About Taj Mahal.

Taj Mahal stands firmly in Agra , a small town in the State of North Pradesh which is about 200 kilometers south of New Delhi , India .  The beauty and grandeur of the Taj Mahal has inspired artists in childbirth works beautifully in a variety of forms .
Eternal love story that inspired its development has attracted visitors from around the world to watch .
Masterpieces man who was admired until now it is a burial complex built by combining the architectural styles of Persian , Turkish , Islamic , and Indian . In 1983, the Taj Mahal is accepted as a UNESCO World Heritage Site ..
Taj Mahal was established in India . Taj Mahal is known as an example of Indian Muslim architecture . In addition , the Taj Mahal is remembered as the symbol of eternal love Emperor Shan Jahan for his wife Mumtaz Mahal . Taj Mahal is a symbol of love and passion .
Mogul emperor built the Taj Mahal to the five years between 1631-1648 to commemorate , Arjuman Bano Begum , better known as Mumtaz Mahal .
Initially , Shan Jahan mosque just mention it only as the tomb of Mumtaz Mahal , but eventually develop into the Taj Mahal . Taj Mahal when translated means " Crown Palace " , an extension of the name of Mumtaz Mahal who came from Persia .
Mumtaz Mahal died at the age of 39 years , when it gave birth to the 14th child in 1631 . The Empress 's death makes the King so sad. Before he died , Mumtaz told " want to made a tomb which the world had never seen before to his memory " .
Ustaz Ahmad Shah Jahan ordered the construction form . Ustaz Ahmad workers gather 20,000 people consisting instead of a mason, goldsmith and engraver who famous from around the world . The most skilled architects , inlay craftsmen , calligraphers , stone carvers and masons came from all regions of India and as far away as Persia and Turkey .  Master masons from Baghdad, an expert in building the double dome from Persia, and an inlay specialist from Delhi.
With the tube , domes and towers that done rather than white marble , and beautiful art mozek , the Taj Mahal is one of the objects rather than the Seven Wonder of the world. A total of 43 kinds of gemstones , diamond inclusion , jed , crystal , topaz and patchouli has been used . Taj Mahal swallowed past coaching for 22 years . Building materials were brought from all over India and Central Asia by using 1000 elephants . The main dome and stand as high as 57 meters .
28 beautiful stones from various parts of Asia use . Like the red sandstone of Fatehpur Sikri , jasper from Punjab , jade and crystal from China , turquoise from Tibet , lapis lazuli and sapphires from Sri Lanka , coal and stone kornelian from Arabic , and diamonds from Panna . The floor is made ​​of marble from Makrana luminous , Rajasthan .
Unlike other Mughal tombs , the garden is in front of the Taj Mahal mausoleum . Taj Mahal is the background sky , making the Taj Mahal looks so sparkling with color . The composition of shapes and lines perfectly symmetrical .
Taj Mahal combines the art form of traditional Persian and early Mughal art . Special inspiration comes from Timurid dynasty and Mughal buildings including ; Gur - e Amir ( the tomb of Timur, pengasas Mughal dynasty , in Samarkand ) , Humayun 's tomb , Tomb of Itmad - Ud - Daulah ( the so-called Baby Taj ) , and Jama Masjid . While the early Mughal buildings are usually constructed of red sandstone , Shah Jahan advocated the use of white marble decorated with stone separa-value, and under the shade of the building reached a new stage of fineness.
Thank you for reading this article. Written and posted by Bambang Sunarno. sunarnobambang86@gmail.com
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DatePublished: February 19, 2014 at 14:35

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The largest dam.

Man made dam that always reflect technological developments and contemporary architecture while maintaining the economic value and minimize its adverse effects on the environment and social life. Most dams are made to hold / hold water, partly to regulate the flow of water.
Regardless of its function , not an engineer ever doubted that any small cracks can lead to incredible disasters that could even devastated the whole town . Largest dam in the world ( in the context of volume ) of them ;

Srisailam Dam - India.

Located on the River Krishna, Srisailam Dam built on the hill in the Nallamala gorge was about 300 meters above sea level. This dam is one of 12 dams producing hydroelectric power in the country's largest but specially constructed in order to provide irrigation to the district of Kurnool and Cuddapah - both of which are areas prone to drought.

Nagarjuna Sagar - India.

Nagarjuna Sagar Dam is to be found in the Nalgonda district in Andhra Pradesh - India. Considered as one of the largest ever built in Asia, the dam was completed in 1966 and has 26 crest gates of individuals. Assessing construction, this is the highest dam in the world to be made of stone masonry and produces the third largest man-made lake in the world. Dams and canals is very important for the company's ability to irrigate nearby.

Verzasca Dam - Switzerland.

Verzasca Dam, also known as the Contra dam, constructed between 1960 and 1965 in the Val Verzasca, Switzerland. This dam was built by Verzasca SA, a company that produces electricity in the area and will continue to do so until at least the year 2046. The Lago di Vogorno reservoirs are artificial, created by the dam itself, and has been responsible for causing earthquakes when the reservoir was filled by water.

Ataturk Dam - Turkey.

Completed in 1990, the Ataturk Dam in Turkey is found stone dam on the Euphrates River. Originally called Dam Karababa, the site was later renamed in order to honor the founder of the Turkish Republic, Mustafa Kemal Ataturk. This dam is used to irrigate the plains area as well as power generation.

Mangla Dam - Pakistan.

Twelfth largest dam in the world was built in 1967 and funded in part by the World Bank. Mangla Dam realized thanks to the signing of the Indus Water Treaty in 1960tentang existing water rights on the river Ravi, Beas, and Suglej given to Pakistan. Before the dam was built the irrigation system of Pakistan depends entirely on the flow of the Indus River - which mostly completely unregulated.

Tarbela Dam - Pakistan.

                     

Completed in 1976, Tarbela Dam, also known as Torabela or Pashto, regarded as the largest dam ever constructed in Pakistan Indus River. Although not the largest dam in the world as a whole, but this dam is the largest hydroelectric dam filled naturally by the earth. This dam not only store water for flood control, but also for irrigation and hydro-electric energy production.

 Fort Peck Dam in northeastern Montana

 Fort Peck Dam in northeastern Montana is one of the six dams that can be found on the Missouri River. Construction of the dam began in 1933 as part of the New Deal proposed by President Franklin D. Roosevelt and enables more than 11,000 workers to have jobs during construction. Dam, which is responsible for the formation of the Fort Peck Lake, used to control flooding and generate electricity.

Aswan Dam - Egypt.

Aswan Dam is actually a pair of dam - The Aswan High Dam and the Aswan Low Dam. In ancient times it is known that the Nile would flood each summer due to water flowing from East Africa. As residents along the river felt the need to find ways to control flooding in this area. Now the land is still fertile enough for agriculture and people no longer have to worry about drought but the danger of floods that wiped out their town.

Syncrude Tailings - Canada. 

Located near Fort McMurray in Alberta, Canada, Syncrude Tailings Dam has a volume of about 540 million meters. The dam is currently managed by a company known as Syncrude Canada Ltd - the company responsible for the oil extraction in the Athabasca Oil Sands. This dam serves to store tailings - the rest of the extraction of oil or residue - which appears as a byproduct of oil extraction operations.

Three Gorges Dam - China.

China's Three Gorges Dam is the largest dam in the absolute world. Construction of the dam has a huge impact on life in Sandouping, so not only cause the relocation of dozens of villages but also the relocation of monuments and sights. Since the height of the Three Gorges Dam, which is usually seen in the high mountains towering now looks a little lower than usual.
These dams are not only the largest, but also considered to be the most functional, beautiful, and aesthetically in the world. Feel free to visit one of them if you are in the country. Seeing one of the major dams directly proven to be an experience that is truly amazing in your life.
Thank you for reading this article. Written and posted by Bambang Sunarno. sunarnobambang86@gmail.com
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DatePublished: February 19, 2014 at 20:42
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History Jatiluhur Dam.

A dam is any artificial barrier, the type heap or other type, which can hold water or store water either natural or artificial, including foundation, hill / cliff pedestal, as well as complementary buildings and equipment. In this sense, including also the dam excavation waste but does not include dam and embankment. In terms of the construction of the dam consists of a dam embankment and concrete dams. Dam embankment dam embankment consists of uniform (homogenous), dam pile of stones with waterproof coating inside the dam body (claycore rockfill dam, dam zone) and a heap of rubble dam with water-resistant coating on the face (concrete face rockfill dam).

Moderate concrete dam consists of a concrete dam based on its own weight (gravity concrete), concrete dam with a buffer (buttress dam), arch-shaped concrete dam (concrete arch dam), and concrete dam over a curved shape (multiple arch dam) (source KNI -BB). Based on the size Jatiluhur Dam belongs to the large dam.
Water collected as a result of the construction of the dam is usually used for irrigation, water supply raw water for drinking, industrial and urban areas, fisheries and power generation. Another benefit is the dam for flood control and tourism. Besides to hold water, the dam is also built to accommodate other materials, such as effluent / waste mining and cold lava. Dam to withstand cold lava also called sabo dams (sabo dam).

After the Second World War, is associated with a sharp increase in population, the need for food and electricity, both for households and industry, increased rapidly. The Indonesian government decided to carry out the construction of large dams in the northern province of West Java, to meet the food supply and electricity.
During the implementation period, the construction project is called "Jatiluhur Multipurpose Project" and is named after the settlement becomes Juanda Dam and Power Plant, as a memento of the role of the Prime Minister last Indonesia Ir. H. Juanda in the realization Jatiluhur dam construction.
Basically Jatiluhur Dam construction project is made for the purposes of irrigation and electricity, but it has other purposes, the raw water supply, flood control, flushing town, inland fisheries, and tourism.

Location Jatiluhur Dam.

Jatiluhur dam located approximately 100 km to the East of Jakarta, which can be achieved through Jakarta Cikampek toll roads and toll roads Cipularang (the Cikampek - Jatiluhur), and 60 km to the North West London, which can be reached via highways Cipularang (segment Bandung - Jatiluhur ). City of Purwakarta about 7 miles west direction. Based on geographic coordinates, body position Jatiluhur Dam is at 6o31 'south latitude and 107o23' east longitude. Red box on the left image shows the position Jatiluhur Dam on the map.
Jatiluhur Dam is the biggest dam in Indonesia, stemming the flow of the Citarum River in District Jatiluhur - Purwakarta - West Java Province, forming a reservoir with a puddle of ± 83 km2 and around the reservoir 150 miles on a normal water surface elevation +107 m above sea level (asl ). Figure 3-5 is a plan Jatiluhur area before and after flooding. Dam catchment area is 4,500 km2 Jatiluhur. While the immediate catchment area into the reservoir after a dam was built on the upper reaches Saguling and Cirata be living 380 km2, which is 8% of the total catchment area. Catchment area (upper Citarum) covers an area of ​​Bandung District, West Bandung Regency, Bandung, Cimahi, Cianjur and Purwakarta. In the first bin is designed to have a capacity of 3 billion m3, but currently living 2.44 billion m3 (bathymetry measurements results in 2000) due to sedimentation.

However, after the dam was built and Cirata Saguling on it, the sedimentation rate decreases. Jatiluhur Dam is a multipurpose dam, to function as a power plant with installed capacity of 187.5 MW, control floods in Karawang and Bekasi, 242,000 ha for irrigation, water supply for domestic, industrial and city flushing, the water supply for brackish water aquaculture along the northern coast of West Java area of ​​20,000 ha, and tourism. This dam was built in 1957 was marked by the laying of the foundation stone by the first President Ir. Sukarno. Dated 19 September 1965 is the last visit Ir. Sukarno to Jatiluhur Dam, which is eleven days before the outbreak of the events of the G 30 S PKI. On the occasion of Cabinet Meeting was held Dwikora.
Both the inauguration by President General Soeharto on August 26, 1967. Total costs incurred for the construction of Dam Ir. H. Juanda to finish was U.S. $ 230 million. This fee covers the cost in dollars and dollars.
To commemorate the services of Ir. H. Juanda (full name Ir. Djoeanda Kartawidjaja HR) in the fight for development financing Jatiluhur dam, the dam was officially named Dam Ir. H. Juanda. He was the last Prime Minister of the Republic of Indonesia and led cabinet work (1957-1959). Ir H Juanda Kartawidjaja, Technische Hogeschool graduates (College of Engineering) - now the Institute of Technology Bandung (ITB), which had previously been minister of whom the Minister of Transport, Water, Wealth, Finance and Defence. He together with Ir. Sedijatmo to actively fight for the realization of projects in Jatiluhur Indonesian Government and international forums. On his last visit Ir. Sukarno delivered an order to complete construction Jatiluhur dam at the end of April 1966, but was not implemented because the G 30 S PKI rebellion.

Citarum River.

As the longest and largest river in West Java, flowing along approximately 270 km from springs in Mount Wayang in Bandung regency, to its mouth in the Java Sea through the Bandung District, West Bandung, Cianjur, Purwakarta, Karawang regency administration divides and from Kedung Gede Bekasi and downstream ends of the estuary as the kingpin of the Citarum River estuary into the Java Sea. Citarum River has a volume average annual flow of 5.5 billion m3, 6,600 km2 basin area. It has high annual rainfall average of 2353 mm, with 80% of the rain falling in the period from November - May
Citarum river with several other rivers in the northern part of West Java, namely: Ciherang, cilamaya, Cijengkol, Ciasem, Cigadung, Cipunegara, and Cilalanang forming an integrated hydrological region, with an area of ​​1,100,000 ha hydrological unit. The image below is Pangsiraman Springs, which is one of the seven springs Citarum River is located in Mount Wayang - Ciwidey. Name six other springs Citarum River is Cikahuripan, Cikawedukan, Cisanti, Cikaloberes, Cisadane / Cihaliwung and Cikadugalan / Cipaedah. The seven springs are located in an area that has a height Situ Cisanti +2180 m asl.
In 1984 and 1987 operating 2 pieces of large dams in the upstream dam Ir. H. Juanda, namely Saguling Dams and Dam Cirata. With the construction of the two dams, the overall bin capacity becomes equal to the annual flow of the Citarum River.

The idea Jatiluhur dam.

The idea of ​​building a dam on the river Citarum dudah began in the 19th century by irrigation experts at that time to have done the initial survey include topographical and hydrological surveys. Even the Citarum river discharge measurements for purposes of dams and irrigation has been started in 1888.
The idea of ​​development is then developed and refined by prof. Dr.. Ir. W.J. van Blommestein, an irrigation expert Dutch in 1930. The idea is for the first time presented at the annual meeting of the Association of Engineers of the Netherlands (Koninklijk Instituut van Ingenieurs or Kivi) dated December 18, 1948 in Jakarta, with the title "Een Federaal Welvaartsplan voor het Westelijk Gedeelte van Java". At that time, Professor. Ir. W.J. van Blommestein, head of the Dutch Water Planning Bureau, has been conducting a survey in greater detail to make a plan to build three large reservoirs along the Citarum river basin; Saguling (previously called Reservoir Tarum by prof. Ir. WJ van Blommestein), Cirata and Jatiluhur.
Furthermore, Prof.. W.J. van Blommestein up to an idea where in addition to the potential of the three reservoirs in the Citarum River, there is also the potential for the development of inter Watershed (DAS) for rivers in Java, known in his writings titled "A Development Project for the Island of Java and Madura "in August 1979. The idea that time is Jatiluhur only developed for irrigation and the construction of canals to transport water from Anyer to pass Solo Surabaya.
Prof. Ir. Wilem Johan van Blommestein was born in the city of Solo Kertasura dated May 15, 1905 and died on August 11, 1985. Lecture at the Bandung Institute of Technology in 1924 and graduated with a degree engineer in 1928. In this he is also directly assigned to the section area of ​​Falkirk. A year later he moved to Purworedjo, working as an engineer in the field of irrigation. 1931 to 1934 he served in Yogyakarta.
Other works are one of the largest dams built in Suriname, which later was named Dam Blommestein. This dam has a vast pool of 1,560 km2, with a height of 54 m. Overall dam crest length of 12,000 m. Catchment area of ​​12,000 km2. Dam was built in 1960 and was completed in 1964.
Prof. idea. Dr.. Ir. W.J. van Blommestein then reviewed by Ir. Van Scravendijk 1955 with a paper entitled "Integrated Water Resources Development in the Citarum River Basin" (240,000 ha of rice fields). The idea is then fitted by Ir. Abdullah Angudi 1960 through a memorandum of management thus becomes Multipurpose Project Development Master Plan Jatiluhur.
The idea to build a dam in Citarum river basin pioneered back in the 1950's era. Ir. Agus Prawiranata as the Surgeon Irrigation then start thinking about the development of the irrigation network in anticipation of the adequacy of domestic rice. At that time, Indonesia has become the world's biggest rice importer. However, to build a large-scale dams, when it was still a laughing matter, because the GOI has not got the money.
Then the idea was discussed with Ir. Sedyatmo, who was serving as head of the Board of Directors of the State Electricity Generating Board Construction, Directorate General of Man Power, Ministry of Public Works and Electric Power. Incidentally, PLN had time budget and it was working to find a replacement power source that still use oil, because it is expensive. Then, Ir. Sediyatmo commissioned Ir. P.C. Harjosudirdjo (now; Prof. DR. Ir. PK Haryasudirja) when the Board of Directors as Assistant Head of PLN Construction, to design the reservoir dam.
Before the construction of dams Jatiluhur, the northern part of West Java Province has built several water resources infrastructure, such as dams Walahar, Pundong, Salamdarma, Barugbug and so on. But each water resources infrastructure is not yet integrated and function as weirs, can not hold water in the rainy season so that the rainy season is always flooding and drought in the dry season. The intensity of cropping (crop intensity) only 1, which is 1 times the planting year. Then the agricultural area largely controlled by the landlords, and most farmers are tenants who do not own land.
It is important that the time is also a consideration, according to Prof. DR. Ir. P.K. Haryasudirja, then an Assistant Jatiluhur Affairs who handles the planning and execution of construction, is the consideration of water supply to Jakarta. When the port of Tanjung Priok never visited foreign ships, because not enough water for boat supplies. So the export-import activities of Tanjung Priok faltered. Haryasudirja which makes specification Jatiluhur dam, claiming to imitate the style world's largest dam, the Aswan dam in Egypt. Using consultants from France who have experience in building a big dam.

Jatiluhur dam period.

Jatiluhur Project construction period is also unique, because it had experienced nine times the turn of the cabinet from the Cabinet Works Cabinet Ampera 1957 until 1967.
Ministers of Public Works and Energy in Jatiluhur dam construction period is Ir. Prince Mohamad Noor, Ir. Sardjono Dipokusumo, Maj. D. Suprayogi, and Dr.. Ir. Sutami. 1965 PUT in compartment Development Minister Maj. D. Suprayogi charge of 6 ministries namely: Ministry of Electricity and Power Ir. Setiadi Reksoprodjo, Minister of Irrigation Basics Ir. Peter Canisius Hardjosudirdjo, Minister Maj. tycoon Binamarga Wirjodiprodjo, Ciptakarya and Construction Minister David Cheng, Secretary of Sumatra trans Ir. Bratanata and State Minister to the Coordinating Minister for Public Works and Energy Ir. Sutami.
It should be noted that this is the period of development of the French was never completed Jatiluhur dam construction. On October 15, 1965, ie 15 days after the outbreak of the G 30 S PKI, foreign experts return to his country. At that time most of the main spillway tower construction has not been completed and the top of the saddle dam Pasirgombong West and East have not made. The completion of the remaining work was carried out independently by experts from Indonesia using equipment left behind.
However, during the inauguration of President Suharto Jatiluhur Dam, the work is still not completed one hundred percent. Spillway helper (auxiliary) which is in the left pedestal Ubrug Saddle Dam is not in accordance with the original plan, the radial gate at the second window. This is due to the cost of completion is no longer available.
In order Jatiluhur dam can operate as planned, at the fourth window is made of concrete spillway Ubrug maid soft curved peak elevation +111.6 m, the maximum flood elevation. Ubrug maid spillway operated by blowing soft concrete arch. However, during operation Jatiluhur dam, spillway maid has not been operated.
Here are the experts / engineers early period of development Jatiluhur Dam:
Ir. Patti (not to completion)
Ir. Umar Masduki
Ir. Ahmad Musa
Ir. Donardi Senosarto
Ir. Sutopo
Ir. Sudarjo
Ir. Asban Basiran (currently still assist the Board of Directors of PJT II as Senior Personnel in the field of dam)
Ir. Samsiar
6. Puddle Regional Demographics
Inundation caused by dam construction Jatiluhur 14 drowned village with a population of 5,002 people. Population is then partially transferred to the area around the dam and others moved to the Khanewal district. Most of the population at that time working as a farmer.

Electricity Production.

The first electricity production started in 1965 and routed to London through the air channel high voltage 150 kV PLN. Distribution of the new Jakarta conducted in 1966. VI Hydroelectric new unit installed by PT. PLN Pikitdro Jabar between the years 1979 - 1981 with a capacity of 32 MW.

Jatiluhur Dam Design.

The process of planning the construction of dams in the Citarum River starts from the determination of the location. Based on the original idea of ​​Prof.. Dr.. Ir. W.J. van Blommestein entitled "Integrated Water Resources Development in the Western Part of Java Island", planned to be built three dams on Jatiluhur. The first investigations carried out by the State Electricity Company (PLN), who was still under the Department of Public Works and Energy, by hiring experts from France.
In accordance with the concept of the construction of dams, which starts from hick to downstream, starting with the initial plan development in the area Padalarang measurements, ie Saguling current dam location. Measurements can not be forwarded because the execution time of the crash forces many DI / TII, killing several officers died measurement. Measurement is then moved to the next location, ie the location of the current around the dam Cirata. Just like with Padalarang area, at this location was a disruption of DI / TII, so finally measurements performed in the vicinity of the Jatiluhur. Consider the security issues and the urgent need for irrigation, it was decided Jatiluhur dam construction.
Having determined the location of the body plan of the dam, started the design work on the way to experience some changes. Design process and the changes that occur both during design and during construction are as follows:

Preliminary Design (Preliminary Design).

Jatiluhur dam was first designed by Neyrpic Laboratory (since 1955 Neyrpic Laboratory turns into Sogreah), circa 1953. Sogreah (first Neyrpic Laboratory) is a French company engaged in the planning consultation which also has a manufacturing plant electric generating units (specifically the manufacture of turbines and waterways).
Unlike the current design, arc-shaped dam plan with radius 360 m to the hick with a side spillway is located on the left of the dam. The length of the dam is shorter because it uses a hick peninsula located in the dam today. Dodger tunnel located on the left dam, amounting to two pieces with a diameter of 10.5 m. One dodger planned tunnel will be used as a power plant intakes. Has 4 electric generating units located in the downstream of the dam with dam-making on the left, (the location on the body of the dam is now on the left) take advantage of the diversion tunnel partially right.

Illustration Plans Dam Body Location Based Preliminary Design

Technical data is based on preliminary design Jatiluhur Dam are as follows:
Type of Dam: Stone Heaps with sloping clay core.
Peak width: 6 m.
Dam crest elevation: +111.00 m.
Slope: U / S 1: 1.4, (D / S) is also 1: 1.4.
Overflow: side-channel spillway is open, use 4 pieces of door width spending each 8 m, with a hick spillway elevation +88.00 m and +21.00 m downstream. Spillway width of 20 m.
Hydropower: 4 units, located in the downstream of the dam. Locations around the body of the dam is now. Intake diversion tunnel utilizing the right.
Cofferdam crest elevation hick: +41 m.
Channels dodger: two numbered, each with a diameter of 10.50 m.
This plan was not passed because based on the results of geological investigations indicate there is a hill right pedestal syncline with a coating that is skewed towards downstream. While geological conditions unfavorable location spillway.

Both designs.

The next dam design done by A. Coine & J. Beller Consulting Engineers Paris. The design is made still shaped arc, but the direction is opposite to the previous design, the arc-shaped downstream. Taking into account the existing geological conditions, the hill pedestal shifted to the downstream dam, approximately 100 m. The hillside location pedestal in the second design is exactly the same as the location of the current dam hill pedestal.
Spillway design changed from the previous use of spillway side, on this second design using morning glory spillway structure (see previous explanation about the morning glory spillway). While hydropower united in building the tower morning glory. Location of hydropower dams in hick unusual, usually located at the downstream of the dam. Consideration of hydropower united with spillway tower building is based on efficiency, meaning that it need not be a separate building for building hydropower (downstream height difference not significant) and the intake to the hydro is not too long so as to reduce loses.
Technical data is based on preliminary design Jatiluhur Dam are as follows:
Type of Dam: Stone Heaps with sloping clay core.
Peak width: 10 m.
Dam crest elevation: +114.50 m.
Slope: U / S 1: 1.4, (D / S) is also 1: 1.4.
The main spillway tower: Type Morning Glory, Ogee, 14 windows, without doors, summit elevation +107 m, 151.5 m long summit, with 14 pieces of the window. Capacity of 3,000 m3 / s at maximum elevation. Outer diameter of 90 m tower. 110 m high tower.
Cofferdam crest elevation hick: +65 m.
Channels evader: the fruit, with a diameter of 10.50 m, is on the right tower, contrary to previous designs.

Final Design.

Final design of the dam is mostly the same with the second design. What distinguishes it is the footprint and the slope of the clay core of the dam. At the end of this form of design is shifted upstream as the dam, causing the distance to the dam body building towers become increasingly close. Other changes are the clay core which has a steeper slope than ever before.
This change was made during the construction period. At the time of construction of the tower and Tailrace / access gallery was completed in 1962, found that a shift occurs in the joint 1 and 2 and the access gallery Tailrace downstream. To obtain further information at the time it was drilled and the foundation found that slippery layer of clay seam between sandy claystone and claystone sloping downstream.

Based on the analysis of concerns that the joint shift 1 and 2 as a result of a shift in the base layer. It was decided at that time to do the anchorage of the foundation layer.
Installation is done by using an iron anchor concrete screw diameter of 32 mm.
After the installation of the anchor, there are concerns if the dam body in accordance with the design, dam body will experience a shift in the downstream direction. Considering the above, the design adapted to existing conditions, so that the design of the dam body to be like the picture below:

Note:

1 Diversion Structure
2 Downstream cofferdam
3 Upstream cofferdam
4 Main Dam
Technical Data Jatiluhur Dam based on the final design.
Remedial Work.
In 1996 Remedial Work carried out with the aim to improve the stability of the dam body. One of the activities of the Remedial Work-right ramp slope is the main dam and downstream parts hick. Thank you for reading this article.
Written and posted by Bambang Sunarno. sunarnobambang86@gmail.com
author:
http://schema.org/Personal.
https://plus.google.com/105319704331231770941.
name: Bambang Sunarno.
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DatePublished: February 18, 2014 at 11:47
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Tag ; Jatiluhur Dam History?, jatiluhur dam

About seismometer.

Seismometers (Greek : seismos : earthquakes and metero : measure ) is a tool or a vibration sensor , which is usually used to detect earthquakes or vibrations on the surface of the soil . Recording the results of this tool is called seismogram .

Prototypes of the device was first introduced in the year 132 BC by the mathematician of the Han Dynasty named Chang Heng . With this tool people at that time could determine from which direction the earthquake.
With the development of technology nowadays seismometer capability can be improved , so that it can record vibrations within a fairly wide range of frequencies . A tool like this is called broadband seismometers .
Seismograph is a device that measures and records earthquake . In principle , the seismograph consists of a weight hanger and a pointed tip like a pencil. That way, it can be seen the strength and direction of the motion picture through the earth quake recorded in the form of seismograms .

The working principle .

Seismograph has sensitive instruments that can detect seismic waves generated by earthquakes . Seismic waves that occurred during the earthquake depicted as wavy lines on the seismograms . Seismologist measuring these lines and calculate the magnitude of the earthquake.
Previously , only seismograph can detect horizontal movement , but this time the seismograph has been able to record movements vertically and laterally . Seismograph using two mechanical motion and electromagnetic seismographer . Both types of mechanical movement can detect both vertical movement and horizontal movement of the pendular used depending on whether vertical or horizontal .
Modern uses electromagnetic seismograph seismographer to move volatility pull wire system to a magnetic field . The events that cause vibration is then detected through spejlgalvanometer . seismograph

History .

In the mid 18th century , an earthquake is measured with an instrument called seismokop . Seismokop seismic recording equipment is the most primitive . Seismokop consists of a simple container filled with water or mercury . When an earthquake happens , the fluid will move up and down due to the earthquake that occurred vibration .
The big breakthrough for measuring earthquakes came in 1920 , when two American scientists developed a tool called the Wood - Anderson seismograph . This tool is more sensitive than the existing seismograph at that time , so immediately widely used around the world and became the forerunner of a seismograph that now exist and thrive . Currently , many seismographs used by Seismologist in studying fault and earthquake .

Earthquake Measuring Classification .

Seismograph using two different classifications for measuring the seismic waves produced by earthquakes , the earthquake magnitude and intensity of earthquakes . The second classification of these measurements using different measurement scales . The scale consists of measuring earthquake on the Richter Scale and Mercalli Scale . Richter scale is used to describe the magnitude of the earthquake while the Mercalli Scale is used to indicate the intensity of an earthquake , or the effect of the earthquake on land , buildings , and human .

Earthquake Magnitude classification .

In 1935 , an American Geophysics named Charles Francis Richter ( 1900-1985 ) along with other Geophysics named Beno Gutenberg ( 1889-1960 ) developed a scale which in principle can compare seismograms to get an overview of all the tremors of similar strength . The scale called the Richter Scale and until now recognized as a common standard magnitude scale .
Designed with the logarithmic Richter scale , which means that each step shows the power that is 10 times more powerful than its predecessor . 5 on the Richter Scale indicates the crunch, which is 10 times stronger than one in 4 and 100 times stronger than one in 3 on the Richter Scale . This calculation is often referred to as the open Richter scale , because it does not operate with no upper limit . Richter Scale size can be seen in the following table :

Richter Scale Size                   Specification

1.0 to 3.0                                 is labeled by humans .
3.0 to 3.9                                 was felt by people around the epicenter.
                                                Chandelier started to shake .
4.0 to 4.9                                 Feel the vibration once . Window vibrating ,                                                             rippling water surface , leaves the door open and
                                                closed itself .
5.0 to 5.9                                 is very difficult to stand up straight . Porcelain and
                                                glass tableware , weak walls collapsed , and water
                                                surface water waves formed on the mainland .
6.0 to 6.9                                 Stone collapsed together, the collapse of high-rise
                                                buildings, buildings fall of the weak, cracked-right
                                                in the ground.
7.0 to 7.9                                 Landslides , collapsing bridges , dams damaged and                                                 destroyed . Some buildings remain , large cracks in
                                                the ground , damaged railroad tracks . Total damage                                                 occurred in the area of ​​the earthquake .
8.0 - ...                                    Can cause serious damage in areas within a radius
                                                of several hundred kilometers from the earthquake
                                                region .

Classification of Earthquake Intensity .

In 1902 , an Italian volcano named Giuseppe Mercalli ( 1850-1914 ) classifying the intensity scale earthquakes and their effects on humans , building ( buildings ) , and natural ( soil ) . The classification is called the Mercalli scale is determined based on the damage caused by the earthquake and interviews to the victims , so it is very subjective . Therefore , in 1931 an American scientist of modifying the Mercalli Scale and until now used in many areas of the earthquake . Classification Mercalli Scale of earthquake intensity can be seen in the following table :

Size                   Specification

I                        Recorded only by seismographs .
II                       Vibration is felt only by people around the epicenter.
III                      Vibration is felt by some people .
IV                      vibrations will be felt by many people . Porcelain and glassware
                          jingle sides and doors rattling .
V                       Animals feel difficulty and fear . The building began to sway .                                Many people will wake up from sleep .
VI                      Objects began to fall from shelves .
                         Many people are anxious VII , cracks in walls and roads .
VIII                   shift home goods .
IX                     widespread panic , landslides , many roofs and walls collapsed .
X                      Many buildings were damaged , wide cracks in the ground
                         reaching up to 1 meter .
XI                     Cracks in the ground widening , numerous landslides and rock
                         falls .
XII                    Most of the buildings were destroyed , the soil surface becomes a
                         radical change.

There are several types of fault , including :

Normal Fault.
Up Fault (thrust fault ).
Fault shear ( strike - slip or transform , or wrench fault ).
Fault containment.
Thank you for reading this article. Written and posted by Bambang Sunarno. sunarnobambang86@gmail.com
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DatePublished: February 17, 2014 at 14:59

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Tag ; About seismometer, seismometer, seismogarph, siesmogram

Dam or reservoir.

Dam or reservoir (etymology: the reservoir from the French means "warehouse" is a natural lake or artificial lake, pond storage or damming a river that aims to save water. Reservoir could be built in the valley of the river at the time of the construction of a dam or excavation of soil or conventional construction techniques such manufacture or poured concrete walls. term 'reservoir' can also be used to describe the water storage in the soil as a source of water under oil or water wells.

Types. 

Reservoir valley. 

Dams are also built in the valley to take advantage of the topography and getting water to the reservoir. The edge of the valley used as a wall and the dam is located at the narrowest part, which usually gives greater strength at lower cost. In many places, the construction of valley dams involve the transfer of population and historic artifacts, such as the removal of the Abu Simbel temple during the construction of the Aswan Dam.
Dam construction also involves solving a river valley during the process, usually by building a tunnel or channel specific. In the hilly areas, the dam is usually built by extending an existing lake. When the topographic location less suitable for large reservoirs, several small reservoirs are usually constructed and contrived chains like River Taff valley when three dams, reservoirs Llwyn-on, Cantref Reservoir and Beacons Reservoir.

Reservoir side of the river. 

Reservoir side of the river was built by pumping water from the river. Such reservoirs are usually constructed through excavation and construction on the levee that typically cover more than 6 km. Water stored in reservoirs such as this are usually deposited during several months in order to decrease contamination and turbidity levels naturally.

Service reservoirs. 

Service reservoirs, a reservoir built close to the distribution point, with water that has been sterilized and cleaned. Service reservoirs are usually constructed shaped water tower built on concrete pillars in the flat region. Some other built underground, especially for service reservoirs in countries infested hills or mountains.

History. 

In Arabic, five thousand years ago a volcanic crater that has not actively used as reservoirs by farmers for their irrigation water storage.

Construction of artificial reservoirs. 

Homemade dam is generally done on land that is free from the reach of the community or region away from the crowds. However, once completed, the reservoir function can be used to attract tourists or a tourist attraction.
Dry climate and water scarcity in India led to early development of water management techniques, including the construction of reservoirs at Girnar in 3000 BC.
Artificial lake created in the 5th century BC have been found in ancient Greece.

Usability. 

Water provider directly. 

Many rivers are dammed and most parts of the reservoir is used to provide the raw water feed water treatment plant which sends water through the water pipes. Reservoir not only hold water up to the level required, the reservoir can also be part of the first in the water treatment process. The time when water was detained prior to release is known as the retention time. It is one of the design features that make it easier and silt particles to settle such as natural biological treatment using algae, bacteria, and zooplankton that naturally live in water.
However, the natural process Limnological in temperate lakes produces temperature stratification in the water body which tends to split into several elements such as manganese and phosphorus into the cold anoxic water during the summer months. In autumn and winter the lake becomes fully mixed again. During drought conditions, the lake sometimes need to pull down the cold water and especially increasing the levels of manganese that cause problems in water treatment.

Hydroelectricity. 

A dam raised Hydroelectricity including water turbines connected with retaining water bodies with large diameter pipes . These turbines generate devices that may be at the bottom of the dam or other far away . Some reservoirs generating Hydroelectricity using the pump reservoir refilled such a high level that is filled with water using high-performance electric pumps at times when electricity demand is low and then use the stored water to generate elektrisitas by releasing the stored water into a low -level reservoir when electricity demand is high . Such systems are called pump - storage schemes .

Control of water resources. 

Reservoirs can be used in various ways to control the flow of water through the channel downstream.
Downstream water supply - water may be released from the reservoir higher so that it can be filtered drinking water in the lower regions, sometimes even hundreds of miles lower than the reservoir.
Irrigation - water in reservoirs for irrigation could be channeled into a network of canals for agricultural function or a secondary water system. Irrigation may also be supported by reservoirs which maintain the flow of water that allows water taken for irrigation in the lower part of the river.
Flood control - also known as attenuation or balancing reservoir, flood control reservoirs collect water as occurs when heavy rainfall and releasing it slowly over several weeks or months. Some of these reservoirs built across the river flow tehadap with controlled water flow through orrifice plate. When the river flow past the plate orrific capacity behind the dam, water will accumulate in the reservoir. However, when the water flow is reduced, the water in the reservoir will be released slowly until the reservoir is empty again. In some cases reservoirs only function a few times in a decade and land in the reservoir will function as a place of recreation and community gathering. The new generation of balancing dams are developed to cope with the consequences of climate change, which is called the Flood Detention Reservoir (flood retention reservoirs). Because these reservoirs can be dried in a very long time, then the core of which is made of clay Tanay affected and reduce the power structure. Because it is now beginning to develop the use of recycled materials to replace clay.
Canals - In places that do not allow the flow of natural water flows into canals, reservoirs are built to ensure the availability of water to the river. For example, when the canal was built across the line of hills to climb the transportation lock.
Water can be released from the reservoir to create or strengthen clean water for kayaking sport or other water sports . In such a salmon -filled rivers in the UK , specifically water is released to encourage fish migration activity and yield variation for the angler fish .

Balancing the flow. 

Reservoirs can be used to balance the flow of water in a very advanced management, with accommodating current water flow jetted back and release it when the flow slows down. To be able to perform this function without the intervention of pumps, reservoirs requires careful control of the door through the water in the dam.
When a big storm comes, the officer will calculate the volume of water reservoirs which will accrue to the reservoir during the storm. If a storm is forecast to pass through the reservoir capacity, water will be released slowly before and during the storm. If the setting is accurate, then it will not make a huge storm overflow reservoir and downstream areas will not suffer major damage due to flooding.
Accurate weather forecasts are needed so that the officer could make the reservoir proper planning to empty the reservoir when heavy rains occur. In the 2010-2011 Queensland floods, dam officials blamed weather forecasts.
Examples of fairly advanced reservoir management is Burrendong Dam in Australia and Llyn Tegid in North Wales. Llyn Tegid is a natural lake water surface elevation enhanced by a low wall and is filled with a stream of the River Dee or removed depending on the conditions as part of the River Dee regulation. This mode of operation such as this is a form of hydraulic capacitance system of the river.

Recreation. 

Reservoir Ria Rio as one reservoir parks , recreation areas in Jakarta
Body of water created by the dam often can facilitate recreation such as fishing , boat , and other activities . Special rules may apply for security reasons and to protect water quality and ecology in the surrounding area . Many reservoirs now support and encourage a more informal recreation and not too structured as natural history , bird watching , landscape painting , walking and hiking , and also often provide information boards and interpretation material for the use of the benefits of a more responsible manner .

Security. 

In some countries large, reservoir set in legislation.
Many efforts are being made to fix the weakest point of a dam, but the goal is just to minimize uncontrolled water. Reservoirs are not robust construction will cause water to flood the entire area around the dam with strong currents and cause casualties. As happened in the Llyn Eigiau, has killed 17 people or reservoir Situ Gintung that killed 100 people, 902 people were displaced, and 100 people missing.

Overall environmental impact. 

Changes in the environment. 

Paragraph 1. 

Under the circumstances , the reservoir created for hydro-electric generation can also reduce or increase the net production of greenhouse gases . Improvements can occur if there is a decay of plant material in flooded areas in the anaerobic environment releasing ( methane and carbon dioxide ) . It appears counterintuitive because the position of the advent of carbon released as methane which is nearly 8 times more potential as a greenhouse gas than carbon dioxide .

Paragraph 2. 

Students of the National Institute for the study of the Amazon found that Hydroelectric reservoirs release a large amount of carbon dioxide in the water to rot by trees that have fallen in the reservoirs, especially during the first decade after closing. This raised the global warming impact of the dams to levels much higher than those occurring by generating the same power from fossil fuels. According to the World Commission on Dams report (Dams And Development), when the dam is relatively large and no prior clearing of forest in the flooded area is done, greenhouse gas emissions from the reservoir could be higher than the heat generation plants fueled conventional oil. For example, In 1990, the impoundment behind the Balbina Dam in Brazil (inaugurated in 1987) had more than 20 times the impact on global warming than would generating the same power from fossil fuels, due to the large area flooded per unit of electricity generated.

Limnology. 

Actually a lot of similarities of viewpoint between the reservoir with lake limnology of comparable size. It's just that there remains a significant difference between the two.Many reservoirs have differences due to variations in water levels that make some areas flooded or not at all drought in a significant time span. This greatly limits the productivity or the water margins and eventually also limit the types of species that can survive in these conditions .
Upland reservoirs tend to have a shorter lifespan than the residency of natural lakes, so it had a faster cycle nutrients through the water body so it is more easily lost from the system. It is often regarded as the calculation of the difference between the chemical content of the water with its biological content, the tendency of biological components are better able to depend on the conditions of low nutrient content (oligotroph) than that should occur in a chemical calculations.
While in contrast, lowland reservoirs collect water from rivers rich with nutrients that have been showing high eutrofis characteristics and biological systems have a great opportunity to utilize the wealth of existing nutrients .
Reservoir in the vacuum tower is different altitude can release cool water from the depths in the downstream direction thus significantly reducing part of the hypolimnion water. This will reduce the concentrations of phosphorus released during mixing that occurs yearly, and ultimately reduce productivity.
Dam wall at the front of the reservoir acts as a sharp corner (knickpoint) of water fall so that erosion and deposition is the impact that occurs at the bottom of the wall.

Seismicity. 

The charging process (damming) reservoirs often associated with reservoir-triggered seismicity (RTS) as seismic events that occurred around the walls of the reservoir or reservoirs in the past. These events can be triggered by the filling or operation of the reservoir and are rare compared to the number of reservoirs around the world. Of the 100 incidents recorded, the examples in the past include Marathon Dam in Greece (1929) as deep as 60 m (197 feet) and the Hoover Dam in the U.S. (1935) as deep as 221 m (725 feet).
Most of these earthquakes occurred in large dams and apply only produce a slight tremor. Only four recorded events above 6.0-magnitude (Mw) is Koyna Dam in India which registered Mw of 6.3, as deep as 103 m (338 feet), as well as Kremasta Dam in Greece 120 m (394 feet), there were 6.3-Mw. Another great Kariba Dam in Zambia as deep as 122 m (400 feet) in 6:25-Mw and Xinfengjiang Dam in China 105 m (344 feet) on the 6.1-Mw. Most disputes that arise when RTS occurs is due to lack of hydrogeological knowledge at the time of the earthquakes occurred. However, it was agreed that the infiltration of water into pores and the weight of the reservoir structure does contribute to RTS patterns.
Terms of the RTS is the trigger seismic structure near the dam or reservoir and the structure almost failed. In addition, the water must be able to infiltrate the deep rock stratum of a due sruktur a reservoir with a depth of 100 m (328 ft) was actually created little impact when compared the deadweight of a stone on the crustal stress fields that are located at a depth of 10 km (6 mi) or more.

Microclimate. 

Reservoirs may change the local micro-climate, increasing humidity and reducing extremes of temperature, especially in dry areas. Such an effect is never claimed by a number of wineries in Australia because they can improve the quality of the wine production.
Thank you for reading this article. Written and posted by Bambang Sunarno. sunarnobambang86@gmail.com
author:
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name: Bambang Sunarno.
http://primadonablog.blogspot.com/2014/02/dam-or-reservoir.html
DatePublished: February 17, 2014 at 13:37
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Tag ; Dam or reservoir., reservoir.

Did You Know About Bedbugs.

Bedbugs become a significant problem in this country and in all countries in the world .
They are easily spread and difficult to control due to rapid growth in the number of outstanding bugs can cause outbreaks
The key to beating this problem is to raise awareness about what to do and ensure rapid treatment after being found.

The impact of bedbugs.

Bedbugs feed on blood of humans and other mammals .
Although it is possible bugs to transmit disease but very rare in this country . Instead , the main concern is the irritation and discomfort caused by bites bedbugs bed bugs bites did not hurt but it will cause itching , this is the reaction of our body will this inconvenience
Treating bites eliminate irritation , but it still would be very disturbing if there were a few bites and this is a problem that often arises from bedbugs
Some bites or contact with bedbugs could also lead to an itchy rash or eczema . Consult with pharmacist for advice and treatment if this is the case .

Identify bedbugs .

Adults have long Bedbugs Before eating 5mm oval flat and light brown , then become rounded and dark after eating .
Their activity at night and attracted by the warmth of our bodies and also carbon dioxide in our breath .
They are usually found in bedrooms but hide in crevices during the day .
The most common hiding places for bedbugs were in mattress layers , in the crevices in the bed frame , or where the wall meets the floor .
Obvious infestation is discovered when a dark or black stains on the mattress from dirt bedbugs .
Also a clear sign is the presence of uncomfortable odors produced by bedbugs .

Identifying the bedbugs bite .

It is difficult to identify bedbug bites them because our bodies give different reactions to each other .
More important to look at the overall pattern and time bites or other factors to identify whether the bites were caused by bedbugs
The discussion below will help you identify if you have a bedbug problem . Consult the guide to insect bite for advice on how to treat the bedbugs bite .

Bedbugs bite .

Bedbugs bite may not be able to wake the victim . These bites can occur anywhere on the body , but often occur close to the blood vessels in the skin .
A bedbugs usually bite more than once in the same area but if found bites on several different areas of the body shows have been bitten by some bugs .
In early infestations of bedbugs , the victim may not have been sensitive to the bites and did not even feel itchy .
If found tiny droplets of blood on the mattress showed the presence of bedbugs .

Source of bedbugs infestations .

Bedbugs usually enter the property to carry on clothing or furniture inside .
Sources bedbugs are the most common of staying in a hotel that has terifestasi bedbugs . Bedbugs or their eggs carried into clothing or suitcases and then brought home .
If there are signs of bed bugs when staying at hotels , for example, was bitten while sleeping or seeing blood spots on the mattress , carefully bring your personal belongings home .
Consult with the hotel management to look at risk - may need to wash , fumigation or securing clothes to make sure they are safe .
The same is true in moving furniture - can be overcome for Rentokil bedbug problem before you take it home before it becomes a risk .

Be careful not to spread bedbugs .

If your home is no bedbugs infestation , please do not spread the risk by bringing clothes , luggage or furniture to hotels or homes of friends and family .
Bedbugs can also switch to the side of your neighbors through the walls or floor cavities . If your house is infested with bedbugs and you live in an apartment or terraced property , be careful not to pass on to your neighbors and treat immediately .

Treating infestation of bedbugs .

Bedbugs are one of the most difficult pests to eradicate.
High levels of hygiene , deep cleaning and the use of insecticides will help to keep the amateur bedbugs numbers under control , but professional treatment is needed to eliminate the infestation .

How to Eradicate Bed Bug. 

1. Using durian skin.

My friend can use durian skin to repel bugs. The way is to put the pieces of durian skin in the nest or hiding place of the bedbugs. For example, at the ends of the folds of mattresses, under the bed, under the table, chairs and surroundings. Typical of durian smell stinging bugs will make uncomfortable and decided to leave.

2. Using Magic Chalk 

How to eradicate bedbugs (bedbugs).
Usually we use magic chalk to overcome the problems of ants and cockroaches. But it turns out this way powerful enough to eradicate bedbugs. The trick is to carve a magic chalk in places well into the nest of bedbugs in the mattress folds, crevices timber and other places. Not how long it will be dead bedbugs, as seen in ants. This will prevent bedbugs to return.
Thank you for reading this article. Written and posted by Bambang Sunarno. sunarnobambang86@gmail.com
author:
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DatePublished: February 17, 2014 at 12:21
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Tag ; Bedbugs.

Did You Know About Weapons Kujang.

Cleaver is a weapon of the West Java area. Cleaver began to be made around the 8th century or the 9th, made of iron, steel and prestige material, length is about 20 to 25 cm and weighs about 300 grams.
Cleaver is a tool that reflects the critical acumen and power in life also symbolizes the strength and courage to protect the rights and truth. Is characteristic, both as weapons, agricultural tools, symbol, ornament, or souvenirs.
According Trance siksakandang karesian Canto XVII, Cleaver is the weapon of the farmers and agriculture has its roots in the culture of Sundanese people.

Description. 

Cleaver is known as a traditional thing people of West Java (Sunda) which has a sacred value as well as having magical powers. Some researchers claim that the term "Cleaver" is derived from the word kudihyang (kudi and Hyang).
Cleaver (also) comes from the word Ujang, which means man or to human. Humans are powerful as King Siliwangi.
Kudi is taken from the ancient Sundanese means weapons that have magic power magic, as a talisman, as repellent reinforcements, for example, to dispel enemies or avoid danger / disease. These weapons are also stored as an heirloom, which is used to protect the home from danger by putting them in a crate or a specific place in the house or by putting it on a bed (Hazeu, 1904: 405-406). Meanwhile, Hyang can be equated with the notion of God in some mythology, but for the people of Sunda Hyang has a meaning and a notch above the Gods, this is reflected in the doctrine of "Dasa Prebakti" which is reflected in the text of Torture Trance Kanda Karesian Ng mentioned "Gods of consecrated in hyang ".
In general, Kujang had understanding as heirloom that has a certain strength that comes from the gods (= Hyang), and as a weapon, from earlier today Kujang occupies a very special position in the community of West Java (Sunda). As an emblem or symbol with niali-philosophical values ​​contained therein, Kujang used as one of the few aesthetic emblem as well as government organizations. In addition, Kujang was also used as a name of various organizations, unity and of course also used by the provincial government of West Java.
In the past Kujang can not be separated from public life because of its function as a Sundanese agricultural equipment. This statement is contained in a codex Torture Trance Kanda Karesian Ng (1518 AD) and the oral tradition that developed in several areas including Rancah area, Kudat. The evidence reinforces the claim that Cleaver as farm equipment we can still see today in Baduy, Banten and Pancer Pangawinan in Sukabumi.
"All kinds of forging, there are three different kinds. Prabu is the Weapon: sword, abet (whip), Pamuk, machetes, teundeut pesos, dagger. Giant who made his god, because it is used to kill. Weapons the farmer is: Cleaver, baliung, homeopathic, kored, tapping knife. Detya who made his god, because it used to take what can be tasted and drunk. Weapons pastor is: when Katri, expression pesos, pesos dongdang, Pangot, pakisi. Danawa who made his god, as used to cut off everything, That's three different types of weapons on the prabu, the farmer and pastor. So if we want to know it all, ask the blacksmith. "
- Trance siksakanda ng karesian Canto XVII.
With the development progress, technological, cultural, social and economic Sundanese people, Kujang also experienced growth and shift shape, function and meaning. From an agricultural equipment, cleaver developed into an object that has its own character and tends to be a valuable weapon symbolic and sacred. The new form of the cleaver as we know at this time expected to be born between 9th century to the 12th century.

Kujang parts. 

Characteristics of a cleaver has tajaman side and part names, among others: papatuk / congo (which resembles an arrow tip Cleaver), eluk / reparation (the indentation on the back), cistern (arch prominent on the abdomen) and the eyes (small holes covered with metal gold and silver). In addition to form a very unique material characteristics tend to be thin cleaver, the material is dry, porous and contains many natural metal elements.
In Bogor Pantun as told by Anis Djatisunda (996-2000), Cleaver has a variety of functions and forms. Based on the function, Cleaver divided among four others: Kujang Heritage (emblem of grandeur and safety protection), Kujang Pakarang (to fight), Kujang Pangarak (as a ceremony) and Kujang Pamangkas (as a farming tool). While based on the shape of the bar there called Kujang Jago (like the shape of a rooster), Kujang Ciung (like a bird Ciung), Kujang egrets (herons resemble birds / bango), Kujang rhino (rhinoceros resembles), Kujang dragon (mythological animal resembling a dragon) and Cleaver Kuhl (like frogs). Besides, there is also a typology cleaver-shaped blade with a leather puppet heroine as a symbol of fertility.

Mythology. 

According to the old man there who gives a very noble philosophy of the Kujang as;
Ku-Jang-ji rek neruskeun padamelan sepuh karuhun urang
Janji untuk meneruskan perjuangan sepuh karuhun urang/ nenek moyang yaitu menegakan cara-ciri manusa dan cara ciri bangsa. What is it?
How-Human traits are 5;
Compassion (compassion),
Manners (ethical behavior),
Railroad rafters (speaking of ethics),
Budi Budi Power Bases,
Na Yuda Wiwaha Goods ("Koran Agency".
How are 5 qualities Nations;
Arts;
Bases,
Indigenous,
Literacy,
Culture
Actually there are many implicit philosophy of Kujang which is not just a weapon for defeating the enemy in time of war or just used as another tool.

History Form Kujang. 

Kujang value as a talisman or amulet, first appeared in the history of the Kingdom of Padjadjaran Makukuhan and Panjalu. Precisely during the reign of King Kudo Lalean (also called King Horse Lelean on the ground and the Kingdom of Sunda Panjalu Kudat). King Horse Lelean / Kudo Lalean also known as Bunisora ​​and Hyang Guru in Jampang for being a recluse or hermit who qualified in Jampang (Sukabumi).
Since then, Kujang gradually kings and nobles used it as a symbol of the Kingdom of authority and supernatural powers. One time, Prabu Kudo Lalean doing penance somewhere. Prabu the sudden inspiration to redesign Kujang form, which has been used as an agricultural tool.
Surprisingly, the latest design which is in the King's mind, shaped like the island of "Java Dwipa", which is known as the island of Java in the present.
After receiving that inspiration, immediately commissioned Mpu prabu Kudo Lalean Supo Windu, a blacksmith of the royal family. He was asked to make a blade like the one in the mind of the King. Initially, Mpu Windu Supo upset about the form of weapons must be made. So before doing the work, Mpu Windu Supo meditation, prabu telescoped nature of the mind.  Finally, it can be a shadow in such a neighbor prototype ( prototype ) such weapons had in mind Kudo Lalean .
After the meditation was over, Mpu Windu Supo start work. With magical touches enriched values ​​of spiritual philosophy, then so be a weapon that has a high strength. This is a unique Kujang shape, and becomes a powerful magical object. This weapon has 2 pieces of the striking characteristics. The shape resembles Java and there are 3 holes in a spot on the blade. This is a weapon that the next generation is always associated with the Kingdom of Padjadjaran Makukuhan.
Java itself is a form of philosophy of the ideals of the King, to unite the small kingdoms of Java into an empire headed by the King of Padjadjaran Makukuhan. While the three holes in the blade symbolizes the Trimurti, or three aspects of the Godhead of the Hindu religion, which was also observed by Kudo Lalea. Three aspects of the Godhead refers to Brahma, Vishnu, and Shiva. Hindu Trinity (Trimurti) also represented three major kingdoms of the time. Kingdoms, among others Pengging Wiraradya, which is located in the eastern part of Java; Kambang White Kingdom, which is located in the northern part of Java, and the Kingdom of Padjadjaran Makukuhan, located in the West.
Kujang develop further shape the next generation . Different models have sprung up . When the growing influence of Islam in society , Kujang have experienced their shape resembles the Arabic letter " Syin " . This is an attempt of Pasundan region , namely King Kian Santang ( known also by the name of King Borosngora , and Bunisora ​​Suradipati of royal Panjalu ) , which intends clicking for conversion Pasundan people . Finally Kujang nuanced philosophy of Hindu culture and religion of the past , have been reinvented in accordance with the teachings of Islamic philosophy . Syin itself is the first letter in rhyme ( sentence ) creed in which every man will testify one God and Muhammad as his messenger . By delivering sentences creed and faith in the hearts of this , then every human being automatically converted to Islam .
Manifestations of Islamic values ​​in Kujang arms are extending the blade conform to the shape of the letter Syin. Cleaver latest model should be able to remind the owner with his loyalty to Islam and its teachings. Five holes in Kujang has replaced the meaning of Trimurti. The fifth hole symbolizes the 5 pillars of Islam (pillars of Islam). Since then the model Kujang describe two styles blend designed Kudo Lalean King and King Kian Santang. However Kujang authority as full heirloom weapon "other powers" and could give certain powers to its possessor, remain attached.
During its development, Kujang weapons no longer used by kings and nobility. Ordinary people also often use the same Kujang like the king and nobles. In the Sundanese people, Kujang often seen on display as decorating the house.
It is said that there is a kind of belief that relates to luck , protection , honor , dignity and other . However , there is one thing that should never be done . Namely Kujang display in pairs on the wall with a sharp blade next to the line of sight . It is a taboo or prohibition . Moreover , one should not take a shot of him standing between two Kujang in that position . Reportedly , this will cause the death of that person within 1 year , but no more could be less .

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Thank you for reading this article. Written and posted by Bambang Sunarno. sunarnobambang86@gmail.com
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name: Bambang Sunarno.
http://primadonablog.blogspot.com/2014/02/did-you-know-about-weapons-kujang.html
DatePublished: February 17, 2014 at 12:07

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Tag ; Did You Know About Weapons Kujang, kujang.