Do You Know Kung Fu.

Kung fu or gongfu (功夫, Pinyin: gongfu) is a martial art originating from China. However, the actual meaning of the word kung fu has a much wider meaning, ie, something that obtained in the long term and with high persistence. Thus, a great cooks can be said to have a high Kungfu.
In addition to the word Kung Fu, Wushu terms and Kundao or Kuntao also often used to refer to Chinese martial arts from the. Kungfu science that has spread to Southeast Asia (primarily Indonesia) in the past called Kuntao, according to Donn F. Draeger in his book entitled Weapons and Fighting Arts of Indonesia. However, the term Kuntao been very rarely used at the present time.

Development.

At the beginning, the term of Martial Arts or the ability of the Chinese people is the science Silat or Wushu, and not Kungfu. The term Kungfu in the past is not as popular as it is today. Kungfu itself more points to a specific skill and tenacity and proven superior, for example gastronomy, craftsmanship farming, and others. Kungfu term became popular after a martial arts legend, namely Bruce Lee popularized the term Kungfu in the Western world. Struck by the ability, speed and power of the legend, the term Kung Fu became very popular and synonymous with Chinese Martial Arts (China) until now.
Kung Fu martial arts was originally developed from the needs and the human ability to survive, either to defend themselves from various types of attack by wild animals, hunting for food, as well as to fight against other human groups that are considered a threat to the security of their lives. With the development of the science of medicine and the human body in ancient China - as well as the civil war prolonged, Martial Arts Kung Fu was growing rapidly and spread, thus bringing many contributions and influence the forerunner of various types of martial arts in Asia, such as Shorinji Kempo, (Shaolin Kempo), Karate, Jujitsu, Taekwondo, Judo, Hapkido, Pencak Silat and others.
Kungfu has a history and a tradition of martial arts are very long, rigorous, proven and effective since 5,000 years ago, coinciding with the emergence of cult Dao (Taoism), which later evolved into a religion that has its own peculiarities. In the 2500's began popping up various flow Kungfu legendary until now, starting from the Temple or Shaolin Monastery Siaw Liem Sie / Siu Lam, Wudang / Butong, Omei / Emei / Gobi, Kun Lun, Hua San, Thian San, Khongtong and other -Other. In general, there are 100 more flow Kungfu and thousands stance as well as various types of unique and weird science, ranging from the most violent and malignant (external arts) to the science of the most delicate and light as cotton (internal arts). Various schools and science that still existed until now is Hung Gar / Hung Ga, Lohan, Ngo Cho, Pek Ho Ying Jow / Eng Jiaw, Shuai Jiao, Chin Na / Qin Na, Tang Lang, Wing Chun / Ving Tsun / Wing Tsun / Yong Chun, Tai Chi / Tai Ji, Hsing-I, Ba Gua, Yi Quan / I-Quan, Fanzi Quan, Chang Quan and others.

The Swordsman Kungfu past contributed to the World famous Chinese Kungfu, among others :

1) Bodhidharma (Da Mo / Putidamo / Damo / Mo Tat Chowsu / Dharma Taishi / Daruma).

He is pastor of spiritual Zen Buddhist from India who imprisoned nine years in the Shaolin Temple and creator of the various types of science legendary: Science changes Vein and muscles, Nine Sun, Muscle Wire Bones Iron, Clothes Iron Gold (Bell Gold), Lima Kick Animals, Jari Zen, and others. But unfortunately, some of the science is gone. It is said that at the time of crossing the ocean up to China, he was just standing on the branch of a small, and in the walls of the cave where Bodhidharma in the Shaolin Temple hermitage until now there is the shadow of a hollow body formed by the time he meditated and leaning against the wall of the cave. For nine years meditating in the cave, Bodhidharma was able to hear talk of various species, including ants were there.

2) Zhang Sanfeng (Zhang Junbao / Chang Sanfeng / Thio Samhong / Thio Kunpo).

In his youth, Thio Sam Hong is a very talented student at the Shaolin Temple. Because treated arbitrarily by the seniors, he came out of the Temple of Shaolin Kungfu and learn to develop themselves by observing various natural phenomena such as wind down on a bamboo tree, a stork and a snake fight, his solid defense mantises from the wind, etc. another. After understand and comprehend the Essence of the Universe, Thio Sam Hong youth retreat at Mount Hua San to enhance the science-knowledge. By the time he was coming down the mountain, he explored throughout China and pitted their knowledge with the martial artists and fighters from various streams. Based on ancient literature, there were two fights were very well known. The first fight was a fight between Thio Sam Hong with wrestlers number one Mongol very big, strong and aggressive. Later revealed that the wrestlers are also very skilled in various streams of Chinese Kungfu. The Mongolian wrestler allegedly beat many fighters Shaolin Temple warrior and a number of other hard flow. The fight between Thio Sam Hong with the Mongolian wrestler won by Thio Sam Hong with his new science, namely Tai Chi Quan / Taijiquan. The second fight is the fight Thio Sam Hong who single-handedly defeated more than 100 gangsters in a den of thieves just empty-handed. Since then, Thio Sam Hong is recognized by all the martial arts as Swordsman Without duel that time. Having had enough in his colony, Thio Sam Hong ride to Wudang Mountain (Butong) and founded the Wudang Universities with main bases of teaching, namely Taoism. Thio Sam Hong itself is believed to be the Creator of Science Tai Chi, and highly skilled in the Science of Tao Yin (Nei Kung / Nei Gong). It is said Thio Sam Hong live within 3 (three) dynasty, the Song Dynasty, the Yuan Dynasty (Mongol and Ming Dynasty (Han), and Thio Sam Hong known as Taoist immortal.

3) Yue Fei (General Yue Fei, Tangyin-Henan Province, 1103-1142).

He was General Patriot famous Empire Song Dynasty (960-1279) who fought against the invasion of tribes Jin (Jurchen / Juchen) and remained faithful to the end to defend the country even though maligned and condemned to death by a despot. General Yue Fei is believed to be the Creator of internal and external martial arts, namely: Hsing - I (Xingyiquan) and Perfecting Eng Jiaw (Eagle Claw). In his youth, General Yue Fei learned from Shaolin monk named Jow Tong / Lai Chin. In addition to experts in the empty hand combat, General Yue Fei is also an expert in weapons of Shaolin 18 Spear Single especially science. It is said that the science of spear equivalent to science spear Family Marga Yang (Science lance Families is a martial arts family of hereditary very distinctive and high and only a few experts / Swordsman were able to match their knowledge of his time. According to ancient records, it is known that science spear high level Families have a number of features unique, namely: Science Spear Dragon Attached / Dragon Pair and Science Spear (Toya) dragon mighty are able to disable / kill the opponent without physical touching. Note: Families are also a Patriot True latter remained faithful until the end of the fall of the Empire Sung by the Mogul dynasty). Kung Fu Hsing I myself had vanished from the martial world after the death of General Yue Fei up until it was rediscovered Book of Kung Fu Hsing I namely the Book 10 Principles of Hsing-I heritage General Yue Fei towards the end of the Ming Dynasty by Ji Long Feng (Ji Jike). Then Ji Long Feng lowered Kung Fu Hsing I to Family Ma, Cao Ji Wu and others to finally emerge Kuo Yun Shen and Sun Lutang as experts in Kung Fu Hsing I remarkable.

4) Qi Jiguang (1528-1588).

He is one of the other famous Patriot General of the Ming Dynasty (1368-1644). At the age of 22 years, Qi Jiguang fought and expelled Mogul army led by Altan Khan, who seeks re-colonize China (1548-1552). He along with Yu Dayao and Tan Lun-known as Patriot eradicate exhausted pirates and pirate Japan (rata2 the pirates is an ex-samurai who lost the war and collaborated with pirates Chinese or local authorities who wrongfully) that often rob in mainland China in particular regions Fujian and Zhejiang. The post-eradication, no pirates or pirate Japan who dared to go back again because the fighting ability of the army General Qi Jiquang outstanding. He noted and bequeath the whole of kungfu in the book "Shou Ji Ching Hua" which is now to be one that complements the heritage of Chinese Kungfu library.

5) Shaolin Ancestors.

Post-combustion Shaolin Temple in the second battle between the Pastor Shaolin Temple with 50,000 troops Qing modern armed and assisted Llamas of Tibet and Practitioner Pak Mei (White Eyebrow).

Fifth Shaolin ancestors are:

1) Choi Tak-Chung (蔡德忠)
2) Fong Tai-Hung (方大洪)
3) Ma Chiu-Hing (馬超興)
4) Wu Tak-Tai (胡德帝)
5) Sik-Hoi Lee (李 式 開)
Based on the results of the literature notes old, stated that the Shaolin Temple was completely destroyed and burned for 40 days and 40 nights in the attack. The entire ancient records thousands of years, including a number of science and the legendary Kung Fu heirloom weapons lost or burned down. Of the thousands of monks and non-monks of Shaolin, only 5 (five) people who escaped the attack and then they spread throughout China while spreading Shaolin Kungfu and resistance anti Qing Dynasty. Shaolin Temple destruction caused by the unscrupulous betrayal Shaolin who turns minions Qing Dynasty which infiltrate and sow poison in various point sources of water and food of the monks. At the time of the second attack, the physical condition of the poisoning has caused the loss of the ability to fight the monks and non-monks of Shaolin. In the first battle, the Shaolin Temple Warrior managed to evict tens of thousands of soldiers fully armed Qing Dynasty. Failure in the first attack, the Emperor Qing at the peak of anger.  The emperor collects the soldiers the best from each legion, and recruits throughout the martial artist martial arts (including the Llamas of Tibet and Practitioner Mr. May) loyal to the Qing Dynasty to jointly raided the Shaolin Temple as well as the strategy of infiltration / destruction of the Shaolin Temple.

Later, 5 Shaolin Ancestors / Five Ancestors is synonymous also with 5 Main Figures famous Shaolin Kungfu, namely:

a) Hung Hei-Koon Hong 洪熙官 XiGuan / Hung Hei Gun.

He is the creator of Hung Gar Kung Fu. Hung Hei Koon was the main disciple of the monk Gee Sim Sin See. He was renowned as an expert Gung Gee Fok Fu Kuen (Siu Lum Fook Fu Kuen) and True Panther's Claw. Kick notoriously ferocious tiger claws and powerful. Most victims of violence stance Tiger Claw is Hung Hei Koon soldiers and lackeys Qing Manchu.

b) Lau Sam-Ngan Liu 劉 三眼 Sānyǎn / Sam Lau Ngan.

He is the Creator of Lau Gar Kung Fu and is known by the nickname "Lau Eyes 3". Sam Lau Ngan Kungfu ability is very high. He is known to be able to fight against the Qing army keroyokan and practitioners of other martial arts without turning seolah2 there are "other eyes" behind his head.

c) Choi You-Cai 蔡九 儀 Yee Jiǔyí / Choy Gau Yi.

He is the Creator of Choi Gar Kung Fu

d) Lee Yau-San 李 友 山 Lǐ Yǒushān / Li Yau San.

He is Professor of Chan Heung, the Creator Gar Kung Fu Lei (Choi Lei Fut)

e) Mok Ching-Mo Kiu 莫 清 矯 Qīngjiǎo / Mok Ching Giu.

He is the Creator of Mok Gar Kung Fu.

6) Wong Fei Hung / Huang Fei Hong, Fushan, 1847-1924).

He lived during the Qing Dynasty (1644-1912) and was recorded as a Nationalist Patriot, martial arts expert, founder of Chi Lam Pho drug house and simultaneously Shinshe Akunpuntur very famous with various types of martial arts such as science: Science Couple Tiger and Crane, kick Without Shadows, Iron Fist, Toan Ta, Toya 8 Diagrams and others. The disciples He was very famous among others: Lam Sai Wing, Fong Leung, Tang Fung and Lin Wan Gai. Wong Fei Hung is the son of Wong Kei Ying, one of the famous fighters of the "10 tigers of Canton". At the age of 16 years, Wong Fei Hung set up a College of martial arts in various regions, namely: Shuijiao, Diqipu, Xiquan and Guangdong. In addition, he also founded the Drug Pho Chi Lam and an Instructor Trainer Mliter youngest on the V Army Regiment Cantonese. At the time of his life, Wong Fei Hung is famous for a variety of good fights with local fighters and foreign fighters to defend "China's Pride" which at that time fell to the lowest point. 2 (two) fight very famous at the time Wong dropped more than 50 fighter gangster / pirate in the harbor only with a piece of Toya and second fight is when he along with Liu Yong Fu fight directly with the Japanese army in Taiwan. He himself is a direct disciple of Beggars Way So (Beggar So), Lam Fuk Sing, Lin Fu Cheng and his own father who incidentally is the son of Wong Tai, a direct disciple Luk Ah Choi, Expert Kung Fu Hung Gar and also a direct disciple of the monk Shaolin famous : Gee Sin Sim See, Li Bak Fu & Hung Hei Koon.

7) Huo Yuanjia (Fok Yuengap / Ho Goanka, Tianjin, 1868-1910).

He is the founder of Chin Woo Athletic Association (Jing Wu Men), which until now has been spread over 50 branches in the USA, Canada, Argentina, Peru, Macau, Hong Kong, China, Japan, Wales, New Zealand, Sri Lanka, Vietnam, Australia, Singapore , Thailand, Malaysia and others. He is well-known martial arts Swordsman very nationalist and also born of Family Pesilat Huo flow. At first, Hua Yan Jia Silat not allowed to study science because of the condition of his body weak and often sick. However, because of a strong will and high talent, secretly Jia Hua Yan young is always peeking his brothers and pupils father (Huo Endi) during exercise. It is said that the more perfect knowledge after meeting with one of the famous Patriot Kungfu: Wang Wu, Si Machete Big polish ability Jia Hua Yan young. Jia Hua Yan fighting ability was first tested when he defeated South Kungfu expert named "Du" previously actually beat the Huo family at the time of the annual battle between Family Pesilat. At the time of his life, both he and his student Liu Zhensheng Swordsman Kungfu is famous as the many streams martial beat of various practitioners from various countries such as wrestlers, boxers, Ju Jit Su / pejudo and Karateka from Russia, the UK and Japan. The first fight with fighter Huo Yan Jia West occurred in 1901 in an open battle in Xiyuan Park, Tianjin. Huo Yan Jia defeated Russian wrestler Strongest (The fight is a "Show of Force" Russian Empire to weaken the Chinese people mentally) to the punch by lifting and throwing it out of the stage the fight. The second battle occurred in 1909 with the British Boxing Champion tall, big, O'Brien. Huo Yan Jia again beat his opponent with a stance creation, namely Mi Kung Fu Zhong. In a further development, Huo Yan Jia more to accept the challenge of the Japanese fighter and no one can beat him at the time. Unfortunately, Huo Yan Jia died too soon, ie at age 42 (1910) and based on the results of the autopsy Tianjin Municipality Police Laboratory, found arsenic in the body Huo. Chin Woo officials and inspectors Doctors suspect that the toxins associated with the results of the last fight with Japanesse Judo Association ("JJA"), which resulted in the number of members who suffered a crushing defeat JJA or fatal injuries in the battle mat.

8) Chan Tziching.

He is the principal heir of the Eagle Claw Kung Fu Family flow Highways Lau. He was renowned as an unbeatable Kungfu fighter and all his conquered only in three bouts, and / or with a 3-inch punch. During this period, only Huo Yan Jia himself able to offset the science Kungfu Chan Tzi Ching. Attracted by the tremendous fighting ability, Huo Yan Jia Chan Tzi Ching invited to participate teach in Chin Woo, Shang Hai in 1910. After the death of Huo Yan Jia due to exposure to arsenic poisoning of the Japanese secret agents, Chan Tzi Ching continue the struggle Huo Yan Jia and a lot of fight with a number of Japanese martial arts practitioners and the West, but none that can beat him until his death.

9) Fan Xudong.

He has a high posture and large but has the ability to relieve science incredible body of his day. He is one of the full-blooded experts Kung Fu Grasshopper worship (Praying Mants) and Machete Large (Guan Dao). Fan Xu Dong-known as Kung Fu Fighter Patriot who participated in the Boxer rebellion because not stand the behavior of Western countries and Japan at that harm people and wants to colonize China towards the end of the Qing Dynasty. There are a number of well-known battle between the Fan Xu Dong with a number of fighters representing 8 countries, the first fight is when He answered the challenge of the Japanese Samurai hero in the battle of life and death openly in Shandong. Fan Xu Dong clearing the body of the Samurai into 2 parts in a matter of seconds at the time using a weapon Guan Dao. The second battle occurred in 1875, Fan Xu Dong represent Kungfu Yantai University to meet the challenges of the National Wrestling Champion of Russia. The fight back by Fan Xu Dong won by a landslide. After the victory, Fan Xu Dong many fighter-fighter fighting with Russia, but none that can beat him until he returned to China back.

10) Family Chen Tai Chi: Chen Fake (1887-1957).

Chen Fa-Ke is 1 (one) the next generation of the 17th Tai Chi Chen clan flow which is very famous in his lifetime because no opponent that can defeat him and he defeats all his opponents without injuring them at all. He himself is the son of Chen Chang Xing, one of the Tai Chi Master Chen's famous flow. He is most famous fight was a free fight or "Leitai" for 17 days in Beijing. For 17 days, Chen Fa-Ke defeats all his opponents only with science Chen Tai Chi flow. Many experts Martial either hard or soft flow as well as various other streams Martial acknowledged that Chen Fa-Ke is undefeated fighter in his day. Chen Fa Ke dubbed "Taiji Yi Ren" (The Best Tai Chi Master) and "Shen Quan" (Martial Saint) by practitioners of the martial world. Chen Tai Chi flow Highways centered in the village of Chen (Chen Jiagao) and almost the entire population of the village is a practitioner of Tai Chi. Based on historical records, Chen Tai Chi flow was first introduced by Chen Wan Ting, a retired General of the Ming Dynasty.

11) Family Yang: Yang Luchan (Yang Fukui, 1799-1872).

He is the founder of the clan Yang Tai Chi flow. At the time of his life, he is also famous as a Warrior with the nickname "Yang Wu Di = The Invincible". Descendants He and his successors were very famous among others: Yang Chien Hou, Yang Shao Hao, Yang Cheng Fu, Yang Ban Hou and Chen Man Ching. Science Tai Chi Yang Lu Chan is best known by a number of nicknames, namely Mien Quan (Cotton Fist) and Hua Quan (neutralizing Fist).

12) Kuo Yunshen (Guo Yunshen / Yu Sheng, 1829-1898).

He is well-known as Swordsman frame of the martial arts and Kung Nei very high. He is a master of Kung Fu Hsing - I (Xing Yi). Shen Yun Kuo nicknamed "Ban Bu Peng Kuo" as famous for its mastery of Peng Quan ("Crushing Fist") is perfect, one of the science of 5 elements Hsing I). It is said that cotton Tread Sciences opponent's body is able to shed enough just to touch it. Kuo Yun Shen 10 bricks never tapped gently and everything was destroyed spilled. He himself is the best student of Master Li Luoneng and never been beaten by anyone in his day. Only one person can offset the Master Kuo Yun Shen, namely Tung Hai Chuan in a fierce battle for 3 days and 3 nights that ended in a draw and eventually they become good friends were exchanging knowledge Kungfu.

13) Sun Lutang (Sun Fuquan, 1860-1933).

He is the creator of Tai Chi flow and is well known as an expert Sun Hsing I and Bagua. He is a pupil of various experts like the monk Kung Fu Wu, Kuo Yun Shen, Li Kui Yuan, Cheng Ting Hua (Expert Baguazhang), Hao Wei Chen (Expert Wu Yu Xiang Tai Chi) and others. He was the nickname: "Tiger Head Swordsman" and "More Intelligent than Monkey On".

14) Haichuan Tung (Dong Haichuan, 13 October 1797 or 1813-25 October 1882).

He is the creator of the science of Baguazhang (Zhuan Zhang) and the famous unbeaten in his day. One of the famous battle is a battle of 3 days 3 nights with Master Kuo Yun Shen which ended in a draw. In addition Baguazhang expert, he is also an expert in the science of Bafanshan, Hongquan, Xingmengquan, Jinggangquan, Erlangquan and Lohanquan. Tung Hai Chuan himself is known to have other Special Studies called "Step Cloud / Cloud Bearak" a kind Sciences Body Relieve outstanding that can be played simultaneously with the science of Baguazhang.

15) Zhang Zhaodong (Zhang Zhankui, 1859-1940).

He is an expert in the unique power of the famous Kungfu leitai win the whole fight (free fight / free fight) with fighter / practitioners of various martial arts of Japan and the strong Germany. He is among one (1) of the eight famous pupil Tung Hai Chuan / Dong Hai Chuan, the creator of the science of Baguazhang.

16) Yip Man (Ip Man, Foshan, Namhoi 1898-1972).

He is one of the famous Wing Chun Kung Fu expert and well-known as Pesilat undefeated but very "low profile". He is a direct disciple of Chan Wah Sun, Ng Chung Sok & Leung Bik (son of Leung Jan). While in Foshan, China, he had some famous pupils include: Lok Yiu, Chow Kwong Yue, Kwok Fu, Kai Lun, Chan Chi Sun and Lui Ying. At the time in Hong Kong, a number of well-known disciples He was Leung Sheung, Lok Yiu, Song Chu Tin, Wong Shun Leung, Lo Man Kam Lung and Siau Li / Li Jun Fan (Bruce Lee).

Yip Man is the son of a wealthy merchant family and very generous. The origin of the interest to learn Kungfu because Yip Man Yip Man Family allows a kung fu master who has lived the Master Chan Wah Shun to preserve Kungfu by way of teaching a group of students in the family temple. Master Chan has a reputation as a kind of martial arts experts as often defending the interests of ordinary people who are oppressed by the robbers, criminals or officials who arbitrarily. Yip Man, who was 9 years old often observed practice Master Chan and his students. He was accepted as a pupil begged Master Chan, but the Master Chan who was then aged 60 years had not wanted to accept students again. But the young Yip Man was a very strong desire and unyielding, although rejected many times, Yip Man remains unyielding.

To test the willingness and sincerity of Yip Man, Master Chan said it would accept as a pupil if he is able to pay for training for three taels of silver. The next day, Yip Man is coming to bring his entire savings totaling 300 pieces of silver! Master Chan saw that Yip Man has the desire and determination is very strong to learn Wing Chun Kung Fu. After a discussion with his parents Yip Man, finally received a Master Chan Yip Man as his last pupil.

Yip Man studied Wing Chun Kung Fu with Master Chan for four years or until the Master Chan died. To further deepen knowledge of kung fu, Yip Man then studied for 2.5 years with another senior, namely Ng Chun. When Yip Man 16 years old, his parents sent him to Hong Kong to study at St Stephen's College. With the popularity of Yip Man quickly thrived in St. Setphen's College because he often serve and win the fight opened well with the seniors or practitioners of other martial flow average based martial arts, boxing and Karate. At the time, Kung Fu Wing Chun Kung Fu became popular as a new stream of reliable outside streams that already exist.

Young Man Yip really like bout until at some point he had information that at silk factory one of his friends, there is an incredible martial arts expert but have aged 50 years. The Kungfu expert living in fishing boats leaning close to the port of Hong Kong. Yip Man then went to the Master and ask for guidance from the expert Kung Fu. But the martial arts expert is actually asked Yip Man to demonstrate his Wing Chun Kung Fu. After seeing a few moments Yip Man, the martial arts expert is actually teasing that science Chin Kung Fu Wing Yip Man is still far below the standard of Wing Chun Kung Fu expert! Felt that his ability is lowered, Yip Man challenged the expert is to fight. In the two movements, Yip Man it was thrown into the water! After repeatedly trying to attack by various secret moves that he learned over the years, eventually Yip Man realizes that he met Kungfu Expert Expert Kungfu is a high level because the entire attack Yip Man can not be on target! Yip Man finally gave up and expressed a desire to learn from the experts of the martial arts. Attracted by the talent and ability of Yip Man, the martial arts expert receives Yip Man as a student. Later Yip Man learned that the Expert Kungfu Master Leung Bik evidently is still a "lineage / root" with the science of martial arts master Chan Wah Sun. Master Leung Bik itself a martial arts expert from various streams but focusing on the flow of Wing Chun Kung Fu. But so far, no one / other martial arts experts who know that Master Leung Bik is actually a Wing Chun Kung Fu expert until the arrival of Yip Man!

Kung Fu Wing Chun master Leung Bik and Master Chan Wah Sun is actually derived from the same root, the Shaolin Wing Chun Ng Mui but Master Leung Bik make some changes according to the experience of fighting for this so that there are different patterns and moves among Kungfu Wing Chin Traditional with Wing Chun Kung Fu hers. After studying for 2.5 a tender, Master Leung Bik has inherited a whole science to Yip Man and asked Yip Man Wing Chun Kung Fu to disseminate to the general public. Along with the completion of the study period She, Yip Man returned to Foshan and aspire to carry out the mandate of the teacher. Yip Man taught all his fellow seperguruan but that desire was met obstacles because one of the senior still want to maintain the traditional Wing Chun so it was a fight between Yip Man with seniors. But ultimately the senior can accept that science is a good Kungfu Kungfu science that can adapt and change according to developments. During Foshan occurred many events that changed the way of life Master Yip Man, ranging from the entry of Japanese colonial rule until a fight with the experts in the Japanese martial repressive small. Yip Man often answer the challenge of the Japanese martial arts expert who seeks mental knocked the Chinese people by organizing a number of martial arts tournaments. Victories achieved easily and quickly in every battle until Yip Man had to be rushed from Foshan to Hong Kong back because the target of assassination.

At the beginning in Hong Kong, Yip Man working in the restaurant and daily teaching Wing Chun Kung Fu Wong Sheung Leung, a martial arts practitioner Mr. May and at the same time the first disciple of Yip Man. Harsh life in Hong Kong often cause Yip Man received many challenges both from the flow of Kung Fu and other martial arts. In general, Yip Man politely declining the challenge but in the end the fight remains inescapable. Yip Man never experienced defeat or even injure their opponents in each fight and generally after the fight finished, the opponents it is very reluctant to Yip Man Yip Man because of the attitude of humble and knights. After teaching the science of Wing Chun Kung Fu for 20 years in Hong Kong, Master Yip Man died.

17) Bruce Lee (Lee Jun Fan / Lee Siau Lung, November 27, 1940-20 July 1973).

He is a practitioner of Wing Chun Kung Fu and also the founder of a new martial arts: Jeet Kune Do (intercepting Fist). He is an actor and martial artist who began his martial arts journey in the field of hobby fighting in the streets, including with members of the mafia gang. At the time of his life, he was known for a real fight with a variety of martial arts practitioners both at the time of shooting ;; film and on the days that have been determined. 

Here is a list of fights Bruce Lee noted:

a) In 1958, Bruce Lee beat Boxer British Boxing Champion three times, Gary Elms, in the third round with a KO in Hong Kong Inter School Championship Amateur Boxing Championship.

b) Before dealing with Gary Elms, Bruce Lee beat Shen Yuen, Lieh Lo and Yang Huang; all in the first round by KO.

c) Bruce Lee beat Pu Chung, Choy Li Fut Kung Fu expert with knockouts in the first round in the battle Full Body Contact. The bout sponsor is Wong Sheung Leung.

d) From 1959 to 1960, Bruce Lee was involved a lot of fight in the street and the average victim KO or defect, so that the police be busy due to the favorite.

e) In 1962, Bruce Lee beat Uechi, Black Belt Karate champion, with a KO in 11 seconds, in Seattle. Taki Kimura, a primary pupil and friend of Bruce Lee, it calculates the KO in 10 seconds.

f) At the time of shooting the film The Big Boss in Thailand, Bruce Lee to answer the challenges of the Muai Thay with their representatives knockout in just seconds.

g) At the time of shooting the film Enter the Dragon, Bruce also answer the challenge of a karate black belt by clicking Konya in seconds.

h) On several occasions, Bruce respond to the challenges of various martial artist either using bare hands or arms, but all of his opponent's average fate KO or can not continue the fight. In general, the fight was witnessed by many people or experts in other martial.

i) The fight longest and quite draining Bruce Lee is when he is dealing with Wong Jack Man, a Xing Yi, Southern Shaolin Kung Fu and Tai Chi. It is said that Wong Jack Man is a brawler Kung Fu from Chin Woo School. The fight finished within 20-25 minutes with the victory of Bruce Lee. On another occasion, Wong Jack Man gauntlet back but Bruce Lee never responded. Learning from these battles, Bruce integrate all abilities and martial arts herself and eventually create a new stream of martial arts, namely Jeet Kune Do.

Finally in line with the rapid progress and openness of the Chinese state, various types and flow Kung fu martial arts gradually merged and standardized into a form of exercise that can be competed internationally, currently known as Wushu or "Combat Arts".

Sanda / Sanshou.

Sanda or Sanshou (Chinese: 散 手; pinyin: sǎnshǒu; "hands free") is a martial art that is rooted from Kungfu. Sanshou developed by the armed forces of China as a martial art curriculum standards in the military academy. Sanshou combines the techniques of kung fu, wrestling, and boxing in its use.

Thank you for reading this article. Written and posted by Bambang Sunarno. sunarnobambang86@gmail.com

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DatePublished: September 5, 2015 at 10:20

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Longest name.

The name is a sign to know someone with certain characteristics. With names, families and friends and people nearby can distinguish people from one another.
When people do not have a name, what would happen?
1. Autumn Sullivan Corbett Fitzsimmons Jeffries Hart Burns Johnson Willard

Dempsey Tunney schme ling Sharkey Carnera Baer Braddock Louis Charles Walcott Marciano Patterson Johansson Liston Clay Frazier Foreman Brown.

People who have a record for the longest name that is listed in the Guinness Book of Records is a person who was born in England in 2007. The name is composed of 27 syllables and 182 letters. The name is taken from the names of the boxers are very popular.

2. Adolph Blaine Charles David Earl Frederick Gerald Hubert Irvin John Kenneth Lloyd Martin Nero Oliver Paul Quincy Randolph Sherman Thomas Uncas Victor William Xerxes Yancy Zeus Apollo Wolfe­schlegelstein­hausenberger­dorffvoraltern­waren­gewissenhaft­schaferswessen­schafewaren­wohlgepflege­und­sorgfaltigkeit­beschutzen­von­angreifen­durch­ihrraubgierigfeinde­welche­voraltern­zwolftausend­jahres­vorandieerscheinen­wander­ersteer­dem­enschderraumschiff­gebrauchlicht­als­sein­ursprung­von­kraftgestart­sein­lange­fahrt­hinzwischen­sternartigraum­auf­der­suchenach­diestern­welche­gehabt­bewohnbar­planeten­kreise­drehen­sich­und­wohin­der­neurasse­von­verstandigmen­schlichkeit­konnte­fortplanzen­und­sicher­freuen­anlebens­langlich­freude­und­ruhe­mit­nicht­ein­furcht­vor­angreifen­von­anderer­intelligent­geschopfs­von­hinzwischen­sternartigraum, Senior.

Commonly abbreviated (Wolfe 585, senior) is the short name of the compositor Philadelphia, which had held the record for the longest personal name used. "585" is the number of additional letters in the full name (total 590). He was born in Bergedorf (now part of Hamburg), Germany, and later emigrated to the United States, settling in Philadelphia. His date of birth was given as February 29, 1904, but he also reported the age of 47 in a mid-1964 wire story. He became a compositor, "quite logical", according to Bennett Cerf.

3. Captain Leone Sextus Tollemache, from the British Navy. Leone use the same pattern with the first name of the other brothers and sisters (Lyonel, Lyonesse, Lyulph, Lyona, Leo, Lyonella and Lyonetta); Sextus means sixth son; Fraudatifilius is a Latin term for the son of a rigged; Tollemache-Tollemache the first part of his first name, as well as de Orellana who was taken from his mother's last name.

Tollemache his father's family name is repeated (reduplication). Everyday is a name used Leone Sextus Tollemache. See also Lyulph Ydwallo Odin's brother Nestor Egbert Lyonel Toedmag Erchenwyne Saxon Hugh Nevill Esa Cromwell Orma Dysart Tollemache-Tollemache Plantagenet.

4. Siddig El Tahir El Fadil El Siddig Abderrahman Ahmed Mohammed Abdel Karim El Mahdi

(short version: Alexander Siddig) who was born in Sudan and became an actor in the UK, also commonly known as El Fadil and Alexander Siddig.

5. Clarissa Theresa Philomena Aileen Mary Josephine Agnes Elsie Trilby Louise Esmerelda Dickson Wright -is celebrity chefs in the UK, usually called Jennifer Paterson.

6. Peaches Honeyblossom Michelle Charlotte Angel Vanessa Geldof (short version: Peaches Geldof) - is a socialite and occasionally into English broadcaster.

7. Fabiola Fernanda Maria de las Victorias Antonia Adelaida de Mora y Aragon (Queen Fabiola of Belgium), is the widow of king Baudouin of Belgium.Dia is the consort of the King of Belgium for 33 years.

8. Pedro de Alcântara Maria Fernando Miguel Rafael Gonzaga Xavier Leopoldo Vítor João António Júlio Francisco de Assis-Coburgo Amelio de Saxe-Gotha e Bragança.

(born in Lisbon, 16 September 1837 - died in Lisbon, November 11, 1861 at the age of 24 years) is the King of Portugal to the 31st (or 32nd according to some historians) from 1853 until 1861.

9. Lyulph Ydwallo Odin Nestor Egbert Lyonel Toedmag Erchenwyne Saxon Hugh Nevill Esa Cromwell Orma Dysart Tollemache Plantagenet-Tollemache
the acronym is "Lyonel THE SECOND" or "Lyonel Second". Lyonel is the name of his elder brother. See also his brother Leone Sextus Tollemache.

,
10. Anthony Philip David Terry Frank Donald Stanley Gerry Gordon Stephen James Oatway (short version: Charlie Oatway) - Is a soccer player named 11 players from the football club Queens Park Rangers FC.

Thank you for reading this article. Written and posted by Bambang Sunarno. sunarnobambang86@gmail.com
author:
https://plus.google.com/105319704331231770941.
name: Bambang Sunarno.
http://primadonablog.blogspot.com/2015/09/longest-name.html
DatePublished: September 4, 2015 at 18:29

Tag : Longest name.

Code : 7MHPNPADAEFW

Did you know Tulip Flowers.

 Tulip (Latin: Tulipa) is a genus name for the 100 species of flowering plants belonging to the family Liliaceae. Tulip comes from Central Asia, grows wild in the mountains of Pamir and Hindu Kush mountains and the steppes of Kazakhstan. Holland is famous as the land of tulips. Tulip is also the national flower of Iran and Turkey.

Tulip is an annual plant of bulbous height between 10-70 cm, the leaves are waxy, narrow-shaped elongated green shades of bluish, and comprises 6 large flowers leaves crown. Tulip result of crosses produce single-colored flowers, red, orange, yellow, green, blue, purple, or a variety of combinations and gradations of color. Tulip produces seeds wrapped round flat capsules dry.
As well as roses, lilies, orchids and peonies, tulips are flowering plants most widely cultivated man.

Some species  :

Tulipa acuminata
Tulipa agenensis
Tulipa Armena
Tulipa aucheriana
Tulipa batalinii
Tulipa bakeri
Tulipa biflora
Tulipa borszczowii
Tulipa butkovii
Tulipa carinata
Tulipa celsiana
Tulipa clusiana
Tulipa cretica
Tulipa cypria
Tulipa dasystemon
Tulipa didieri
Tulipa dubia
Tulipa edulis
Tulipa ferganica
Tulipa gesneriana
Tulipa goulimyi
Tulipa greigii
Tulipa grengiolensis
Tulipa heterophylla
Tulipa hoogiana
Tulipa humilis
Tulipa iliensis
Tulipa ingens
Tulipa julia
Tulipa kaufmanniana
Tulipa kolpakowskiana
Tulipa kurdica
Tulipa kuschkensis
Tulipa lanata
Tulipa lehmanniana
Tulipa linifolia
Tulipa marjolettii
Tulipa Mauritania
Tulipa micheliana
Tulipa montana
Tulipa orphanidea
Tulipa ostrowskiana
Tulipa platystigma
Tulipa polychroma
Tulipa praecox
Tulipa praestans
Tulipa primulina
Tulipa pulchella
Tulipa retroflexa
Tulipa saxatilis
Tulipa sharonensis
Tulipa sprengeri
Tulipa stapfii
Tulipa subpraestans
Tulipa sylvestris
Tulipa systola
Tulipa tarda
Tulipa tetraphylla
Tulipa tschimganica
Tulipa tubergeniana
Tulipa turkestanica
Tulipa undulatifolia
Tulipa urumiensis
Tulipa urumoffii
Tulipa violacea
Tulipa whittalli

The types of tulip gardens.
There are about a hundred types of tulips are often planted in gardens. If viewed from the petals, tulips anyone has petals that do not open during bloom (still like furl), wide-open petals during bloom, petals curved periphery, and the periphery of the pointed petals.

If seen from the time of flowering, tulips are classified into :

Tulips that flower earlier.

- Single Early (leaf crown layer, early flowering)
Flowers only have six petals. Flowering in early April. This type is a descendant of the type 'Duke Van Thol'. Plants tend to be short, about 20-30 cm high plant. Example: 'Apricot Beauty' and 'Christmas Dream.'
- Double Early (layered petals, flowering earlier)
Flowers have more than six petals but considerably less than the Double Late kind. Plant height of about 20-30 cm. Flowers durable and strong stems. Flowering in early April. This type is a descendant of the tulip 'Murillo' with white flowers, consisting of 120 cultivars. Example: 'Peach Blossom' and 'Monte Carlo.'
- Kaufmaniana
Types developed from the species Tulipa kaufmanniana Turkestan origin. Tulip This type of flowering very early, in Washington, DC sometimes already flowering in early March. Short trunk, the flowers open in the sun so it looks like a six-pointed star. Flowering in early April. Plant height of 10-20 cm.
- Fosteriana
The kind that is easy to breed, a hybrid variety Tulip originating from Central Asia. Flowering around the beginning of April. Plant height of about 25-51 cm. Example: 'Purissima' (white) and 'Sweetheart' (yellow with white on the edge of the petals).

Tulip flowering rather slow.

- Triumph.
This species is a hybrid Single Early results with the types of slow flowering. Ovoid shape of typical Tulip flowers, strong stems and flowers can survive in adverse weather conditions. This type is widely used for cut flowers. Plant height of about 25-41 cm. Flowering in mid-April. This cultivar has a color varied, for example 'Negrita' (purple), 'Kees Nelis' (a mixture of red and yellow),' White Dream '(white),' Prominence '(red),' Cairo '(brown),' Zurel '(a mixture of purple and white),' Gavota '(dark red with yellow fringes). One cultivar there using the name of the city in Indonesia, namely Tulip 'Makassar' yellow.
- Darwin Hybrid.
This type was unknown after World War 2, is the result of a hybrid between Tulipa fosteriana large and 'Darwin.' This type has a big interest than other types Tulip so often planted in a flower garden and massively produced as cut flowers. Easy planting, have strong stems and resistant to virus attack. Plant height of about 30-51 cm. Flowering in mid-April. Flower color variation is not too much, among other things: 'Pink Impression' (pink), 'Apeldoorn' and 'Oxford' (red). In addition, there are also other colors are owned by descendants' Apeldoorn 'and' Oxford 'like' Golden Oxford '(amber),' Blushing Apeldoorn '(orange-yellow), and the' Oxford Elite (orange with edge yellowish).
- Greigii.
This type was developed from the species Tulipa greigii Turkestan origin. The trunk is sturdy, medium-sized flowers open in the sun showing up the old basic black colored flowers. Typical leaf patterned like stripes or purple hue. Flowering in early April. Plant height of about 20-30 cm.

Flowering tulips slowly.

- Single Late (leaf crown layer, slow flowering)
All cultivars of this species has a long and strong stems. This type is a collection of types such as 'Breeder' 'Darwin' and 'cottages', each of which has been lost due to his trademark hybridization results. Plant height of about 37-76 cm. Flowering in late April. 'Ile-de-France' is a cultivar of this species are flowering faster than other types of flowering early. Example: 'Pink Diamond' (pink) and 'Queen of Night' (purple).
- Double Late (petals layered, slow flowering)
This type of designation Peony Flowered Tulip has since had flowers like peonies. Large flowers with petals layered. This type should be planted in a sheltered place for large-sized flowers can not stand heavy rain and strong winds. Plant height of about 30-41 cm. Flowering in late April. This type has only a few cultivars, such as 'Angelique' (white pink), 'Mount Tacoma' (white), 'Ice Cream' (bottom of pink, white top).
- Lily-flowered Tulip.
This type of long-term stem and have flowers with petals which was torn edges and tapered like a lily. In ancient times generally Tulip has the shape of a flower like this. Tulip acuminata origin of species but has a strong stem. Popular as a cut flower. Plant height of about 36-76 cm. Flowering in late April. Example: 'West Point' (yellow), 'Ballerina' (orange), 'Marilyn' (white with red brush strokes).
- Fringed Group (the edge of the crystal).
This type has a crown of leaves whose edges like crystals or decorated with tassels. Flower looks very pretty and durable. Plant height of about 20-76 cm. Flowering in late April. Most Tulip kind of a mutant of the type Single Late. Tulip 'Crystal Beauty' with red flowers is a mutant of 'Apeldoorn' embellishments like crystals that form at the edge of the petals. Tulip 'Barbados' has petals with a decorative edge as sharp fringe, while the edges of petals Tulip 'Royal Sphinx' has only decoration tassel little to almost invisible. Another example: 'Fancy Frill' (pink) and 'Hamilton' (yellow).
- Viridiflora (green line).
Type Single Late relatives who still has a green line on the crown of leaves that begins from the bottom up to the top edge of flower petals. Long-lived plants and flowers are often used for cut flowers. Plant height of about 41-61 cm. Flowering in late April. Example: 'Spring Green' (white-striped green) and 'Greenland' (pink striped green).
- Rembrandt.
This kind of descendant of Darwin that the color change is caused by several types of viruses. At first people did not know that the colors are fantastic motifs such as brush strokes are caused by a virus, so that this kind Tulip trading at crazy in the 17th century until the 18th century. Rembrandt tulip original disease is no longer there and replaced types Rembrandt disease-free. Flowering in late April. Cultivars that something like for example: 'Bizarre' and 'Ice Follies.'
- Parrot.
This type of recognizable from petals resemble feathers. Parrot type as much as 99% represents a change from other types of Tulip others. It is said that there is a theory that says petals like this due to the separation of petals are not perfect. Existing types have a strong stem, while species that exist in ancient times had a weak stems. Colors can vary, but in the middle there is a definite crown leaves patches of green. This type is very vulnerable to bad weather and should be planted in a sheltered place. Plant height of about 31-41 cm. Flowering in late April. Example: 'Flaming Parrot' (yellow and red streaks), 'Estella Rijnveld' (a mixture of red and white) and 'Blue Parrot' (dark blue purplish).

Planting techniques.

Tulip can not live in the open tropical areas because it requires low temperatures in winter to grow. Tulips can be forced to bloom more quickly than normal if put in a place where the temperature is set to be higher.
Tulips can be planted in two ways, using bulbs or seeds. Tulips are grown from tubers takes a year to be able to generate enough interest magnitude, while plants grown from seed takes between 5-7 years in order to bloom.
Which has finished blooming flowers should be cut to get the tubers.
According to the results of research that applies only to Tulip interest, if any interest is not blooming flower buds bottom pierced right through with a needle (eg a needle), ethylene gas will be produced by flowers are blooming flower injured so time becomes longer. The same treatment if done to the flowers that had bloomed cause blooming period becomes even shorter.

History.

At first tulips growing wild in Central Asia and West Asia. Turkish Ottoman empire lured to the beauty and perfection of tulips and began to cultivate tulips since 1000. The motifs of tulips have long been widely used in the art of Persian and Turkish ornaments. The name given to a tulip Europeans derived from Persian for turban (Persian: دلبنت, dulband) because when the tulips bloomed yet fully shape looks like a turban.
The types of tulip that has been known since ancient times have stripes, "graffiti brush," or "flares" or having another color in certain parts of the petals, whereas other types of newer have a pattern of different colors on petal. Another touch of color on the base color is due to pigment changes tulip flowers on the top and the bottom of the flower.
Mosaic virus infection brought a kind of insect infestation causes a rare type of tulip with beautiful motifs such as brush strokes are hunted Dutch Tulip mania as fever flowers. Tulip mosaic virus causes the plant to suffer and die slowly, although the interest generated to be very beautiful. Today, the mosaic virus can be said to have been nearly wiped out of the fields of tulips.
In the Ottoman Empire and the Netherlands, the demand for tulips that are not offset adequate supply lead to a phenomenon called Tulip mania. Games tulip prices by speculators also be one reason for the economic decline of the Ottoman Empire.
Netherlands every year sending tulips to be planted in the city of Ottawa as a thank you to the Canadian liberating the Netherlands from Nazi Germany and during the occupation period generously providing a place for living Queen Juliana who at that time was the daughter of the crown.
Thank you for reading this article. Written and posted by Bambang Sunarno. sunarnobambang86@gmail.com
author:
https://plus.google.com/105319704331231770941.
name: Bambang Sunarno.
http://primadonablog.blogspot.com/2015/09/did-you-know-tulip-flowers.html
DatePublished: September 4, 2015 at 17:36

Tag : Did you know Tulip Flowers.

Code : 7MHPNPADAEFW

Did you know Roses.

Roses is a type of shrub of the genus Rosa interest generated once the name of this plant. Wild roses comprises more than 100 species, mostly grown in the northern hemisphere the valve cool. Species roses generally a thorny shrub or climbing plant that can reach 2 to 5 meters. Although rare, high plant climbing roses in other plants can reach 20 meters.
Most species have leaves that are between 5-15 cm in length with two-two opposite (pinnate). Each compound leaf petiole is composed of at least 3 or 5 to 9 or 13 children and Stipule leaves (stipules) is elliptical, bone pinnate, tapered edges, tapered at the ends of the leaves and thorny stems close to the ground. Roses is not actually tropical plants, most species throughout shed their leaves and only a few species in Southeast Asia are evergreen throughout the year.
The flowers consist of 5 pieces of petals with the exception of Rosa sericea which only has 4 leaves crown. Among the colors that are owned by the roses are white, pink, yellow and blue in some species. Ovaries are at the bottom of the crown of leaves and leaf sheath.

Fruit roses (rose hips) of Rosa canina.

Flowers produce aggregate fruit (grown from a single flower with many pistils) called rose hips. Each ovary develops into a single fruit (achene), while the collection of single-wrapped fruit pulp on the outside. Species with flowers that open more inviting arrival bees or other pollinating insects that tend to produce more fruit. Breeding roses produce flowers that leaf crown shut making it difficult for pollination. Most pieces of red roses with a few exceptions like Rosa pimpinellifolia that produce fruit dark purple to black.
In some species such as Rosa canina and Rosa rugosa rose hips bear fruit very rich in vitamin C even among the natural sources of vitamin C richest. Fruit rose hips preferred fruit-eating birds that help spread the seeds of roses along the dirt is removed. Some species of birds such as finches also eat the seeds of roses.
In general, roses have thorns shaped like a hook that serves as a grip when climbing other plants. Some species that grows wild in the sandy soil in coastal areas such as Rosa rugosa and Rosa pimpinellifolia adapt straight needle-like spines that may serve to reduce the damage from edible animals, hold the sand that the wind and protect the roots from erosion. Although it is protected thorns, deer do not seem afraid and often damaging roses. Some species roses have thorns that are not growing and not sharp.
Roses can be caught several diseases such as leaf rust which is the most serious disease. The cause is a fungus Phragmidium mucronatum which causes leaf loss. Diseases that are not so dangerous as Wheat Mildew caused by fungus Sphaerotheca pannosa, while the Black Spotting disease marked the emergence of black spots on the leaves caused by fungi Diplocarpon rosae. Roses are also a food for the larvae of some species of Lepidoptera.
Roses thrive in temperate climates, although some cultivars is the result of joining methods (grafting) can be grown in the temperate regions of subtropical to tropical climates. Besides as a cut flower, the rose has many benefits, including antidepressants, antiviral, antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, and a source of vitamin C. Rose oil is one of the essential oil distillates and evaporation leaves the crown so that it can be made into perfume. Roses can also be used for tea, jelly, and marmalade.

Garden roses are generally classified into several major groups :

Wild roses .

Origin grows wild, flower shapes simple, has been known to mankind since ancient times. Some species of roses leading mentioned above and some of the resulting hybrid is an example of a wild rose.

Old Garden Roses .

Plants from crosses before the introduction of Hybrid Tea in 1867. The shape is unique and fragrant flowers. Here are the types of Old Garden roses arranged in order from the oldest age:

Alba.

"white roses" from crosses Rosa arvensis with Rosa alba. These are some of the oldest garden roses, was brought to Britain by the Romans. Flowering once a year. Example: 'Semi-plena', 'White Rose of York'.

Gallica.

The result of crosses from Rosa gallica originating from central and southern Europe. Bloom once in summer. Example: 'Cardinal de Richelieu', 'Charles de Mills', 'Rosa Mundi' (Rosa gallica versicolor).
Damask - brought to Europe from Persia by Robert de Brie around the year 1254 and the year 1276 Rose Summer Damasks types (crosses between Gallica roses with Rosa phoenicea) bloom once in summer. Autumn Damasks (crosses between Gallica with Rosa moschata) bloom in the fall. Example: 'Ispahan' and 'Madame Hardy'.

Centifolia also known as Provence.

Literally means "thousand petals" are the result of breeding in the 17th century in the Netherlands. Flowering once a year, for example: 'Centifolia' and 'Paul Ricault'.

Moss.

Still close relatives Centifolia, stems, leaves and petals like moss green. Flowering once a year. Example: 'Comtesse de Murinais', 'Old Pink Moss'.

China.

Can bloom repeatedly throughout the summer until late autumn. There are 4 types ('Slater's Crimson China', 1792, 'Parsons' Pink China ', 1793,' Hume's Blush China 'in 1809 and' Parks 'Yellow Tea Scented China' 1824), brought into Europe in the late 18th century and the century 19th. The types are then glorified into Old Garden roses that bloom repeatedly, like 'Old Blush China' and 'mutabilis'.

Portland.

Named after the Duchess of Portland who received roses from Italy in 1800). Roses are often known as' The Portland Rose '(another name: Rosa paestana or' Scarlet Four Seasons' Rose ') is the ancestor of roses Portland. Example: 'James Veitch', 'Rose de Rescht', 'The Portland Rose'.

Bourbon.

Roses that come from l'Île de Bourbon (now called Reunion, a French colony in the Indian Ocean) was introduced in France in 1823. The result of crossbreeding 'Autumn Damask' and the 'Old Blush China'. Flowering repeatedly. Examples: 'Louise Odier', 'Mme. Pierre Oger ',' Zephirine Drouhin '.

Hybrid Perpetual.

Roses are often found in England in Victorian times, is a descendant of the Bourbon. Flowering repeatedly. Example: 'Ferdinand Pichard', 'Reine Des Violettes'.

Tea.

Rose from crosses' Hume's Blush China 'or' Parks' Yellow Tea Scented China 'with different types of Bourbon and Noisette. Flowering many times, although not always smelling like tea. Example: 'Lady Hillingdon'.

Bermuda "Mysterious" Roses (Rose "mysterious" Bermuda).

The group of several dozen roses Bermuda origin that have been cultivated for at least a century in Bermuda as "discovered." Most likely rose Bermuda is branching or Old Garden Rose cultivars are discarded because they can not be used. Bermuda roses have high economic value because it can be grown in tropical and semi-tropical. These types of roses can bloom in hot and humid weather. Resistant to damage caused by nematodes and diseases that pose a threat Black patches of rose cultivation in hot and humid climates. Bermuda roses called "mystery roses" because the original name of this species is no longer known and only named after the owner of the park.
Climbing Roses (Climbing Roses): groups like vines on a fence or a building canopy, for example: Ayrshire, Climbing China, Laevigata, sempervirens, Noisette, Boursault, Climbing Tea, and Climbing Bourbon.

Shrub Roses (Rose Bush).

Custom group with semi-climbing, climbing on fences and buildings canopy. Flowers are small to medium, long-lasting blooms.

Modern Garden Roses (Modern Rose Garden): Descendants of Old Garden roses and variegated forms. The group is divided based on plant size and characteristics of interest, for example: "shrub with large flowers," shrub with large flowers repeatedly, "" interest groups, "" creeper, flower repeatedly, "" short shrubs, flowering all. "Most of the current model cultivars can be classified into two groups:

Hybrid Tea.

Roses are ideal for cut flowers because the stem can produce 5 to 6 flowers. Flowers are large and elegant, have the leaf crown compact and slightly folded edges to the outside (see photo), often grown in small gardens and pinned on the jacket while attending a wedding ceremony.

Floribunda.

Small flower which is a group of 10 or more flowers on one stem. Lush flower striking from a distance so great for planting in public parks and other open spaces.

Buck Roses.

Named after Professor Griffith Buck (horticulturist from Iowa State University) that honors more than 90 varieties of roses. Buck roses resistant to disease and malignancy winter.

English Roses.

The group that is the result of a hybrid between Old Garden roses and modern roses. Flowers fragrant and bloom repeatedly.

Miniature Roses.

Groups with a mini-sized flowers (2-5 cm diameter) and bloom repeatedly.
Roses are known in Indonesia are mostly kind of Hybrid Tea roses and Medium.

Species.

The species of European origin are :

Rosa alba
Rosa canina
Rosa gallica
Rosa chnamomea
Rosa cettifolia
Rosa spinosissma
Rosa wichuraiana

Species from the Middle East :

Rosa Fetida
Rosa Fetida bicolor
Rosa Fetida perciana
Rosa feicikoana
Rosa damascena

Species from China :

Rosa chinensis
Rosa liviegata
Rosa gigantea
Rosa primroses
Rosa mulluganii
Rosa sericana pteracantha
Rosa hugonis
Rosa banksiae lutea
Species from Japan
Rosa roxburghii
Rosa roxburghii 'hirthua
Rosa aciculaisis nipponensis
Rosa mulitiflora
Rosa wichuraina
Rosa rugosa
Rosa uchiyamana
Rosa jasminoidesu
Rosa fujisanesis

Species from the United States :

Rosa cinemoemea
Rosa nitida
Rosa California

Breeding roses.

Roses are horticultural commodities of high economic value and many consumer demand and can be cultivated commercially. Roses have an important economic value as cut flowers and flower oil feedstocks used perfume industry.
Rose plants are usually propagated conventionally. Conventional plant breeding roses produce thousands of hybrids and cultivars are mostly a double flowers with petals layered stamens mutated into additional petals. Rose hybrids or cultivars mostly made to be enjoyed the flowers in the gardens. Rose breeders of the 20th century vying with the size and color to produce large flowers and attractive and fragrant (or smell), whereas wild roses or roses ancient times it is very fragrant. Certain cultivars like Rosa banksiae not even have thorns at all.
Request for cut roses was ranked first, but the development of cut flowers in Indonesia has been slow because of the constraints in conventional propagation such as reliance on the season, health problems and diseases in plants as well as the multiplication of the low speed.
This has encouraged the culture technique in vitro to be an alternative because it has no dependency on the season because it is done in a confined space, high-power multiplication, and can produce plants that are free of bacteria and fungi. Tissue culture is a method to isolate parts of the plant such as a group of cells or tissues grown in aseptic conditions, so that the plant can reproduce themselves grow into complete plants back. This technique is done by using one part of the plant roses used as explants (tissues, organs, embryos, single cells, protoplasts, etc.) and grown in nutrient media in aseptic. The media containing various concentrations of hormones to support the growth of explants desired. As for the basic tissue culture are totipotensi theory.

Reputable breeders.

Joséphine de Beauharnais
Jules Gravereaux
Jean-Baptiste Guillot
Jean Pernet, père
Joseph Pernet-Ducher
Meilland family
Conard-Pyle Co. (Star Roses)
David Austin ("English rose")

The perfume industry.

Parfum (perfume) is made of rose oil, which is one type of essential oil obtained from the distillation and evaporation from the leaves crown. Refining techniques derived from the Persian roses spread to Arabia and India.
At this time, world oil demand rose by 70% -80% met by refineries rose in Bulgaria, while the rest is met by Iran and Germany. Oil refining rose in Bulgaria, Iran, and Germany use the Damascus rose Rosa damascena 'Trigintipetala,' while refineries in France use a type of Rosa Centifolia.
Rose oil is pale yellow or grayish yellow oil is also called 'Rose Absolute' to distinguish it with rose oil that has been diluted. Refining produce rose oil in the ratio of 1 / 3,000 to 1 / 6,000 of the weight of the flowers, so it takes 2,000 roses to produce rose oil as much as 1 gram.
Rose oil is composed of scented geraniol which has the chemical formula C10H18O the wake CH3.C formula [CH3]: CH.CH2.CH2.C [CH3]: CH.CH2OH and l-citronellol; and rose camphor (paraffin without the smell).

Roses and culture.

In Western culture, the rose is the flower symbol of love and beauty. Roses are considered sacred to some god in Greek mythology such as Isis and Aprodite.
The rose is the national flower of England and is used as a symbol of the British national team rugby and the Rugby Football Union in England.
In Canada, wild roses are the provincial flower of Alberta. In the United States, rose is the state flower of Iowa, North Dakota, Georgia, and New York. Portland city in the state of Oregon who annually hold a festival of roses is often called the "City of Roses."
Rose is a symbol of anti-violence occurred in Georgia during the Rose Revolution in 2003.
In addition, the roses are often used as objects of paintings by many artists. French painter named Pierre-Joseph Redoute famous painting of various species of roses drawn very carefully.
For certain circles, a rose is a symbol of love, is reflected in the association. For example, someone who gives a red rose to her hero, mean to imply a declaration of love. The long answer of course red roses, which states that the girl to love him back. Thank you for reading this article.
Written and posted by Bambang Sunarno. sunarnobambang86@gmail.com
author:
https://plus.google.com/105319704331231770941.
name: Bambang Sunarno.
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About China.

People's Republic of China (Simplified Hanzi: 中华人民共和国; Hanzi Traditional: 中華人民共和國; pinyin: Zhonghua Renmin Gònghéguó, abbreviated China; since June 28th, 1967 until March 14, 2014 is also called the People's Republic of China / PRC or China / PRC, literal : Chinese People's Republic) is a country located in East Asia which had its capital in Beijing. The country has the largest population in the world (about 1.35 billion inhabitants) and an area of ​​9.69 million square kilometers, making it the 4th largest in the world. This country was founded in 1949 after the end of the Chinese Civil War, and since that time led by a single party, the Chinese Communist Party (CCP). Though often seen as a communist country, most of the republic's economy has been privatized since the 1980s. However, the government still watching the political economy mainly with companies owned by the government and the banking sector. Politically, he still remains a one-party government.
As the most populous countries in the world, with a population of over 1.363 billion people (estimated in 2014), which constitute the majority of the Chinese nation. To reduce the number of inhabitants, the government vigorously promoting one-child policy. Mainland China is a term used to refer to a region under Chinese rule and excluding special administrative regions of Hong Kong and Macau, while the name of the Republic of China refers to another entity that had once ruled China since 1912 until its defeat in the Chinese Civil War. Currently the Republic of China only controls the island of Taiwan, and its capital in Taipei, therefore commonly called Chinese Taipei, especially in sporting events. China claims the area belongs to the Republic of China (commonly known as Taiwan), but does not command it, while the Republic of China claims sovereignty over the entire Chinese mainland which is currently controlled by the PRC. (see also: Political status of Taiwan).
China has the largest economies and the most complex in the world for more than two thousand years, along with several heyday and downfall. Since the introduction of economic reforms in 1978, China became the country with the fastest growing economy in the world. As of 2013, the country became the second largest economy in the world based on total nominal GDP and PPP, as well as being an exporter and importer in the world. China is a country that has nuclear weapons and has the world's largest active army, the world's second largest military expenditure. China became a member of the United Nations in 1971, where he replaced the Republic of China as a permanent member of the UN Security Council. China is also a member of a wide range of other organizations such as the WTO, APEC, BRICS, the Shanghai Cooperation Organization, BCIM and G-20. China is a great power in Asia, and become a potential superpower, according to some observers.

History.

After World War II, Chinese Civil War between the Chinese Communist Party and the Kuomintang Nationalist Party ended in 1949 with the Communist party control of mainland China and the Kuomintang withdrew to the island of Taiwan and several offshore islands in Fujian. On October 1, 1949, Mao Zedong proclaimed the People's Republic of China and established a communist state, but does not try to dominate the island of Taiwan.
The supporters of the Maoist policy says that under Mao, China's unity and sovereignty can be ascertained for the first time in recent decades, and there is a development of the infrastructure, industry, health, and education, which they believe has helped improve the living standards of the people. They also believe that campaigns such as the Great Leap Forward and the Cultural Revolution were essential in accelerating the development of China and clarify their culture. Supporters may also doubt statistics or accounts given for death tolls or other damage caused by Mao's campaigns. They say that hunger is due to natural disasters; there is also a doubt the number of deaths from starvation, or say that more people die from starvation or other political reasons during the rule of Chiang Kai-shek (1928-1949).
Even so, critics of Mao's policies say that Mao's administration imposed strict controls over everyday life of the people, and believe that campaigns such as the Great Leap Forward and the Cultural Revolution contributed to or resulted in the loss of millions of lives, bringing economic costs are huge, and damaging legacy Chinese culture. Leap Forward, in particular, the period preceding the great famine in China which, according to Western sources and East trustworthy, result in the death of 45 million people within 4 years.
After the dramatic economic failures in the early 1960s, Mao resigned as chairman of China. National People's Congress Liu Shaoqi as Mao's successor. Mao remains a party leader but was removed from day-to-day economic tasks controlled by softer by Liu Shaoqi, Deng Xiaoping and others who initiated economic reforms.
In 1966 Mao launched the Cultural Revolution, which views its opponents as retaliation against his rivals by mobilizing the youth to support his thinking and get rid of the moderate leadership at the time, but viewed by his supporters as an experiment in direct democracy and a genuine attempt to eliminate corruption and other bad influences of the Chinese people. Chaos was raised but this was soon reduced under the leadership of Zhou Enlai in which the moderate forces regain influence. After Mao's death, Deng Xiaoping succeeded in gaining power and Mao's widow, Jiang Qing and her associates, Gang of Four, who have taken over state power, arrested and brought to justice.
Since then, the government has gradually (and have many) loosened governmental control over the daily life of its people, and began transitioning China's economy towards a market-based system.
Proponents of financial reform - usually people of the middle class and Western observers left-center and right - shows the rapid development of the economy in the consumer sector and exports, the creation of the middle class (especially in the coastal town where most of the industrial development is concentrated) are now representing 15% of the population, higher living standards (shown by the rapid increase in per capita GDP, consumer spending, life expectancy, literacy rate, and the amount of rice production) and the rights and personal freedoms wider for ordinary people.
Critics of the economic reforms show evidence that the reform process has created a wealth gap, environmental pollution, corruption rampant, unemployment increased as a result of layoffs in inefficient state companies, and has introduced unwelcome cultural influences. Consequently they believe that the Chinese culture has been corrupted, her poor and detached, and social stability is threatened.
Although there are concessions to capitalism, the Chinese Communist Party remains in power and has maintained policies that curb to clusters that are considered dangerous, such as Falun Gong and separatist movements in Tibet. Supporters of this policy states that this policy of maintaining stability in a society divided by class differences and rivalries, which does not have a history of public participation, and limited law. Critics say that these policies violate human rights known to the international community, and they also claim that resulted in the creation of a police state, which give rise to fear.
China adopted the constitution on December 4, 1982 were used up to now.

Politics.

According to the official definition, China is a communist country because he was a communist country in the 20th century ago. Officially he was still known as a communist country, although some political scientists define it is now no longer a communist state. There is no precise definition that can be given to the type of governance practiced this country, because the structure is not known for sure. One reason for these problems exist is because of its history, the State China is a country ruled by emperors during the 2,000 years with a strong central government with the influence of Confucianism. After the era of the monarchy ended in 1911, China was governed by the autocratic Kuomintang Nationalist Party and some warlords. Then after 1949 continued rule by the Communist Party of China.
PRC government is often described as authoritarian, communist and socialist. He is also seen as the communist empire. Communist members who winged over to the left dubbed capitalist state. Indeed, the Chinese state more and more towards the free economic system. In an official document issued recently, the government outlined a democratic state administration, although the real situation there is not so.
PRC Government escorted by the Communist Party of China (CPC) and state leaders elected by the Party through Congress. Although there is a little-a lot of movement in the direction of liberalization, as elections are now held at the village level and most representative body, the party continues to have watched, especially on the selection of administrative positions. Although countries using authoritarian methods to deal with challenges to his rule, at the same time the government attempts to reduce dissent by improving the economy, allowing expression of personal feelings, and serve the opponents that are not considered harmful to the government more fairly.
Filtering against the propaganda-political propaganda also routine, and China firmly eliminate protest or any organization that considers a threat to his government, as happened in Tiananmen demonstrations in 1989. However, the People's Republic of media is increasingly active in publicizing social problems and symptoms 'bribery' in the lower levels of government. RRT also so successfully blocking the movement of information, and there was a time they were forced to change their police as an act of revenge against the popular protests. Although opposition to the CCP structure is not justified at all, a demonstration of the people more and more often and left.
The popularity of the party among the masses is difficult to quantify, because there is no election at the national level, and when Chinese people were asked by itself anyway, there are some supportive and some are defiant, but most declined to comment on political issues. In general, many of those who would rather perpetuate the role of government stability, allowing the economy to grow without problems. Among the main political issue in China is the social gap between rich and poor and the symptoms of bribes accepted as government bureaucracy.
There are also other political parties in China, although they are only a sub-party or parties that the meeting with the CCP. PKT hold a dialogue with them through a specialized communication agency, called the People's Transportation Council reserves deemed PRC. This method is preferred over election administration. However, this party is the total does not suggest anything to the police and the foundations of empire. Special liaison body functions for CPP shallow eyes, although there are employees of these agencies at all levels of government.

Foreign relations.

People's Republic of China maintains diplomatic ties with almost all countries in the world, but to set the conditions that countries that want to establish diplomatic cooperation with China must approve claims against Taiwan and severing official ties with the government of the Republic of China. China has also actively opposed the trips abroad carried Taiwan independence supporters like Lee Teng-hui and Chen Shui-bian and Tenzin Gyatso, the 14th Dalai Lama.

In 1971, China replaced the Republic of China as the only representative for "China" in the United Nations and as one of the five permanent members of the UN Security Council. China has also become a member of the Non-Aligned Movement, and is still acting as an observer member. Many of today's foreign policy is based on the concept of China's peaceful rise.
Sino-American relations have been damaged and repaired several times in recent decades. In May 1999, a war plane B-2 Stealth Bomber dropped three bombs per each weighing 900 kg at the Chinese embassy in downtown Belgrade during the Kosovo upheaval. The bomb killed three Chinese citizens who work in the embassy concerned. United States reluctant to take responsibility for what happened that its nature as a 'disaster', saying that it was a mistake to use the old maps that give false declaration concerning the status of the Yugoslav government buildings as a basic weapon. PRC Government is not satisfied with this explanation and charged that it was intentionally done. In April 2001 also, the American-owned aircraft voyeur named EP-3E Aries II was on the island of Hainan in China met with a Chinese jet attention to his movements. China-related aircraft crashes and his guide were killed when the ship was forced to hold a US peeper emergency landing on Hainan Island. American and Chinese stories about these events differ slightly abortion. The American version states that the plane is above the international seas while he was at RRT indicted over its exclusive economic zone. Both sides blame the other party is responsible for this incident. 24 American sailors were detained for 12 days before being released and these events have an impact on diplomatic relations between the two countries. Americans are also not the slightest apology for the mistake he did when the Chinese government took the decision on the basis of compassion to release the children of his ship. One more case related to the Cox report, which accuses the PRC has been peeping compromise nuclear secrets United States for decades.
Sino-Japanese relations are often shackled to the problem of Japan's reluctance to acknowledge the sins of war and apologized for atrocities on the people of China and other Asian countries during World War II, especially in the Nanjing Massacre. Most of the body instead of the West and Western governments critical of China because it is said to deny the human rights and foreign relations with Western governments in the affected by the incidence of Tian'anmen in 1989. Human rights are often leveraged by these governments.
In addition, China is involved in several other areas of contention:
Taiwan, controlled by the Republic of China, People's Republic of China claimed.
Aksai Chin, controlled by China, claimed by India
Paracel Islands, controlled by China, claimed by Vietnam and the Republic of China
Spratly islands, disputed between China, Taiwan, Malaysia, Vietnam, the Philippines, and Brunei Darussalam
Islands Diaoyu / Senkaku Islands, controlled by Japan, claimed by China and the Republic of China
Arunachal Pradesh / South Tibet, controlled by India, claimed by China
In 2004, the Russian state agreed to hand over Yinlong Islands and part of Heixiazi Islands to China, and once completed the border dispute between the two countries. The second island is located between the junction of rivers Amur and Ussuri rivers, and before it was arranged by Russia and claimed by China. This case should tighten and strengthen the friendship between the two countries, but there is a little taste is not satisfied from both sides. Russians qualifies it as a weakness of his government granting maintain land confiscated during World War II. Cossack farmers in Khabarovsk also do not like to lose their cultivated land while the news of this agreement in mainland China is filtered by the Chinese government. Most communities of China in the Republic of China and the Chinese people can overcome this filter criticize this agreement and menyifatinya recognition Russian government over Outer Mongolia submitted by the Qing Dynasty when losing the war under Agreements Same score including the Treaty Aigun in 1858 and the Convention of Peking In 1860 the previous period as a substitute for the exclusive use of Russian crude oil. This agreement was approved by the National People's Congress of China and the Russian State Duma but not implemented until now. became popular for a number of extreme nationalists to demand Mongolia, Tuva, Outer Manchuria, Rukyu Islands, Bhutan, Hukawng Valley in the northern Myanmar and the northeastern region of Lake Balkhash in Central Asia.

Military.

China has the army of the world's largest so-called Liberation Army of the People (PLA), although not budget the largest military (held by the United States), although there is a common belief both within the PLA and outside observers that the number is not the size of the military force that is good. That fact makes make the most of the human rights organization anger the West and sanctions by the words of Chinese who want the security, though approved within and outside the Republic that the ability of soldiers RRT carry out an operation the army outside the territory of the colony is limited and the number of members is not so useful for determining troop strength.
Estimating the Chinese military budget will produce a variety of different numbers based on what is considered the military, how to interpret the limited information available, and how does one deal with factors exchange rate. Estimates that there are give a value of US $ 9 billion as the lowest and US $ 60 billion as the highest (in terms of purchasing power parity) in 2003; the amount of US $ 60 billion in the making of China as the country's second largest after the United States who have funds budget of US $ 400 billion (almost 7 times as much). The republican military spending in 2005 was US $ 30 billion, but this does not include the money used for the purchase of weapons outside, study and construction of military, or paramilitary (Police RRT), and critics dubbed him as an experiment that deliberately done to deceive the world. Recently, a RAND study on the pages of this site estimates that military shopping actual republic is 1.4 to 1.7 times greater than official spending. However, the American army is also trying to cheat by deliberately issuing shopping spending in Afghanistan and Iraq rather than spending the Office of Defense official.
China, despite having nuclear weapons and delivery systems are developed, widely viewed only have a limited ability to deploy its military forces out of China and is not regarded as a superpower though often regarded as a major regional power. This is because most of the equipment of weapons used by the People's Republic of China is ancient and standards need to be modernized in terms of the United States. But he is still seen as the power level of a regional superpower. Air force warplanes still require aircraft carrier and most of the war was outdated.
Budgeting address that shopping, amounting to US $ 56 billion is the third largest after the United States (more than US $ 400 billion for fiscal year 2005-2006) and Russia. See also: The military budget of China.

Subdivisions.

People's Republic of China has administrative control over 22 provinces (省); Chinese government considers Taiwan (台湾) as a province to 23. (See Political status of Taiwan for further details.) The government also claims the South China Sea islands which are still contested. Aside from these provinces, there are also 5 autonomous regions (自治区) which contains many ethnic minorities; 4 municipalities (直辖市) for the largest cities of China and the two special administrative regions (SAR) (特别 行政区) ruled China.

Some list of administrative divisions under Chinese control are :

Provincial :

Anhui (安徽)
Fujian (福建)
Gansu (甘肃)
Guangdong (广东)
Guizhou (贵州)
Hainan (海南)
Hebei (河北)
Heilongjiang (黑龙江)
Henan (河南)
Hubei (湖北)
Hunan (湖南)
Jiangsu (江苏)
Jiangxi (江西)
Jilin (吉林)
Liaoning (辽宁)
Qinghai (青海)
Shaanxi (陕西)
Shandong (山东)
Shanxi (山西)
Sichuan (四川)
Yunnan (云南)
Zhejiang (浙江)
Taiwan (台湾) (disputed)

Municipalities :

Beijing (北京)
Chongqing (重庆)
Shanghai (上海)
Tianjin (天津)

Regional autonomy :

Guangxi (广西)
Inner Mongolia (内蒙古)
Ningxia (宁夏)
Xinjiang (新疆)
Tibet (西藏)
Special administrative region [edit | edit source]
Template: Coatofarmscountry Hong Kong (香港)
Template: Coatofarmscountry Macau (澳门)

Geography.

PRC controls much of eastern Asia (in peach / light beige) while the Republic of China consists of several yellow-shaded islands including Taiwan.
China is the fourth largest country in the world after Russia, Canada, and the United States, and its territory covers a vast land in the former Yellow River Valley Civilization. In the east, along the shores of the Yellow Sea and East China Sea, are found extensive and densely populated alluvial plains; coast of South China Sea is more mountainous and southern China is dominated by hill country and lower mountain ranges. In the middle east discovered delta two major rivers of China, Huang He (Yellow River) and Chang Jiang (Long River). Other major rivers are Xi Jiang, Mekong, Brahmaputra and Amur.
To the west, major mountain ranges, notably the Himalayas with China's highest point Mount Everest, and features a high plateau between the mainland drier landscapes of desert such as Takla-Makan and the Gobi Desert. For a long drought and low agricultural perhaps create dust storms have become usual in the spring in China. According to the Environmental Protection Agency of China, the Gobi Desert has been developed and is a major source of dust storms affecting China and other parts of Northeast Asia such as Korea and Japan. Sand from the northern region has been reported to the US west coast. Maintenance of river water (such as the disposal of feces, pollution by refineries and extraction of water for irrigation and drinks) and the depreciation of hillside land has resulted in adverse impacts on other countries.

Economy.

As of 2013, China is the country with the world's second largest economy by nominal GDP with the amount of US $ 9,469 billion according to the International Monetary Fund. If calculated according to purchasing power parity (PPP), the Chinese economy also came in second place, with a value of US $ 16.149 trillion. In 2013, GDP PPP per capita is US $ 11,868, while the GDP per capita of US $ 6,959. In this case, putting China on the order of 90 of the 183 countries in the ranking of GDP per capita.
People's Republic of China characterizes the economy as socialism with Chinese characteristics. Since late 1978, the Chinese leadership has been reforming the economy from the Soviet planned economy to a market-oriented economy but still within a rigid political framework of Communist Party. For the officials to increase the power of local officials and put managers in the industry, allowing small-scale enterprises in services and light production, and opened the economy to foreign trade and investment. In the direction of the government accountability system to replace the family in agriculture in replacement of the old system that is based on the merger, adding the power of local officials and administrators in the refinery industry, and enables a wide range of employers in service and light refinery, and opening the economy to trade and foreign ports. Price controls have also been loosened. These changes resulted in mainland China from the economic command to a mixed economy.
Chinese government does not like emphasize equality when it begins to build its economy, instead, the government emphasized the increase in personal income and consumption and introducing new management systems to increase productivity. The government has also focused on foreign trade as a major vehicle for economic growth, for they set up over 2000 Special Economic Zones (Special Economic Zones, SEZ) where investment laws are relaxed to attract foreign capital. The result is a quadrupling of GDP since 1978. In 1999 the total population of 1.25 billion people and a GDP of just $ 3,800 per capita, China became the sixth largest economy in the world in terms of exchange rates and the third largest in the world after the European Union and the United States in power buy. The annual income of the average Chinese worker is $ 1,300. China's economic development is believed to be one of the fastest in the world, around 7-8% per year according to Chinese government statistics. This makes the Chinese as the main focus of the world today with almost all countries, including the Western countries that criticize China, eager to establish trade relations with him. China since January 1, 2002 has been a member of the World Trade Organization.

Mainland China is famous as the place of production at low cost to run a refinery activity, and the absence of trade unions is very attractive for the management-board foreign companies, mainly because of cheap labor. Chinese factory workers are usually paid 50 cents - to $ 1 per hour (average $ 0.86), compared with $ 2 to $ 2.5 in Mexico and $ 8.50 to $ 20 in the US. Chinese workers are often forced to work hard in the employer harmless and easily suppressed because no laws and unions that can protect their rights.
At the end of 2001, the average electricity tariff in Guangdong Province is 0.72 yuan (9 US cents) per kilowatt hour, higher than the average level in mainland China 0.368 yuan (4 US cents). China officially abolished "direct budgetary outlays" for export on January 1, 1991. However, it is believed many Chinese export manufacturers receive a lot of other subsidies. Other forms of export subsidies including energy, materials or labor supply. Export of some agricultural products, such as corn and cotton, are still enjoying direct export subsidies. However, China has reduced the amount of corn export subsidies in 1999 and 2000.
Lower raw material costs which is another aspect of the Chinese economy. This is due to the competition in the vicinity which cause excessive results that helped bring down the cost of purchasing raw materials. There is also a price control and guarantee the sources of living of the old economy based on the Soviet system. Currently continues to privatize state owned enterprises and in shifting to a more profitable sector, the deflationary effect of this will continue to add upward pressure on prices in the economy.
Tax incentives "preferential" is another example of export subsidies. China tried to harmonize the system of taxes and duties it imposes on domestic and foreign companies. As a result, the tax "preferential" and duty policies that benefit exporters in special economic zones and coastal cities have been targeted for revision.
Chinese exports to the United States were $ 125 billion in 2002; American exports to China were $ 19 billion. This difference is largely attributable to the fact that Americans consume more than they produce and low-paid Chinese people can not afford to buy expensive American products. Americans alone buy more than he made and even the Chinese people want to buy American-made goodies, they can not do so because the price of American goods is too high. Another factor is the unfavorable currency exchange between the Chinese yuan and the US dollar are "locked" because China bind them to the levels of 8 renminbi fixed at 1 dollar. On July 21, 2005, the People's Bank of China announced to allow the renminbi is determined by the market, and allow a rise of 0.3% a day. , Chinese exports to the United States increased by 20% per year, faster than US exports to China. With the elimination of textile quotas, the Chinese certainly will control most of the world market clothes.
Despite its large population, it still only gives an average GNP per person is only about $ 5,000, about 1/7 the United States. Reports the official economic growth for 2003 is 9.1%. It is estimated by the CIA in 2002 that agriculture accounted for 14.5% of the GNP of China, industry and construction 51.7% and services for 33.8%. Average rural incomes about a third in urban areas, a gap which has widened in recent decades.
Because of the vast size and culture of a very long history, China has a tradition as a state economic authorities. In said Zeng Ming, professor of the board in Shanghai, in some statistics, at the end of the 16th century though, China has a third of GDP. United States valiant today has only 20%. So, if you make a comparison of this history, three or four hundred years earlier, the Chinese would have been the world's biggest power. Experiments realize return this proud state that is certainly is a goal of Chinese people. It is not surprising phenomenon not flooded Chinese people of the world want to learn Chinese language and fury America and the West against China are common in the political scenario of the world today.
However, distributive wealth chasm between the coast and the coastal area of ​​the deepening of China is still very large. To counter the potentially invite danger situation, the government implement the West China development strategy in 2000, the Reconstruction of East China Sea in 2003, and the Rise of Central China Region in 2004, all aimed at helping rural areas of China and build together.

Demographics.

Officially China views itself as one nation (the Chinese) are multi-ethnic with 56 recognized ethnicities. Han ethnic majority makes up about 93% of the population; however, the majority in only about half the area of ​​China. Han nation itself heterogeneous population, and can be regarded as a collection of various ethnic cultural practice and talk the same language. Most Han Chinese speak varieties of Chinese vernacular language, which could be seen as a first language or a language family. The largest subdivision of spoken Chinese is Mandarin Chinese, with more speakers than any other language in the world. The standard version of Mandarin based on the Beijing dialect, known as Putonghua, is taught in schools and used as an official language throughout the country.

Communist revolution in this country since 1949 left a big impression that almost 59% of the population (approximately 767 million people) become atheists or do not believe in God. However, approximately 33% of them believe in the tradition of trust or confidence combined Buddhism and Taoism. The religious adherents in this country is the Mahayana Buddhist totaling 100 million people. In addition, Theravada Buddhism and Tibetan Buddhism are also practiced by ethnic minorities in the country's northwestern border. In addition it is estimated there are 18 million Muslims (mostly Sunni) and 14 million Christians (4 million Catholics and 10 million Protestants) in this country.

The country has long suffered the problem of population growth. In an effort to limit population growth, China has adopted a policy which limits urban families (non-Han ethnic minorities are excluded) into one child and rural families can have two children, when the first lady. Because men are considered more economically valuable in rural areas, there was a high incidence regarding sex selective abortion and rejection of children in rural areas make sure that the second child is male. This is just the basis for the majority of the nation's population of Han. There are many homes orphans for these abandoned children, but only 2% are used as a foster child by others. The rest is also great in the orphanage. China has made international institutions adopted children retrieval program, in which citizens of other countries have come to take them, but the program showed satisfactory results.

2000 passed with 117 male sex ratio: women's high 100 versus the usual ratio (106: 100), but compared to most places such as the Caucasus and South Korea. Although this ratio is said to be due to sexism, she has recently been associated with hepatitis disease as well. PRC Government was trying to reduce this problem by emphasizing the dignity of women and has stepped along to prevent medical provider of showing the parents the sex of the baby is expected. The comparison is not balanced embodies 30-40 million men who can not get a life partner. Many of these men who seek their dream girl in another country or in the centers of prostitution. In some cases, girls are kidnapped and sold as wives in distant villages.

General health.

China can not be separated from some of the common health problems that are on the rise, as other countries. Health problems associated with air and water pollution, HIV-AIDS epidemic is being spread and millions of smokers. HIV outbreaks, plus the usual routes of infection, widespread in the past because the practice was not clean which is used in blood collection in rural areas. Tobacco problem is complicated by the fact that most government monopolized the sale of cigarettes. The authorities, who rely on the income from cigarette sales, seems hesitant in response to the tobacco compared with other public health problems.

Hepatitis B is endemic in China's mainland, with the majority of the population carry the disease; 10% of them being seriously affected. This often causes liver failure or liver cancer, something that is a common cause of death in China. Hepatitis B is also known as the source of the lack of women versus men who are born, and this also explains why the number of men far exceeds the number of women in China.

In November 2002, a virus such as SARS pneumonia is a disease attacking the Guangdong province. However, the initial ratings of the disease broke out, China has been censoring and filtering the news about it to the outside world, sekaigus causes the disease spread to Hong Kong, Vietnam and other countries through international travelers. In China, 5,327 reported cases and 348 deaths passed, make this country the most severely attacked. At the end of 2004 and 2005 the number of cases decreased, although so on May 19, 2004, the World Health Organization (WHO) announced that the RRT free from SARS.

One more problem facing China is avian influenza and Streptococcus suis. Flu disease has been known to originate from the local birds and some residents, and scientists estimate that this virus will cause a pandemic will have a detrimental beautiful coastline if the way the outbreak of avian-human to human.Streptococcus suis is also still limited in Sichuan province.

In 2008, nearly 100,000 people were killed by a milk scandal.

Technology and science.

On October 15, 2003, using a Long March 2F rocket and manned spacecraft Shenzhou V, China became the 3rd country to put a human being into space through its own endeavors.

After RRT-Soviet dispute, China began to build the country's nuclear deterrence program and its space transportation system itself. Results of this policy was the launch of a satellite Dong Fang Hong 1 in 1970, China's first satellite. This makes it as the fifth country to launch a satellite spaceship itself.

The country is planning a manned space program in the early '70s, with "Project 714" and the manned spacecraft Shuguang expected. Due to a series of political and economic setbacks, the manned flight program was never implemented well until 2003. However, the 1992 Project 921 is justified and on November 19, 1999, childless rocket ship Shenzhou 1 was launched, the first test of the country's rocket. After three attempts, Shenzhou 5 was launched on October 15, 2003 with the birth of the Old Wire rocket ship Yang Liwei used, making China the third country to launch a man into space after the United States and Russia. The second mission, Shenzhou 6 was launched on October 12, 2005.

Long March 2F rocket and the Shenzhou V manned spacecraft carrying Yang Liwei at the Shenzhou 5 spacecraft to orbit the Earth, where it remained for 21 hours, making a total of 14 revolutions.

Some experts consider the manned spacecraft Shenzhou is based on Russia's Soyuz spacecraft. However, Chinese experts showed that he was not in such a way and at the beginning of Project Apollo rankings similar design are reserved NASA.

Culture.

Chinese traditional norms derived from the orthodox version of Confucianism, which is taught in schools and even a part of the imperial civil service examinations in ancient times. But things are not always so because during the Qing dynasty, for example, the Chinese empire made up of a lot of thought as legalism, which in many ways is similar to Confucius, and the rights to criticize the royal unjust and moral feeling invididu hindered by thinkers orthodox. Now, the neo-Confucian thought THAT idea of ​​democracy and human rights in line with the traditional values ​​Konfuciusme 'Asia'.

The leaders who initiate steps to transform Chinese society after the founding of the PRC in 1949 and grew up in the old society has been taught to live in accordance with the norms of the environment. Although they are able to adapt to the revolutionary era, they do not want to change the culture of China on a large scale. As a direct government, the leaders of China to replace the traditional aspects such as rural land tenure and education, while preserving other aspects, such as family structure. Most outside observers found the time after 1949 is not something different in China compared with before it, even a forwarding way of life adhering to the old values ​​of Chinese society. The new government accepted without protest anything because the new government is considered "a mandate from heaven" to rule, took over the helm of leadership of the old authorities. As in ancient times, leaders such as Mao Zedong was flattered. Substitution in the Chinese society is inconsistent as charged.

Throughout the reign of PRC, many aspects of Chinese traditional culture such as painting, proverbs, language, and so that others have tried to be removed by the government as happened in the Cultural Revolution for indicted conservative, feudal and dangerous. Since then, China has realized his mistake and tried to restore the original, such as the reform of Beijing Opera to voice communist propaganda. With the passage of time, many aspects of Chinese tradition has accepted the kingdom and its people as a legacy and part of Chinese identity. The basics of the government official now made based on progress and connective Chinese civilization as most of the nation's identity. Nationalism is also applied to the youth to give legitimacy to the rule of the Chinese Communist Party.

Sports.

2008 Beijing Olympic Games held in Beijing August 8-24 Olympics 2008 which became the grandest and largest to date, was opened on the 8th of the 8th month in 8:08:08 night (number 8 is associated with prosperity in Chinese culture). The official logo of the Games, entitled "Dancing Beijing", was formed based on calligraphy character "jing", referring to the host city of Beijing. Mascots of Beijing 2008 are the five Fuwa are (Hanzi: 福 娃; Pinyin: Fuwa; literally means "good luck dolls"), each describing one color at the Olympic rings. 2008 Olympic motto is "One World, One Dream". Beijing Olympics consists of 302 matches from 28 sports. During 16 days at NBC in the United States, has become the most desirable television programs, with a total of 211 million viewers by Nielson Media Research survey, 2 million more than the 1996 Atlanta Olympics, the previous record holder. At the 29th Olympic Games, host China won the public with the acquisition of 51 gold, 21 silver, and 28 bronze. 

Thank you for reading this article. Written and posted by Bambang Sunarno. sunarnobambang86@gmail.com

author:

https://plus.google.com/105319704331231770941.

name: Bambang Sunarno.

http://primadonablog.blogspot.com/2015/09/about-china.html

DatePublished: September 2, 2015 at 20:54

Tag : About China.

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