number of Easter eggs; example, Language Tools page offers a search by language "Bork bork bork" of the Swedish Chef, "Hacker" (actually leet) of Pig Latin, Elmer Fudd, and Klingon. With the addition, the search engine calculator provides the Answer to Life, the Universe, and Everything from The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy by Douglas Adams. [60] While the Google search box can be used as an exchanger unit (as well as a calculator), some non-unit standards are also included, such as the Smoot. Google also regularly change the logo with various holidays or special days throughout the year, such as Christmas, Mother's Day, or the birthdays of famous people.

IPO and Culture. 

Many people speculated that Google's IPO could affect the company's culture, because of shareholder pressure for employee benefit reductions and short-term, or due to a large number of company employees can become instant paper millionaires. In a report given to potential investors, founders Sergey Brin and Larry Page promised that the IPO would not change the company's culture. Later Mr. Page said, "We think about how to maintain the culture and the fun elements. We waste a lot of time getting our offices. We think it's important to have a lot of employees. Gathered together people everywhere. We all share offices. We love collection of this building because it looks like a university campus than a unified suburban office park regular. "
However , some analysts find that as Google grows , the company is increasingly becoming " corporate " . 2005, article in The New York Times and other sources began suggesting that Google had lost its anti-corporate, no philosophy of origin. With a view to maintain the company's unique culture, Google has produced a Chief Culture Officer in 2006, which also serves as the Director of Human Resources. The Chief Culture Officer is to develop and maintain the culture and work on ways to keep true to the core values ​​that the company was founded in the beginning - a small company, the scarcity of hierarchy, a collaborative environment.

Criticism. 

As it has grown, Google has received numerous controversies related to their business practices and services. For example, the purpose of the Google Book Search is to include millions of books and make it easily searchable has led to the abuse of copyright by the Authors Guild. Another copyright issue concerning Gmail in the UK and some other countries. Now, in many parts of the world, known as Google Mail.
Google's cooperation with the Chinese government, and even further with the French and German (after the Holocaust denial) to filter search results based on regional laws and regulations which led to claims of censorship. Google cookie and other information collection practices have led to concerns over user privacy.
Several Indian state governments have raised concerns about the security risks presented by detailed images provided by Google Earth. Google also has been criticized by advertisers for paid to click, when one is used to make payments on an advertisement without really having an interest in the product. Industry reports in 2006 claim that approximately 14 to 20 percent of clicks were in fact fraudulent or invalid. Thank you for reading this article.
Written and posted by Bambang Sunarno. sunarnobambang86@gmail.com
author:
http://schema.org/Personal.
https://plus.google.com/105319704331231770941.
name: Bambang Sunarno.
http://primadonablog.blogspot.com/2014/02/did-you-know-about-google.html
DatePublished: February 26, 2014 at 19:46
7MHPNPADAEFW
Tag : Google.