You know slums.

Slum is an area with a high population density in a city that is generally inhabited by poor people. Slum areas can be found in many major cities in the world. Slums generally linked with high levels of poverty and unemployment. Slums can also be a source of social problems such as crime, drugs and booze. In many poor countries, slums are also at the center of health problems due to unhygienic conditions.
In many slums, especially in poor countries, the population living in the area are very close together so it is very difficult to pass vehicles like ambulances and fire engines. The lack of waste disposal services also resulted in garbage piles.

The increase in slum areas are also growing with the increase in population, especially in the third world.
Governments in the world today trying to tackle this problem by moving slum housing area with modern housing that has a good sanitation (generally in the form of terraced houses).
Some indicators that can be used to determine whether an area is classified as slum or not include the notice: Level density region, ownership of land and buildings as well as the quality of the existing facilities and infrastructure in the region.
But slum conditions can not be generalized from one region to another region because of slums is specific and highly dependent on the cause of the slums. Not always sparsely populated areas or areas with a majority of the inhabitants of seasonal / illegal entry in the category slum. Therefore untidiness level assessment should consist of a combination of several indicators slum. Children who live in slum areas will be disrupted health and comfort of residence because of the negligence of the government who do not pay attention to environmental hygiene and care for the people of his country-folk.

Cities in the world's most rundown.
In this world there are many places that are too risky if you flown or make a living. High air pollution, poor facilities such as clean water supply, sewerage, until disturbances due to a battle between drug gangs and also prolonged civil war. For attention, lest you get lost up to these towns.

Dharavi, Mumbai-India.

Stretching over 175 acres between Mahim and Sion, Dharavi emerged as the largest slum in Asia, and is inhabited by more than 600,000 residents. Dharavi has a rival in Orangi Town in Karachi, Pakistan which is very spacious and full samapah. Dharavi describe clearly as a cheap pocket in the middle of the city of Mumbai are expensive, where you can stay here with cheap, just 4 US dollars per month.

Surprisingly, Dharavi was also a place for a variety of small-scale industries such as pottery, embroidered garments, leather, and plastic utensils. Even that is not to be believed, the total net income of residents of Dharavi nearly 650 million dollars. But Dharavi is not paradise - water supply and sanitation facilities are very poor, especially when the tide and unhealthy environment is threatening the health of the population.

Rocinha - Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.

Located in the district of São Conrado and Gávea in Rio de Janeiro, Rocinha in Portuguese means small farm is the largest slum or "favela" in South America. His position on the edge of the hill, within one kilometer of beach, Rocinha was once a small village that developed rapidly into a dense slum environments. But you will find him a little bit better than the others because of the buildings here are made of brick and equipped with water supply, sanitation, and other public facilities.

Located in the district of São Conrado and Gávea in Rio de Janeiro, Rocinha in Portuguese means small farm is the largest slum or "favela" in South America. His position on the edge of the hill, within one kilometer of beach, Rocinha was once a small village that developed rapidly into a dense slum environments. But you will find him a little bit better than the others because of the buildings here are made of brick and equipped with water supply, sanitation, and other public facilities. Which makes Rocinha potentially as dangerous location to stay is because of the rampant drug trade here.

It is often triggered yet another battle between gang persecution by the police who made the stop and stay at this place is very risky. The population here reached 100,000 head which is lower economic groups with a high mortality rate. Moreover, Rocinha is built on steep hillsides prone to landslides and floods.

Kibera in Nairobi, Kenya.

Kibera, meaning 'forest' in the Nubian language, is home to one million people, and is the largest slum in all of Africa. Most who live here are tenants who do not have the right to live in huts made of clay and are owned by landlords who took over Kibera. Each hut was inhabited even up to 8 people.

Only 20% of Kibera which has electricity and water supply is irregular. Water sources used here also contain germs of cholera and typhoid because of poor drainage conditions. Not to mention the threat of AIDS and the absence of government in dealing with medical facilities. Things got so bad with the habits of the people here downing liquor called 'Changaa'. With high unemployment and drunken habits make high crime here. Drugs are cheap too easy to obtain, and even some steam inhalation habits glue (glue) to get drunk. Unwanted pregnancy were frequent and create higher abortion rates.

Linfen, China.

Located right in the heart of the city of Shanxi province of China which is a coal mining center and is one of the city's pollution levels are highest in the world. The air in this town filled with dust and smoke that is blocking the view. Approximately 3 million people who live here every day to consume water containing arsenic, not to mention the air they breathe is polluted due to the result of a motor vehicle and other toxic gases. You will immediately smell the scent is not pleasant when you enter the city due to the many waterways were overflowing everywhere.

River flowing in the city was polluted by oil. No wonder that many people here use at high risk of developing cancer. The trees in the city even this as gloomy describe this city. It seems like this city is the last city on earth option if you want to send the army or even here.

Kabwe, Zambia.

Accumulation of lead and cadmium in the former British colony has been high since the discovery in 1902 when Zambia was known as the land of the rich tin. Although mining here has been closed and no further operator operating, Kabwe residents face the threat of toxic lead for several decades. Blood tests in children showed that the concentration of 5 to 10 times the normal threshold. Just recently the World Bank poured funds to address this.

Chernobyl, Ukraine.

The threat of pollution and toxins nothing more terrible than the Chernobyl nuclear reactor accident that caused 5.5 million people at risk of thyroid cancer. Accident on April 26, 1986 that resulted in the volume and the effect of radiation 100 times greater than the atomic bomb in Horshima and Nagasaki. Horror continues as thousands of Russian, Ukrainian, and Belarusian who live nearby can not avoid radiation.

Dzerzhinsk, Russia.

Located on the Oka River in Nizhny Novgorod Oblast, Russia, Dzerzhinsk so named from the Russian leader Feliks Dzerzhinsky Edmundovich. From the beginning of the industrial city of Dzerzhinsk is then used as the basis of chemical and production of chemical weapons Russia. Then this is where the city became one of the most polluted cities in the world with a high mortality rate.

In Dzerzhinsk, the average male lifespan is 42 years and women 47 years. High mortality rates coupled with the production of chemicals that never stops as toxic dioxins, hydrogen cyanide, lead and sulfur mustard. The content of phenols and dioxins in Dzerzhinsk waters exceeds the normal threshold of up to 17 million times.

Cubatão - São Paulo, Brazil.

Extent of 142 k Cubatão town square and known as the "Valley of Death" because of his condition. Air pollution is very high, causing the destruction of forests in the hills and also cause many birth defects.

The threat of pollution worsened in 1984 when 200 people died because of fires caused by oil spills. When this step is done extensively with the cost of 1.2 billion dollars to repair the devastation caused by these pollutants. According to one study, it is impossible to clean up soil and groundwater in the city of pollution that has occurred.

Mogadishu, Somalia.

Mogadishu, witnesses war for 17 years since the fall of 1991. The city became the most chaotic and anarchic city in the world. During that time in this city many inter-ethnic riots were many casualties, and also the number of the uprising in government caused this mess like a never ending.

This confusion makes many of its inhabitants to leave and let the ruling military factions. Lately, the new federal government to try to resolve it and try to reapply the legal order which has long been trampled. But still, do not try to make a trip here.

If you happen to get a task from the office or company to visit places above, for any reason, reject it. You are just looking for trouble. Thank you for reading this article. Written and posted by Bambang Sunarno. sunarnobambang86@gmail.com
author:
http://schema.org/Personal.
https://plus.google.com/105319704331231770941.
name: Bambang Sunarno.
http://www.primadonablog.blogspot.com/2014/12/you-know-slums.html
DatePublished: December 7, 2014 at 11:41

Tag : You know slums.

Code : 7MHPNPADAEFW

Largest aircraft and Luxury.

Airbus A380 manufactured by Airbus SAS is an aircraft with cabin 2 level are able to carry 850 passengers in a single-class configuration or 555 passengers in a three-class configuration. The aircraft is carrying out the maiden flight on 27 April 2005 and has embarked on a commercial flight in late 2007 by Singapore Airlines after being postponed several times. The aircraft is also the largest passenger aircraft ever made.

This aircraft has four Rolls-Royce Trent-900 is capable of delivering a thrust 36 280 kg or four turbo fan engine Engine Alliance GP 7200 (a joint venture of General Electric with Pratt & Whitney, with the thrust of 37 003 kg.

A380 standard version has 854 seats for passengers, while the A380-900 has 1000 seats for passengers. on the plane, there are shopping centers, children's playground, and even spa-jacuzzi, casino and other facilities (all of these facilities are provided as an option, depending on the airline reservation).

Let's look at the Airbus A380 Singapore Airlines.

Airbus A380 Singapore Airlines currently being aired.

How great wings and landing gear.

Size one of its jet engine compared with the stewardess.

Let's get right into it.

Single cabins Suites.

The cabins are first class with first class service as well.

The cabin Business Class and Business Class dishes

Economy Class who still fancy

Bar in Airbus A380 Singapore Airlines

Bathrooms for First Class passengers

Now we go out.

Thank you for reading this article. Written and posted by Bambang Sunarno. sunarnobambang86@gmail.com
author:
http://schema.org/Personal.
https://plus.google.com/105319704331231770941.
name: Bambang Sunarno.
http://www.primadonablog.blogspot.com/2014/12/largest-aircraft-and-luxury.html
DatePublshed: December 6, 2014 at 19:48

Tag : Largest aircraft and Luxury.

Code : 7MHPNPADAEFW

When Take Off and Landing.

Aircraft is awesome mode of transportation than land and sea transport modes.

That's because it can be said against the laws of nature to defy gravity.

Due to the unique nature of this too, the air transport mode is the safest mode of transportation among others, as well as the most dangerous.

Among other phases of flight operations, take off and landing phase is the most critical and dangerous phase of flight operations.
This is reinforced by Boeing research conducted in the period 1950-2004 in which the majority of accidents occur on take-off phase (17%) and landing (51%).

In the second stage depends on the readiness and capability of the major players are pilots and air traffic control (Air Traffic Controller / ATC).

Some of the dangers that often occurs during take off and landing.
Far more often a combination of several events simultaneously.

Collisions with vehicles.

Passing vehicles at the airport must have the permission of the traffic control on land.
But sometimes often ignore and can be fatal.
Or the other way around as is the case in Singapore Airlines Flight 006 in 2000 at the International Airport of Chiang Kai-Shek, Taiwan.
Pilot one Interpret direction of ATC and stray to the runway that was built and crashed into construction vehicles.

Collisions with aircraft.

There is a great possibility of this risk occurs in dense traffic airports, planes landing is above the plane took off.
Or on the contrary there is a plane that suddenly cut off aircraft landing without permission from ATC. Finally a collision, anyone not want to experience it but speak the possibility is always possible.
One of the near-fatal incident was on September 11, 1990 in Sydney airport where a plane B-747 Qantas being drawn across the runway skipped by a B-747 Cathay Pacific is being takeoff.

Cathay plane containing 263 passengers managed to avoid a distance of 70 meters.
Almost accidents happen in the Canary Islands.
The tragic events that claimed as many as 583 inhabitants largest is the case in 1978 in which two B-747 (KLM position PANAM take off and landing approach position) collided on the runway at Tenerife Airport.

Puddle On the Runway.

There are various consequences that affect the performance of the aircraft during take off.
Puddles will hinder the wheels and thus require a longer time to reach the necessary speed to fly. Bad if water splashes into the aircraft engine in large quantities can cause the engine to die.

Meanwhile, when the landing would create a hazard hidroplanning. Where the aircraft wheel floating on the surface of the water and hard braking. As a result, the aircraft can overshoot or slipping. 

The Poor Eyesight power (Low Visibility)

Can be caused by weather, fog, and so on.

Very dangerous because pilots can not see if there is something dilandasan (runway incursion).

Airmen will be too late to see it so it will be too late to take an action.

As for landing, the pilot must do divert to another airport.

Do not force yourself to fly instrument if the airport does not have adequate equipment.

For pioneering the airport with the weather that is often fickle and dangerous misty with topography as in Papua for example, there are strict regulations "No See No Fly" that aviation safety is maintained.

Wind From The Pretty Hard Side.

For large aircraft may not be very influential in maintaining the direction of either taking off or landing but should not be ignored, because the wind is strong enough to be pushed one wing touched the runway.

Rupture tires.

As in the car, which burst tires would be very dangerous because there is a tendency to run sideways towards the tire burst.

Fractional aircraft tires can harm as happened in the French Air tragedy, Concorde in 2000 that once completed the career of this supersonic passenger aircraft.

Meanwhile, as much as possible during landing pilots landed at an appropriate speed and slow procedures aircraft with air brake equipment or thrust reverser.

Do not force always wear aircraft wheel brake to avoid a tire and extend the life of aircraft tires.

Bird Strike.

It seems strange, that small birds can result in danger for large aircraft.

But it should be remembered that the take off and landing is a critical situation even the slightest danger fatal.

For example, only in 1995, the E-3 Sentry aircraft US Air Force crashed shortly after take off from Elmendorf, Anchorage, Alaska.

Studies have shown no goose carcasses scattered around the runway where the accident.

Proved that this threat could prove fatal and air dropping of the radar to fly the Boeing B707.

Engine Failure.

Being one of the most important points in the crew briefing so that the entire crew is always vigilant in the face of the worst circumstances.

If during take off occurs at the speed V1, cancel or continue the take-off have this level of danger or less the same.

Temperature Inversion.

Is the change in temperature / temperature in reverse.

Temperatures will grow cold, or at least equal to the height of 500-1000 feet.

In the Middle East during the summer often occurs in reverse.

About 35 degrees and 40 degrees on the runway at an altitude of 1000 feet.

This is very dangerous because it affects the performance of the machine is down dramatically.

This incident is difficult to detect both by equipment and meteorological equipment.

Airmen who experience it must immediately notify the ATC in order to remind the next plane will take off or landing.

Wind Shear & microbust.

Wind Shear is the wind changed suddenly.

The most dangerous in the event of a change of 180 degrees.

The wind from the front suddenly changed direction into from behind resulted in the aircraft loses lift suddenly.

While the result of Cloud Comulunimbus microbust (Cb) which is the main enemy aviators and anyone would try to avoid.

Because if there is a downdraft caused microbust, there is no forgiveness for any aircraft capable slammed to the ground.

Dated July 9, 1982 accident that befell PANAM could be an example of the enormity of the combination of wind shear and microbust.

B-727 passenger plane 141 people lose lift, slammed and crashed after take off from Moisant Airport, New Orleans.

American aviation authority, the FAA (Federal Aviation Administration) paid great attention to this issue especially since 1960, approximately 500 aircraft harm or near misses with a similar pattern, knocked down both during take off and landing.

This phenomenon is visible and short duration (median 10 minutes) are difficult to trace until the decade of the 90s mounted equipment Alert System Low level wind shear, which could give a two-minute warning before microbust it appears.

Wind Turbulence.

Is a phenomenon caused by the wing tips Vortec.

Wind flow from the wing tip and larger circular down.

Plane through which the trajectory will produce dangerous wind turbulence behind aircraft.

Some take off and landing procedures to deal with this wind turbulence is studied by every aviator but the ATC can also help to give pause at least 5 minutes, both take off and landing in order to wind turbulence disappears.

Thank you for reading this article. Written and posted by Bambang Sunarno. sunarnobambang86@gmail.com

author:

http://schema.org/Personal.

https://plus.google.com/105319704331231770941.

name: Bambang Sunarno.

http://www.primadonablog.blogspot.com/2014/12/when-take-off-and-landing.html

DatePublished: December 6, 2014 at 17:29

Tag : When Take Off and Landing.

Code : 7MHPNPADAEFW

Aircraft Wheel Movement system.

Background.

The aircraft is one of the modal transportation very often used by most people to travel long distances. Obviously the safety factor is needed to ensure the safety of the passengers. One factor working system security is the plane itself. The whole system of the aircraft has a very important function and interrelated. If one system can not work properly, it will disrupt the overall system. For example, when the aircraft will be landing (landing), but the system is working to remove the aircraft wheel does not work then the plane could not land safely and would greatly endanger passengers. To that end, one of the functions of aircraft systems work well to note is the landing gear system. Landing gear wheels system is a system plane when landing (landing) or off (take off). When the plane will land, the aircraft must be able lowered wheel so that the aircraft can be landed and drove over the runway. Likewise, when the plane will take off (take off) then the wheels must be able to be raised and put in a plane flying in the air so that the system can be balanced. Whether or not the wheels moving aircraft pilots known only through indicator lights inside the cockpit of the aircraft. The pilot did not know the exact position of the wheel in real time while on the move.

This study, entitled Designing Prototype Landing Gear System And Movement Monitoring Aircraft Wheels With AVR Microcontroller Based Kalman Filter aims to realize the prototype aircraft landing systems and monitoring the movement of aircraft wheels by using a low-cost microcontroller system. In this study will be presented the design of a microcontroller system that can be used and reliable in the industry. The design of the control system includes a system power supply is used, EMI filters for protection against electromagnetic interference, optocoupler as electrical protection to avoid sudden reset to the microcontroller due to the use of relays, as well as the use of Kalman filters for sensor readings gyroscope and accelerometer to monitor movement of the prototype wheels plane. In this study, monitoring simulated via laptop display with serial communication so that the movement of the wheels can be observed in real time. Mechanical system design also conducted to simulate the conditions of an actual emergency landing aircraft.

The prototype is equipped with a lamp indicator LED and buzzer to meet the needs of the landing gear system simulation. Later, the prototype is expected to be a reference to the application of microcontrollers in high technology such as aircraft. In addition, aircraft wheels monitoring system in real time is expected to increase the factor of safety and ease pilot in overseeing the work system in particular aircraft movement aircraft wheels.

Problem Formulation.

Based on the above background, the problem can be formulated in this study, namely:
1. What is the procedure correct aircraft landing system.
2. How to design a mechanical system on the prototype landing gear system.
3. How to design a prototype system on the landing gear control system.
4. How to design a prototype system of monitoring the movement of aircraft wheels.

Prototype Design And Monitoring System Landing Gear Wheel Movement Based AirCraft Kalman.

Some of the objectives to be achieved in this study :

1. Understand the landing gear system operations both normal and emergency conditions (emergency).
2. Understand the landing gear drive system. (for this final task is simulated using a pneumatic system, while actually using the hydraulic system).
3. Understand the parameters reference operational landing gear drive system.
4. Designing a control system for operating the landing gear.
5. Designing a mechanical system for operating the landing gear.
6. Designing HMI prototype for monitoring the movement of aircraft wheels.
7. Sync control systems with mechanical systems landing gear system.
8. Perform operational testing on the prototype landing gear system for normal and emergency conditions.

Benefits Research

The benefits of this research are :

1. Applying the AVR microcontroller control system in high technology such as aircraft.
2. Being one of the affordable technology solutions and also reliable to be applied.
3. As a tool for young engineers in understanding the aircraft's systems, especially the landing gear system.
4. Adding a safety factor on the plane because the pilot can monitor in real time the movement of the wheels. Thank you for reading this article. Written and posted by Bambang Sunarno. sunarnobambang86@gmail.com
author:
http://schema.org/Personal.
https://plus.google.com/105319704331231770941.
name: Bambang Sunarno.
http://www.primadonablog.blogspot.com/2014/12/aircraft-wheel-movement-system.html
DatePublished: December 6, 2014 at 14:12

Tag : Aircraft Wheel Movement system.

Code : 7MHPNPADAEFW

Landing aircraft speed.

Every time a plane would landing, there is one thing that always makes me curious, how when landing the plane that weighs tons with a short runway distance then with full speed, so it is with the fighter aircraft landing on an aircraft carrier.

Have you ever thought about how to best reduce the speed at a speed of about 200 knots, or about 300-400 km / h? Well, in this post you will know how best to slow down at high speed and is only available within 3000-4000 meters. Aircraft pilots are not the same as a bus driver, taxi, motorcycle, or three-wheeler that just pressing the brake pedal and pull the handbrake. It turns out, the plane has several stages to slow down.

Spoiler

First, the pilot will use a spoiler located on the top of the wing. Spoiler useful as Airbrake (air drag) to reduce thrust and lift the aircraft, although only occurs in part a change in airspeed. What if the pilot is only used as a spoiler air brakes? Surely plane will go up to several kilometers from the deadline for the runway (runway).

Flap

Previously I will explain in advance, what the flap? Flap or flaps are commonly called surface that will be subject to cuts contained in the rear edge of the wing. By the time the pilot lowered the flaps air speed will drop dramatically (stall). The size of the flap on commercial aircraft is usually larger than the point as well as a spoiler and air drag (Airbrake).

Various types of flaps  :

1. Plain Flap: 

This type is commonly used on small aircraft / dragonfly and cover the use of simple types and are usually used for braking during landing. In Plain Flap across the crease to lower the maximum to be able to slow down quickly

2. Split Flap: 

In Split Flap only the bottom flap which is lowered, while the top remains normal. This type of flap method invented by Orville Wright and James M. H Jacob in 1920. The flap like this are usually found on the Douglas DC-3 and C-47.

3. Fowler Flap: 

Flap type is commonly found in commercial aircraft / passenger. Fowler flaps similar to the Plain Fowler Flap Flap but gave little gap as by air (airflow). This type of flap was first discovered by Harlan D. Fowler in 1924.
Actually there are many more types of flap, because too much I did not explain one by one.

Landing Gear

Do you know what it's landing gear? Landing gear or in Indonesian aircraft wheel is part of the aircraft used during take off or landing. By the time the plane left the ground / runway, the pilot will include the landing gear into the space landing gear. What's the point? The point is to reduce air drag when the aircraft is in the sky at high speed and also to reduce the damage to the landing gear against a very strong wind. At the time the plane to land, then lowered the landing gear useless to reduce the bit rate and the base plane to land at the time of touch down (touching the ground). In addition to the base landing, the landing gear is also used as a frictional force on the runway (drag). It's obvious, is not it? With the landing gear will be there at the same air drag friction force on the runway.

Reverse Thrust

The braking section uses aircraft jet engines. How does it work? Aircraft jet engines (thrust) has thrust to the back to increase the speed of the aircraft, but in this section will change the aircraft jet engine thrust so that the wind of the jet engine will be pushed to the front of the plane. It is certain, if the wind is super great or also called jet blast, pushed forward will reduce the rate of aircraft.

Autobrake

This is the last part of the braking found on the landing gear. The braking process using a hydraulic brake or almost the same as in an ordinary car braking. Autobrake only used when the speed of the aircraft has been slow, if Autobrake used when touch down've definitely canvas will burn and might slip plane. Autobrake used during landing or take off.

Not pictured is not it? How difficult aircraft braking when compared to other vehicles. Really do not know whether the pilot was replaced by the most experienced vehicle drivers. It certainly will continue over the limit runway.

For landing large aircraft, military aircraft, and space shuttle uses the following sections:

Parachute

Besides being used for skydiving, it is also used in the braking parachute aircraft. Why braking parachute is rarely used on commercial aircraft? The explanation is this: when the parachute is issued and lie perfectly parachute will make a huge shock effect. Due to the high air speed dropped dramatically. So the parachute only used on military aircraft, space shuttle, and a large aircraft that can not slow down the speed at a certain distance.

Cable Hook

This particular cable hook used on landing on aircraft carrier (aircraft carrier) which has a short runway. Braking is quite simple way, the first aircraft will issue a thin piece of metal hook before landing on the aircraft carrier, then it will be related to the metal hook on the hook wires that lie in the flight deck.

Retaining nets

Braking tool is also used on aircraft carriers, but at the time of an emergency landing. What is it? The emergency landing like a plane is damaged and can not reduce his speed. Prior to approaching aircraft flight deck, flight deck officers will spread the retaining net made of very strong mine. Then the plane will crash into the barrier nets without bumping into another plane or take to the sea.
Thank you for reading this article. Written and posted by Bambang Sunarno. sunarnobambang86@gmail.com
author:
http://schema.org/Personal.
https://plus.google.com/105319704331231770941.
name: Bambang Sunarno.
http://www.primadonablog.blogspot.com/2014/12/landing-aircraft-speed.html
DatePublished: December 6, 2014 at 13:40

Tag : Landing aircraft speed.

Code : 7MHPNPADAEFW

Runway system.

Runways (English: Runway) is a rectangular area specified in the airport on land or water that is used for landing and takeoff of aircraft.

Naming.

Name runway taken from him by rounding to the nearest tens, eg 36 for a runway that leads to 360 degrees (north). Because of a runway can be used in both directions, naming there is any difference between the two with 18. Example: runway 27/09.
If the airport has a runway with some of the same direction, will be identified with the addition of the letter L, C, and R for Left, Center, and Right (left, middle, right) were added at the end. Example: runway 02R / 20L.

Classification Landing Runway.

Classification runway is determined by:

Completeness aids flight navigation at airports.
Dimensions runway.
Completeness aids flight navigation.
Completeness of navigation aids flight includes:
Precision instruments; Aids to navigation flight equipped runway landing aids Instrument Landing System (ILS) and visual landing aids.
Non-precision instrument; Aids to navigation flight runway equipped with navigation aids flying Doppler Very High Frequency Omni Directional Range (DVOR) and visual landing aids.
Non instrument; Aids to navigation flight runway equipped with a flight navigation aids Non-directional beacon (NDB).
Dimensions runway.
Code number 1; The length of the runway is less than 800 meters.
Code number 2; Runway length = 800 meters or more but less 1,200 meters.
Code number 3; Runway length = 1,200 meters or more but less 1,800 meters.
Code number 4; Runway length = 1,800 meters or more.

Technical.

In general, the runway has a layer of asphalt "hot mix" with the degree and direction identification number written with letters, as well as horizontal lines similar to the "zebra crossing" on the tip ends of reducing the number of lines when heading to the runway center indicating the time when the aircraft must land (wheels touch the runway on landing) and take off.

In particular foundations, tip end of the runway which is used to touch down or take off a layer of concrete used, not asphalt, to avoid melting asphalt when the plane took off at full engine power, especially fighter aircraft using afterburners mechanism causing flame on nozzle (exhaust) aircraft engines. Asphalt is best used natural asphalt, and is best used is bitumen produced from Trinidad and Tobago country, so do not use petroleum bitumen processed, which is easy to melt / soften due to the sun's heat, pressure and heat generated from the exhaust gas bursts aircraft engines. At the bottom of the asphalt layer is used layers of stone, not coral as well as the use of paving roads. Runway is made with certain technical calculations so that the surface remains dry, even in the rainy season, and prevent its waterlogged runway resulted in the aircraft experienced aquaplanning, especially when it landed very dangerous.
On the right and left edges and ends of the runway end lights and given the poles used to help navigate the navigation more in bad weather and night flights.

Pioneer airport runway has a simpler construction than the first commercial airport is the airport in remote areas. The runway is known as an airstrip. Sometimes it's just a piece of land that was given hardened layer of grass, and to prevent the collapse of the soil used steel stick or pad marston (layer perforated steel plate hole). In Indonesia, the runway as it is used in rural areas of Irian Jaya or West Papua. Construction runway were used during World War II for military purposes as making more practical.
The length of the runway depends on temperature, wind speed and direction, as well as the pressure of the surrounding air. In desert areas and in the highlands, is generally used runway longer than commonly used in airports and even the international airport, because the air pressure is lower. For example, the runway in the city of Doha, Qatar has a length of up to more than 5,000 meters.
Particular runway is equipped with cable holder for landing aircraft (arrester cable) even aircraft catapult (catapult), especially for the short runway and the runway on an aircraft carrier.

Maintenance.

Runways at each airport are generally cleaned from dust or gravel, and even other foreign objects that would endanger the safety of flight (in the world of aviation, foreign objects known as FOD). Plane crash on the runway is generally caused due to foreign objects either into the engine and damage the aircraft airframe or aircraft wheels when taking off or landing. It is like that of the Concorde plane at Charles de Gaulle Airport, Paris, France in 2000 which caused the aircraft caught fire and crashed, killing all passengers, crew and locals. More because of the weather and even bird disturbance so generally in every commercial airport even pioneering equipped watchtowers which oversees air traffic control, communication and even weather information. In particular airport, equipped with sensors and bird repellent and weather sensors and sensors to measure the level of noise generated from aircraft engines.
Besides that, each runway is equipped with a runway sweeper vehicle and equipment cleaning chemicals to clean the rest of the runway especially rubber traces generated by the wheels of the aircraft if not cleaned can also interfere with flight safety. Thank you for reading this article. Written and posted by Bambang Sunarno. sunarnobambang86@gmail.com
author:
http://schema.org/Personal.
https://plus.google.com/105319704331231770941.
name: Bambang Sunarno.
http://www.primadonablog.blogspot.com/2014/12/runway-system.html
DatePublished: December 6, 2014 at 11:16

Tag : Runway system.

Code : 7MHPNPADAEFW

Paradise Bay Got biggest shark.

Rhincodon typus, aka the whale shark is the biggest shark in the earth. Kwantisore Village at Paradise Bay, Papua is the location of the whale shark conservation. A traveler can find even swim with this giant fish.

Aquatic Paradise Bay in the north of Papua is the largest National Park in Indonesian waters. Paradise Bay is also the largest marine protected areas in Indonesia, as well as the whale shark research center (whale shark).

This is where, precisely in the village Kwantisore, whale sharks often come to the surface and used to interaction with tourists. Citing the official website of tourism in Indonesia, Thursday (04/12/2014), they usually appear around the chart (houseboat where to fish). There are 8 charts contained in the village Kwantisore.

This benign giant animals 14 meters in length, but only takes up a small anchovy (fish castle) and the plankton. Whale sharks can be invoked by throwing fish into the sea castle. They also, sometimes in groups, immediately pops to the surface of the water!

"In the past this whale shark was hunted by the people. Then the Indonesian Ministry of Forestry and WWF in collaboration with the National Park to make a village-based conservation in Kwantisore tour. Be the whale sharks are now generating income for local communities," said Director of Utilization and Environmental Services and Forest Conservation Area protected MoF, Bambang Supriyanto when contacted detikTravel.

Paradise Bay National Park (TNTC) is a bay surrounded by several islands. There Biak Island, Yapen, Yoop, Nusrowi, Mioswaar, Noemfoor, and Rumberpon. Paradise Bay is located on the shores of the Pacific Ocean and the continental plates, so it is very rich in flora and fauna.

"Of course, travelers should maintain the continuity of the National Park. Admission TNTC Rp 5,000 for domestic tourists, and Rp 150,000 for foreign tourists. Snorkeling Rp 15,000 and Rp 25,000 diving. Cheap, right?" said Bambang.

Problem underwater fauna, visitors would be interested in Raja Ampat. In fact, Paradise Bay fauna is equally diverse. There are giant clams, sharks, dolphins, dugongs, 209 species of fish, as well as four species of sea turtles are protected hawksbill (Eretmochelys imbricata), green turtle (Chelonia mydas), turtle (Lepidochelys olivaceae), and leatherback turtle (Dermochelys coriacea ).

Kwantisore Village, a traveler can swim with whale sharks at sea level. Besides Kwantisore, a traveler can find Ahe whale sharks that are part Harlem Islands. Yoop Island, Wendesi, Wasior, and Yomber also become a favorite location to see whales and dolphins, and saw a number of colonial relics of the 18th century.

The best time to visit this national park is May to October, although the whale sharks are always there throughout the year. You can visit the Office of the Park, at Jalan Trikora Wosi Rendani, Manokwari.

Some diving operators provide diving facilities, among others, the Pearl of Papua and Papua Diving. All tour operators here are services of local residents.

"They provide tour packages. Starting from airport pick-up, stay at a homestay, a boat ride to Kwantisore, as well as other tourist objects," Bambang added.

To attain Paradise Bay, available for flights from Jakarta, Surabaya, Denpasar, and Makassar to Biak. From Biak, available aircraft pioneers such as Susi Air to Manokwari or Nabire. From Nabire Airport, you can proceed to the Park, motor boat about 3 hours drive. Thank you for reading this article. Written and posted by Bambang Sunarno. sunarnobambang86@gmail.com
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DatePublished: December 5th, 2014 at 14:01

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