Switzerland is divided into 26 cantons, six thereof are sometimes regarded as "half cantons" because it originated from the separation of the three cantons, and the impact is only one representative in the Council of State. The nation's capital is Bern. Other important cities are Zurich, the largest city in Switzerland (which was named the city which has the best quality of life in the world in 2006 and 2007), and Geneva, which became the location of various international bodies such as the UN, WHO, ILO and UNHCR ,
Switzerland is bordered by Germany, France, Italy, Austria and the tiny kingdom of Liechtenstein. Swiss Society said many languages, and there are four official languages, namely German, French, Italian and Romansh languages that are less popular.
Switzerland is rich with history as a country that is neutral regardless of wartime or peace (and has never been involved in the fight against foreign rule since 1815). Therefore, the Swiss used as host various international organizations such as the UN, even though its headquarters is in New York City, but many established offices in Switzerland.
Swiss name in Latin, which means the Confederation Helvetica Confoederatio Helvetika, was chosen to avoid the election of one of the four official Swiss languages (German, French, Italian, and Romansh). TLD country, .ch, also taken from this name. From the 26th canton, 17 speaking Swiss-German, 4 Swiss-Romande / French, one Italian, 3 bilingual (German-French) and 1 trilingual (Italian-French-Romansh).
Designations are often used to refer to Switzerland in French (Confederation suisse), Italian (Confederazione Svizzera) and Romansh language (Confederaziun svizra) is translated as "Swiss Confederation"). Schweizerische Eidgenossenschaft is a German language term contained in official documents. Latin name "Confoederatio Helvetica" (Confederation Helvwtia) and country TLD "ch" for the Internet, and the license plate associated with the Helvetii, an ancient Celtic tribe that once occupied the Alps. Swiss mark the August 1, 1291 as the day of independence; follow the history of this country that was initially a joint state, then into alliance since 1848. August 1 made public which leave banks and post offices as well as public administration offices are closed.
System of government is very good, really reflect, and absorb the diversity of its population. As a federal state, democracy is "direct", but is represented by the Federal Assembly. This Parliament chose seven men to be "government". Seventh status of ministers, heads of departments, and one of them becomes president for a one-year rotating basis.
Geography.
History.
The early history.
The first known tribes in this area are members of Hallstatt and La Tene culture. La Tene culture grew and developed during the late Iron Age from around 450 BC, possibly with some influence from the Greek civilization, and Etruscan. One of the most important tribal groups in the Swiss region was the Helvetii. In 15 BC, Tiberius I, who will be nominated as the Roman Emperor to-2, and his brother Drusus, conquered the Alps, incorporating them into the Roman Empire. Areas inhabited by the Helvetii tribe - which then lowers Confoederatio name Helvetica - originally been part of the Roman province of Gallia Belgica, and then to the Germania Superior, while the eastern part of modern Switzerland incorporated into Raetia province.Beginning in the Middle Ages, from the 4th century, the modern Swiss extension westward into King of Burgundy region. Alemani tribe occupies Swiss plateau in the 5th century and the valleys of the Alps in the 8th century, forming Alemania. Modern Swiss then divided between the Kingdom of Alemannia and Burgundy. Overall the region became part of Frankish Empire in the 6th century, following the first Chlodwig victory over the Alemanni at Tolbiac in 504, and later the Frankish dominate burgundy.
From the year 561, King Guntram of the Merovingian, grandchildren Chlodwig I, inherited the Frankish kingdom of Burgundy, which stretches from the west almost as far as the Rhine. In the east, Alamanni tribes governed under par in Frankish duchy, because the nation Frankish fill the void as a result of the decline of the Roman Byzantine achievement to the west. From this period, the Frankish nation was starting a triune character that would characterize the rest of its history. This area is further divided into Neustria in the west (which is simply referred to as Franks at that time; Neustria name does not appear in writing until 80 years later), Austrasia in the northeast, and Burgundy.
Throughout the remainder of the 6th century, and the beginning of the 7th century, the Swiss region was under Frankish hegemony, with many Frankish nation covered with disputes over the issue of succession among the sub-Frankish kingdom (which the king is a blood-borne). In 632, following the death of Chlothar II, the entire territory of Frankish united in a short time under Dagobert I, who is mentioned as the last Merovingian king who could carry out royal duties. Under Dagobert I, Austrasian agitated for self-government as a tool to face the effect of Neustria, which dominates the royal court. Dagobert forced by aristocrats Austrasian strong to lift the infant child, Sigibert III, as a subordinate king of Austrasia in 633. The weakness of the new government to be real, and lead them subjugated by the Franks who consider the cost-benefit uprising. After Sigibert III suffered a military defeat at the hands Radulf, King Thüringen in the year 640, Alemani tribes rebelled against Frankish rule. Next Allemani independence period lasts approximately until the middle of the 8th century.
Palace guardian has been appointed by the Frankish king as court officials since the beginning of the 7th century to act as a mediator between the king and the people. However, following the death of Dagobert I in 639, with the heir to the crown was a toddler in Neustria (Chlodwig II-2 years old) and Austrasia (Sigibert III-aged about 4 years), the officials gain greater power, finally put an end to power Merovingian rulers, and took over the Frankish throne itself. The first step taken by the Mayor of the Palace of Austrasia, Grimoald I, convincing Sigibert III childless to adopt his own son Childebert Boy Pick up as heir to the throne.
At the same time in the palace of Neustria, Mayor of the Palace Erchinoald, and his successor, Ebroin, also increased his power behind Chlodwig II, and his successor Chlothar III. Ebroin reunify the Frankish kingdom by defeating, and ejecting Childebert (and Grimoald) of Austrasia in 661.
The youngest son Chlothar III, Childerich II ditabalkan as King of Austrasia, and together they ruled the country. When Chlothar III died in 673, Childerich II became king of the whole country, the ruling of Austrasia, until he was assassinated two years later by members of the elite Neustria. After his death, Theuderich III, son Chlodwig II, ascended the throne, ruling of Neustria. He and his court trustee Berchar, declared war on Austrasia, ruled by Dagobert II, son Sigibert III, and Pippin from Heristal (Pippin II), Mayor of Austrasia. Theuderich and Berchar defeated by Pippin in the Battle Tertry (687), after which Pippin was appointed as the sole mayor of the whole nation Franks, declared themselves as Duke and Prince all nations Frankish. Pippin is the result of a powerful dynasty of marriage 2; House of Pippin and Arnulf. Tertry mark his victory at the end of the Merovingian power.
Pippin again felt a military victory in the campaign to bring back the nation Frisia in the north coast of Europe back to the Frankish nation control. Between 709-712, he fought in similar campaigns against the Alemanni, including those at the Swiss border now, and managed to sit again Frankish ruler, the first since the uprising Alemanni in 640. However, the control of the nation's top Frankish, and other surrounding areas lost when war struggle for the throne among the Franks broke out following the death of Pippin in 714 years.
The war is a continuation of the competition Neustria-Austrasian endless. Pippin son born out of wedlock, Karl Martell (son of Pippin lover Chalpaida), has been declared as the Mayor of Austrasia by nobles Austrasian contrary to the widow of Pippin, Plektrudis, who prefer cucundanya Theudoald who was 8 years old, to be appointed. Attacking Neustria Austrasia under Chilperich II that have been raised by the people of Frankish Neustria without the consent of other nations. The turning point of the war occurred in the Battle Ambleve, when Karl Martell defeated the forces of Neustria building, and Frisians under Chilperich II and Mayor Raganfrid using sniper tactics, and unusual. Karl Neustria hit when troops were marching home after victory in Köln on Plektrudis, and his son Theudoald.
From the year 717, Karl has asserted its superiority, with victory over Neustia in the Battle of Vincy, then started Karolingia authority over Frankish Empire.
After the year 718, Karl, who was the commander of a skilful, began a series of wars to reinforce the dominance of the nation Frankish over Western Europe, which included bringing back the nation Alemannia under the hegemony of the nation Franks, and even, in 720's, forcing some elements Alemannia participate as well as in its war against their neighbors to the east, Bayern.
However, Alemania remain jittery, with Duke Lantfrid in the late 720's, expresses independence by issuing a revision of the laws of the nation Alemania. Karl attacked again in 730 and conquered nation with weapons Alemania.
Karl perhaps best known for stopping the advance of the Arabs to Western Europe in the Battle of Tours in 732.
When Karl died in the year 741, dominion over the Frankish divided between his two sons from the first marriage, namely the Midget and Karlmann Pippin. Karlmann given Austrasia, Alemania, and Thuringia, while Pippin take control of Neustria, Provence and Burgundy (including Switzerland West now).
From the year 743, Karlmann vowed to enforce greater control over Alemania, and ultimately resulted in the arrest, detention, and execution of several thousand nobles Alemani in a bloody court in Cannstatt, 746.
Karlmann retreated to a monastery in the year 747, leaving Pippin get Frankish throne (after a vote among the nobility) in the year 751. Furthermore, Pippin strengthen its position by forming an alliance, in 754, by Pope Stephen II, who then fully come to Paris to give a ceremonial holy oil over it as kings in the Basilica of St. Denis. In turn, Pippin subjecting Lombardia and contribute to Keeksarkaan Ravenna and occupied the area around Rome to the church. This is a turning point in the history of the Roman Catholic Church and Western Europe, since then foreshadowed the events under Charlemagne toward the establishment of the Holy Roman Empire. Stated that Pope Stephen II suspend forged Donation of Constantine, during his talks with Pippin. The donation is a forged imperial decree to be recognized issued by Constantine to reward dominion to Pope Sylvester I, and all his successors over the area that is not only the Western Roman Empire, but also all parts of Judea, Greece, Asia, Thrace and Rome.
At the time of Pippin's death in 768, passed on to his son Frankish Empire of Charlemagne and Karlmann I. Karlmann withdrew to the monastery, and died shortly thereafter, leaving Karl, later known as the legendary Charlemagne, as the Frankish ruler only. Charlemagne develop Frankish sovereignty to include Saxony, Bavaria and Lombardia in northern Italy, and he developed his empire into Austrian region now, and part of Croatia. He offered the promise of protection Frankish continuous to the Franks, and he treats the monastery as a learning center.
Charlemagne later emerged as the leader of the Christian West.
From the year 1200, the Swiss plateau comprised of a dominion of the House of Savoia, Zahringer, Habsburg and Kyburg. When the Kyburg dynasty fell in 1264, Habsburg under King Rudolf I (became emperor in 1273) expands his territory to the Swiss plateau.
Ancient Swiss Confederation.
Ancient Swiss Confederation is a partnership between Alpine Valley community center. The Confederation facilitate the management of common interests (free trade) and ensure the safety of vital trade lanes mountain. Federal Charter of 1291 agreed between the rural communes Uri, Schwyz, and Unterwalden is considered as the founding document of the confederation; though similar alliances may already exist a few decades earlier.From the year 1353, the three original cantons had been joined by Glarus and Zug and the city states Lucerna, Zurigo and Berna to form the "Old Confederacy" of eight countries that existed until the end of the 15th century. The expansion led to an increase in power and wealth for the federation. From 1460, the confederation is in control most of the south, and west of the Rhine to the Alps and Jura, especially after the victory against the House of Habsburg (Battle of Sempach and Näfels), over Charles the Bold of Burgundy during the 1470's, and the success of a soldier rental Switzerland. Swiss victory in the Swabian War against the Swabian League of Emperor Maximilian I in 1499 culminated in de facto independence from the Holy Roman Empire.
Ancient Swiss Confederation has earned a reputation as select sparring against the early wars, but expansion of the federation suffered a setback in 1515 due to the Swiss defeat in the Battle of Marignano, an end to the "heroic" in the history of Switzerland. The success of Zwingli's Reformation in the canton beberrapa cause inter-cantonal wars in 1529 and 1531 (Kappeler Kriege). Not until more than 100 years later, in 1648, under the Treaty of Westphalia, European countries recognized the independence of Switzerland from the Holy Roman Empire and its neutrality (ancien régime).
During the modern period in Swiss history, the growing authoritarianism in the family patrisiat, and the financial crisis at the outbreak of the Thirty Years War pose a Swiss farmer war 1653. Against the backdrop of this struggle, the conflict between Catholic and Protestant cantons conical, erupted into violence continued in the Battle of Villmergen in 1656 and 1712.
Napoleon era.
In 1798, the troops of the French Revolution conquered Switzerland and uniformly enforce the new constitution, which concentrates land administration, and effectively abolished the cantons. The new regime, known as the Republic of Helvetia, very unpopular. This country is made by a foreign aggressor troops, and destroying a tradition that has lasted for centuries, making Switzerland nothing more than a French satellite state. French tremendous oppression in Nidwalden Revolt in September 1798 is an example of the repression by the French Army and the local population over the resistance to the occupation.When war broke out between France and its rival, the Russian forces, and the Habsburg attack Switzerland. In 1803, Napoleon organized a meeting of Swiss politicians from both sides in Paris. The result is that many recovering Mediation Law Swiss autonomy and introduced a confederation on 19 cantons. Henceforth, many political Swiss cantons that will balance tradition on self-government by the central government purposes.
In 1815, the Congress of Vienna completely restore the independence of Switzerland and European countries agreed to recognize the neutrality of Switzerland permanently. The agreement marks the moment when Switzerland battle for the last time in an international conflict. The treaty also allowed Switzerland to increase its territory, with the inclusion of Canton Wallis, Neuchâtel and Genève - this is also for the last time Switzerland develop its territory.
Federal state.
Restoration of power to patrisiat only temporary. After the riot with violent collisions that occur repeatedly as Züriputsch in 1839, civil war broke out between the Catholic cantons, and several other cantons in 1847 (Sonderbundskrieg). The war lasted for a month, leaving less than 100 casualties. However small Sonderbundskrieg apparent when compared to the war and unrest in other European in the 19th century, Sonderbundskrieg leaving a huge impact for psychology and society Switzerland. The war made all Swiss understand the need for unity and strength to its European neighbors. Swiss people from all levels of society, whether Catholic, Protestant, or from liberals and conservatives, aware that the cantons would be much beneficial if economic interests, and religious combined. Thanks to those who support the power of the cantons (Sonderbund Kantone), the national assembly was divided between an upper house (Council of State Switzerland) and lower house (the National Council of Switzerland). Thus, the interest was calculated federasionalis. Switzerland adopted a federal constitution and the use of referendums (obligatory for any constitutional amendment) in 1848. The constitution provides centralized power for self-government on local issues when separated from the canton. In 1850, the Swiss franc became the Swiss single currency. The Constitution was amended extensively in 1874 to respond to increasing population, and the Industrial Revolution. The constitution introduced the facultative referendum for laws at the federal level. The constitution also specifies federal responsibility for defense, trade, and legal matters.In 1891, the constitution was revised with unusually strong elements on direct democracy, which remain unique until now. Since then, the improvement of political, economic, social and sustainable already characterize the history of Switzerland.
Modern history.
Switzerland was not attacked during the second World War. During World War I, Switzerland is home to Vladimir Illych Ulyanov (Lenin) and remained there until 1917. Swiss neutrality had been questioned by the Grimm-Hoffmann events in 1917, but it was brief. In 1920, Switzerland joined the League, and the Council of Europe in 1963.During World War II, a detailed attack plan prepared by Germany, but Switzerland was never attacked. Switzerland can remain independent through a combination of military deterrence, economic concessions to Germany, and good fortune as larger events during the war postpone the mission. Experiments by a small Swiss Nazi Party to cause Anschluss by Germany failed miserably. Swiss press has strongly criticized the Third Reich, often infuriating its leadership. Under General Henri Guisan, mass mobilization commanded militant forces. Swiss military strategy changed from one of static defense at the borders to protect the economic heart into a long-term shift in strategy, organization, and withdrawal into a strong position, and be equipped both above the Alps, known as the Reduit. Switzerland became an important base for espionage by both sides during the conflict, and often mediates communication between the Axis and the Allies.
Swiss trade blocked by the Allies and the Axis. Economic cooperation, and additional loans to the Third Reich varied according to the perceived likelihood invasion, and the presence of other trading partners. Concessions peaked one week after an important railway network across the French Vichy worsened in 1942, led to Switzerland completely surrounded by the Allies. Along the way the war, Switzerland hold more than 300,000 refugees, 104,000 foreign troops, interned according to the Rights and Duties of Neutral Blocks outlined in the Hague Convention. 60,000 displaced civilians who have fled from persecution by the Nazis. Of these, 26000-27000 are Jewish. However, immigration policy, and asylum strict as the financial relationships with Nazi Germany led to controversy. During the war, the Swiss Air Force aircraft hired on both sides, shooting down 11 Luftwaffe aircraft nuisance in May and June 1940, then also other intruders after a change of policy following threats from Germany; more than 100 Allied bombers and their crews were interned during the war. Between the years 1944-1945, Allied bombers bombed the town haphazardly Schaffhausen (killing 40 people), Stein am Rhein, Vals, Rafz (18 inhabitants were killed), and the most unpopular, on March 4, 1945 Basilea and Zürich were bombed.
Women are given the right to vote in at canton level in 1959, at the federal level in 1971, and after resistance, in the last canton Appenzell Rhodes-Intérieures in 1990. After suffrage at the federal level, women quickly rose in political interest, where the first woman to become a member of the high council is Elisabeth Kopp (1984-1989). The first female president was Ruth Dreifuss, elected in 1998 to become president in 1999. (Swiss President elected each year from among the seven member high council). The second female president is Micheline Calmy-Rey in high office in Switzerland in 2007. He came from the Canton Valais (German: Wallis) who said that the French language. Now she was joined by seven members of the cabinet / high council by two other women, Doris Leuthard from Canton Argovie and Eveline Widmer-Schlumpf from Canton Grischun.
In 1979, the area inside the border of Canton Berne escape, forming Cantonese Giura. On April 18, 1999, the population and cantons of Switzerland voiced regarding the revised federal constitution is perfect.
In 2002, Switzerland became a full member of the United Nations, leaving the Vatican as a sovereign state, last but not join the United Nations. Switzerland is a founding member of the EFTA, but is not a member of the European Economic Area. Request membership in the European Union was sent in May 1992, but did not continue since the EEA was rejected in December 1992 when Switzerland was the only country to launch a referendum to the EEA. It's happened several referendums on EU issues, with mixed reactions to it from the population, membership application has been frozen. However, gradually adapted to EU law and the government has signed a number of bilateral agreements with the EU. Switzerland, together with Liechtenstein, has been surrounded by EU member states since the membership of Austria in 1995. On June 5, 2005, voters in Switzerland with approval by a 55% majority to join the Schengen agreement, the results are regarded by EU commentators as a sign of support by Switzerland, a country that long ago touted as an independent state, neutral, or isolationist.
Politics.
Switzerland is a federal republic.Legislative.
National CouncilCouncil of State
Executive.
Swiss government system is unique. Being a federal state since 1848. The Swiss adheres to the system of direct democracy, and the rule is composed by 7 members elected by the Federal Assembly. Seven of them at once led the major departments. Their status can also be called a minister. Interestingly, seven options it turns into a president. Position as president each for one year.If the simplified Switzerland which covers 41 400 km2 led collectively by a presidium consisting of seven people. Chairman of the presidium which it holds the presidency rotates. With federal systems, federal states called cantons. There are 26 cantons are now gathered into Switzerland. A total of 17 cantons is the canton Swiss-German (German speaking), 4 cantons Swiss-Romande (French-speaking), 1 canton speak Italian (Ticino), 3 canton bilingual French-German, and one canton (Graubünden) trilingual German, Italian, and Rumantsch. That is why the national language in Switzerland there are four.
Canton-canton has a wide autonomy as a federal state system of things. They determine the full rules of the area. International affairs, justice, defense, public finance held by the central government. While the members of the parliament (Federal Assembly) derived from messenger canton. Those that determine the seven chief ministers who will be president in turn. The President as head of state also serves as head of government (Prime Minister).
Judiciary.
General elections.Cantonese.
Swiss Confederation is divided into 26 cantons, namely :
AargauAppenzell Innerrhoden
Appenzell Ausserrhoden
Basel-Stadt
Basel-Landschaft
Bern
Fribourg
Geneva
Glarus
Graubünden
Jura
Luzern
Neuchatel
Nidwalden
Obwalden
Schaffhausen
Schwyz
Solothurn
St. Gallen
Thurgau
Ticino
Afterbirth
Valais
Vaud
Zug
Zürich
Economy.
Switzerland has a very stable economy, prosperous, and high-tech. In 2011, the country is included in the group of the wealthiest countries in the world by per capita income. The country was ranked nineteenth on the size of gross domestic product and is ranked 36th by purchasing power parity. Switzerland also ranks 20th in exports, despite its small size. Switzerland also received the highest rating in the European Economic Freedom Index 2010. The country's per capita income was higher than in most other Western European countries, and Japan.Switzerland became the origin of several multinational companies. The Swiss company, among others Glencore, Nestlé, Novartis, Hoffmann-La Roche, ABB, Mercuria Energy Group and Adecco. Another well-known companies including UBS AG, Zurich Financial Services, Credit Suisse, Barry Callebaut, Swiss Re, Tetra Pak and The Swatch Group. Switzerland has the largest economies in the world.
Switzerland is the main economic sectors of production. The main production sectors including chemical, medicine, precision measuring instruments, and musical instruments. Biggest export goods are chemicals (34% of total exports), machinery / electronics (20.9%), and other instruments (16.9%). Exports of services contribute to a third of total exports. The services sector - particularly banking, insurance, tourism, and international organizations is also an important industry for Switzerland.
Approximately 3.8 million people work in Switzerland, and 25% of workers to join a union (2004). Swss has a more flexible job market than neighboring countries, and the country's unemployment rate is very low, ranging from 1.7% (June 2000) to 4.4% (December 2009). Population growth due to immigrants is also quite high, approximately 0.52% of the population in 2004. The population of foreigners in this country ranges from 21.8% in 2004.
Language.
- German language- French language
- Italian language
- Romansh language
- German Switzerland
- Language Francoprovençal
- Language Franche-Comté
- Language Lombardia
Demographics.
Switzerland lies between the various European cultures which in turn affects the country. There are three official national languages, namely German, French and Italian; as well as one local official language, Romansh language. The federal government is obliged to use the three official languages, and in parliament provided a translator. Each student should learn one of Switzerland's official languages other that most of the population is bilingual. Since the number of residents, and foreign workers (about 20%), English is also widely used.The most widely practiced religion in Switzerland is Roman Catholicism practiced by 45% of the population. There are also around 35% Protestant and immigration have brought in Islam and Eastern Orthodox respectively 2.5% and 1.5%. Thank you for reading this article.
Written and posted by Bambang Sunarno. sunarnobambang86@gmail.com
author:
https://plus.google.com/105319704331231770941.
name: Bambang Sunarno.
http://primadonablog.blogspot.com/2015/09/do-you-know-about-swiss.html
DatePublished: September 2, 2015 at 18:26
Tag : Do You Know About Swiss.
Code : 7MHPNPADAEFW
No comments:
Post a Comment