Youth and education Dunant.
Dunant was born in Geneva, Switzerland, the first son of businessman Jean-Jacques Dunant and his wife Antoinette Dunant-Colladon. His family are adherents of Calvin ('' Calvinist '') which is disobedient and have significant influence among the people of Geneva. Both parents stressed the value of social activities. Her father was active helping orphans and inmates serving parole, while her social activities to help the sick and the poor.Dunant grew in the period of religious awakening known as the Réveil. At the age of 18, he joined the Association of Charity Geneva (Geneva Society for Alms Giving). In the following year, with his friends, he founded the association called "Thursday Association", a group of young people without formal membership bonds to meet regularly to study the Bible and help the poor. He spent much of his free time to visit prisons and conduct social activities. On November 30, 1852, Dunant founded the branch of the YMCA in Geneva. Three years later, he participated in the Paris meeting aimed at forming a YMCA became an international organization.
In 1849, when aged 21, Dunant was forced to leave Calvin College (Collège Calvin) because of poor academic achievement. He then became an apprentice in the foreign exchange market called Lullin et Sautter. After his apprenticeship finished with good achievements, he was appointed as an employee of the bank.
Algeria.
In 1853, Dunant visited Algeria, Tunisia, and Sicily as assigned by the company that serves "colonies Setif", ie a company called Compagnie genevoise de Colonies de Setif. Although lacking experience, Dunant successfully complete the assignment satisfactorily. Inspired by the travel experience, Dunant for the first time to write a book, which he titled Notice sur la Régence de Tunis (Tale of Regensi in Tunisia). This book was published in 1858.In 1856, Dunant founded the company that operates in the colonial territories overseas and, after obtaining the concession of Algeria when it was under the occupation of France, he also founded the plantation and trading of corn called Société Financière et industrielle des Moulins des Mons-Djémila (Corporate Finance and Industry Milling Mons-Djémila). However, land and water rights promised not being clearly defined, while the colonial authorities in Algeria also be less cooperative. Therefore, Dunant decided to ask for help directly to the Emperor Napoleon III of France, which when it was in Lombardi with his troops. France was fighting on the side of Piedmont-Sardinia against Austria, when it occupied much of the territory that is today called Italy. Napoleon's headquarters is located in the small town of Solferino. Dunant wrote a book whose content is full of flattery and praise for Napoleon III for he had given to the emperor. Then he traveled to Solferino to meet personally with Napoleon III.
Battle of Solferino.
Dunant arrived in Solferino on the evening of June 24, 1859, just when the battles between the two sides had just finished. About 38 thousand soldiers lying on the battlefield in a state of wounded, dying, or dead, and there had been no significant efforts are being made to provide care to them. In a state of shock at the sight, Dunant took the initiative to mobilize the local civilian population, especially women, to provide aid to the wounded and sick soldiers. Because the supply of equipment and medicines needed to be inadequate, Dunant himself arranged the purchase of material needed it and helped set up a makeshift hospital. He managed to convince the locals to serve the injured regardless of which side they fought, according to the slogan "Tutti fratelli" (We are all brothers) are created by women from the town of Castiglione delle Stiviere not far from that place. He also succeeded in persuading the French to liberate Austrian doctors that they are captive.Red Cross.
Upon his return to Geneva in early July, Dunant decided to write a book about his experience, which he later titled Un Souvenir de Solferino (Memories of Solferino). This book was published in 1862 by the number of 1,600 copies, printed on Dunant's own expense. In this book, Dunant depicts the fighting, the various costs of the fighting, and the chaotic circumstances caused. He also put forward the idea of the need to establish a neutral organization to provide care to wounded soldiers. This book he shared with many political and military figures in Europe.Dunant also began to travel across Europe to promote his ideas. The book received a very positive response. President of the Geneva Society for Public Welfare (Geneva Association for Public Welfare), ie a lawyer named Gustave Moynier, lift this book and proposals Dunant in it as a topic of its meeting on February 9, 1863. The members of the organization examines posals Dunant's proposal and gave a positive assessment. They then formed a committee consisting of five people to further explore the possibility of realizing the ideas of Dunant, and Dunant was appointed as a member of this Committee. The other four members in this committee was Gustave Moynier, the Swiss army general named Henri Dufour, and two doctors were respectively named Louis Appia and Théodore Maunoir. This committee met for the first time on February 17, 1863, which is now regarded as the date of the founding of the International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC).
From the beginning, Moynier and Dunant disagree and wrangled over vision and plan their own, and their disagreement was getting bigger and bigger. Dunant Moynier considered the idea of the need for protection set neutrality for the caregiver as difficult to accept the notion that sense as well as advising Dunant not insist impose the concept. However, Dunant continued to advocate the establishment in every way, and in every conversation with officials of high-level political and military. This sharpens the personal conflict between Moynier, taking a pragmatic approach to the project, and Dunant, a visionary idealist among the five members of the Committee. In the end, Moynier tried to attack and thwart Dunant when Dunant run for the position of chairman of the Committee.
In October 1863, 14 countries participated in the meeting organized by the Committee in Geneva to discuss the improvement of care for wounded soldiers. However, Dunant himself only became head of protocol at the meeting as a result of Moynier effort to minimize his role. A year later, on August 22, 1864, a diplomatic conference organized by the Swiss Parliament led to the signing of the First Geneva Convention by 12 countries. For this conference too, Dunant only served as a regulator of accommodation for the participants.
A forgotten past.
Business Dunant in Algeria decline, partly because of his devotion to the ideals of humanistic own. In April 1867, the bankruptcy of the financial firm Crédit Genevois led to a scandal involving Dunant. He was forced to declare bankruptcy and convicted by the Court of Commerce in Geneva on August 17, 1868 on deceptive practices in the bankruptcy case. His family and many of his friends are very affected by the collapse of Crédit Genevois because they are heavily invested in this company. Society in Geneva, a city with a deep-rooted tradition of Calvin, became very upset and excited that emerged calls for Dunant resigned from the International Committee of the Red Cross.On August 25, 1868, he resigned from his post as Secretary of the Committee and, on September 8, he was removed entirely from the Committee. Moynier, who became President of the Committee since 1864, played a major role in getting rid of Dunant of the Committee.
In February 1868, Dunant's mother died. At the end of that year, Dunant was also expelled from the YMCA. In March 1867, he left his hometown, Geneva, and never returned to it. In the following years, Moynier apparently trying to use its influence to ensure that Dunant not to receive help or support from his friends. For example, the prize gold medal Sciences Morales at the Paris World Fair not be awarded to Dunant as planned, but given to Moynier, Dufour, and Dunant together so that all of the prize money is rightfully Committee. Napoleon III bid to take over half of Dunant's debt obligations with the proviso friends Dunant guarantee repayment of the other half was also thwarted by Moynier effort.
Dunant moved to Paris and lived there in a state of lack. However, he continues to embody the ideas and plans of humanity. During the Franco-Prussian War (1870-1871), he founded the Joint Humanitarian Aid Association ('' Allgemeine Fürsorgegesellschaft '') and, shortly after, he set up a Joint Alliance for Order and Civilization ('' Allianz für Allgemeine und Ordnung Zivilisation ''). Dunant argued about the need for disarmament negotiations held and the need to set up an international court to mediate international conflicts. Later, he sought the formation of the world library, an idea which has echoes in various projects in the future, among other UNESCO.
In the never-ending effort to advocate and realize ideas, Dunant increasingly ignore their personal financial situation so that he is increasingly in debt and shunned by his acquaintances. Although appointed as an honorary member of the Red Cross Society of Austria, Holland, Sweden, Prussia, and Spain, he was almost forgotten in the course of official Red Cross Movement, even when the movement is growing rapidly to other countries. Dunant lived in poverty and move where between 1874-1886, including Stuttgart, Rome, Korfu, Basel and Karlsruhe. Stuttgart, Dunant met students at the University Tübingan (Tübingen University) named Rudolf Müller and then a close friendship with him. In 1881, together with a number of friends from Stuttgart, Dunant for the first time go to Heiden, a resort village in Switzerland. In 1887, while living in London, he began to receive monthly financial support from some distant relatives. This allows him to live in a more secure financial condition. Dunant moved to Heiden in July 1887 and stayed in the village for the rest of his life. Since April 30 1892, he was living in hospitals and nursing homes, led by Dr. Hermann Altherr.
In Heiden, he met a young teacher named Wilhelm Sonderegger and his wife Susanna. They encouraged him to record his life experiences. Sonderegger's wife founded a branch of the Red Cross in Heiden and, in 1890, Dunant became honorary president of the branch. Given Sonderegger, Dunant hoped to promote his ideas further, including issuing a new edition of his book. However, their friendship later became strained because Dunant accusations unjustified that Sonderegger, together with Moynier in Geneva, conspired against him. Sonderegger died in 1904, at the age reaches 42 years. Despite their strained relationship, Dunant was deeply moved by the death Sonderegger that unexpected it. Admiration Wilhelm and Susanna Sonderegger on Dunant, whose remains they felt such accusations despite Dunant, passed on to their children. In 1935, their son, namely René, published a collection of letters written Dunant to his father.
Return the public mind.
In September 1895, Georg Baumberger, the chief editor of Die Ostschweiz, a newspaper published in St. Gall, wrote an article about the founder of the Red Cross, who had met and talked to him when they were walking around in Heiden a month earlier. The article entitled "Henri Dunant, founder of the Red Cross" (Henri Dunant, the founder of the Red Cross) and appeared in a magazine published by the German pictorial, Über Land und Meer. With this article immediately reproduced in various other media across Europe. The article received rave so Dunant re-gain the attention and support of the audience. He then received the Binet-Fendt Prize Switzerland and a letter of Pope Leo XIII. Thanks to the assistance of the Russian czar's widow, namely Maria Feodorovna and other donations from various parties, Dunant's financial situation has greatly improved.In 1897, Rudolf Müller, who was already working as a teacher in Stuttgart, wrote a book about the origins of the Red Cross. This book changed the official history of the Red Cross by emphasizing the role Dunant. This book also includes the text "Memories of Solferino." Dunant began correspondence with Bertha von Suttner and wrote a lot of articles and other writings. He was especially active in writing about women's rights. In 1897, Dunant facilitate the establishment of "Green Cross" (Green Cross), an organization of women who are short-lived and only active in Brussels.
Nobel Peace Prize.
In 1901, Dunant received the first Nobel Peace Prize ever awarded, namely for his role in founding the International Red Cross Movement and initiating the establishment of the Geneva Convention. Norwegian military physician Hans Daae, who had received a copy of Müller's writing a book, advocated Dunant case to the Nobel Committee. The prize is a collective prize given to Dunant and Frédéric Passy, a French peace activist who founded the League of Peace and are active with Dunant in the Alliance for Order and Civilization (Alliance for Order and Civilization). Official congratulations were finally accepted Dunant of the International Committee of the Red Cross represents a rehabilitation of Dunant name:"No one is more deserving to receive this honor, because it is you who forty years ago founded the international organization of humanitarian aid to the wounded on the battlefield. Without you, the Red Cross, which is the supreme humanitarian achievement of the nineteenth century, would never have been attempted. "
Moynier and the International Committee of the Red Cross as a whole was also nominated for the Nobel Peace Prize. Although Dunant gained the support of the widest range in the selection process, he remains a controversial candidate. Some parties argued that the Red Cross and the Geneva Convention makes war more attractive and tempting to alleviate some of the suffering caused by war. Therefore, Müller in his letter to the Nobel committee expressed his opinion that the prize should be divided between Dunant and Passy, who had become prime candidate to be the sole recipient of the gift in the debate that occurred during the selection process. Müller also suggested that if it were Dunant deemed worthy to receive the Nobel Prize, the prize needs to be given to him in view of his advanced age and health condition has deteriorated.
Nobel Committee's decision to split the prize between Passy, a man of peace, and Dunant, a humanitarian, a precedent for the requirements concerning the selection of the Nobel Peace Prize which have a significant impact on subsequent years. One part in Nobel's will says that the prize for peace is given to those who seek to reduce or eliminate the troops remain (standing armies) or seek to direct SCARA promoting peace conference. This is what makes Passy naturally selected to be the candidate receiving the prize thanks to its efforts in the field of peace. Giving the Nobel Prize for efforts in the humanitarian field alone would be a very striking, and it is considered by some parties as overly broad interpretation on wills Nobel. However, the other part in Nobel's will assign prizes to the best performers in improving "human brotherhood" (the brotherhood of people). It more generally could be interpreted as a message that humanitarian efforts as done by Dunant was also associated with peace efforts. Recipient of the Nobel Peace Prize in subsequent years are many in number were put into one of two categories for the first time established by the 1901 decision of the Nobel Committee.
Hans Daae succeeded in putting money prizes to be part Dunant, amounting to 104,000 Swiss francs, in a bank in Norway and preventing the money accessible to creditors Dunant. Dunant himself never used the slightest of money in his life.
Death and legacy.
Among several other awards received by Dunant in subsequent years was an honorary doctorate from the Faculty of Medicine, University of Heidelberg, which he received in 1903. Dunant lived in a nursing home in Heiden until his death. In the last years of his life, he suffered from depression and fear (paranoia) that he keeps sought by creditors and Moynier. Sometimes even Dunant urged the nursing home cook to taste the first ration of food in front of him so that he is protected from the possibility of being poisoned. Although claims remain convinced Christian, Dunant in the last years of his life refused and attacked Calvinism and organized religion (organized religion) in general.According to the interpreter care of her, the last action performed in his life Dunant was sent a copy of a book written by Müller to the queen of Italy accompanied by a covering letter from Dunant himself. Dunant died on October 30, 1910, and his last words are "Where the disappearance of humanity?" Dunant died just two months after his nemesis, Moynier. Although the ICRC congratulated on conferment of the Nobel Prize Dunant, the two rivals were never reconciled.
As he wishes, Dunant was buried without ceremony in the Sihlfeld Cemetery in Zurich. In his will, he donated money to provide a "free bed" in a nursing home in Heiden, which should always be available for residents of the region's poor. He also gave some money, through a notary deed, to his friends and to charitable organizations in Norway and Switzerland. The rest of the money he gave to the creditors so that most of the debt is paid off. Dunant's inability to fully pay off debts become a big burden to him until the day of his death.
His birthday, May 8, is celebrated as the Day of Red Cross and Red Crescent World ('' World Red Cross and Red Crescent Day ''). Heiden nursing home that used to contain it is now a museum of Henry Dunant. In Geneva and other cities there are a lot of roads, courts, and schools are named after him. Henry Dunant Medal, which is awarded every two years by the Standing Committee of the Red Cross Movement and the International Red Cross, the highest award bestowed by the Movement.
Dunant's life story is told, with some elements of fiction, in movies D'homme à hommes (1948), starring Jean-Louis Barrault. Dunant's lifetime when the Red Cross was founded shown in the film titled international coproduction Henry Dunant: Red on the Cross (2006). In 2010, the Takarazuka Revue staged musical based on experience Dunant at Solferino and the founding of the Red Cross. This musical drama titled ソ ル フ ェ リ ー ノ の 夜 明 け (Dawn in Solferino, or the disappearance of Humanitarian Where?).
Thank you for reading this article. Written and posted by Bambang Sunarno. sunarnobambang86@gmail.com
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name: Bambang Sunarno.
http://primadonablog.blogspot.com/2015/08/do-you-know-henry-dunant.html
DatePublished: August 23 2015 at 11:30
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