Mysterious building.

There are so many places around the world that there are a number of monuments whose existence is still a mystery until now , because scientists have not managed to expose thoroughly the background of the historic objects . Only 12 are considered to be the most enigmatic monument in the world . Everything is very well known in the world but no one knows the exact background of the building stood . Most of these monuments are not intact anymore , which leaves only the mysterious stories unconfirmed .
No one knows exactly why Stonehenge was built , how the building was sinking deep in the sea , who ordered and made ​​a giant carved granite that contains the instructions for rebuilding society on a remote hill in Georgia . It's all still thick mist-shrouded , may someday be revealed , or perhaps fog was never revealed at all .

The ruins of the most mysterious monuments throughout history is ;

Monumental Instructions for the Post - Apocalypse ( Monumental Instructions for Message - Revelation )

In a small hill in the arid northeastern Georgia stands the monument of the most bizarre and mysterious in the world . But look at the architecture of the building , the monument was not invented in ancient times .
Known as the 'Georgia Guidestones', this stone structure of five 16 feet high, weighing 20-tons. No posts on granite slabs in eight different languages ​​- among them Egyptian hieroglyphic languages ​​, Hindi and Swahili - with instructions for survivors to rebuild a new civilization on earth . Are the instructions in eight languages ​​associated with doomsday predictions ? It is still not clear . This command is also not clear to whom addressed . More is not clear yet, who built this strange monument .

Lake Michigan Stonehenge

Initially , a group of researchers using sonar to look for shipwrecks at the bottom of Lake Michigan , the results are quite surprising . Instead, they find an ancient Stonehenge structure 40 feet below the water surface . Most of the stones in a circle and one appears to show carvings of a mastodon .
The antiquities allegedly built 10,000 years ago , coinciding with the possibility of post - Ice Age presence of humans and mastodons in there . Michigan already has petroglyph sites and standing stones .

Ruins beneath the sea in Japan .

On the southern coast of Yonaguni , Japan , there are submerged ruins , thought to have been around 8,000 years old . Although some people believe that it is a creation of nature , but it now appears the voices who call it man-made . This is evident from a complex arrangement of stairs , carvings there are believed to be man-made .
This site was discovered in 1995 by a diver who strayed too far from the coast of Okinawa . Incidentally he also brought cameras to take pictures underwater .

The wonders beneath the sea surface Alexandria , Egypt .

These ruins are believed to be the city of Alexander the Great , where Cleopatra's palace is located . The sinking of the city was estimated to occur 1,500 years ago as a result of the devastating earthquake .
Along with the setting of the palace, also drowned artifacts that adorn the palace, and other buildings of Cleopatra 's palace . City ruins discovered in the seabed , was deliberately not appointed to the mainland . The local government plans to make it a magical underwater locations as water attractions .

Mystery Stones Baalbek in Lebanon .

The largest Roman temples ever built and now only ruins , in fact , not in Greece or Rome , but rather in Baalbek , Lebanon . The temple was destroyed by the Byzantine Emperor Theodosius , lucky not all parts destroyed . There are still 6 of 54 columns , which still stands today . Six columns here to witness history and left a trail of mysteries that await revealed .
Although the remains of the grandeur of this temple still visible , but indeed, the temple was abandoned due to the war . For decades , travelers rarely visit this place due to the war . Fortunately , too, the war is not to destroy this historic temple .

Three Ancient Megalithic Stone Circles .

In southern Turkey , just north of the border with Syria , are three megalithic stone circles are thousands of years old , older than Stonehenge stone circle . Surprisingly , the ancient stone circles built by hunter-gatherers in those days . Previously , it was believed that early humans may not be able to make a building that , until they reach a certain level of progress .
When found , the stone circle in the buried state . Nobody knows what the reason or background why the object was buried . However, some believe that the Gobekli Tepe and the surrounding area is the beginning of human history that is the location of the Garden of Eden as told in the Bible .

Easter Island .

Easter Island , also known as Rapa Nui or Isla de Pascua , is a Polynesian island in the southeastern Pacific Ocean, most famous for its monumental statues which were created by the Rapanui people .
The statues , called moai , were part of the ancestral worship of the island are conducted by the local community at that time . The statues were allegedly made between 1250 and 1500 AD .
Moai heaviest weighs 86 tons . It illustrates how great their accomplishments are able to create Rapanui , also moving statues weighing up to tens of tons . Luckily, these ancient sculptures can still be seen in most of Raraku , but hundreds of other statues were moved to the nearby islands .

Stonehenge 

Perhaps the ancient monuments still in fairly good condition is Stonehenge , located in Wiltshire , England . This ancient building is built in 2500 AD , but later revised and renovation continuously for 1400 years . Despite all the theories and speculations put forward , but no one knows what the original purpose of the prehistoric monument and remains one of the greatest mysteries of the earth .

Machu Picchu .

Machu Picchu is the Inca relics city 's most well-preserved . This royal city hidden in the Andes of Peru , located in the high mountains with steep road but on a flat peak . A location , which is said to be the refuge of the Incas from the pursuit of Spain .
The city was hidden for centuries and isolated from the outside world until then an archaeologist , Hiram Bingham , discovered it in 1911. Based on the research , estimated the city of Machu Picchu was built in 1450 AD as the Inca ruler Pachacuti hideout .

Great Zimbabwe Ruins 

Few people know that Zimbabwe , Africa , has ancient stone ruins of the oldest in the world . Its location in the countryside . Allegedly , the ruins of an ancient stone building that was once inhabited by 18,000 souls. Once the size of the scars ruins, then called the Great Zimbabwe Ruins .
Based on research , the building was built in the 11th century , the unique building was built without using cement . No one knows for sure why the site was eventually abandoned. So, thank you for reading this article. Written and posted by Bambang Sunarno. sunarnobambang86@gmail.com
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DatePublished : April 09, 2014 at 16.26

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Welcoming tourists.

Although not as advanced as Western Europe , both historical and cultural value of Eastern Europe is also rich parts of the world . Since apart from the Soviet Union , some countries such as Czech , Polish , and some other countries is widening opened their arms to welcome tourists from all over the world to visit there .
These are some of the tourist spots and pilgrimage in the region of Eastern Europe and Western Europe are always reaped the admiration of those who've been there:

Charles Bridge .

Prague , capital of Czech Republic , is touted as the most beautiful cities in Eastern Europe . Building diverse high art style Bohemia we can meet there . One building pride of the city of Prague is the Charles Bridge ( Charles Bridge ) which was designed by Peter Parler and was built in 1357 during the reign of King Charles IV .
Being above the Vltava river , with a length of 516 meters and a width of about 10 meters and is supported by three towers , the bridge connects the Old Town of Prague Castle . Along the bridge stands 75 pieces of sculpture and some lights that make it more spectacular bridge .
During the day , Charles Bridge enlivened by street musicians and painters and souvenir stalls . While at night , the bridge is always quiet so as to give the impression serene and romantic . The bridge opened to pedestrians only .

Monastery of Jasna Gora .

In Czestochowa , a small town in Poland , there is a monastery of Jasna Gora which is a place of pilgrimage leading Catholics . Is ranked 4th in the list of the world's most popular pilgrimage site , Jasna Gora famous painting " The Black Madonna " .
The painting " The Black Madonna " is believed to be painted by St. Luke , until now displayed in a Gothic chapel built in the 15th century located in the heart of Jasna Gora monastery complex . This painting made ​​on wood panel measuring 122.2 x 82.2 x 3.5 cm , depicting the Virgin Mary cradling the baby Jesus .
Every year , millions of pilgrims from all over the world visit the Jasna Gora monastery to pray and declare devotion to Mary .

Boly mill .

Milling is where Bernadette Soubirous Boly ( later became St. Bernadette ) was born . Bernadette 's father , Francois Soubirous was a miller who was successful in the future .
The building is located across the cave where Bernadette witnessed the apparitions of Our Lady . Although simple , this building attracts many tourists who visit Lourdes as historical value .

Cachot .

Initially , Cachot is a jail cell in Lourdes used until 1824. But in 1857 to 1858 is given to the Soubirous family free of charge to their residence .
In the time of Bernadette , the place is described as a dark room and very unhealthy . In the years 1995 - 1996 do renovations in the room that used to be used as a dining room , a kitchen , a bed , as well as a place of prayer by the occupants .
Until now Cachot cared for by the Sisters of Charity of Nevers and often visited by many pilgrims from various countries .

Mount Titlis .

Titlis mountain is a mountain in the Alpina in Switzerland . Located in the village of Engelberg , a village near the city of Lucerne , a mountain 3,029 meters high above sea level is famous for its eternal snow . Termperaturnya who were around minus 13 degrees Celsius make the Titlis mountain climate is very cold .
One very interesting object in the mountain Titlis is a glacier grotto . This place allows tourists to walk down the glaze through a tunnel made ​​of rock and ice . Shades of bluish light emanating from the ice in this place, if you notice carefully.
As the only snowy mountains in the summer , Mount Titlis is often visited by tourists who want to ski or snowboard sports . In addition , tourists can also enjoy the panoramic beauty of the forests and mountains that lie there .
To climb this mountain is not difficult . Simply use the gondola and cable car . The travel time to reach the top of the mountain is about forty minutes .
So , thank you for reading this article. Written and posted by Bambang Sunarno .
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author :
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DatePublished : April 09, 2014 at 14.37

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Balkan.

Geography.

Balkans is the historic and geographic name used describe parts of southeastern Europe. This region has a combined area of ​​550,000 km ² and a population of approximately 53 million.
This area gets its name from the Balkan Mountains which crosses the center of Bulgaria into eastern Serbia.

Definitions and Border. 

Peninsula. 

Sometimes referred Balkan Balkan peninsula surrounded on the Adriatic, Ionian, Aegean, Marmara and Black Sea from the southwest, south and southeast.
Currently there is no model of the peninsula because it has no isthmus to connect it to the mainland of Europe, this definition is often used to denote a wider area.

Balkans. 

The introduction is clear from the Balkans to provide as much common history were broken and often harsh terrain of the mountain geography. The region was perennially on the edge of a large empire, its history dominated by wars, rebellions, invasions and clashes between empires, from the Roman Empire to the Yugoslav war in the last days.
Tendency to splinter into rival political entities led coined the term Balkanization (or balkanizing). The term Balkan commonly connotes a relationship with violence, religious strife, ethnic clannishness and understanding of the countryside.

South-Eastern Europe. 

European regions. 

Because connotations the term "Balkan", many people prefer Southeast Europe. In slow growing use of the term; European Union initiative of 1999 is called the Stability Pact for Southeast Europe, and the online newspaper Balkan Times renamed itself Southeast European Times in 2003.
The use of this term to mean the Balkan peninsula (and only that) technically ignores the geographical presence Romania and western Ukraine, which is also located in the southeastern part of the continent of Europe.

Ambiguity and Controversial. 

Northern border of the Balkan peninsula is generally considered to be the line that formed the Danube, Sava and Kupa Kupa and the segment that connects the Gulf of Kvarner.
There is also another definition of the northern border of the Balkans:
line Krka (river in Slovenia) - Vipava - the northern border the Gulf of Trieste
line Dniester - Timişoara - Zagreb - Triglav (mountains).
Sava line - Ljubljansko Polje - Idrijca river - the River Soca.

Balkan Peninsula (according to the definition of the Danube-Sava line-Kupa)
A common use of the northern border of the Danube-Sava-Kupa arbitrarily used on fisiografik characteristics, can be easily recognized on the map. Historically may be justified because the area called (along with Romania and negate Montenegro, Dalmatia, and the Ionian Islands) is the most European territories of the Ottoman Empire from the end of the century 15-19. Kupa form a natural border between Slovenia and Croatia southeast, Sava divides 2 Croatia and Serbia and the Danube, which is the second largest river in Europe (after the Volga), form a natural border between Bulgaria, Serbia and Romania. In the north it extends the Pannonian plains path and (in the case of Romania) Karpathia Mountains.
Although Romania (with the exception of Dobrudja) is not part of the geography of the Balkans, including conventionally as the 'successor states' ancient Ottoman Empire. Romanian culture contains many elements of Balkan and Romanian languages, including Balkan linguistic union.
According to the commonly used border, lies to the north of Slovenia are considered part of the Balkans and Central Europe. Historically and culturally, as well as more linked to Central Europe, although the Slovenian culture also incorporate elements of the culture of the Balkans.
However, as has been established, the northern border of the Balkan peninsula can also be drawn on the contrary, are however also at least a small part of Slovenia and parts of Italy (Province of Trieste) may also include the Balkans.
Slovenia is sometimes also considered as the Balkans because of its association with the former Yugoslavia. When the Balkan geopolitical area is described as the 20th century, including the whole of Yugoslavia (hence, Slovenia, Istria, Dalmatia Islands, Croatia and Vojvodina northern entrance as well).
The historical justification for Sava-Kupa northern border including the usual blocking Croatia (which is by the region and the largest part of the Habsburg Monarchy and the Republic of Venice during the Ottoman conquest). Other causes include previous history and culture also binds Croatia, like Slovenia, to Central Europe and the Mediterranean region more than they bound to the Balkans. However, a typical form of geography has been the nature of the grouping with the area of ​​Bosnia and Herzegovina is a part of, such as the recent history of Yugoslavia and so on.

Current General Definitions. 

In most accounts of the English language, the western world, the countries commonly included the Balkan region including:
Albania
Bosnia and Herzegovina
Bulgaria
Croatia
Greece
Republic of Macedonia
Serbia and Montenegro
Turkey, however, only the European part thereof including Istanbul (traditionally called Rumelia or Eastern Thrace)
Romania and Slovenia sometimes makes this list as well.
Many regions in this country are registered as the Balkan countries can be in many respects quite clear from the rest of the region, the country which places a limit line (often a far cry from the Balkan mountains themselves) are usually not referred to so-called Balkan countries. A prime example is Romania and Slovenia, sometimes also Croatia and Greece.

Related countries. 

Other countries do not include the Balkan region close to her and / or play or have meminkan important role in regional geopolitics, culture and history:
Cyprus
Hungary
Austria
Italy
Russia

Nature and natural resources. 

Most of this area is a mountain range stretching from the southwest to the northeast. The main line of the Dinaric Alps in Slovenia is, Croatia and Bosnia, Sar mountains spread from Albania to the Republic of Macedonia and the Pindus range, extending from southern Albania into central Greece. In Bulgaria there are ranges running from east to west: the Balkan mountains and the Rhodope mountains at the border with Greece. Musala is the highest mountain (2925 m) in the Rila Mountains in southwestern Bulgaria.
In the wet coastal climate is subtropical, Mediterranean and sea, in inland continental moderate. In the northern part of the peninsula and the mountains, winters are frosty and snowy, while summers are hot and dry. In the southern part winters milder.
For centuries, wood has been cut down and replaced with bush. In the south and the coast there is evergreen vegetation. In the inland there are woods typical of Central Europe (oak, and in the mountains, fir). 3 lanes in the mountains with an altitude of 1800-2300 m unfolds.
Generally the land is barren, except on land where areas with natural grass, fertile soils and warm summers provide an opportunity for farming. Elsewhere, land cultivation mostly unsuccessful because of the mountains, the summers are hot and barren soil, although other plants such as olives and grapes flowering.
Rare energy source. There are several coal deposits, especially in Bulgaria, Serbia and Bosnia. Lignite deposits are more widespread. Petroleum is scarce, although there is a small deposit in Serbia, Albania and Croatia. Natural gas deposits are also rare. Hydropower stations are largely used in the energy.
Metal ore more usual than other raw materials. Iron ore is rare but in some countries there is a lot of copper, zinc, tin, chromium, manganese, and bauxite magnets. Some metals are exported.

Meaning of History and Geopolitics. 

Balkan region was the first area of ​​Europe to experience the arrival of farming cultures in the Neolithic period. The practice of planting grain and cattle raising came in the Balkans from the Fertile Crescent through Anatolia, and spread west and north into Pannonia and Central Europe.
In the pre-classical antiquity and classical, this area is where the Greeks, Illyrians, Paeonia, Thracians, and other ancient groups. Later the Roman Empire conquered the whole region and spread Roman culture and the Latin language but significant parts still remained under classical Greek influence. During the Middle Ages, the Balkans became the stage a series of wars between the Byzantine Empire, Bulgaria and Serbia, as countries were struggling to build control over this key area.
From the late 16th century, the Ottoman Caliphate into force supervisor in this area, although surrounded Anatolia. In the past 550 years, as many times fought the Ottoman Turks in Europe and around the Balkans, and the comparative Ottoman isolation from the mainstream economy continuation (representing a shift in the center of European trade and political heavier toward the Atlantic), the Balkans has been a part of Europe that less developed.
Balkan nations began to regain 'independence' in the 19th century, and between the Balkan League 1912-1913 reduces the extent of present day Turkey in the Balkan War. World War I erupted in 1914 by the assassination in Sarajevo (capital of Bosnia and Herzegovina) of the Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria.
After World War II, the Soviet Union and communism played a very important role in the Balkans. During the Cold War, most countries in the Balkans were ruled by communist governments that supported the Soviet Union.
However, despite being under communist governments, Yugoslavia (1948) and Albania (1961) fell from the Soviet Union. Yugoslavia, led by marshal Josip Broz Tito (1892-1980), first propped up then rejected the idea of ​​merging with Bulgaria, and instead sought closer relations with the West, later even joining many third world countries in the Non-Aligned Movement. Albania on the other hand leaning on Communist China, then took a position of isolation.
Non-communist countries were Greece and Turkey, which were (and still are) part of NATO.
In the 1990s, the region was gravely affected by the armed conflict in the former Republic of Yugoslavia, leading to the intervention of NATO forces in Bosnia and Herzegovina, Kosovo and the Republic of Macedonia. The status of Kosovo and ethnic Albanians in general remains unresolved.
Balkan countries control the direct land routes between Western Europe and Southwest Asia (Asia Minor and the Middle East). Since 2000, all Balkan countries are friendly towards the EU and the United States.
Greece has been a member of the European Union since 1981. Slovenia and Cyprus since 2004. Bulgaria and Romania started to become a member in 2007. Croatia is also expected to become a member of the organization, because very little cooperation with the International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia (ICTY) in the manhunt for fugitive general Ante Gotovina, in March 2005 has been postponed acceptance. Turkey initially applied for in 1963 and 2004 and additional negotiations have not yet begun, although some indigenous consent has been signed. In 2004 Bulgaria, Romania and Slovenia are also members of NATO.
All other countries have expressed a desire to join the EU but at some time in the future.
Composition of Population by Nationality and Religion [edit | edit source]
Nationality basis of this region including Greece (10.8 million), Turkey (9.2 in European Turkey), Serbia (8.5 million), Bulgaria (7 million), Albanians (6 million, with about 3.3 million of them in Albania), Croatia (4.5 million), Bosniaks (2.4 million), Slavic Macedonian (1.4 million) and Montenegro (0.265 million). When Romania when Slovenia was included, then also the Romanians (26 million) and Slovenia (2 million). Practically all Balkan countries have minority Roma (Gypsies) in large quantities or less. Minorities less stateless include Gagauz, Gorani, Karakachan, Arvania and Vlach.
The region's main religion is Christianity (Eastern Orthodox and Catholic) and Islam. A variety of different cultures every confidence practiced, with each of the Eastern Orthodox countries having its own national church.
Eastern Orthodox main religion in various countries following:
Bulgaria
Macedonia
Montenegro
Romania
Serbia
Greece
Catholicism is the main religion in the following countries:
Croatia
Slovenia
Islam is the main religion in the following countries:
Albania
Bosnia and Hergezovina
Kosovo
Turkey
People who live in the following countries have minority religious:
Albania: Eastern Orthodox, Catholic.
Bosnia and Herzegovina: Eastern Orthodox, Catholic.
Kosovo: Catholic.
Macedonia: Islamic
Montenegro: Islam
Serbia: Islam, Protestant, Catholic

Jewel in the Balkan Peninsula. 

Bulgaria, a republic in southeastern Europe, is a country full of history and culture. The 16th largest country in the European empires had experienced during the two periods as well as the Ottoman Sultanate period.

Bordered by Romania, Serbia, Macedonia, Greece, and Turkey, Bulgaria is famous for its mountains that surround it. One is the famous Rila mountains where there are peak Musala is the highest peak in the Balkans. Here are three popular tourist destinations in the country and pretty:

Arbanasi. 

Arbanasi, which in Albanian means working the soil, is a village full of historical value in Bulgaria. It is in the city of Veliko Tamovo, the ancient former capital of Bulgaria, and Goma Oryahovitsa, about 400 meters above sea level.

Like most historic sites, Arbanasi filled with many monuments and a number of church buildings from the 17th and 18th centuries. The architecture of the buildings there are very distinctive, namely walled with stone floors, sills, and the ceiling is made of wood. Looks solid and rigid on the outside but very comfortable inside. While the interior of churches decorated with wood carvings and murals. This is the main attraction Arbanasi.

Several historic buildings become landmarks Arbanasi are: 

 Church of the Nativity of Christ (about age 15-17)
 Church of Saint Michael and Gabriel the Guardian Angels (age 16-18)
 St. Athanasius Church (17th century)
 Church of Saint George (17th century)
 Church of Saint Demetrius (age 17-18)
 Monastery of Saint Nicholas (age 17-18)
 Used Arbanasi palace, formerly used as a holiday home Bulgarian president Todor

As the village is heavily influenced by Greek culture for centuries, Arbanasi population using Greek as their official language.

Rila Monastery. 

About 117 miles south of the Sofia, capital of Bulgaria, precisely in the river valley in the mountains Rila Rilska, stood the convent of Saint Ivan of Rila. The monastery was built in the 10th century Orthodox monastery East is the most popular and biggest in Bulgaria.

Ivan of Rila is the monk who initiated the establishment of the monastery during the reign of Tsar Peter. He himself was living in a cave and have a number of pupils who then together build Rila monastery. The authorities in Bulgaria and then provide support in the form of donations, especially the rulers during the reign of the second Bulgarian Empire until the Ottoman reign. Rila monastery became the spiritual and cultural center of Bulgaria and reached its peak in the 12th century to 14.

Several times suffered damage from an attack that occurred during the 14th century Ottoman rule, as well as fires that occurred in the 18th century, the Rila monastery was forced to undergo a series of renovations. Currently, in addition to the main church, in the Rila monastery complex there is also a dormitory, library, chapel and museum. Rila Monastery in 1983 officially listed as a world heritage site by UNESCO and in 2002 received a visit from Pope John Paul II.

National History Musem. 

National History Museum in Sofia is located is one of the largest and most comprehensive museum of history in the Balkan peninsula. Built in 1973 and opened in 1984, the museum holds at least 700,000 cultural monuments that depict the history of Bulgaria since 8000 years ago. However, only 10% of the collection is on display to the public.

The National History Museum is divided into several showrooms, namely: 

• Space Pre-History, which showcased ornaments, statues, tools of stone and bone, as well as pottery from the seventh millennium to millennium BC 2.
• Ancient Thracian space, which exhibits relics of the Thracian treasure like the treasure Panagursko, Rogozensko, Letnishko.
• Space Middle Ages - the First and Second Bulgarian Empire, which showcased jewelry, pottery, coins, relics, and other objects of the century Bulgarian imperial relics 7-11 and age 12-14.
• Bulgarian Land Space, which featured the story of the earth during the Ottoman rule of Bulgaria Dominion.
• Empire Space Bulgari Third, the display objects belonging to the imperial family in the 18th century to the present.

While the collection of stone pillars and monuments of ancient Greece, the Roman and Byzantine museums can be enjoyed in the garden. For visitors who want to buy a souvenir or literature, the museum also provide it.
So, thank you for reading this article. Written and posted by Bambang Sunarno.
sunarnobambangf86@gmail.com
author :
http://schema.org/Personal.
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name : Bambang Sunarno.
http://primadonablog.blogspot.com/2014/04/balkan.html
DatePublished : April 09, 2014 at 13.41
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The best kind of precious stone.

Various precious stones embedded on the type of jewelry can be divided into the best kinds of precious stones are much in demand in the following list . Most of us probably only know a little about the kinds of precious stones , whereas in Indonesia itself to enthusiasts types of rocks are also not small .
Precious stones of the highest quality to penetrate the high prices and fantastic , so do not be surprised if many of the devotees who are trying to get it .
Some famous rock types including   ;
Type Precious Stones .
Gemstone enthusiasts in Indonesia is one of the potential market . As a country that many mines produce the best results , in the class as follows :

Diamond Stone.

Diamonds are not just fit but imposed on jewelery diamond jewelery embedded stones have a very high selling value which also symbolize luxury made ​​diamonds much in demand .

Sapphire.

Sapphire ring is a type of rock 's most in demand and are familiar in Indonesia . Sapphire is believed to exude an aura to develop new thinking which depicts eternity . Some types of jewelry such as gain on the blue sapphire saphirre , yellow sapphire , black Shappire and burma Shappire .

Agate.

Kinds of precious stones are widely used in jewelery rings for men is agate . Agate type spread throughout Indonesia are derived from micro- crystalline quartz with smoothness and brightness color . Agate privilege lies in the meaning contained in the properties of agate .

Emerald

Greenish stone color which symbolizes the emerald equator is quite famous and attractive to foreign tourists . It is the formation of emerald green that describes prosperity and elegance on the wear .

Aquamarine Stone.

News famous aquamarine stone as blue stone with beautiful sea . Kinds of precious stones is a little different because it is not resistant to heat , and if heated too high sea blue color will disappear . This stone gives an overview of affection , but if you want to buy these precious stones , topaz stones form can also look similar to this aquamarine stone .

Topaz Stones.

Overview similar to aquamarine stone but have quality at rock bottom akuamarine , so much used by persons who are not responsible with the selling topaz stone akuamarine . The difference lies on the origin of topaz arthorhombic while akuamarine derived from hexagonal crystals . To distinguish topaz stones with aquamarine topaz refraction can be seen from a more powerful and different levels of hardness .

Ruby.

Widely used by the men who portray the courage and strength of the wearer . Ruby stones are much in use , usually red with a generally round or oval shape .

Tourmaline Stones.

In contrast to the type of rock that has many shades , tourmaline stone has only one type of color , this stone generally has a beautiful shape and color gradations with plush red and green combination .

Stone Kalimaya / Opal.

Rock types are classified as the many devotees in Indonesia because although relatively expensive type of precious stone, but the stone is still much in demand. The characteristics of the stone Kalimaya seen from the unique shape and high flavor .

Amethyst Stone.

Including amethyst gemstone types are much in demand by the people of Indonesia, especially for women because this stone purple symbolizes elegance and charming.

Type Precious Stones .

Crops and mines are abundant , making Indonesia has become the kind of kind of best -in-class precious stones . It can be seen from the offered price of the precious stone that could reach tens of millions of dollars . The sale value of this precious stone precious stone look of beauty that radiates from its color , shape and ability to reflect light .

Type in the World 's Most Expensive Gems .

Gemstone jewelry is one of the most expensive in the world , has a unique and very rare making uncontrolled price . There are at least 10 types of gemstones in the world 's most expensive on the market , the price ranging from hundreds of millions to tens of billions of rupiah . Probably only a few people are able to buy these precious objects , but many people who want and have it .
Different types of gemstones on the market world , mostly at international auctions at the auction house for rare or any type that has a fantastic price . In Indonesia is very high jewelery lovers , especially among celebrities and dignitaries.

World's Most Expensive Gems .

Type the most expensive gemstone in the world is very rare to come by , only certain states that have these gems . It turned out fantastic prices in the tens of billions is not meaningful to most people in the world . Here's the list and the type of gemstone has a fantastic price .

Jeremejevite - $ 10,000 / Rust

Black Opal - $ 2.355 / Rust

Red Beryl Emerald - $ 10,000 / carat

Musgravite - $ 35,000 / carat

Painite - $ 50.000 to 60.000 / rust

Grandidierite - $ 100,000 / carat

Blue Garnet - $ 2,000,000 / rust

Serendibite $ 1,500,000 - 2,500,000 / rust

Red Diamonds - $ 2,000,000 - 2,500,000 / rust

Jadeite - More than $ 3,000,000 / rust

Criteria Most Expensive Gems in the World .

In the world there are many types of jewelry most expensive gemstone in the world , but keep in mind there are several criteria that make these stones being very expensive . Circulation of counterfeit goods on the market make us have to be careful in choosing the different kinds of gemstones . Here are some criteria that can be used as a benchmark why the stone is a very high price .
Rare , the stone is definitely rare and very difficult to obtain
History , there are some rocks that have a history of such high king of kings used by ancient
Features , there are a variety of features such as color support and its effect on light .
In Indonesia this gemstone is more famous by various names precious stones . There are also others such as agate jewelry that has a value and a fantastic price .
So, thank you for reading this article. Written and posted by Bambang Sunarno.
sunarnobambang86@gmail.com
author :
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https://plus.google.com/105319704331231770941.
name : Bambang Sunarno.
http://primadonablog.blogspot.com/2014/04/the-best-kind-of-precious-stone.html
DatePublished : April 07, 2014 at 16.57

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Tag : The best kind of precious stone.

The Benefits and Uses of Iron Sand.

Iron sand is one of the results of the Natural Resources in Indonesia and is one of the basic raw material in the steel industry where availability can be found in coastal areas such as on the coast of Java, Sumatra, Sulawesi, and East Lombok (NTB).
In addition to the steel industry as a raw material, iron sand can also be used as a raw material in the manufacture of cement concrete. Iron sand having Fe2O3 content, SiO2, MgO and concrete 80-100 mesh size has the potential to be used as a substitute for cement in the production of high-performance concrete.
The results showed:
The use of iron sand by 80% of the total weight of sand provide maximum compressive strength among sand iron levels are 42.65 MPa and compressive strength can increase by 28.41% compared to normal concrete.
The use of iron sand by 80% of the total weight of sand provide maximum compressive strength among sand iron levels are 3.07 MPa and increases the tensile strength divided by 4.84% compared to normal concrete.
In this iron sand improves the compressive strength and split tensile strength up to 80%, this is possible because in addition to the nature of the chemical nature of the filler also containing SiO2 sand iron which helps the performance of cement as a binder.
In terms of production, PT. Abdi Yasindo Son Iron Sand capable of producing 3,000 tons of iron sand in 1 day. Quality Iron Sand PT. Yasindo Abdi son is the best, this is the potential of the Tasikmalaya region since the Dutch colonial era have potential in mining Iron Sand with the most excellent quality in Indonesia. In addition, PT. Abdi Yasindo Son also see and explore the potential of Iron Sand in Indonesia such as: Kebumen Central Java, Cianjur, Sukabumi and Other regions.

NEGATIVE IMPACTS OF IRON SAND MINING. 

Mining activity is considered as a coin that has two opposing sides, as well as a source of prosperity potential environmental vandal. As a source of wealth, the state sector income support over the years. As an environmental vandal, open-pit mining (open pit mining) can change in total as a result of both climate and soil throughout the soil layer above the mineral deposits are removed. The loss of vegetation is not directly killing the forest functions as watersheds, erosion control, flood, carbon sinks, supplier of oxygen and temperature control. Ideally, a company's obligation to the welfare of the surrounding community. The trick? By recruiting them into a permanent employee in the company. If they do not meet the criteria as an employee, then the duty of the company to train until they meet the criteria. In this way, the company will be able to help improve the welfare of local people. However, many companies are not willing to fulfill its obligations because it would cost quite a bit. As a result, the level of corporate profits will be less.
In the short term it's probably true. But if they think long term will be another anniversary. Actually, the welfare of the surrounding community is a much-needed social investment for the company. If people feel that the presence of the company was very profitable to them, they would try to protect the company from various threats.They will try to keep up with all their abilities for the company and move it forward . Because the company's progress also means an increase in welfare for them. In this paper put forward some things about the impact of the iron sand mining, prevention and mitigation of the impact caused by iron sand mining. This paper is expected to provide information for all of us, so it will be able to preserve the natural environment and repair the damage that has been going around mining.
In general, iron sand is composed of opaque minerals are mixed with granules of non-metallic minerals such as quartz, calcite, feldspar, ampibol, pyroxene, biotite, and tourmalin. The mineral composed of magnetite, titaniferous magnetite, ilmenite, limonite, and hematite, magnetite Titaniferous is a fairly important part is the alteration of magnetite and ilmenite. Mineral sand iron ore mainly from basaltic rocks and andesitic volcanics. Usefulness of this iron sand in addition to ferrous metals industry has also been widely used in the cement industry.
However, mining always has two opposing sides, as well as a source of prosperity potential environmental vandal. As a source of prosperity, had no doubt that this sector of the state revenue support over the years. As an environmental vandal, open-pit mining (open pit mining) can completely change the climate and soil as a result of the whole soil layer above the mineral deposits are removed. In addition, to acquire or dispose of seeds tanbang of rocks or sand as in gold mining, miners generally use dangerous chemicals that can pollute the soil, water or river and the environment.
In underground mining ( underground mining ) environmental damage is generally caused due to waste ( tailings ) generated in the process of refining the ore . Both open pit mine in and cause the release of certain chemical elements such as Fe and S from pyrite compounds ( Fe2S ) produce acidic waste water ( Acid Mine Drainage / Acid Rock Drainage ) that can be carried away by surface runoff during rain , and into agricultural land in the lower reaches of mining , resulting in higher soil acidity . Soil and acid mine water is very acidic with a pH ranging between 2,5 - 3,5 potentially contaminate agricultural land .

Climate. 

Climate is the average weather conditions , where weather -forming factors include rainfall , humidity , wind speed , solar radiation and so long .
Climate or weather factors that are often used for multiple applications hydrology is precipitation , as well as easy in terms of measurement also has a direct effect on the lives of humans , plants and animals .
Rainfall is used to describe the hydrological phenomena that often occurs as floods , landslides and others. In addition, to illustrate the potential availability of water ( soil moisture ) for plant growth .

Under these conditions, climate analysis will be described more to the condition that in the event of rainfall distribution in space and time.

Population.

Existing population data based on the 2007 publication of the survey population estimates between census BPS . The population in 2007 was 112,528 inhabitants, which consisted of 57 319 souls of men and 55 209 women's lives . This number increased from in 2006 , amounting to 107 473 .

Some negative impacts due to mining if unchecked, among others; 

1). Damage mined land.
2). Destructive and agricultural plantations.
3). Opening the forest to mining areas.
4). In the long run, mining is the biggest contributor to land is critical that the appropriate function returned difficult initially.
5). Pollution of land, water or air. For example, dust, toxic gases, noise etc..
6). Damage ponds and coral reef.
7). Floods, landslides, partial disappearance of biodiversity.
8). Acid mine water is toxic if it flowed into the sea to the river which eventually will damage the ecosystem and coastal and marine resources.
9). Cause a variety of diseases and damage the health.
10). Infrastructure such as roads etc.. severely damaged.

Why did it happen? Because: 

1). The big difference in interest between the interests of the environment vs. economic interests, political etc..
2). Law enforcement has not been good.
3). Rules are made often accommodate multiple interests with even ignoring environmental elements.
4). The rules are not implemented consistently.
5). In practice regional autonomy led to thriving mining and barely controlled. Many cases occur in some regions it protected forest conversion into the production area. Illegal logging is actually carried out by rogue elements who are supposed to protect the forest.

Impact of iron sand mining in an area; 

1. The decline in air quality. 

In the pre-construction phase of the mine due to the mobilization of heavy equipment activity is expected the company will operate 44 units of heavy equipment. At this stage of the activities undertaken include land clearing, road construction, mining, construction of the mine facilities, installation of iron sands development management, will certainly increase the amount of dust in the surrounding environment. This will certainly increase the intensity of the stage mining operations due to stripping of top soil.
The company set a target to manage and carry 1500 s / d 2000 tons per day with a freight volume of 75 s / d 100 trips per day. This will certainly improve the distribution of dust around the mine and will reach into rural residential areas due to transport of iron sand. The duration of the impact of dust is estimated by the company for 15 s / d 18 years (during active mining operations) level of dust pollution will be higher during the day where the wind is blowing from the sea towards the land (residential areas). This of course will reduce the level of public health, they threatened ARI (acute respiratory infection) tuberculosis, and others.

2. Noise. 

Iron sand mining activities in the form of pre-construction phase of the mobilization of heavy equipment totaled 44 units . This certainly will increase the noise in the mining areas and residential communities . The noise level will be growing when mining operations began to run normally . Long the noise lasts as much as 150 to 200 times per day according to the company planned volume of 1500 to 2000 tons per day . With a transport volume of 75 to 100 trips per day . This condition will affect the peace of the citizens at the time of sleep .

3. Conversion of Twin Lakes. 

Most mining areas are the waters of the Air Numan (Twin Lakes) is the initial condition and an area of ​​16.02 hectares of land covering an area of ​​163.34 hectares. Excavation activities will of course extend the shape and structure of the lake, is expected to expand by 28 acres. So also with depth, current depth of the lake ranges from 0.2 meters s / d 0.8 meters. With the iron sand is certain excavation depth of the lake will be 7 to 8 feet. It is very dangerous to people, and the discharge water will undergo structural changes, threats of drought and floods due to sudden uncertain climate, is a major threat to the residents.

4. Abrasion beach. 

It should be recognized mining activity will also affect the structure of the coast, the threat will increase, especially during high tides and large waves and high will make the shape of the beach changed. This condition is recognized by the company restored difficult because it requires huge cost. Communities directly affected. Long impact will occur during the company still operate until the postoperative phase of the mine.
The results of the analysis in the report said UPL, iron sand mining activities negatively affecting the morphology of the land because it can cause a derivative impact abrasion detrimental to society.

5. Decreased Water Quality. 

Mining activities will certainly reduce the quality of the ground water (wells) and surface water quality and the Twin Lakes Water Way Hawang iron sands refineries require a lot of water to be processed in the Magnetic Separator, which produces iron ore and waste water with a capacity of 225 m3 / h. Waste from these refineries would affect water levels in the surrounding residential areas. Another negative is the source of the operation of the workshop. Treatment of iron sands mining heavy equipment would certainly produce as much as 58.49 liters of used oil per day. The rest of the used oil if not managed properly can contaminate lakes will be twins and wells, and sea water in the mine environment. This is evident in many mining carelessly throw away their used oil into a river or scattered on the ground.

6. Damage Road. 

Lane highway transportation company covering the village to the harbor. This road is a country road with specification III A or to pass a vehicle with a maximum payload of 8 tons. At every stage of the mining operation planned 1500 - 2000 tons of iron ore transported by truck carrier with a capacity of 20 tons per unit. This condition can damage roads along the transport route cause, the maximum weight of the route path is 10 tons.

7. Aspects of biology. 

Mining activities certainly change the type of vegetation covering an area of ​​46.03 acres (total) of vegetation covering an area of ​​16.02 acres of land and water area of ​​30.01 hectares of vegetation cover loss would certainly cause abrasion. Besides, the income of the people of gardening, such as coconut, palm, rice plants also missing.

8. Water Biota. 

Impacts on aquatic biota is indirect impacts due to sand mining iron. Sources impact derived from water-quality changes as a result of treatment of waste sand. Another source is due to a buildup of iron sand seepage, wastewater former lubricant from the workshop activities. Diversity index of the lake will decrease from baseline 0.8 s / d 2, 48 for plankton and 1.90 s / d 2.98 for benthic biota. This will decrease the amount of fish, shrimp, crab, which is an additional livelihood for the community in addition to farming. Long lasting impact for 15 s / d 18 years.

9. Community income. 

The company claims their mining activities can recruit labor from local residents, surrounding communities can further open up shop and so on. However, keep in mind very few, if not to say no, a local resident who has expertise in mining means, they would be used as manual labor alone, which at times they can be laid off for various reasons. In addition, this process will make people leave their home profession who may initially farmers, fishermen, laborers labor in companies that typically they do not have high bargaining power. It happens in many other mines.
The reaction of acid mine drainage ( Acid Mine Drainage / AMD ) have a direct impact on the quality of soil and water as the pH decreased very sharply . The decline , soil pH will disrupt the balance of nutrients in the soil , macro nutrients become available because the metal is bound by the micro-nutrients while increasing their solubility . According to researchers the decrease of pH will drastically increase the solubility of heavy metals in the environment .
The effect is due to AMD for the company are the tools made of iron or steel becomes corroded very rapidly, causing both inefficiency in the procurement and maintenance of heavy equipment. On living beings, AMD may affect flora and fauna in the mined land and life that are along streams affected by mining activities. This causes the mined land revegetation activities become very expensive with unsatisfactory results. In addition, the quality of the water can interfere with human health.
Indonesia's land surface area that has been permitted for mining activities is relatively small (1.336 million ha or 0.7% of the total land area), and even a total area of ​​mining is still active and completed mined smaller number (36 743 ha, or 0,019 % of the total land area) (Anonymous, 2006). Although the total area disturbed nationally relatively small, mostly mining applying mining techniques on the surface (surface mining) which itself results in perturbation of the local landscape; acreage acreage of existing vegetation and fauna habitat becomes damaged, and the removal of topsoil cover 'mineral reserves produce' decisive changes in topography, hydrology, and landscape stability. If environmental management is not effective, the influence of local (on-site) can lead to harassment continued outside the mine area (off-site), which is derived from water and wind erosion on the rest of the excavation that has not been stabilized or waste materials derived from mineral processing. These effects may also include sedimentation of rivers, and a decrease in water quality due to increased salinity, acidity, and loads of toxic elements in the water of the river.

Definition Bioremediation. 

Bioremediation is the use of microorganisms to reduce pollutants in the environment. When bioremediation occurs, enzymes produced by microorganisms modify toxic pollutants by changing the chemical structure of these pollutants, an event called biotransformation. In many cases, biotransformation leads to biodegradation, where toxic pollutants degraded, its structure becomes complex, and ultimately into metabolites that are harmless and non-toxic.
By Anonymous stated that bioremediation is the process of cleaning the soil contamination using microorganisms (fungi, bacteria). Bioremediation aims to break down or degrade contaminants into less toxic materials or non-toxic (carbon dioxide and water).
Bioremediation of heavy metals in contaminated land is defined as the process of cleaning up (clean up) the land of pollutants (pollutant) in biology or by using living organisms, both microorganisms (microfauna and microflora) and makroorganisme (plants).
Since the 1900s, people have been using microorganisms to treat water in the drains. Currently, bioremediation has grown on sewage treatment hazardous waste (chemical compounds that are difficult to degrade), which is usually associated with industrial activity. Included in these pollutants include heavy metals, petroleum hydrocarbons, and halogenated organic compounds such as pesticides, herbicides, and others. Many new applications using microorganisms to reduce pollutants that are being tested. Bioremediation field is now supported by a better knowledge of how pollutants can be degraded by microorganisms, identification of the types of new and beneficial microbes, and the ability to improve bioremediation through genetic technology. Molecular genetic technology is very important to identify the genes that encode enzymes related to bioremediation. Characterization of the genes in question can increase our understanding of how microbes modify toxic pollutants into harmless.
Recombinant microbial strains or types that are created in the lab can be more efficient in reducing pollutants. Recombinant microorganisms created and patented the first time is bacteria "oil-eating". These bacteria can oxidize hydrocarbons are commonly found in petroleum. The bacteria are growing faster than other types of bacteria that is natural or not created in a laboratory that has been tested. However, these findings have not been successfully commercialized because of this recombinant strain can break down harmful components only in limited quantities. Even this strain has not been able to degrade the molecular components that are heavier tend to persist in the environment.

Type Bioremediation. 

The types of bioremediation are as follows: 

Biostimulasi. 

Nutrients and oxygen, in the form of a liquid or gas, is added to water or soil contaminated to strengthen the growth and activity of bacteria existing remediation in the water or the soil.

Bioaugmentasi. 

Microorganisms that can help clean up certain contaminants added to water or contaminated soil. This method is most often used in removing contamination somewhere. But there are some obstacles encountered when used this way. It is very difficult to control the conditions of contaminated sites so that microorganisms can develop optimally. Scientists do not yet fully understand all of the mechanisms involved in bioremediation, and microorganisms are released into an unfamiliar environment may be difficult to adapt.

Intrinsic bioremediation. 

Bioremediation of this type occur naturally in water or contaminated soil.
In the future, the recombinant microorganisms may provide an effective way to reduce the chemical compounds that are harmful to our environment. However, this approach requires careful research relating to the recombinant microorganisms, are effective in reducing pollutants, microorganisms and is it safe when it is released into the environment.

HANDLING PROBLEMS. 

1. Prevention of coastal erosion. 

Coastal erosion has become a serious threat to the coastal beach areas, the solution:
Planting mangroves in an integrated manner.
Installation of a breakwater.
Making waves embankment.
Mangrove planting and trees in the forest to prevent coastal erosion. Definition or understanding Abrasion Abrasion is the process of coastal erosion by the force of ocean waves and sea currents that are destructive. Some say Abrasion as coastal erosion. Damage due to abrasion of the shoreline is influenced by natural phenomena and human action. Human actions that led to the abrasion is taking stones and sand on the coast as a building material. Besides felling trees in coastal forests or mangrove forests spur more rapid occurrence of coastal erosion. Coastal forests that do not happen to have some zoning abrasion clear, namely Ipomea pescaprae zone and zone Barringtonia. Zone Ipomea Ipomea pescaprae usually dominated by Spinifex pescaprae and littoreus (wind grass). While there is often a zone Barringtonia species Barringtonia asiatica, Pongamia pinnata Merr, Cordia subcordata L, L Calophyllum, Terminalia cattapa L, etc.. To prevent coastal erosion needs to be done and the planting of trees in coastal forests and preserve the trees from human disturbance.

2. Combating Acid Mine Drainage / AMD. 

There have been many technologies are intended to address acid mine drainage (AMD). The technology is based on the principle applied to both chemistry and biology have yielded disappointing results as a whole can address AMD. The technique is based on the principles of chemistry, such as calcification, although it is expensive but the results can only increase the pH and temporary. The technique of making the channel anoxic (anoxic lime drain) that combines the principles of physics and chemistry is also very costly and the results are not encouraging. Bioremediation techniques by utilizing sulfate reducing bacteria provide encouraging results. Selection results in the study show that the BPS can increase the pH from 2.8 to 7.1 in acid mine drainage East Pit Excavation within 2 days and lower Fe and Mn with efficiencies> 80% within 10 days.
Nevertheless , the studies carried out on the water while the resources into the base of the AMD untouched . It is very important indeed is the formation of AMD prevention . How to prevent contact with oxygen and sulfide minerals inhibit the growth of sulfur -oxidizing bacteria ( BOS ) is the most decisive in dealing with AMD . These bacteria are classified as chemo - ototrof , so the addition of organic matter will kill the microbes . How to provide organic matter to the soil so wide ? Planting good land is the right answer . How do the planting on land that is so heavy ? The right answer is also the addition of organic matter . Because organic matter can act as a buffer so as to increase the pH , as a source of nutrients , can increase water holding capacity , increase CEC and can bind metals are widely available on mined lands . Revegetation on mined land is managed well will supply organic matter to the soil through litter production and root exudates .

3. Thiobacillus bacteria Ferrooxidans As Waste Handling iron sand mining. 

Group of metalliferous minerals include gold, iron, copper, lead, zinc, tin, manganese. While nonmetalliferous minerals consist of coal, quartz, bauxite, trona, borax, asbestos, talc, feldspar and rock phosphate. Minerals for building materials and rock ornaments including slate, marble, limestone, Traprock, travertine, and granite.
The development of processing technology led to the extraction of low grade ore to be more economical, so that wider and the layers of the earth to be excavated. This leads to the mining activities pose a huge environmental impact and are important.
The safest alternative and environmentally friendly for the desulfurization of iron sand is microbiologically using bacteria Thiobacillus ferrooxidans and Thiobacillus thiooxidans. The combined use of both bacteria is intended to better optimize desulfurization. Thiobacillus ferooxidans have the ability to oxidize iron and sulfur, while Thiobacillus thiooxidans was not able to oxidize sulfur by itself, but it grew on sulfur that is released after the iron is oxidized.

4. Utilization of Sludge For Land Revegetation Spur Mine Closure iron sand. 

Generally, using a top mining company (topsoil) or compost to restore soil fertility. On average it takes 5,000 tons per acre of compost or top soil. The conventional method is less appropriate in the former mining areas are vast. Utilization of industrial waste paper sludge could be an alternative option. The paper industry produces 10 percent of the total pulp sludge containing N and P.
Experiments demonstrated a dose of 50 percent paper sludge can improve the properties of the soil is more effective than top soil treatment. This paper sludge dual role in soil bioremediation processes are ex-mine coal as a source of soil organic matter (BOT) and sulfate reducing bacteria inoculum source (BPS). Giving former coal mine sludge on two processes that lead to environmental improvement (soil amendment) and effective microbial inoculation.
Provision of paper sludge to 50 percent in the former coal mining land able to reduce the availability of soil Fe 98.8 percent, 48 percent Mn, Cu Zn 78 percent and 63 percent. BPS is able to reduce sulfate to sulfda-metal compounds are not available.

5. Contaminated Soil Bioremediation. 

Environmental pollution of land recently received considerable attention, due to the globalization of trade apply strict rules ecolabel. Soil pollutant sources generally are heavy metals and toxic aromatic compounds produced through mining and industrial activities. These compounds are mutagenic and carcinogenic generally very harmful to health.
Bioremidiasi heavy metal contaminated soil has been done by using heavy metal reducing bacteria that can not be absorbed by plants. The results of the study showed that the fungus has a larger contribution from the bacteria, and its contribution is increasing with the increasing levels of heavy metals.
Ectomycorrhizal fungi can increase plant tolerance to toxic metals through the accumulation of metals in the hyphae ekstramatrik and " extrahyphae slime " , thereby reducing absorption into the host plant . However , not all mycorrhizal host plants can increase tolerance to toxic metals , because each has a different effect mycorrhiza . Bioremidiasi utilization of mycorrhizal fungi in polluted soils , in addition to the accumulation of the material in the hyphae , also can through the mechanism of the metal complex by external hyphae secretion .
Heavy metal pollution on forest ecosystems affects the health of the forest
plants , especially the development and growth of seedlings of forest plants .
This sort of thing is very common around the mining area ( tailings and surrounding areas ) . Soil contamination with heavy metals will increase seedling mortality and frustrate reforestation programs . Research shows that Ni is more dangerous than Cr . Symptoms of poisoning appear at concentrations of Ni 80 umol / l on land that is not in nokulasi with mycorrhizal inoculation whereas in soil with Pisolithus sp, Symptoms of poisoning occurred at a concentration of 160 umol / l. Pisolithus isolates taken from Ni mining residues are much more resistant to high levels of Ni compared with Pisolithus taken from stands of Eucalyptus that is not contaminated heavy metals .
Bioremediation wetlands polluted by industrial waste (organic pollutants, sediments high or low pH in the flow path and settling ponds) can also be done by making use of semi-aquatic plants such as Phragmites australis. Phragmites australis can associate with mycorrhizal fungi through gradual drying in a short period of time. It can be used as a land management strategy polluted (phytostabilisation) by increasing the rate of development mikotropik species. Research and Leyval Joner (2001) showed that treatment of the contaminated soil mycorrhizae by polysiklik aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) from industrial wastes affect the growth of clover, but not on the growth reygrass. With the decline in mycorrhizal clover results for PAHs can be suppressed. But when coupled with the addition of mycorrhizal addition of surfactant, a substance that dissolves PAH, then the rate of decline increased clover results.

Plants growing coal mining waste study shows that of the 18 local plant species studied , 12 of them did mycorrhizae .

Plants that thrive in the coal waste land , there was an " oil droplets " in the mycorrhizal root vesicles . This suggests that there is a filtration mechanism , so that the material is not toxic until it is absorbed by plants .

Mycorrhizae can also protect plants from excess of certain toxic elements such as heavy metals ( Killham , 1994 in Madjid and Novriani : 2009) . The mechanism of protection against heavy metals and toxic elements that can be administered through the effects of mycorrhizal filtration , chemical or disable the accumulation of these elements in the fungal hyphae . Khan stated that the vesicles arbuskular mycorrhizal ( VAM ) can occur naturally in plants pioneer in the field of industrial waste discharges, coal mine tailings, or other polluted land. Inoculation with a suitable inoculant can accelerate reforestation efforts contaminated soil toxic elements .

6 . Prevention and Countermeasures Against the impact caused by the Iron Sand Mining .

Prevention and mitigation of the impact caused by the sand miners can be reached by several approaches , to do certain actions as follows :

1. Technological approach , the orientation of preventive technologies ( control / protective ) is the development of roads / lanes specifically for the transport of iron sand so it will reduce the complexity of the transportation problems . Pedestrian ( pedestrian ) will avoid a dirty air chamber . Using a dust mask ( dust masks ) in order to minimize the risk of exposure / exposed by sand ( coal dust ) .

2. Approach aimed at structuring the environment so that the environment will be protected from loss caused by damage to the environment . Reclamation and revegetation of mined iron sand can prevent malaria mosquito breeding . It is feared that the former pit / crater iron sand can become a mosquito breeding (breeding place ) . Planting mangroves and mangrove integrated manner to prevent coastal erosion .

3. Administrative approach that binds all parties to the exploitation of iron sand mining activities are to comply with the applicable provisions (law ​​enforcement )

4. Educative approach , to the people who made ​​and developed to foster and provide counseling / lighting continuously motivate behavior change and raise awareness for environmental sustainment participate .

CONCLUSION .

Each activity must produce a result , so does the exploitation of minerals , must carry a clear impact on the environment and also the lives around him , the impact can be negative or positive , but in any exploitation there must be a negative impact , it can be minimized if the concerned party is responsible for the processing of natural resources and also use them wisely .

If done in-depth research , will be a lot of adverse effects of destructive force caused by the mining . If we learn from mining cases in Bengkulu such as coal , iron sand in Seluma , and others .

Relying dredging of Natural Resources ( SDA ) as a source of revenue ( PAD ) is a form of local government that is not creative and solution. Because mining is not only a blessing for its owner , but also catastrophic destructive force caused both environmental damage , damage to social , cultural societies become more consumptive and much more .

So , thank you for reading this article.  Written and posted by Bambang Sunarno.

sunarnobambang86@gmail.com
author :
http://schema.org/Personal.
https://plus.google.com/105319704331231770941.
name : Bambang Sunarno.
http://primadonablog.blogspot.com/2014/04/the-benefits-and-uses-of-iron-sand.html
DatePublished : April 07, 2014 at 14.30

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Tag : The Benefits and Uses of Iron Sand.