The lost continent of Atlantis.

Atlantis , you may already be familiar sound of the name . Continent of Atlantis which has been long lost for centuries it is located in Southeast Asia , specifically in Indonesia .
Long ago in the days of the civilization of the island of Sumatra , Java , Borneo , Singapore and also Malaysia western Sunda Strait fused its land , the area is often mentioned Sunda Island .
Santos is Professor Arysio who concluded that after doing research over the past 30 years , he believes the continent of Atlantis is Indonesia .
Santos works are then recorded with the title ' Atlantis , The Lost Continent Finally Found ' supported a number of facts which is closer to Indonesia with Atlantis . In fact , the statement archaeologists , the oldest man Pithecanthropus Erectus is increasingly indicate this .
" There is info from archaeologists , the oldest man yes man Pithecanthropus Erectus of Java . So it's possible it's actually a great civilization of Indonesia,".
If it is possible, a great civilization then disappear , despite the lost of Indonesian history and people of the world , it is suggested that this study will motivate Santos Indonesian nation that rose from the present situation .
" Most important is that we never great , this ( book by Santos ) as a source of motivation for the future in order to get ahead , " .
" Hopefully this book can inspire for scientists to search for the truth academically. Because the Indonesian offensive and it is fitting we are finding out ,"

The destruction of Atlantis .

Because of the lost continent of Atlantis in the ocean and drowned by the earthquake , to lead the land of Atlantis sank until it reaches the bottom of the sea . It is clear that there are old buildings that have been around for centuries on the sea floor in the Sunda Strait .
Predicted the existence City of Atlantis sank 11,600 years ago remains a mystery . However, there is one document that Indonesia is a region called the real Atlantis. Really? .
Santos believes continent disappeared as a result of some volcanic eruptions that occurred simultaneously at the end of the last ice age about 11,600 years ago . Among the large mountain that erupted that day was the Ancient Krakatoa ( Krakatau volcano erupted parent in 1883 ) which is said eruptions could darken the entire world . Volcanic eruptions that occurred simultaneously raises the earthquake , melting ice , flooding , and very large tsunami waves .
When the volcano erupted , the blast open the Sunda Strait . The incident also resulted in the sinking portion of the earth 's surface which is then called Atlantis .
Almighty disaster also resulted in the loss of nearly 70 percent of mammal species that lived at that time , including humans . Those who survived then dispersed to various parts of the world by bringing their civilization in the new territory .
"Most likely two or three species of human-like ' hobbits ' were recently discovered on the island of Flores destroyed in about the same time , " Santos wrote .
Before the onset of the floods , some parts of Indonesia such as Sumatra , Java , Kalimantan , Nusa Tenggara , and is believed to still blend with the peninsula of Malaysia and the Asian continent .
According to Santos , the islands of Indonesia in the thousands that are the tops of mountains and high plains before sinking continent of Atlantis . One thing that is emphasized Santos is a lot of research has been fooled by the name Atlantis .
They see the name Atlantis proximity to the Atlantic Ocean that lies between Europe , America and Africa . Whereas in ancient times to the era before Christopher Columbus or the discovery of the Americas , the Atlantic Ocean is the canal is the Pacific Ocean .
Once again Indonesia has a requirement for it because Indonesia is in between the two oceans . If there are so many possibilities Indonesia became the real location of Atlantis then , why during the Indonesian name is rarely mentioned in reference to Atlantis ? .
Santos assess the reluctance of the Western World on an expedition or recognize Indonesia as the Atlantic is because it would alter the historical record of who the inventor of civilization . With the amount of evidence about the existence of Atlantis in Indonesia, the theory that says the West as the inventor and the center of the world civilization will be destroyed .
" The fact of Atlantis ( in Indonesia) will likely result in the need for a major revision in the humanities , such as anthropology , history , linguistics , archaeological , evolution , paleantropologi and maybe even religion , " Santos wrote in his book .
In addition to Santos , many U.S. archaeologists also believe Atlantis was a large island called Sunda Land twice the breadth of the Indian state . Mainland is now living Sumatra , Java and Borneo . One of the islands in Indonesia, which is likely to be the best example of where the remains of Atlantis is Natuna Island , Riau .
Based on the study , this gene is similar to native Natuna oldest Austronesian peoples . Clumps of Austronesian peoples who became the forerunner of the nations of Asia is a major phenomenon in the history of human existence .
These families are now scattered from Madagascar in the west to Easter Island in the east . It also gave birth to the nation clumps 1,200 languages ​​are now scattered in various parts of the world and used more than 300 million people .
Interestingly , 80 percent of the clump Austronesian living in the archipelago of Indonesia. However , the opinion that Santos et al believe that Atlantis was in Indonesia is still to be assessed due to lack of evidence furnished .
Experts Geotechnology Indonesian Institute of Sciences ( LIPI ) Hantoro Rev. Prof. Santos said analysis is still a hypothesis .
" It should be explained further categorization of the type of high culture that existed at the time of Atlantis and waves as high as what can make split Sunda Shelf , " .

Facts about the lost atlantis .

Revealing the name of Atlantis until now this has always been a mystery until the controversy existence . There are claims that it is a continent of Atlantis with a great civilization of its time , some say that Atlantis is Indonesia .

Explanation Existence Lost Continent of Atlantis .

The story about the existence of Plato's story of Atlantis found in his book Tiameus and Critias . Plato tells in the book there is a lost civilization in the year 9500 before the plateau which means 12000 alive then than now . And the continent as a result of the earthquake and flooding gone within a day .
Is there really continent lost in 1 day ? Belief, it is a continent of Atlantis no fictitious alias . Why is that ?

The existence of " continent " of Atlantis .

Until the early 20th century believed Atlantis was once exist in this world , but until the advent of the theory of continental drift that emerged in 1915 were triggered by the Alfred Wegener stating that the entire continent shifted 5 - 10cm per year and this theory is supported by seismologists in 1960 and to this day is believed to be the truth of science .
In this theory proves that America and Europe are slowly separated for 100 million years . From this it can be concluded that there is no room for that on the continent atlantis believed to be in the ocean atlantis .
The second is the absence of artifacts , historical records , the former location of the former land and of course , everything is just there on depiction plateau alone . Of the thousands and thousands of sailors diary , shipping records , the results of imaging sonar , the results of the study of geology, biology , oceanography , linguistics , archeology , deep sea diving , submarines and unmanned satellite picture SURE NO EVIDENCE that the existence of Atlantis in gembar heralded as the lost continent . Science can not accept anything without solid scientific evidence .
Supported also by the theory of plate tectonics that have mapped the entire tectonic plates on the planet and there are no hidden mass between the American continent and Europe .
Satellite imaging systems have mapped all the ocean floor . Multipita scanner system is switched depleted Atlantic ocean and the result is nil . Depth of 1500m to 2500m which is the basis of the Atlantic ocean there is no evidence of shear mass and shape of the Earth's crust in the last 15 thousand years .
So there may be a giant mass that sank more than 1500 m without leaving a trace at all . Here, the available evidence we can conclude the existence of " continent " Atlantis that many people believed it was not there.

As Atlantis Island .

A new viewpoint and careful research to at least give new clues hint where atlantis is meant by Solon .
Let's look wider than atlantis plato says , it clarifies that " extending in one direction three thousand stadia ( length = 600km ) , but the middle about two thousand stadia ( width = 400km ) from even this measure has actually been clear that Atlantis was an island , not a continent . Area of ​​atlantis is just 1/32 Australian continent , smallest continent in the world .
So of course this does not explain the plateau word -based records which revealed that the vast solon atlantis is the combined area of ​​libya and asia minor . Here is a description of inconsistencies plateau . Then the possibility of truth solon notes that " Atlantis is larger than Libya and Asia minor " is actually the " Atlantis is between libya and asia minor " which in Greek writing two words differ only 1 letter .
And for the explanation that Atlantis sank between 8000 - 9000 years before Plato certainly beyond existing research in which several ways to raise and grow crops in human civilization was discovered in 6000 - 7000 years ago .
So the most plausible is Atlantis sank 800-900 years before Solon visited Egypt , namely the 1500SM
John V. Luce in his Lost Atlantis : New light on an old legend found on atlantis plato story is actually a story based on the viewpoint of the Egyptian people . It is based on the fact that the poet athena , Solon 6SM century during a visit to Egypt to meet with the pastor of Sais who translated the ancient history of the land athena suspected as atlantis .
Recorded on Papiri in heroglif egypt . Atlantis was actually referring to the Egyptian Keiftu or so-called great civilizations of Minoan Crete , Keiftu himself recorded in ancient Egyptian texts since 1500SM 3000SM up .
Keiftu the Egyptian language means " Pillar " and the name is the same as the Akkadian Kap - Ta - Ra which means the land above the sea which is also the same as the so-called Caphtor in hebrew . In the Egyptian text explained that keiftu is " isle of the great green " or island amid a large green expanse . And the great green itself is the name for the Mediterranean Sea or the Mediterranean Sea and the island has ever seen at sea it is a Crete middle .
It looks like keiftu is a place called the pillar at the end of the Sustainer of the world who are in Minoan crete and equate it as atlantis plato, inspired from Atlas, a mythological Greek god who sustains the sky .
Explanation existence of Atlantis The Lost Continent - blogs about the world of mystery stories

So if there really was a disaster that sank Atlantis at that time ?

Around age 17-16 BC there was a very large volcanic activity , the results of the last test performed carbon 14 indicate age 1620SM , this eruption resulted in half of the island of thera -half is collapsed into the sea and also led to the earthquake that triggered devastating tsunami to cause island of crete crushed and drowned in the incident .

The evidence;

The similarity between Crete with Atlantis .
a. Atlantis was to the belt of islands , is the same as being the path between crete cyclades and greece .
b . Atlantis administrative center is located on a hill at a distance of 50 stadia from the beach . This is consistent with the description of which is the center of government knossos crete .
c . description of atlantis land well suited to the southern coast of crete .
d . Construction of building construction atlantis many similarities with knossos .
Search we can be , it can be concluded that Atlantis was an island closer to the basis of the evidence available .
How in your view ? Please give your feedback to uncover facts about the existence of the lost continent of Atlantis .
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About Atlantis.

Atalantis, or Atlantika (Greek: Ἀτλαντὶς νῆσος, "island of Atlas") is a legendary island first mentioned by Plato in Timaeus and Critias book.
In her notes, Plato wrote that Atlantis lay "beyond the pillars of Hercules", and have a navy to conquer Western Europe and Africa 9,000 years before the time of Solon, or approximately 9500 years BC. After the failed attack Greece, Atlantis sank into the ocean "in just one day and one night".
Atlantis is generally regarded as a myth created by Plato to illustrate political theory. Although the function of the Atlantis story clearly visible to most experts, they debated whether and how much Plato's account was inspired by older traditions. Some experts say that Plato describes the events that have passed, such as the Thera eruption or the Trojan War, while others insist that he took inspiration from contemporary events like the destruction of Helike in 373 BC or the failure of Athens to the invasion of Sicily in 415-413 BC.
People often talk about the existence of Atlantis during the Classic Era, but generally do not trust him and sometimes make jokes. The story of Atlantis is less known in the Middle Ages, however, in the modern era, the story of Atlantis was rediscovered. Plato's description inspired the works of Renaissance writers, such as "New Atlantis" by Francis Bacon. Atlantis also affect modern literature, from science fiction to comic books and movies. His name has become a byword for all that is advanced prehistoric civilization (and lost).

Note Plato. 

Two of Plato's dialogues, Timaeus and Critias, written in 360 BC, contain the earliest references to Atlantis. Critias Plato never completed for reasons unknown; however, expert named Benjamin Jowett, and several other experts, argues that Plato originally planned to make a third record entitled Hermocrates. John V. Luce assumes that Plato, after describing the origin of the world and mankind in Timaeus, and also perfect society of ancient Athens and its success in defending themselves from attack Atlantis in the Critias-Hellenic civilization will discuss strategy during their conflict with the barbarians as a subject of discussion in Hermocrates.
The four characters that appear in both records are the politicians Critias and Hermocrates and also philosophers Socrates and Timaeus, although only Critias speaks of Atlantis. Although all the characters are historical figures (only the first three figures are taken), the note may be a work of fiction Plato. In his written works, Plato uses the Socratic dialogues to discuss opposing positions in relation to the forecast.

Timaeus. 

Timaeus begins with the opening, followed by a record-making and the structure of the universe and ancient civilizations. In the introduction, Socrates pondered the perfect community, which is described in Plato's Republic, and wondered if he and his guests might recollect a story which exemplifies such a civilization.

In the book Timaeus, Plato recounts:
"In the presence of Mainstay Haigelisi Strait, there is a very large island, from there you can go to the other island, in front of the islands it is entirely inland sea surrounded by ocean, it is the kingdom of Atlantis. When the new Atlantis will launch a major war with Athens, but unexpectedly, Atlantis suddenly experienced earthquakes and floods, not until the day and night, completely submerged in the sea floor, a large country that goes beyond a high civilization, vanished overnight. "

Critias. 

Critias mentions an allegedly historical tale that would make the perfect example, and follows by describing Atlantis. In his account, ancient Athens represents the "perfect society" and Atlantis is his enemy, representing the very antithesis of the perfect traits described in the Republic. Critias claims that his accounts of ancient Athens and Atlantis wing of a visit to Egypt by a poet of Athens, Solon in the 6th century BC. In Egypt, Solon met the pastor of Sais, who translated the history of ancient Athens and Atlantis, recorded on heroglif Papiri in Egypt, into Greek. According to Plutarch, Solon met with "Psenophis Heliopolis, and Sonchis Saite, the most learned of all the priests" (Life of Solon). Since the distance between Plutarch more than 500 years and the events that are the reason or excuse, and because there is no information on the Timaeus and Critias, this identification is questionable.
According to Critias, the Hellenic gods divided the territory for any god; Poseidon inherited the territory of the island of Atlantis. The island was larger than Libya and Asia Minor ancient united, but will sink because of the earthquake and into a sludge that can not be bypassed, precluding cross ocean journey. The Egyptians described Atlantis as an island located approximately 700 kilometers, mostly composed of mountains in the north and along the coast, and surrounding grasslands oblong shape in the south "extending in one direction three thousand stadia (about 600 miles), but in the middle about two thousand stadia (400 miles).
Native woman named Cleito Atlantis (daughter of Evenor and Leucippe) stay here. Poseidon fell in love with her, and then marry the young girl and gave birth to five pairs of twin boys. Poseidon divided the island into 10 regions, each of which was submitted on 10 children. The eldest son, Atlas, to be king over the island and the surrounding ocean (called the Atlantic Ocean in honor of Atlas). The name "Atlantis" is also derived from its name, which means "island of Atlas".
Poseidon carved the mountain where his girlfriend lived into the palace and closed it with three circular moats of increasing the width, varying from one to three stadia and separated by rings of land proportional magnitude. The Atlanteans then built bridges northward from the mountain, making a route to the rest of the island. They dug a great canal to the sea, and alongside the bridges carved tunnels into the rings of rock so that ships could pass into the city around the mountain; them making the pier of stone wall trench. Each entrance to the city was guarded by gates and towers, and a wall around the city each ring. Wall set of red rocks, white and black are derived from the trench, and coated with brass, tin and orichalcum (bronze or brass).
According to Critias, 9,000 years before the birth, the war going on between nations that are beyond the Pillars of Hercules (the Strait of Gibraltar generally suspected), the nation living in Pilar. The Atlanteans conquered Libya as far as Egypt and the European continent as far as the Tyrrhenian, and makes the slave population. The Athenians led an alliance against the Atlantean empire, and as the alliance disintegrated, Athena Atlantis itself against the empire, liberating the occupied lands. However, later, an earthquake and massive flooding in Atlantis, and in just one day and one night, the island of Atlantis sank and disappeared.

Other ancient records. 

Timaeus and Critias addition, there are no ancient records of Atlantis, which means every other record of Atlantis based on Plato's account.
Many ancient philosophers regard Atlantis as fiction, including (according to Strabo) Aristotle. However, there are philosophers, geographers and historians who believe in the existence of Atlantis. Crantor philosopher, pupil of a pupil of Plato, Xenocrates, tried to find evidence of the existence of Atlantis. His work, commentary on the Timaeus, is lost, but other ancient historian, Proclus, reports that Crantor traveled to Egypt and find the column with a letter written in the history of Atlantis heroglif.
Plato never mentions that column. According to the Greek philosopher, Solon saw the Atlantis story in a different source that can be "taken for granted".
Another part of the 5th century commentary of Proclus on the Timaeus gives a description of the geography of Atlantis. According to them, there are seven islands in the sea at the moment, holy land to Persephone, and also three others of which are very large, one of which land was sacred to Pluto, another to Ammon, and the last of them to Poseidon, with an area of ​​thousands of stadia . Its people-they add-preserve the memory of their ancestors on the large island of Atlantis ever existed and has been in power for all islands in the Atlantic ocean and sacred to Poseidon. Now, it has been written in the Marcellus Aethiopica ". [8] Marcellus is still not identified.
Other ancient historians and philosophers who believe in the existence of Atlantis were Strabo and Posidonius.
Plato's account of Atlantis also has inspired several imitation parodik: only a few decades after the Timaeus and Critias, the historian Theopompus of Chios wrote of a region called Meropis. Description of the region was included in Book 8 Philippica, which contains a dialogue between King Midas and Silenus, a companion of Dionysus. Silenus describes Meropids Nations, the human race is growing two times the size of a regular body, and inhabit two cities on the island Meropis (Cos?): Eusebes (Εὐσεβής, "Pious-town") and Machimos (Μάχιμος, "city-Battle"). He also reports that an army of ten million soldiers crossed the ocean to conquer Hyperborea, but abandoned this proposal when they realized that the Hyperboreans nation is the luckiest nation in the world. Heinz-Günther Nesselrath Silenus stated that the story was plagiarized from the Atlantis story, for the purpose of exposing Plato's ideas to ridicule.
Zoticus, a Neoplatonist philosopher of the 3rd century, wrote a poem based on Plato's account of Atlantis.
Historian of the 4th century, Ammianus Marcellinus, based on the work of Timagenes (historian of 1st century BC) is missing, writes that the Druids of Gaul said that part of the inhabitants of Gaul had migrated there from distant islands. Note Ammianus regarded by some as the claim that when Atlantis sank, its inhabitants fled to western Europe;, but Ammianus says that "Drasidae (Druid) call back that portion of the population is indigenous but others also migrated in from islands and regions passed the Rhine" ( Res Gestae 15.9), a sign that the immigrants came to Gaul from the north and east, not from the Atlantic Ocean.
Hebrew treatise on astronomical calculations in the year 1378/79, which is a paraphrase of the work of an unknown early Islam, offend the Atlantis myth in a discussion concerning the determination of the zero point of longitude calculations.

Modern records. 

Francis Bacon's 1627 novel, The New Atlantis (New Atlantis), describes a utopian society called Bensalem, located on the west coast of America. The characters in this novel gives a history of Atlantis that is similar to Plato. It is not clear whether Bacon calls North America or South America.
Isaac Newton's 1728 novel, The Chronology of Ancient Kingdoms Amended the (Chronology of Ancient Kingdoms Evolve), studied various mythological relationship with Atlantis.

In the mid and late 19th century, some Mesoamerican scholars, starting with Charles Etienne Brasseur de Bourbourg, and including Edward Herbert Thompson and Augustus Le Plongeon, stating that Atlantis associated with the Mayan and Aztec civilizations.
In 1882, Ignatius L. Donnelly publish Atlantis: the antediluvian World. His work attracted the interest of many people to Atlantis. Donnelly took Plato's account of Atlantis seriously and stated that all ancient civilizations were known to have come from the high Neolithic culture.
During the late 19th century, the idea of ​​the legend of Atlantis combined with stories of "lost continent", such as Mu and Lemuria. Helena Blavatsky, "Grandmother of the New Age Movement", writes in The Secret Doctrine (The Secret Doctrine) that the Atlanteans were cultural heroes (contrary to Plato who describes them as a military issue), and "Root Race" to-4, which passed by " Aryan race ". Rudolf Steiner wrote of the cultural evolution of Mu or Atlantis. Edgar Cayce first mention of Atlantis in 1923 and later explained that the location of Atlantis was in the Caribbean and claimed that Atlantis is a glorious ancient civilization, has ships and aircraft that uses energy in the form of mysterious energy crystals, and has sunk. He also predicted that parts of Atlantis would rise to the surface in 1968 or 1969. Bimini Road, found by Dr. J. Manson Valentine, a sinking rock formation that looks like a road in the northern North Bimini Islands. The road was discovered in 1968 and is claimed as evidence of the lost civilization and is now under investigation.
It has been claimed that before the era of Eratosthenes 250 BC, Greek writers state that the location of the Pillars of Hercules is located in the Strait of Sicily, but there is not enough evidence to prove it. According to Herodotus (circa 430 BC), Finisi expedition had sailed around Africa at the behest of pharaoh Necho, sailing south to the Red Sea and the Indian Ocean and in the northern part of the Atlantic, entering the Mediterranean Sea through the Pillars of Hercules. His description of northwest Africa explained that he located the Pillars of Hercules to the right where the pillars of Hercules are today. The belief that the pillars of Hercules which had been placed in the Strait of Sicily by Eratosthenes, has been cited in some Atlantis theories.

Nationalist ideas. 

The concept of Atlantis attracted the attention of Nazi theorists. In 1938, Heinrich Himmler organize a search in Tibet to find a remnant of Atlantis white. According to Julius Evola (Revolt Against the Modern World, 1934), the Atlanteans were superhuman (Ubermensch) Hyperboreans-Nordic originating from the North Pole (see Thule). Alfred Rosenberg (The Myth of the Twentieth Century, 1930) was the head of the race "-Atlantis Nordic" or "Aryan-Nordic".
Current hypothesis.
With continental drift was widely accepted during the 1960s, most theories of "Lost Continent" Atlantis began to wane in popularity. Some recent theorists suggested that elements of Plato's story comes from the initial mythology.

Hypothesis location. 

Since Donnelly, there are dozens-even hundreds-proposed location of Atlantis. Several hypotheses are archaeological or scientific hypotheses, while others are based on physics or other. Many places that have similar characteristics proposed by the Atlantis story (water, catastrophic, relevant time period), but none has been demonstrated as a true historical story of Atlantis.
The proposed site is located mostly around the Mediterranean Sea. Islands such as Sardinia, Crete and Santorini, Sicily, Cyprus and Malta; cities such as Troy, Tartessos, and Tantalus (in the province of Manisa), Turkey, and Israel-Sinai or Canaan. Large Thera eruption in the 17th century or 16th BC allegedly caused a massive tsunami that destroyed the Minoan civilization of experts around the island of Crete that are increasing the belief that it may be a catastrophic disaster that destroyed Atlantis. There are areas in the Black Sea as the proposed location of Atlantis: Bosporus and Ancomah (a legendary place near Trabzon). Around the Sea of ​​Azov proposed as other locations in 2003. AG Galanopoulos stated that the time scale has been changed due to translation errors, the possibility of translation errors Egypt to the Greek language; same error would reduce the huge kingdom of Atlantis Plato became the island of Crete, which left the city with Thera crater size. 900 years before Solon is the 15th century BC.
Some hypothesis states that Atlantis was on the island that has sunk in northern Europe, including Sweden (by Olof Rudbeck in Atland, 1672-1702), or in the North Sea. Some have suggested the Al-Andalus or Ireland as a location.
The Canary Islands are also expressed as a possible location, west of the Strait of Gibraltar but close to the Mediterranean Sea. Various islands in the Atlantic also expressed as possible locations, notably the Azores Islands. Spartel Island which has sunk in the Strait of Gibraltar has also been proposed.
Antarctica, Indonesia, under the Bermuda Triangle, [21] and the Caribbean Sea has been proposed as the location of Atlantis. The story of the continent "Kumari Kandam" missing in India has inspired some people to describe it in parallel with Atlantis. According to Ignatius L. Donnelly in his book, Atlantis: The antediluvian World, there is a link between Atlantis and Aztlan (dwelling ancestors of the Aztec tribe). He claimed that the Aztec tribe points to the eastern Caribbean as the former location of Aztlan.

The location is believed to be the location of Atlantis; 

Al-Andalus
Crete and Santorini
Turkey
Near Cyprus
Middle East
Malta
Sardinia
Troy
Antarctica
Australia
Azores Islands
Edge of the Bahamas and the Caribbean
Bolivia
Black Sea
English
Ireland
Canary Islands and Cape Verde
Denmark
Finland
Indonesia
Isla de la Juventud near Cuba
Mexico
North Sea
Estremadura, Portugal
Sweden

Atlantis in art, literature and culture. 

The legend of Atlantis appeared in many books, films, television series, video games, songs, and other works. Examples of Atlantis in the film is a television series Stargate Atlantis and the Disney animated film Atlantis: The Lost Empire. The first Tomb Raider video game featuring a story of Atlantis as a base and the location for the end of the story.
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DatePublished: February 27, 2014 at 11:24
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Did You Know About Penicillin.

Penicillin (UK: Penicillin or PCN) is a group of β-lactam antibiotic used to treat infections caused by bacteria, usually Gram positif.Madigan, MT; Martinko JM, Dunlap PV, Clark DP. Brock Biology of Microorganisms (12th Edition ed.). San Francisco: Pearson Benjamin Cummings. p. p. 795. ISBN 9780321536150. Penicillin works by inhibiting bacterial cell wall formation, by inhibiting acid N-asetilmuramat Combined non-essential to the structure Mukopeptida usually makes cells become rigid and strong. This way of working also means that penicillin would only actively working on the unit pathogen actively growing. The name "penicillin" can also be used for a specific member of the penicillin group. All penicillins have Penam base, which has the formula R-C9H11N2O4S, where R is a variable side chain.

History. 

The discovery of penicillin is always associated with a Scottish scientist, Alexander Fleming in 1929, even though many other scientists have noted before Fleming antibacterial effect.
Fleming, in his laboratory at the Hospital of Santa Maria (now one of the teaching hospitals in London), noted a halo of inhibition (clear zone) on the growth of bacteria in the Staphylococcus plate culture. Fleming concluded that the resistance was due to a substance inhibiting bacterial growth and destroy. He grew a pure culture and discovered Penicillium which became known as Penicillium chrysogenum. Fleming coined the term "penicillin" to describe the filtrate of a broth culture of Penicillium.
Although in the early stages, penicillin was found to be effective against Gram-positive bacteria and is ineffective in Gram negative and fungi. Fleming optimism that penicillin would be a very useful disinfectant, high potential with a low level of toxicity compared to antiseptics of the time.
In subsequent experiments, Fleming was convinced that penicillin could not last long in the human body to kill pathogenic bacteria. He stopped studying penicillin after 1931, but trying to start it again in 1934.
In 1939, Australian scientist Howard Walter Florey and a team of researchers at the University of Oxford made a significant progress in showing the in vivo bactericidal action of penicillin. They failed the test because not enough penicillin, but they proved harmless penicillin and work in mice. Several experiments carried out in Oxford penicillin. In 1942, John Bumstead and Orvan Hess became the first expert who successfully cure patients with penicillin.
During World War II, penicillin instrumental in suppressing the number of deaths from infections caused open wounds that did not receive treatment, which is in a similar situation can lead to gangrene and even death, saved the lives of 12-15%. The availability of penicillin is still very limited because of the difficulty to produce them en masse, and rapid renal clearance of residual penicillin frequent dosing. At that time, the collection returned penicillin from the patient's urine is a common procedure. Penicillin will be used again.
Reuse of penicillin is not the end of the road is good. This led researchers to look for another way to slow penicillin secretion. They hoped to find a molecule that could compete with penicillin for the organic acid transporter. The transporter function in the secretion of penicillin, it is predicted that the transporter will carry the penicillin molecule inhibitors that will last longer in the body. An agent probenecid finally proven to prevent. Probenecid will compete and inhibit the secretion of penicillin. Penicillin was finally able to work longer in the
body.  Technique of mass production of penicillin was eventually able to overcome.
Chemical structure of penicillin by Dorothy Crowfoot Hodgkin known in the early 1940s. This makes the discovery of penicillin can be made synthetically. A team of Oxford discovered a method of mass production of penicillin. Tim Howard Walter Florey led it to get the Nobel Prize in Medicine or Physiology in 1945. At that time, the antibiotic penicillin became widely used and are still used for some Gram-positive bacterial infections.

The development of penicillin. 

Narrow the scope of activity of penicillin researcher makes the search for derivatives of penicillin that could treat infections more.
The first major development was ampicillin, which has a broader scope of activities than the original penicillin. The next development that can withstand produce penicillin beta-lactamase enzymes including flucloxacillin, dicloxacillin and methicillin. This discovery is very important to fight the bacteria species which have beta-lactamase, but not against strains of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus.
Penicillin is antipseudomal like Tisarsilin and Piperacillin useful against Gram-negative bacteria.

Mechanism of action. 

Β-lactam antibiotics work by inhibiting the formation of peptidoglycan in the cell wall. Beta-lactam will be bound to the enzyme transpeptidase related to bacterial peptidoglycan molecules, and this will weaken the bacterial cell wall when splitting. In other words, these antibiotics can cause divisiveness cells (cytolysis) when the bacteria tries to divide.
In Gram-positive bacteria cell wall would be lost protoplasts, whereas Gram-negative into sferoplas. Protoplasts and sferoplas then would rupture or lysis.

Clinical function. 

The term "penicillin" is often used primarily to indicate benzylpenicillin.

Benzathine benzylpenicillin. 

Benzathine benzylpenicillin or benzathine penicillin, is slowly absorbed into the circulation, inserted or injected intramuscularly in the muscles, and hydrolysed to benzylpenicillin in vivo. The drug is selected when low concentrations of benzylpenicillin are required, allowing prolonged antibiotic action 2-4 weeks after a single IM dose.

Specific indications for benzathine penicillin: 

Prophylaxis of rheumatic fever
Early or latent syphilis
Benzylpenicillin (penicillin G).

Penicillin G (Benzylpenicillin) 

Benzylpenicillin or penicillin G is the gold standard penicillin. Penicillin G is typically given by a parenteral because it is unstable with hydrochloric acid in the stomach. Penicillin G is the first effective antibiotic clinically, discovered by Howard Florey and his colleagues in 1939

Specific indications for benzylpenicillin: 

Cellulite
Bacterial endocarditis
Meningitis
Aspiration pneumonia, lung abscess
Syphilis
Septicemia in children
Phenoxymethylpenicillin (penicillin V) [edit | edit source]
Phenoxymethylpenicillin, or known as penicillin V, is the orally active penicillin (administered orally). The drug is less active than benzylpenicillin. This medicine is only appropriate in conditions of high tissue concentrations are not required.

Specific indications for phenoxymethylpenicillin; 

Infections due to Streptococcus pyogenes
Tonsillitis
Pharyngitis
Dermatitis
Prophylaxis of rheumatic fever
Moderate-to-severe gingivitis (with metronidazole)
Procaine benzylpenicillin.
Procaine benzylpenicillin or procaine penicillin, is a combination of benzylpenicillin with the local anesthetic agent procaine. Intramuscular injection, it is slowly absorbed into the circulation and hydrolysed to benzylpenicillin.
This combination aims to reduce the pain and discomfort associated with injections of penicillin that much into muscle. This treatment is often used in veterinary medicine.

Specific indications for procaine penicillin; 

Syphilis
Respiratory tract infections
Cellulitis
The drug is also used in anthrax.
emi-synthetic penicillin.
Structural modifications on the side chain of the penicillin nucleus to enhance the ability of the drug, stabilizing beta-lactamase activity, and increase the scope of work.

Penicillin narrow scope. 

This group was developed to be effective against beta-lactamase produced by Staphylococcus aureus, and is known as an anti-staphylococcal penicillin.

Penicillin scope being. 

This group was developed to increase the scope of work, such as amoxicillin. 

Amoxicillin
Ampicillin
Penicillin is a broad scope.

This group was developed to increase efficacy against Gram-negative bacteria. 

Piperacillin
Tisarsilin
Azlosillin
Carbenicillin
Penicillin with β-lactamase inhibitors.
Penicillin can be combined with beta-lactamase inhibitors to help fight the enzyme beta-lactamase.

Side effects. 

Adverse reactions. 

Frequent adverse reactions are (≥ 1% of patients) diarrhea, urticaria, nausea, and superinfection dri Candidiasis. Effects rare (0.1-1% of patients) include fever, vomiting, dermatitis, angioedema or pseudomembarnosus colitis.

Allergy. 

Allergy to beta-lactam antibiotic may occur in 10% of patients. 0:01% may suffer from anaphylaxis.
Thank you for reading this article. Written and posted by Bambang Sunarno. sunarnobambang86@gmail.com
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DatePublished: February 26, 2014 at 20:49
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Did You Know About Google.

Google Inc.. is an American multinational corporation that specialized in Internet products and services. These products include search technology, web computing, software, and online advertising.  Most of its profits come from AdWords. 

Google was founded by Larry Page and Sergey Brin while still a student Ph.D. at Stanford University. They both hold a 16 percent stake in the company. They make Google a private company on September 4, 1998. Its mission statement is "gathering the world's information and make it accessible and useful to everyone", and the unofficial slogan is "Do not be evil". In 2006, Google moved its headquarters to Mountain View, California.
Since its founding, the company's rapid growth has resulted in a wide range of products, acquisitions, and cooperation in the field of Google's core search engine. The company offers online productivity software (in the network), including electronic mail (email), an office suite, and social networking. Computer desk products include applications for browsing the web, organize and edit photos, and instant messaging. The company initiated the development of the Android operating system for mobile phones and Google Chrome OS on Chromebook netbook lineup. I've switched to the communication hardware. They work with many major electronics manufacturers to produce its Nexus devices and acquired Motorola Mobility in May 2012.
In 2012, fiber optic infrastructure installed in Kansas City to facilitate broadband Internet service Google Fiber.
The company is expected to operate more than one million servers in multiple data centers around the world and processes over one billion search queries and about 24 petabita artificial data users every day. In December 2012, Alexa calls google.com as the most visited websites in the world.
Google sites in other languages ​​ranked the top 100, as well as the Google-owned sites such as YouTube and Blogger. Google is ranked second in the BrandZ brand equity database. Its market dominance criticism regarding copyright, censorship, and privacy.

Products. 

Google has created services and tools for the business environment and society; including Web applications, advertising networks and solutions for businesses.

Advertising. 

Google Adsense. 

An advertisement offers services to the owner of the web, where the ad will be shown on relevant web pages with keywords from the ad.

Google Adwords. 

An advertising service by Google, where ads appear only ads relevant to the content of the web page.
Most of Google's revenue comes from advertising programs. For the 2006 fiscal year, the company reported a profit of advertising gets the amount of $ 10.492 billion and only $ 112 million in licensing and other revenues.
Google AdWords allows advertisers to display their ads web in Google search results and the Google Content Network, through either a cost-per-click or pay-per-view. Google AdSense website owners can also display adverts on their own websites, and earn money every time ads are clicked.

Search application. 

Google Search. 

Google is widely known for its web search service, which is a major factor of the success of this company. In August 2007, Google is the search engine on the web is most often used with a 53.6% market share, ahead of Yahoo! (19.9%) and Live Search (12.9%).
Google has billions of web pages, so users can search for the information they desire, through the use of keywords and operators. Google has also employed the Web Search technology into other search services, including Image Search, Google News, the price comparison site Google Product Search, the interactive Usenet archive Google Groups, Google Maps and others.

Google Maps. 

Services to look at a map on the mobile app and is also available for personal computers.

Google Earth. 

Services of Google Earth to view the map. Is an interactive mapping program powered by satellite and aerial photography covering the entire planet Earth. Google Earth is considered highly accurate and more detailed.
Some large cities have a clear picture can zoom in close enough to see vehicles and pedestrians clearly. As a result, there are several reasons for involvement in national security. Specifically, some countries and militaries of this software can be used to see with clarity clear close-physical location of critical infrastructure, commercial and residential buildings, bases, government agencies, and others. However, satellite images are rarely updated, and all of them are available free of charge through other products and even government sources (NASA and the National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency, for example). Some counter this argument by stating that Google Earth is easy to access and research location.

Google Books. 

Service from Google to look and search for books.

Communication. 

Gmail. 

At cope 2004, Google launched a free web-based email service, known as Gmail. Gmail features spam filtering technologies and the ability to use Google technology to search e-mail. The service generates revenue by displaying ads from AdWords service is included in the content of the email message displayed on the screen.

Google Drive. 

Service from Google to store data, which is connected with the Google Docs service.

Google Docs. 

Service from Google to store documents.

Google Chrome. 

Google also launched Google Chrome is a browser. The browser is quite fast and looks minimalist. In September 2008 Google releases Google through the code for Chromium project, which until now Google Chrome is based on Chromium.
Google Chrome comes with a good safety feature, which Google Chrome will warn users that access the existing site blacklisted by Google. In addition, Google Chrome also distinguish the processes running on the tab with the process on the other tabs, thus increasing the ease of the user, as well as improve the reliability of Google Chrome.

Mobile Phones. 

In 2007, several reports surfaced that Google was planning the release of its own mobile phone, possibly a competitor to Apple's iPhone. On 5 November 2007, Google finally announced Android, a software platform and operating system for mobile devices backed Open Handset Alliance, a consortium of 34 companies software, hardware, and telecommunications which aims to develop open standards for mobile devices. In September 2008, T-Mobile released the first mobile phone that runs on the Android platform, the G1.

Entertainment. 

Google Video. 

In early 2006, the company launched Google Video, which not only allows users to search and view videos for free, but also allow users and disseminators of media disseminate its contents, including television shows on CBS, NBA basketball games, and music videos.
In August 2007, Google announced that they would stop the video rental and sale program and offer refunds and Google Checkout credits to users who have purchased the video for yourself.

Else. 

Google Analytics. 

A service that contains tools for webmasters to analyze their web users.

Google SMS. 

In October 2007, Google SMS service launched in India and allow users to get business listings, movie showtimes and information by sending a short message.

Google Product Promotions. 

Google has promoted their products in various ways. In London, Google Space was set up in Heathrow Airport, featuring a wide range of products, including Gmail, Google Earth and Picasa. Also, a similar page was launched for American college students, under the name College Life, Powered by Google.

Derivative products. 

In 2007, Google launched Google Apps Premier Edition, a version of Google Apps targeted primarily at business users. This product has a few extras such as more disk space for e-mail, API access, and premium support, at a price of U.S. $ 50 per user per year. A large implementation of Google Apps with 38,000 users is at Lakehead University in Thunder Bay, Ontario, Canada.
On December 13, 2007, Google announced the launch of a limited Knol, a website that is intended as a reference source of knowledge. Knol opened freely to all users on July 23, 2008.

Platform. 

Google services running on multiple server farms, each comprising thousands of low-cost commodity computers running a version of Linux. While the company does not provide detailed information about the hardware, a calculation of 2006 states that there are 450,000 servers, grouped and placed in data centers around the world.

Habits and Corporate Culture. 

Google is known for a relaxed work ethic, which is reminiscent of the Dot-com. In January 2007, it was cited by Fortune Magazine as the # 1 (of 100) best company to work.
The company's philosophy is based on many casual principles including, "You can make money without doing evil," "you can be serious without a suit," and "work should be challenging and the challenge should be fun." A complete list of corporate fundamentals is available on its website. Google's relaxed corporate culture can be seen from the Google logo that varies on a day-to-day matters.
Google has been criticized for having salaries below industry standards. For example, several system administrators are paid less than $ 35,000 per year - considerably less for the Bay Area job market. However, Google's stock performance following its IPO has enabled many early employees to be competitively compensated by participation in the growth of corporate wealth.
Google implemented other employee incentives in 2005, such as the Google Founders' Award, in addition to offering higher salaries to new employees. Leisure, culture, global popularity, and strong brand recognition have also attracted potential applicants.
After the IPO in August 2004, it was reported that founders Sergey Brin and Larry Page, and CEO Eric Schmidt requested that their base salary be cut to $ 1. Subsequent offers by the company to increase their salaries have been turned down, primarily because, "their primary compensation continues to come from returns on their ownership stakes in Google. As significant stockholders, their personal wealth is tied directly to sustained stock price appreciation and performance, which provides direct alignment with stockholder interests. " In 2004, Schmidt was making $ 250,000 per year, and Page and Brin each paid $ 150,000.
They all have refused offers bonuses and increased compensation by Google's board of directors. In the United States reports the richest people in 2007, Forbes reported that Sergey Brin and Larry Page were tied for # 5 with a fortune of $ 18.5 billion, respectively.

Googleplex. 

While playing around with the Google name, headquarters, in Mountain View, California, was named "Googleplex" - a googolplex is 1 followed by one hundred zeros, and the HQ being a complex of buildings (cf. multiplex, cineplex, etc). The lobby is decorated with a piano, lava lamps, old server clusters, and a projection of search queries on the wall. Aisle full of exercise balls and bicycles. Each employee has access to the corporate recreation center. Recreational amenities are scattered throughout the campus and include a workout room with weights and rowing machines, locker rooms, a massage room, video games, Foosball, a baby grand piano, pool table, and ping pong. With the addition to the rec room, there is a dining room filled with a variety of cereals, candy bears, candy, black candy, cashews, yogurt, carrots, fresh fruit, and dozens of drinks such as fresh juices, soda, and homemade cappuccino.

Board layout at the Googleplex 

In 2006, I moved to an area of ​​28,900 m² office building in New York City, exactly 111 Eighth Ave. in Manhattan. The office was designed and built for Google and houses its largest advertising sales team that has been instrumental in securing large partnerships, especially with MySpace and AOL.
In 2003, they added an engineering staff in New York City, which has been responsible for more than 100 engineering projects, including Google Maps, Google Spreadsheets, and others. It is estimated that the building costs Google $ 10 million per year to rent and is also functionality to its Mountain View headquarters, including foosball, air hockey, and ping-pong tables, as well as a video game area. In 2006, Google also launched a new headquarters for its AdWords division in Ann Arbor, Michigan.
Google search system size is not yet known; estimate of the number of servers the company is 450,000, which is spread over 25 locations around the world, including major operations centers in Ireland and Atlanta, Georgia. Google is also in the process of building a large operations center in The Dalles, Oregon, on the banks of the Columbia River. The site, referred to the media as Project 02, was chosen because of the availability of hydroelectric power and a large stock of fiber optic cable, which was abandoned since the dot com boom in the late 1990s. The computing center estimated area of ​​two football fields, and has resulted in hundreds of construction jobs, resulting in local real estate prices increased by 40%. Once completed, this building will generate 60 to 200 permanent jobs in a town of 12,000 people.
Google is taking steps to ensure that their operations are environmentally friendly. In October 2006, the company announced plans to install thousands of solar panels to provide up to 1.6 megawatts of electricity, enough to meet 30% of energy needs of the campus. This system will be the largest solar power system in the U.S. corporate campus and one of the largest in the world. In June 2007, Google announced that they plan to become carbon neutral by 2008, which includes investing in energy efficiency, renewable energy sources, and carbon offsets, such as investing in projects like capturing and burning methane from animal waste at farms Mexico and Brazil.

"Twenty percent" time. 

All Google engineers spend 20% of their work time (one day per week) on projects that interest them. Some of Google's newer services, such as Gmail, Google News, Orkut, and AdSense originated from these independent endeavors. In a talk at Stanford University, Marissa Mayer, Google's Vice President of Search Products and User Experience, stated that her analysis showed that half of the new product launches originated from the 20% of the time.

Easter eggs and April Fool's Day jokes. 

Google has a tradition of creating April Fool's Day jokes - such as Google MentalPlex, which featured the use of mental power to search the web. In 2002, they claimed that pigeons were the secret behind their growing search engine. In 2004, they featured Google Lunar (which claimed to feature jobs on the moon), and in 2005, a fictitious brain drink, termed Google Gulp was launched.
In 2006, they came up with Google Romance, an online dating service.
In 2007, Google announced two joke products. The first was a free wireless Internet service called TiSP (Toilet Internet Service Provider) in which one obtained a connection by flushing one end of the fiber optic cable down their toilet and waiting about an hour for a "Plumbing Hardware Dispatcher (PHD)" to connect to the Internet. In addition, Google's Gmail page displayed an announcement for Gmail Paper, which allows users of their free email service to have email messages printed and shipped to a snail mail address.
Some thought the announcement of Gmail in 2004 around April Fool's Day (also doubling Gmail storage space to two gigabytes in 2005) lying, although both are changed into the original announcement. In 2005, a comedic graph depicting Google's goal of "infinity plus one" GB is displayed on the Gmail homepage.
Google's services contain a number of Easter eggs; example, Language Tools page offers a search by language "Bork bork bork" of the Swedish Chef, "Hacker" (actually leet) of Pig Latin, Elmer Fudd, and Klingon. With the addition, the search engine calculator provides the Answer to Life, the Universe, and Everything from The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy by Douglas Adams. [60] While the Google search box can be used as an exchanger unit (as well as a calculator), some non-unit standards are also included, such as the Smoot. Google also regularly change the logo with various holidays or special days throughout the year, such as Christmas, Mother's Day, or the birthdays of famous people.

IPO and Culture. 

Many people speculated that Google's IPO could affect the company's culture, because of shareholder pressure for employee benefit reductions and short-term, or due to a large number of company employees can become instant paper millionaires. In a report given to potential investors, founders Sergey Brin and Larry Page promised that the IPO would not change the company's culture. Later Mr. Page said, "We think about how to maintain the culture and the fun elements. We waste a lot of time getting our offices. We think it's important to have a lot of employees. Gathered together people everywhere. We all share offices. We love collection of this building because it looks like a university campus than a unified suburban office park regular. "
However , some analysts find that as Google grows , the company is increasingly becoming " corporate " . 2005, article in The New York Times and other sources began suggesting that Google had lost its anti-corporate, no philosophy of origin. With a view to maintain the company's unique culture, Google has produced a Chief Culture Officer in 2006, which also serves as the Director of Human Resources. The Chief Culture Officer is to develop and maintain the culture and work on ways to keep true to the core values ​​that the company was founded in the beginning - a small company, the scarcity of hierarchy, a collaborative environment.

Criticism. 

As it has grown, Google has received numerous controversies related to their business practices and services. For example, the purpose of the Google Book Search is to include millions of books and make it easily searchable has led to the abuse of copyright by the Authors Guild. Another copyright issue concerning Gmail in the UK and some other countries. Now, in many parts of the world, known as Google Mail.
Google's cooperation with the Chinese government, and even further with the French and German (after the Holocaust denial) to filter search results based on regional laws and regulations which led to claims of censorship. Google cookie and other information collection practices have led to concerns over user privacy.
Several Indian state governments have raised concerns about the security risks presented by detailed images provided by Google Earth. Google also has been criticized by advertisers for paid to click, when one is used to make payments on an advertisement without really having an interest in the product. Industry reports in 2006 claim that approximately 14 to 20 percent of clicks were in fact fraudulent or invalid. Thank you for reading this article.
Written and posted by Bambang Sunarno. sunarnobambang86@gmail.com
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DatePublished: February 26, 2014 at 19:46
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Kidney illness.

What is the function of the kidneys .

Both kidneys are vital organs that perform many functions to keep the blood clean and chemically balanced . An understanding of how the kidneys work can help to keep us healthy .
Our kidneys are organs oval , each with a similar sized fist . The organs located near the middle of the back , just beneath the rib cage frame . The kidneys are sophisticated recycling machine . Each day , our kidneys decipher about 200 quarts of blood to sift around two liters of waste materials and excessive water . Excessive waste materials and water become urine , which flows to the bladder through a tube called the ureter . Our bladder stores urine until you urinate .
Waste materials in our blood comes from the decomposition of normal and active network of food we consume . Your body uses food for energy and self-repair . After the body has taken what it needs from the food , waste materials are sent to the blood . When kidneys do not eliminate , these waste materials will accumulate in the blood and damage the body .
The screening process occurs in a very small element in our kidneys called nephrons . Each kidney contains about a million nephrons . In the nephron , a glomerulus - which is a very small blood vessel , or capillary - intertwine with urine collection vessels are very small , which is called a tubule . Replacement occurring chemical complex , with waste materials and water out of the blood and into the urine system .
At the beginning , the tubules receive a combination of waste materials and chemicals that are still useful for our body . Kidneys we distribute chemicals substances for example sodium , phosphorus and potassium , and the material returns to the body . In this way , your kidneys regulate the levels of chemicals in our bodies . The right balance needed for life , and in excess can be bad .

In addition to eliminating waste materials , kidneys we issued three important hormones :

• erythropoietin , or EPO , which stimulates the bone marrow to make red blood cells
• renin , which regulates blood pressure
• calcitriol , the active form of vitamin D , which helps keep calcium for bones and for normal chemical balance in the body.

Why kidneys fail ?

Most kidney diseases attack the nephrons , causing the loss of ability to filter . Damage to the nephrons can happen quickly , often as a result of wounding or poisoning. But most kidney diseases destroy the nephrons slowly and silently. Damage only looks after a few years or even decades . Most kidney diseases attack both kidneys simultaneously .
Two causes of kidney disease is the most prevalent diabetes and high blood pressure . If there is a family we have a history of kidney problems , we may be at risk of kidney disease .

Diabetic nephropathy.

Diabetes is a disease that inhibits the use of glucose ( sugar ) by the body . When arrested in the blood and is not described , glucose can act like a poison . Damage to the nephrons as a result of glucose in the blood is not used is called diabetic nephropathy . If we can hold in the blood glucose levels remain low , we can delay or prevent diabetic nephropathy .

High blood pressure.

High blood pressure can damage the small blood vessels in the kidneys . Damaged vessels can not filter waste materials from the blood as it should .
Doctors may prescribe blood pressure medication . High blood pressure drugs called angiotensin changing enzyme inhibitors ( angiotensin - converting enzyme / ACE inhibitors ) and angiotensin receptor barrier ( angiotensin receptor blocker / ARB ) were found to be effective in protecting the kidneys than other drugs that reduce blood pressure to the same extent . National Institutes of Health in the U.S. suggest people with diabetes or poor renal function in order to keep blood pressure below 130/80 .

Glomerular Disease.

Several types of kidney disease is classified in this category , including autoimmune diseases , infectious -related diseases , and sclerotic diseases . As the name implies , glomerular diseases attack the tiny blood vessels ( glomeruli ) in the kidney . Primary glomerular diseases are most prevalent include membrane nephropathy ( membranous nephropathy ) , IgA nephropathy , focal segmental and glomerularsklerosis ( focal segmental glomerulosclerosis ) . Protein , blood , or both in the epidermis of art are often the first sign of the disease . Glomerular diseases can slowly destroy the kidney function . Regulation of blood pressure is important for all kidney disease . Treatments for glomerular diseases may include immunosuppressive drugs or steroids to reduce inflammation and proteinuria ( protein in urine ) , depending on the disease .

Congenital kidney disease.

Some kidney diseases originating from congenital factors , for example , polikistis renal disease ( polycystic kidney disease / PKD ) is a genetic disorder with many cysts grow in the kidneys . PKD cysts can gradually replace many of renal mass , reducing kidney function and lead to kidney failure .
Some kidney problems may appear when the baby is still developing in the womb. Examples include autosomal recessive PKD , a rare form of PKD , and other developmental problems that interfere with normal nephron formation . Signs of kidney disease in children vary . A child may grow very slowly , may vomit often , or may experience pain in your back or waist . Some kidney diseases can be " silent " for several months or even years .
If your child has kidney disease , pediatricians should find time periodic checks . The first sign of possible kidney problems high blood pressure , red blood cell count is low ( anemia ) , or blood or protein in the urine . When doctors found a single one of these problems , further tests may be required , including a blood or urine test additional , or X-rays . In some cases , the doctor may need to perform a biopsy - taking a small piece of the kidney for examination under a microscope .
Some congenital kidney disease may be detected as an adult . PKD is the most common type used to be called "adult PKD " because the symptoms of high blood pressure and kidney failure only comes after patients in their 20s or 30s . But with the development of diagnostic technology , physicians can now find cysts in children and adolescents before the onset of symptoms .

Other causes of kidney disease.

Poisoning and trauma , such as a heavy blow directly on the kidneys , can lead to kidney disease .
Some drugs , including prescription medications , can be toxic to the kidneys if used frequently over a long period of time . Products that combine aspirin , acetaminophen , and other drugs such as ibuprofen found to be most harmful to the kidneys . When we often use pain medication bid , we should discuss with your doctor to ensure that no risk to your kidneys .

How renal failure occur ?

Many factors influence the speed of kidney failure are not yet fully understood . Researchers are still studying how protein in the diet and cholesterol levels in the blood affect kidney function .

Acute renal failure.

Some kidney problems happen quickly , for example, an accident that injures the kidneys . Blood loss can cause kidney failure suddenly . Some drugs and toxins can stop the work of the kidneys . Decreased renal function suddenly is called acute renal failure (acute renal failure / ARF ) .
ARF may lead to permanent loss of kidney function . But when the kidneys are severely damaged , kidney failure may be recovered .

Chronic kidney disease.

However , most kidney problems happen slowly . We can develop kidney disease are " silent " for years . Gradual loss of kidney function is called chronic kidney disease (chronic kidney disease / CKD ) . People with CKD can continue into permanent kidney failure . They are also at high risk of death due to stroke or heart attack .

End-stage renal disease.

Renal failure wholly or almost wholly permanently called end-stage renal disease ( end - stage renal disease / ESRD ) . People with ESRD must undergo dialysis or a transplant to survive . Thank you for reading this article.
Written and posted by Bambang Sunarno. sunarnobambang86@gmail.com
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DatePublished: February 26, 2014 at 16.20

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Bones name (Latin) Human Body.

Latin name of the bones in the skull.

Brow bone: Frontal 

Fontanel bones: parietal 

Back of the skull: osipital 

Orbital fracture: temporal 

Cheek bones: zygomatic 

Wedge bones: the sphenoid 

Mandibular bones: mandible 

Maxillary bone: maxillary 

Bone tears: lacrimal 

Nasal bones: nasal 

Palatine: pallatum 

Bones filter: ethmoidale 

Bone tongue: hyodeus 

Bone Latin name on Board.

Cervical vertebrae: cervical vertebrae 

Sternum: manubrium 

                                         Backbone: vertebrae limbalis 

Lumbar spine: lumbar spine 

Sacrum: sacrum 

Coccyx: vert coccigis 

True ribs: costae vera 

False ribs: costa spuria 

The ribs float: Costa Flunctua 

Scapula: skapikula 

Collarbone: the clavicle 

Bone intestine: Ilium 

Bones sat: iscium 

Pubic bones : the pubis 

Latin Name Member bone in the body 

Upper limbs.

Bone of the upper arm: the humerus 

Bone lever: radius 

Ulna: ulna 

The bones of the wrist: carpus 

Bone palms: metakarpus 

Bone fingers: falanges 

Lower limbs.

Thigh bones: the femur 

Bone patella: patellar 

Dry bones: the tibia 

Calf bones: the fibula 

Ankle bones: tarsus 

Foot bones: metatarsus 

Bone toes: falanges (same with fingers on the hand) 

Heel bones: the calcaneus 

Forms of Human Bone Frame.

Based on the shape , the bone can be divided into three groups by the shape functions of the human skeleton there are three , namely pipe bones , short bones and flat bones .

Bone Pipe.

 Pipe bone is bone that has a shape like a pipe . Cavity in the bone marrow contains a yellow pipe . The yellow marrow contains a lot of fat . Yellow marrow can serve as a food reserve . At the ends of the bones were inflated pipe , in which there are small cavities that contain red marrow . The red marrow function as blood -forming cells .

Short bones.

Short bone short bone size . In it there is only a small cavities containing red marrow . The bones are short bones , including , among others, spine, wrist , and ankle bones .

Flat Bones.

This bone -shaped flat . Similarly, short bones , flat bones serve as the formation of blood cells . This is due to the flat bones are small cavities that contain red marrow . The bones are included in the flat bones , among other ribs , sternum , skull and bones .

Bone Function ( Frame ).

Bone is a locomotor which has an important role for humans because human bones in addition to preparing the framework , also has several functions such as:
Gives the body shape
Protect tool ( the organs ) vital body
Restraining and straightened up , Supporting the establishment of the body
The place of attachment of skeletal muscle ( skeletal )
Red bone marrow to form red blood cells , place the formation of red blood cells
As a backup ( hoarding ) of minerals , especially calcium and phosphate
A place to store energy , which deposits fat in yellow marrow

Thank you for reading this article. Written and posted by Bambang Sunarno. sunarnobambang86@gmail.com
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DatePublished: February 26, 2014 at 15:41

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Tag : Bones name (Latin) Human Body.

The skin functions.

Human skin is one of the tools that exist in the human excretion . We already know the substance that is excreted by the sweat of human skin . To find out more about skin and its structure and function , as well as the mechanism of sweating bodies , we see the following description .
The skin is the largest and outermost parts of the human body . Because of its location causes the skin often interact directly with the environment , which causes the damaged and dead skin . However, almost any time the skin is also growing . The skin rejuvenation process roughly lasts for about 4 weeks .

1 . SKIN STRUCTURE .

Structurally , the skin is composed of two layers , the outer protective layer called the epidermis and the protective layer called the dermis . To better understand this, we refer to the descriptions below .

a. Protective Outer layer ( epidermis ) .

The epidermis , or often referred to as the epidermis . The epidermis is the outermost layer of skin , which has a thin structure with a thickness of about 0.07 mm . epidermal layer is composed of several parts, the outer part is called the stratum corneum ( horny layer ) , the middle stratum granulosum called , and the inner layer called Malpighi . For the full description as follows :

- Stratum corneum .

Also called the stratum corneum layer of horn substance . This was the location of the outermost layer and the skin is dead , dry , and composed of multiple layers of flattened epithelial tissue . Epidermal tissue is composed by 50 layers of dead cells , and will have peeling slowly , replaced by the underlying tissue as it contains the protein keratin . Its main functions include protecting the cells and prevents the entry of germs .

- Stratum Lusidum .

Stratum lusidum , which serves to " paint " the skin and hair . The more melanin produced from these cells , then the color will become dark .
Besides giving color to the skin , melanin also serves to protect the skin cells from the sun's ultraviolet rays that can harm the skin . Although actually the right amount of ultraviolet light is beneficial to change certain fats in the skin to vitamin D , but in excessive amounts is very harmful to the skin .
Sometimes a person avoid sunlight during the summer, because he wanted to avoid ultraviolet rays . This is because it turns out the ultraviolet rays can make the skin more black . Based on the research , ultraviolet light can induce the formation of melanocytes become more for the purpose of protection against skin . Meanwhile, if we see someone having olive skin , this caused the person has a carotene pigment .

- Stratum granulosum.

Stratum granulosum , which produce skin pigment , called melamine . This layer consists of living cells and is located at the bottom of the epidermis tissue . Stratum granulosum is composed of living cells produced by Malpighi layer .

- Stratum germ .

Stratum germ , often described as a living cell because this layer is the active layer splitting . The cells divide outwards to form the outer skin cells . The new cells formed will encourage existing cells in the cell next it will also be driven from below by newer cells again . At the same time the cells of the outermost layer of peel and fall .

b . Protective layers deep ( dermis ) .

Under the epidermal layer of the skin there is a protective layer in , called the dermis layer . The dermis is also called the cuticle or korium . The dermis contains fibrous connective tissue .
Dermis tissue has a more complicated structure than the epidermis , which consists of many layers . This tissue is thicker than the epidermis is about 2.5 mm . The dermis is formed by special fibers that make it flexible , consisting of collagen , which is a type of protein that makes up about 30 % of body protein . Collagen will gradually decrease with age . That is why an old man rough skin texture and wrinkles .
Various sections in the dermis include blood vessels, hair , nerve endings , sweat glands ( glands sudorifora ) , oil glands ( sebaceous glands ) , skin and fat tissue . For more details, let us see the description below .

- Blood Vessels .

Most of the blood capillaries located in the dermis . The blood vessels that carry blood part containing food and oxygen to the dermis and epidermis . The blood vessels also plays a role in supplying the sweat glands and hair roots. In addition, blood vessels play an important role in the regulation of body temperature .

- Hair .

Although located in the dermis layer of the hair , but the production process is at the epidermal layer . Layer of the epidermis into the dermis layer to form a hollow pipe called a hair follicle . Hair grows adjacent to the hair follicle . At the bottom of the bag there is a set of network that contains blood capillaries and nerves , called hair follicles . Hair roots are protected by epidermal cells that constantly divide and new cells push upwards . These cells will soon die and harden to form the hair .
On the scalp , there are parts that are attached to hair follicles . The section called hair enforcement muscle . Contraction of this muscle causes the hair to stand . If the skin around the hair of our head is less nourished , dandruff consequences will arise .

- End nerves .

Nerve endings is one part of nerve cells that transmit information from the outside environment . Inside are a variety of receptors ( receiver stimuli ) , such as touch receptors , pressure receptors , pain receptors , and temperature receptors .

- Sweat Glands .

Sweat glands are coiled tubular shell has growing from the epidermis to the dermis extends . At the base of the glans surrounded by many blood capillaries and sympathetic nerve fibers . Of blood in the capillaries , sweat sweat duct passes issued and the pores on the skin surface . Sweat issued containing mostly water in the form of an inorganic salt solution ( eg sodium chloride ) and a small amount of organic material such as urea . Because sweat contains metabolic wastes , such as urea , then the skin is also called excretory organs .

- Oil glands .

The oil glands are in addition to the hair follicle . These glands produce oil called sebum . Sebum hold water into the hair and epidermis . In addition to holding water , oil glands also maintain the flexibility of the epidermis and protect it from bacteria .

- Skin Fat Network .

Below the dermis there is a layer composed of adipose cells ( adipose tissue ) that store fat . Fat is used as a protective coating . Therefore , adipose tissue is also known as a fat storage and network protectors .

2 . FUNCTION / PURPOSE SKIN .

The skin is an excretory organ where transpiration . Part of the skin that functions for this are the sweat glands . Why hot air when we sweat a lot ? Turns out it was related to its function , namely as a regulator of body temperature . Sweat released the body can absorb heat , to maintain body heat so stable . The base of the sweat glands located adjacent to blood capillaries . Water and mineral salts in the blood capillaries will be absorbed by the sweat glands , and issued in the form of sweat.
Aside from being a means of excretion , the skin also functions as follows .

a. Protect the body from heat , Germs , and friction from the outside .

Skin full fortress surrounded by enemies who are always ready to break into if there is a part of the fort is open . The enemy is germs . If these germs can enter the body and participate in the bloodstream it will harm the body . For example aerus Staphylococcus can cause a wide variety of diseases such as acne, boils up , a lung infection .

b . Regulate body temperature .

The skin can be cool and warm the body . At the time of the cold air will close the skin blood vessels so that blood does not flow to the skin as a result it looks pale . This condition is intended to help keep the body heat is not easily lost so blood can be protected . In this condition , the sweat glands will be sealed to prevent the formation of sweat .
As for the state of the body temperature increases, the nerve endings in the skin to open , resulting in more blood flow to the skin with the aim to be cooled by the surrounding air . That is why someone looked flushed when overheated .

c . Spending regulate water .

Skin can control water loss from the body , as if the body loses excessive water will harm the body . Sometimes found someone experiencing fainting after attending the flag ceremony in the blazing hot sun . This is because excessive sweating resulting in a condition called " salt hungry " .

3 . FACTORS AFFECTING THE NUMBER OF SWEAT .

We have seen that substance is excreted in sweat. The amount of sweat released was influenced various circumstances , such as the activity of the body , the temperature of the environment , food , health , and emotional state . In it also contains certain substances, such as water, salt (NaCl), urea, acid and metabolic waste .

4 . SWEAT MECHANISM OF EXPENDITURE .

Every day adult human sweat is approximately 225 ml . All the sweat produced from about 2 million sweat glands scattered throughout the dermis layer .
The process of transpiration is influenced by the hypothalamus . The hypothalamus is the central nervous system regulating body temperature that produces the enzyme bradykinin . Enzymes work bradykinin affect the sweat glands to secrete sweat . Besides influenced hypothalamus , sweat glands work is also influenced by changes in environmental temperature and blood vessels .
High temperature veins ( due to high ambient temperature ) will provide a stimulus to the hypothalamus . By stimulation of the hypothalamus immediately affect the sweat glands to absorb water , salt , urea , and various metabolic waste substances from the blood capillaries . Various substances are excreted through sweat ducts and pores of the sweat glands to the skin 's surface in the form of sweat . Sweat evaporates immediately and the body temperature back down to normal .
If the sweat that comes out too excessive , salt levels in the blood can be reduced . As a result , the muscle may have spasms or may be too faint . Moreover, because the blood vessels in the dermis layer expands , the skin can become red . This situation can happen when we do strenuous physical activity . However , we can reverse skin paled when narrowed blood vessels in the dermis , such as when we are scared .
Thank you for reading this article. Written and posted by Bambang Sunarno. sunarnobambang86@gmail.com
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name: Bambang Sunarno.
http://primadonablog.blogspot.com/2014/02/the-skin-functions.html
DatePublished: February 26, 2014 at 14:52

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Tag : The skin functions.