Dam or reservoir.

Dam or reservoir (etymology: the reservoir from the French means "warehouse" is a natural lake or artificial lake, pond storage or damming a river that aims to save water. Reservoir could be built in the valley of the river at the time of the construction of a dam or excavation of soil or conventional construction techniques such manufacture or poured concrete walls. term 'reservoir' can also be used to describe the water storage in the soil as a source of water under oil or water wells.

Types. 

Reservoir valley. 

Dams are also built in the valley to take advantage of the topography and getting water to the reservoir. The edge of the valley used as a wall and the dam is located at the narrowest part, which usually gives greater strength at lower cost. In many places, the construction of valley dams involve the transfer of population and historic artifacts, such as the removal of the Abu Simbel temple during the construction of the Aswan Dam.
Dam construction also involves solving a river valley during the process, usually by building a tunnel or channel specific. In the hilly areas, the dam is usually built by extending an existing lake. When the topographic location less suitable for large reservoirs, several small reservoirs are usually constructed and contrived chains like River Taff valley when three dams, reservoirs Llwyn-on, Cantref Reservoir and Beacons Reservoir.

Reservoir side of the river. 

Reservoir side of the river was built by pumping water from the river. Such reservoirs are usually constructed through excavation and construction on the levee that typically cover more than 6 km. Water stored in reservoirs such as this are usually deposited during several months in order to decrease contamination and turbidity levels naturally.

Service reservoirs. 

Service reservoirs, a reservoir built close to the distribution point, with water that has been sterilized and cleaned. Service reservoirs are usually constructed shaped water tower built on concrete pillars in the flat region. Some other built underground, especially for service reservoirs in countries infested hills or mountains.

History. 

In Arabic, five thousand years ago a volcanic crater that has not actively used as reservoirs by farmers for their irrigation water storage.

Construction of artificial reservoirs. 

Homemade dam is generally done on land that is free from the reach of the community or region away from the crowds. However, once completed, the reservoir function can be used to attract tourists or a tourist attraction.
Dry climate and water scarcity in India led to early development of water management techniques, including the construction of reservoirs at Girnar in 3000 BC.
Artificial lake created in the 5th century BC have been found in ancient Greece.

Usability. 

Water provider directly. 

Many rivers are dammed and most parts of the reservoir is used to provide the raw water feed water treatment plant which sends water through the water pipes. Reservoir not only hold water up to the level required, the reservoir can also be part of the first in the water treatment process. The time when water was detained prior to release is known as the retention time. It is one of the design features that make it easier and silt particles to settle such as natural biological treatment using algae, bacteria, and zooplankton that naturally live in water.
However, the natural process Limnological in temperate lakes produces temperature stratification in the water body which tends to split into several elements such as manganese and phosphorus into the cold anoxic water during the summer months. In autumn and winter the lake becomes fully mixed again. During drought conditions, the lake sometimes need to pull down the cold water and especially increasing the levels of manganese that cause problems in water treatment.

Hydroelectricity. 

A dam raised Hydroelectricity including water turbines connected with retaining water bodies with large diameter pipes . These turbines generate devices that may be at the bottom of the dam or other far away . Some reservoirs generating Hydroelectricity using the pump reservoir refilled such a high level that is filled with water using high-performance electric pumps at times when electricity demand is low and then use the stored water to generate elektrisitas by releasing the stored water into a low -level reservoir when electricity demand is high . Such systems are called pump - storage schemes .

Control of water resources. 

Reservoirs can be used in various ways to control the flow of water through the channel downstream.
Downstream water supply - water may be released from the reservoir higher so that it can be filtered drinking water in the lower regions, sometimes even hundreds of miles lower than the reservoir.
Irrigation - water in reservoirs for irrigation could be channeled into a network of canals for agricultural function or a secondary water system. Irrigation may also be supported by reservoirs which maintain the flow of water that allows water taken for irrigation in the lower part of the river.
Flood control - also known as attenuation or balancing reservoir, flood control reservoirs collect water as occurs when heavy rainfall and releasing it slowly over several weeks or months. Some of these reservoirs built across the river flow tehadap with controlled water flow through orrifice plate. When the river flow past the plate orrific capacity behind the dam, water will accumulate in the reservoir. However, when the water flow is reduced, the water in the reservoir will be released slowly until the reservoir is empty again. In some cases reservoirs only function a few times in a decade and land in the reservoir will function as a place of recreation and community gathering. The new generation of balancing dams are developed to cope with the consequences of climate change, which is called the Flood Detention Reservoir (flood retention reservoirs). Because these reservoirs can be dried in a very long time, then the core of which is made of clay Tanay affected and reduce the power structure. Because it is now beginning to develop the use of recycled materials to replace clay.
Canals - In places that do not allow the flow of natural water flows into canals, reservoirs are built to ensure the availability of water to the river. For example, when the canal was built across the line of hills to climb the transportation lock.
Water can be released from the reservoir to create or strengthen clean water for kayaking sport or other water sports . In such a salmon -filled rivers in the UK , specifically water is released to encourage fish migration activity and yield variation for the angler fish .

Balancing the flow. 

Reservoirs can be used to balance the flow of water in a very advanced management, with accommodating current water flow jetted back and release it when the flow slows down. To be able to perform this function without the intervention of pumps, reservoirs requires careful control of the door through the water in the dam.
When a big storm comes, the officer will calculate the volume of water reservoirs which will accrue to the reservoir during the storm. If a storm is forecast to pass through the reservoir capacity, water will be released slowly before and during the storm. If the setting is accurate, then it will not make a huge storm overflow reservoir and downstream areas will not suffer major damage due to flooding.
Accurate weather forecasts are needed so that the officer could make the reservoir proper planning to empty the reservoir when heavy rains occur. In the 2010-2011 Queensland floods, dam officials blamed weather forecasts.
Examples of fairly advanced reservoir management is Burrendong Dam in Australia and Llyn Tegid in North Wales. Llyn Tegid is a natural lake water surface elevation enhanced by a low wall and is filled with a stream of the River Dee or removed depending on the conditions as part of the River Dee regulation. This mode of operation such as this is a form of hydraulic capacitance system of the river.

Recreation. 

Reservoir Ria Rio as one reservoir parks , recreation areas in Jakarta
Body of water created by the dam often can facilitate recreation such as fishing , boat , and other activities . Special rules may apply for security reasons and to protect water quality and ecology in the surrounding area . Many reservoirs now support and encourage a more informal recreation and not too structured as natural history , bird watching , landscape painting , walking and hiking , and also often provide information boards and interpretation material for the use of the benefits of a more responsible manner .

Security. 

In some countries large, reservoir set in legislation.
Many efforts are being made to fix the weakest point of a dam, but the goal is just to minimize uncontrolled water. Reservoirs are not robust construction will cause water to flood the entire area around the dam with strong currents and cause casualties. As happened in the Llyn Eigiau, has killed 17 people or reservoir Situ Gintung that killed 100 people, 902 people were displaced, and 100 people missing.

Overall environmental impact. 

Changes in the environment. 

Paragraph 1. 

Under the circumstances , the reservoir created for hydro-electric generation can also reduce or increase the net production of greenhouse gases . Improvements can occur if there is a decay of plant material in flooded areas in the anaerobic environment releasing ( methane and carbon dioxide ) . It appears counterintuitive because the position of the advent of carbon released as methane which is nearly 8 times more potential as a greenhouse gas than carbon dioxide .

Paragraph 2. 

Students of the National Institute for the study of the Amazon found that Hydroelectric reservoirs release a large amount of carbon dioxide in the water to rot by trees that have fallen in the reservoirs, especially during the first decade after closing. This raised the global warming impact of the dams to levels much higher than those occurring by generating the same power from fossil fuels. According to the World Commission on Dams report (Dams And Development), when the dam is relatively large and no prior clearing of forest in the flooded area is done, greenhouse gas emissions from the reservoir could be higher than the heat generation plants fueled conventional oil. For example, In 1990, the impoundment behind the Balbina Dam in Brazil (inaugurated in 1987) had more than 20 times the impact on global warming than would generating the same power from fossil fuels, due to the large area flooded per unit of electricity generated.

Limnology. 

Actually a lot of similarities of viewpoint between the reservoir with lake limnology of comparable size. It's just that there remains a significant difference between the two.Many reservoirs have differences due to variations in water levels that make some areas flooded or not at all drought in a significant time span. This greatly limits the productivity or the water margins and eventually also limit the types of species that can survive in these conditions .
Upland reservoirs tend to have a shorter lifespan than the residency of natural lakes, so it had a faster cycle nutrients through the water body so it is more easily lost from the system. It is often regarded as the calculation of the difference between the chemical content of the water with its biological content, the tendency of biological components are better able to depend on the conditions of low nutrient content (oligotroph) than that should occur in a chemical calculations.
While in contrast, lowland reservoirs collect water from rivers rich with nutrients that have been showing high eutrofis characteristics and biological systems have a great opportunity to utilize the wealth of existing nutrients .
Reservoir in the vacuum tower is different altitude can release cool water from the depths in the downstream direction thus significantly reducing part of the hypolimnion water. This will reduce the concentrations of phosphorus released during mixing that occurs yearly, and ultimately reduce productivity.
Dam wall at the front of the reservoir acts as a sharp corner (knickpoint) of water fall so that erosion and deposition is the impact that occurs at the bottom of the wall.

Seismicity. 

The charging process (damming) reservoirs often associated with reservoir-triggered seismicity (RTS) as seismic events that occurred around the walls of the reservoir or reservoirs in the past. These events can be triggered by the filling or operation of the reservoir and are rare compared to the number of reservoirs around the world. Of the 100 incidents recorded, the examples in the past include Marathon Dam in Greece (1929) as deep as 60 m (197 feet) and the Hoover Dam in the U.S. (1935) as deep as 221 m (725 feet).
Most of these earthquakes occurred in large dams and apply only produce a slight tremor. Only four recorded events above 6.0-magnitude (Mw) is Koyna Dam in India which registered Mw of 6.3, as deep as 103 m (338 feet), as well as Kremasta Dam in Greece 120 m (394 feet), there were 6.3-Mw. Another great Kariba Dam in Zambia as deep as 122 m (400 feet) in 6:25-Mw and Xinfengjiang Dam in China 105 m (344 feet) on the 6.1-Mw. Most disputes that arise when RTS occurs is due to lack of hydrogeological knowledge at the time of the earthquakes occurred. However, it was agreed that the infiltration of water into pores and the weight of the reservoir structure does contribute to RTS patterns.
Terms of the RTS is the trigger seismic structure near the dam or reservoir and the structure almost failed. In addition, the water must be able to infiltrate the deep rock stratum of a due sruktur a reservoir with a depth of 100 m (328 ft) was actually created little impact when compared the deadweight of a stone on the crustal stress fields that are located at a depth of 10 km (6 mi) or more.

Microclimate. 

Reservoirs may change the local micro-climate, increasing humidity and reducing extremes of temperature, especially in dry areas. Such an effect is never claimed by a number of wineries in Australia because they can improve the quality of the wine production.
Thank you for reading this article. Written and posted by Bambang Sunarno. sunarnobambang86@gmail.com
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DatePublished: February 17, 2014 at 13:37
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