You Know Wall of China.

The Great Wall of China or the Great Wall of China (traditional hanzi: 長城; hanzi simple: 长城; pinyin: Changcheng, meaning literally: Wall Length), also known in China by the name of Wall Along the 10,000 Li¹ (萬里長城; 万里长城; Wanli Changcheng) is The longest building ever built, is located in China.
The Great Wall of China is considered as one of the Seven Wonders of the World. In 1987, the building was included in the list of UNESCO World Heritage Site.

Long.

The Great Wall of China is not a continuous length, but a collection of short walls that follow the shape of the mountains of northern China. On April 18, 2009, after an investigation by the government accurately the People's Republic of China, announced that the giant wall constructed in the Ming Dynasty period length is 8851 km.
According to historical records, after a long wall built by the Ming, then known term "changcheng" (长城, "Great Wall" or "long wall"). Previous term was not found. The term of the Great Wall of China in Mandarin is "Wanli changcheng", meaning "wall that are 10 thousand li". At the present time the term is officially used.
In 2009, the Surveying and Mapping Agency and the Agency for Cultural Heritage Administration of the People's Republic of China to do research to re-calculate the length of the Great Wall of China. The results showed that the Great Wall of China is longer than the range that is currently known. According to measurements, the overall length of the walls reach 8,850 km. The project has also found parts of other wall 359 km in length, trench along 2232 km, as well as a natural barrier such as hills and rivers along the 2232 km. The average span of the Great Wall of China is 5000 km, generally quoted from various historical records.

Seen from space.

Great Wall of China was mentioned as one of the man-made structure visible from space with the naked eye. However, after an investigation conducted by the astronauts, the perception is not correct. From a low orbit, man-made structure such as roads, ships, cities and others can indeed be seen, but at the time the Earth passes through the orbit of the tens of thousands of feet high, none of objects on the Earth's surface can be seen, including the Great Wall of China , This is corroborated by NASA statement: "The Greatwall can barely be seen from the Shuttle, so it would not be possible to see it from the moon with the naked eye".
"The Great Wall of China is barely visible from the air Capsules (space), so it may not be visible from the moon to the naked eye"
Launched the first Chinese astronaut in space in 2004, Yang Li-wei, also stated that he could not see the building.
Perceptions about the invisibility of the giant wall of space has become a myth, even written into school textbooks in China. The earliest evidence comes from the writings of British antiques collector named William Stukeley in 1754 which compares the Great Wall of China with Hadrian's Wall in England by stating that Hadrian's Wall in England can only be defeated by the Great Wall of China, which is an important building in the world, so that it could be visible from the moon ("This mighty wall of four score Miles in length is only exceeded by the Chinese wall, the which makes a Considerable figure upon the terrestrial globe, and may be discerned at the moon.") The book by Richard Halliburton, an American adventurer in 1938, entitled "Second Book of Marvels", making the people believe that giant wall can be seen from space.

History.

Historically, the construction of the wall is one of the most important part in the history of Chinese architecture, namely to restrict urban areas and housing. Various theories why the Great Wall was established, among others, as a bulwark, land ownership boundaries, boundary markers and lines of communication to convey the message.
Based on the written evidence acceptable to the public, basically the majority of the Great Wall of China was constructed in the period of the Qin Dynasty, Han Dynasty and the Ming Dynasty. However, most of such a giant wall that stands today is the result of a period of Sun.

Pre-Qin.

Before the Qin Dynasty period, the earliest construction of a giant wall made in Spring and Autumn period (722 BC-481 BC) and the Warring States Period (453 BC-221 BC) to withstand enemy attacks and tribes of northern China. Countries that contribute to the construction of the first recorded inter alia the country Chu, Qi, Yan, Wei and Zhao. In subsequent periods, giant wall grew longer, repaired and modified.

Qin dynasty.

In the year 220 BC under the command of Emperor Qin Shi Huang, General Meng Tian collect employment of 300 thousand people to connect walls previously as a line of defense. Development takes 9 years require expensive and the expense of ordinary people. Workers who become victims of reaching millions of souls so that the state becomes weak. Hatred of the people on the labor angered farmers who rebelled overthrew the Qin Dynasty. After that, the construction of a giant wall was not continued.

Han dynasty.

The year 127 BC, when Emperor Han Wudi power (140 BC-87 BC), renovation projects and construction parts old wall was conducted over 20 years adds to the overall length of the wall to 1000 km. In the first period of the Han, giant wall serves as a protector of the western region of the United Hun is threatening the Chinese people. After the Hun influence weakened, the construction of the wall was not continued. Beginning in 39 AD, on the orders of Guang Wudi, general Ma Cheng restart construction of the Great Wall project. At that time, the Huns split into two parts, north and south. Northern Huns successfully subdued by Han while the southern part of peace. After that, the construction of a giant wall abandoned because China already has a large military force.

Ming Dynasty.

During the Ming Dynasty (1368-1644), after conquering Mongols, giant wall constructed back from the previous period, with a long record of 5,650 km. At this time, the Great Wall of China is divided into 9 districts equipped military fortifications and the gate to monitor the border area. On it made the road as a transportation hub. The most eastern gate named Shanhaiguan and most western gate called Jiayuguan.

Architecture.

Beacon.

Beacon or fenghuotai (烽火台) is used to convey military messages by making smoke signals during the day and fire by night to notify the movements of the enemy. Is one of the most important parts of the Great Wall, the structure is made in every part of the giant wall with local materials. In mountainous areas, composed of bricks, in grassland or desert made of clay. Shape can be round, oval and square. There are 3 types of beacon, which is the type that is built on top of the wall, the wall or built separately for lurking enemy.

The gate (slit).

The structure of the gate to function as a fortress in important positions. Composed of:
Chengqiang or stockade (城墙), with a maximum height of 10 meters. The outer part is made of large bricks or granite. The inside is made of yellow soil or a mixture of gravel. The top of the wall can be traversed horsemen. The side walls are square-shaped protective wall as a place to oversee and shelter.
Chenglou or tower gate (城楼) : the door to enter and exit the border, as a discharge while attacking enemy forces. Gates named after the pass.
Wangcheng : small on the outside wall of the great wall that serves as a protective gate.
Luocheng : second wall to protect wengcheng.
Trenches and drains in to slow the movement of enemies, giving the opportunity to strike quickly.

Wall.

The wall is the main body of the giant wall architecture. Its function is to connect the flare tower, watchtowers and gates into a defensive line. Height depending on the shape of the plains. At the strategic areas made higher. At the time of crossing the mountains or areas with uneven shapes made as low as possible to save on materials and labor. An average of 23-26 foot high wall.

Critical parts on the wall :

Nuqiang (女 牆) :

Protective wall on the upper side of the wall structure. Built to protect soldiers and horses on the wall. If the giant wall across the side of a steep mountain, just built one piece nuqiang to save material.

Duokou (垛口) :

Slotted wall to spy. Doukou is still covered by a protective layer of the wall again.

Racecourse :

The footpath next to the lookout that could be passed riders to reach the top of the wall.

Quanmen :

Curved door on the inside wall as the entrance to the top of the wall.

Material.

The material used to create a giant wall of disparate corresponding period of the dynasty. Before the bricks are found, a large wall made of earth, stone and wood. Due to its construction always requires a lot of resources, workers utilizing improvised materials. As it passes through the mountain, the mountain stone will be used.  At the time of building on flat land, a wall made of loose soil made and if through the wilderness, the material used is a mix of sand and grass twigs of coniferous trees. The wall of this material is brittle, easily penetrated and quickly destroyed.
At the time of the Qin Dynasty, the technology has not been developed, so that the material used is dirt or gravel mixed soil. At that time the castle structure has not been established. Some parts of the wall consists of a large mound of stones.
At the time of the Han Dynasty, soil and rock material as the previous period is still commonly used.
During the Tang Dynasty, bricks have been produced. However, because it is expensive, is limited to the city gates and walls that close.
Only in the Ming Dynasty, the wall construction technology is more advanced. However, only in the middle period of the dynasty quality bricks manufactured. Bricks better than soil or gravel because it is lighter, more resistant and effective load in a short time. Stone still used, mainly for the foundation, outer suburbs and the gate due to stronger than a brick. Limestone mortar with sticky rice that can be effective as a cement glue the bricks.

The new discovery.

In recent years began to find some walls in areas of China that is unattainable. In 1998, the site was found near one of the walls in the silk road between the provinces of Gansu and Xinjiang. The walls were built of yellow sandy soil and twigs Eucalyptus marginata has a length of 500 km, including solid bastion. This discovery adds to the length of the Great Wall to 2,700 km.
The deserts in Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region who move around a lot, also has opened up parts of the wall and fortress construction Sun
The discovery of the inscription which contains the writing carved in various regions of China around the walls became an important source of written historical documentation of the construction of the Great Wall of China. The earliest inscription is inscribed Northern Qi Dynasty (550-577). Ming Dynasty inscription found in Beijing and Hebei province, but the danger of being corrupted or lost due to rain, wind, erosion and environmental damage.
In the study, GPS and infrared technology used can help detect some parts that were buried by sandstorms. New parts found are the result of the construction of the Ming Dynasty (1368-1644) which extends from Hu Mountain in northern Liaoning province to Jiayu Cracks in the western province of Gansu. The project also charted parts of the wall which was established at the time of the Qin (221-206 BC) and Han (206 BC-9M).

Damage and maintenance.

Although it is a protected site, the Great Wall of China suffered a lot of damage, mostly due to the haphazard development of infrastructure, the theft of artifacts of stone inscriptions and parts of the wall and repairs done haphazardly.
Conservation report in early 2004 reported that only 1/3 of a length of 6,350 km wall that is still preserved, making the range of wall "shorter". Many people around the ancient sites do not know they stay close together because of views on a giant wall of fortress architecture solid Ming, but the actual condition of the Great Wall of China is not uniform. Residents around the Great Wall bricks to build houses and livestock enclosures.
The wall that was outside of Beijing is the most threatened, as in the provinces of Shaanxi and Ningxia. Of the 2,000 km range of the wall in the province of Shaanxi, 1/3 of 850 km from the Ming structures have disappeared due to infrastructure development and industrial activity. A total of 40 holes penetrated the wall by the road for vehicles.
Meanwhile, the Great Wall in Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region which has a length of 1500 km is established from various periods ranging from the Warring States Period, the Qin Dynasty, Han Dynasty, the Sui Dynasty and the Ming Dynasty is part susceptible to vandalism such as broken vehicle lanes and erosion.
Efforts and renovation projects have been carried out by the People's Republic of China government in order to repair the damage. One way open Studies majors Wall (长城 学; Changchengxue) in local universities. This study is a new branch of Chinese history are being developed to attract the attention of archaeologists and young researchers to trace the history of the giant wall and preservation.
Thank you for reading this article. Written and posted by Bambang Sunarno. sunarnobambang86@gmail.com
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DatePublished: August 16, 2015 at 12:14

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The Berlin Wall.

The Berlin Wall fell 25 years ago. It marked the fall of communism and the introduction of German reunification in 1990.

The collapse of the Berlin Wall celebrations held every year in Berlin with a variety of concerts, symposiums and the release of thousands of balloons at night.

Some things to know about the Berlin Wall are:

Protection against Fascism

On August 13, 1961, at 01:00 AM local time, East Germany closed the border between the eastern sector of Berlin and the Soviet-controlled western sector controlled by the Allies.

In a few weeks, the workers set up barricades along the 155 kilometers that encircle West Berlin. The Berlin Wall, which has a height of 3.6 meters, only the outer portion of the extra protection that include barbed wire, iron fences, watchtowers, hidden alarm and guard dog track.

Communist leader Walter Ulbricht called the Berlin Wall as an "anti-fascist protective wall," though in fact, the main purpose of the establishment of the wall is to prevent the wave of citizens to the West.

Runaway season.

Despite the remarkable preservation of the Berlin Wall strict, thousands of people trying to escape by digging tunnels, swam around, climbing or even flying through it.

Some people take advantage of the underground network Berlin, while others use false passports to exit.

There are some who dig tunnels to help other people behind the wall. There is one case in which a family escaped cable car vehicles.

Wall of Death.

According to the Historical Research Center Potsdam, at least 136 people, including children, lost their lives along the walls of the Cold War.

Some of them were shot East German border guards, others drowned in the River Spree.

The last victim killed was Chris Gueffroy. He was shot dead nine months before the fall of the Berlin Wall.

Reagan's speech.

During 28 years of existence, the Berlin Wall became a symbol of communist oppression. Western officials, including US President John F. Kennedy, often stopping at the Berlin Wall while visiting Germany.

In 1987, President Ronald Reagan gave a speech urged Mikhail Gorbachev to "tear down the wall immediately!"

Gorbachev did not respond to a serious speech Reagan, and call it a "performance" purely a Hollywood actor. But the speech was able to lift the morale of the people in the western city of Berlin.

The collapse of the Berlin Wall.

At night, November 9, 1989, West German television broadcast the news that the communist authorities lifted a ban on travel and give more flexibility to the citizens of East Germany.

The television news bulletin based confuse a senior official of East Germany, which failed to deliver various key points in the new regulation. Before the communist authorities had time to straighten out the news, thousands of East Berlin already past the border guards to celebrate freedom with their relatives in West Berlin.

Communist dictatorship disappear within a few months thereafter. On October 3, 1990, East and West Germany became one country again.
Thank you for reading this article. Written and posted by Bambang Sunarno. sunarnobambang86@gmail.com
author:
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name: Bambang Sunarno.
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DatePublished: August 16, 2015 at 11:07

Tag : The Berlin Wall.

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Did You Know History Berlin Wall fell.

The most famous wall in the world is a concrete barrier wall built by the German Democratic Republic (East Germany) that separates West Berlin and East Berlin and other East German regions so as to make an enclave of West Berlin. The Berlin Wall finally collapsed celebrated annually on 9 November in accordance with the current destruction of November 9, 1989.

The history of the Berlin Wall.

Berlin wall is also considered as the main icon of the Cold War. In addition to the "iron curtain" that form the border between East and West Germany. Reason east German government to build the Berlin Wall is to prevent the spread of Nazism understood in eastern Germany, which is considered to still exist. The Berlin Wall can be traced to its origin since Joseph Stalin blockaded West Berlin. And West responded with a massive airlift.

Stalin had long sought to expel all the elements of a block west of Berlin, but failed miserably with The Great Airlift Berlin to the west. Because Berlin west remain in the hands of the Western block, many residents fled to Berlin east Berlin west to escape Communist rule. Then East German leader at the time, Walther Ulbricht ordered the blockade to Berlin west to prevent the exodus of east Berlin. Carrying 3.5 million residents fled to Berlin Germany east west until 1961, when the Berlin Wall was built.

Initially the Berlin Wall is only a barbed wire fence, small wall which is made from the composition of rocks brick and wooden barriers. East German government also closed the border with western Germany and build a border wall dr north-south tip of Germany. The massive exodus that makes Walther Ulbricht to build the Berlin Wall and the wall of the state border.

In 1961 there was a crisis in Berlin. Soviet tanks and tanks at Checkpoint Charlie Americans faced, with cannon in aiming position. Commented one of the citizens of Berlin at that "if there are fraudulent turn on firecrackers wrote, we are toast" was so tense situation at the time. Then, the American and Soviet negotiate to resolve the crisis. In fact this is a game Ulbricht to reap the benefits. East German dictator then strengthen Berlin wall, set a trap for vehicles, nail boards to prevent the escape jump.

Many attempts were made citizens desperate to cross to the east Berlin west. Even the stakes are life threatening. There are building an underground tunnel, made hot air balloon, even using light aircraft. There's also early days when the Berlin Wall was still in the form of barbed wire, a lot of people desperate to jump over the wire fence. Berlin wall has two layers of walls. Between the two walls there is a "no man's land" area where the escapees were shot dead on the spot. "No man's land" include minefield, automatic machine gun nests, guard dog alert, alarm fitted to wire reply. Recorded more than 200 people killed in no man's land Berlin wall, mostly because they were shot dead east German border guards.

Broadly speaking, the Berlin Wall in the form of barbed wire, razor wire which modernized, concrete walls, no man's land, and the second wall. Which became iconic is the fourth tier wall, which was built in 1975 by Erich Honecker, Ulbricht's successor eastern German dictator. Erich Honecker optimistic, the Berlin Wall would stand up to 100 years. Honecker even create a program called "Wall in 2000". "Wall 2000" is a program of digitalization system of national borders and border the Berlin Wall which aims to reduce the manpower and costs. "Wall 2000", will be equipped with various sensors and detectors, intelligent minefield, to spray a liquid chemical to stop the run. Guaranteed there will be no escapees who will try to penetrate the Berlin Wall and the border fence east-west German state.

The core of the system "wall in 2000" was a variety of sensors such as heat sensors, motion sensors detect even the voice sensor breakout For that hide. And No Man's land is maintained, deliberately coated sand to detect footprints of the fugitives with ease. Actually, the guards were instructed to pretend guns know if he saw footprints in the no man's land. The new shoot later. "Wall 2000" null and built following the collapse of the Soviet Union, the dissolution of the German eastern and tore down the Berlin Wall. Berlin wall demolished in 1989, when a peaceful revolution throughout Germany began to burst.

Initially, neighboring countries open borders, so that hundreds of thousands of residents fled to the eastern German states such as Hungary and Austria. Following the German government's decision eastern eastern German states every citizen can freely travel anywhere. Stupid at a press conference, the government said the government's decision comes into force immediately. This is a fatal error. As a result, hundreds of thousands of people stormed the east Berlin Checkpoint Charlie and broke into the western Berlin. Erich Honecker desperate lowered its police force to dispel the citizens who tried to escape.

The collapse of the Berlin Wall history.

Prior to the construction of this wall, there are about 3.5 million East German citizens who migrate and defected to the west, one with a pass East German border and West Germany, and then they can go to other Western European countries. Between 1961 and 1969, these walls also prevent it. In the span of approximately 30 years, there are about 5,000 people who tried to escape, with estimates there are 100 to 200 people who died were shot.

In 1989, there were radical political changes in the Eastern Bloc, which is related to the liberalization of the system of authority in the Eastern Bloc and also began to decrease the influence of the Soviet Union in countries such as Poland and Hungary. After several weeks of civil unrest, the East German government announced November 9, 1989 that the people of East Germany should go to West Germany and West Berlin. Then, crowds of East Germans crossed and climbed over the wall even then, followed by West Germans on the other hand to celebrate the atmosphere of freedom. Several weeks later, the euphoria of public and souvenir hunters finally cracked parts of the wall. Later, most of the wall was destroyed by the government using heavy equipment. The Fall of the Berlin Wall paved the way formation of German reunification, October 3, 1990.

After allowing loopholes for residents to cross the border in the summer, Hungary finally effectively removes the physical barrier country with Austria on 19 August 1989. In September, more than 13,000 East Germans fled to Austria via Hungary. This causes some series of events next. The Hungarian prevent a growing number of East Germans who crossed the border, and return them to Budapest.

East German people's meets West German embassy and refused to return to East Germany. East German government responded by closing all the way to Hungary, but still allow those who want to return to East Germany. On this occasion, the East German authorities to allow them to go, as long as they use the train must pass through East Germany. Then came the massive demonstrations in East Germany alone. East German leader, Erich Honecker, resigned on October 18, 1989 and was replaced by Egon Krenz a few days later. Honecker had predicted that the walls were still will last up to 50 or 100 years from now, if the condition of the country has not changed.

Protest demonstrations broke out across East Germany in September 1989. At first, the protesters wanted to go westward, chanting "Wir wollen raus!" ("We want to go!"). But then the protesters began shouting "Wir bleiben hier" ("We will stay here!"). So, this is the beginning of what is called the East Germans as the "Peaceful Revolution" in late 1989. Protesters greater in early November. The protesters peaked on November 4, when nearly half a million people gathered at Alexanderplatz demonstration.

Meanwhile, the refugees who left East Germany to West Germany is increasing, and they found a new way to get out of East Germany, that is the way through Hungary via Czechoslovakia (or via the West German Embassy in Prague) as permitted by the new Krenz government, and with approval by the communist government of Czechoslovakia. So that the state is not more complicated, eventually politburo led by Krenz allow refugees to exit directly through the border between East Germany and West Germany, including West Berlin on November 9, 1989.

Date when the wall were chipped away is 9 November 1989, but at that moment the wall is not directly destroyed on the spot. In the afternoon and a few weeks later, people came carrying a sledgehammer and the like to destroy some walls and also create some holes unofficial border. These people are referred to as "Mauerspechte" (wall woodpeckers).

Back East German regime announced that it will open 10 new border crossings, including at several historic sites such as Potsdamer Platz, Glienicker Brücke, and Bernauer Straße. The mass of the two sides wait for hours, cheering when the bulldozers destroy this wall. New border crossings continued to be opened throughout 1990, including at the Brandenburg Gate dated December 22, 1989.

Residents of West Germany and West Berlin East Germany allowed entry without a visa from 23 December 1989. Until that date, they are only allowed in with various requirements and are required to make an application for a visa. In addition, they are required to pay a minimum of 25 DM per day. So, in fact on November 9 and December 23, the East German population is more free than West Germany.

Coverage on television about the many people who destroyed part of the wall on 9 November make many people abroad think that this wall will be destroyed as soon as possible. Actually, this wall is maintained until a few days later, although the intensity of the smaller guard. In the first month, the East German military even tried to repair the wall that was destroyed by the "wall woodpeckers". Then, over time, this action was stopped, and the guards increasingly tolerant to the action of the destruction of the wall and it goes through the wall of the hole population. Dated January 13, 1990, this wall was destroyed by a military official of East Germany, began in Bernauer Straße. The back wall destruction continued after German reunification until finally completed in November 1991.

Only a few parts of the walls and towers were maintained, as a memorial. The fall of the Berlin Wall was the beginning of German reunification, which was signed on October 3, 1990. The collapse of the Berlin Wall this illustrates that the power of the union of man in this world is unmatched strength as pharmaceutics resistance encountered. Thank you for reading this article.
Written and posted by Bambang Sunarno. sunarnobambang86@gmail.com
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name: Bambang Sunarno.
http://primadonablog.blogspot.com/2015/08/did-you-know-history-berlin-wall-fell.html
DatePublished: August 15, 2015 at 12:02

Tag : Did You Know History Berlin Wall fell.

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Berlin.

The Berlin Wall (German: Berliner Mauer) was a concrete barrier wall built by the German Democratic Republic (East Germany) that separates West Berlin and East Berlin and other East German regions so as to make an enclave of West Berlin. This wall was built on August 13, 1961. The barrier wall is also accompanied by the establishment of a guard tower built along this wall, as well as the establishment of a restricted area, which is filled with anti-vehicle mines. Eastern Bloc claimed that the wall was built to protect the citizens from fascist elements that can trigger large movements, so that they can establish communist rule in East Germany. However, in practice, it turns out this wall used to prevent the flight of the population the greater the East Berlin to West Berlin region, which is located in the region of West Germany.

By East German authorities, the Berlin Wall is said to be "Anti-Fascist Protection Fortress" (German: Antifaschistischer Schutzwall), which states that the West German state has not fully is de-nazifikasi. City West German government sometimes says the Berlin Wall as the "Wall of Shame" initiated by Mayor-called Willy Brandt-to condemn this wall because it restricts freedom of movement. Along with the Inter-German Boundary Wall separating East and West Germany, both the parapet has become a symbol of the "Iron Curtain" that separated Western Europe with Eastern Bloc during the Cold War.
Prior to the construction of this wall, there are about 3.5 million East German citizens who migrate and defected to the west, one with a pass East German border and West Germany, and then they can go to other Western European countries. Between 1961 and 1989, these walls also prevent it. In the span of approximately 30 years, there are about 5,000 people who tried to escape, with estimates there are 100 to 200 people who died were shot.

In 1989, there were radical political changes in the Eastern Bloc, which is related to the liberalization of the system of authority in the Eastern Bloc and also began to decrease the influence of the Soviet Union in countries such as Poland and Hungary. After several weeks of civil unrest, the East German government announced November 9, 1989 that the people of East Germany should go to West Germany and West Berlin. Then, crowds of East Germans crossed and climbed over the wall even then, followed by West Germans on the other hand to celebrate the atmosphere of freedom. Several weeks later, the euphoria of public and souvenir hunters finally cracked parts of the wall. Later, most of the wall was destroyed by the government using heavy equipment. The Fall of the Berlin Wall paved the way formation of German reunification, October 3, 1990.

Background.

German post-World War II.

After the end of World War II in Europe, were left out of the western part of Oder-Neisse line was divided into four occupied (due to the Potsdam Agreement), each area was controlled by the United States, United Kingdom, France, and the Soviet Union. The capital city of Berlin, as the control center, also divided into 4 regions even though the city itself is located deep inside the Soviet power.
For approximately two years, no political changes in the Soviet and other allied members. This happens because the Soviets refused to agree to the plan reconstruction of post-war Germany. Britain, France, USA, and the Benelux countries then meet to merge regions into a single non-Soviet region to be reconstructed and approved the expansion of the Marshall Plan.

Eastern Bloc and the Berlin Blockade.

After the end of World War II, Soviet leader Joseph Stalin headed a combination of several countries that are members of the Eastern Bloc, among others, Poland, Hungary, and Czechoslovakia, including the German area of ​​occupation. In early 1945, Stalin revealed the German communist leader to rid England of his work is the zone, plus the United States will withdraw its troops within one or two years, so then later there is no obstacle to the establishment of a united German communist state.

The main task for running communist party in the Soviet region is running the Soviet command to the administrative authorities, which later results will be seen from the policies issued by the region. Thus, industries and many properties in East Germany were soon nationalized. Contrasting political process going on in the region of West Germany ruled by Britain, France, and the United States, where the president and prime minister elected by parliament.  If the statement or the end of the reported decision not fit properly, then the people who run this mission could be imprisoned, tortured, and even killed.

In 1948, in the absence of agreement on the reconstruction of the new currency and Germany, Stalin argued Blockade of Berlin to prevent the entry of food, materials, and various other necessities to West Berlin. United States, Britain, France, Canada, Australia, New Zealand, and other countries soon send food aid and other supplies to Berlin, called "Freight Berlin". Soviet and then spread its contents public campaign criticizing western policy. Communists also tried to undermine the elections in 1948, but eventually they suffered defeat, coupled with the 300,000 residents of West Berlin who protest that international assistance to them not inhibited. Month of May 1949, Stalin finally opened the blockade and allow the transport of goods and other necessities to West Berlin.
German Democratic Republic (East Germany) declared on October 7, 1949.

With the ladder secret pact, Soviet Foreign Minister approve the administrative authorities of East Germany, but not autonomy. The Soviet Union itself remains fully penetrate and control the military, secret police, administrative and East Germany.
East Germany different from West Germany (Federal Republic of Germany), which evolved into a capitalist country with Western culture with social market economic system ("soziale Marktwirtschaft" in German) with a democratic parliamentary government. Remarkable economic growth in the 1950s gave rise to the "economic miracle" ("Wirtschaftswunder"). With the West German economy continues to grow and the standard of living is getting better, many East German citizens who want to move to West Germany.

Wall construction.

This wall was established on August 13, 1961 by the communist East German government under the leadership of Walter Ulbricht as Berlin West is a 'hole' in their country. Between 1949 and 1961 more than 2 million East Germans escape through Berlin. This makes the East German economy into oversize, because most people who are young who escaped. Then secretly and suddenly the wall was built.

The Berlin Wall and the Cold War.

The Berlin Wall is locked West Berlin and the city cut exactly in the middle, has become a symbol of the Cold War's most famous. Many magnifying the west, especially the US president's visit to condemn the wall. President JF Kennedy in 1963 to come and speak at the side of this wall with the famous sentence: "Ich bin ein Berliner." Then 20 years later, in 1983 president Ronald Reagan gave a speech here and condemned what he called the Soviet Union an Evil Empire, or an evil empire. But in 1989, on the anniversary of the German Democratic Republic, or East Germany, Soviet leader Mikhail Gorbachev also had visited the Berlin Wall and said the East German leader Erich Honecker that "whoever comes late, will be punished by life".

An escape through the Berlin Wall.

During the Berlin Wall stood, there are about 5,000 people who managed to escape. The number of people who died as a result of trying to escape, is still being debated. According to Alexandra Hildebrandt, Director of the Checkpoint Charlie Museum, the estimated number of people killed were more than 200 people. A historic group at the Center for Contemporary Historical Research (ZZF) in Potsdam confirmed that there are 136 the number of people killed. Earlier, the official record is 98 people killed.

The collapse of the Berlin Wall.

After allowing loopholes for residents to cross the border in the summer, Hungary finally effectively removes the physical barrier country with Austria on 19 August 1989. In September, more than 13,000 East Germans fled to Austria via Hungary. This causes some series of events next. The Hungarian prevent a growing number of East Germans who crossed the border, and return them to Budapest. East German people's meets West German embassy and refused to return to East Germany. East German government responded by closing all the way to Hungary, but still allow those who want to return to East Germany. On this occasion, the East German authorities to allow them to go, just as long as they use later trains pass through East Germany.

Then came the massive demonstrations in East Germany alone. (See the Monday Demonstrations in East Germany.) East German leader, Erich Honecker, resigned on October 18, 1989 and was replaced by Egon Krenz a few days later. Honecker had predicted that the walls were still will last up to 50 or 100 years from now, if the condition of the country has not changed.
Protest demonstrations broke out across East Germany in September 1989. At first, the protesters wanted to go westward, chanting "Wir wollen raus!" ("We want to go!"). But then the protesters began shouting "Wir bleiben hier" ("We will stay here!"). So, this is the beginning of what is called the East Germans as the "Peaceful Revolution" in late 1989. Protesters greater in early November.

The protesters peaked on November 4, when nearly half a million people gathered at Alexanderplatz demonstration.
Meanwhile, the refugees who left East Germany to West Germany is increasing, and they found a new way to get out of East Germany, that is the way through Hungary via Czechoslovakia (or via the West German Embassy in Prague) as permitted by the new Krenz government, and with approval by the communist government of Czechoslovakia. So that the state is not more complicated, eventually politburo led by Krenz allow refugees to exit directly through the border between East Germany and West Germany, including West Berlin on November 9, 1989.

Destruction.

Seen a crane destroy one part of the Berlin Wall near the Brandenburg Gate dated December 21, 1989
Date when the wall were chipped away is 9 November 1989, but at that moment the wall is not directly destroyed on the spot. In the afternoon and a few weeks later, people came carrying a sledgehammer and the like to destroy some walls and also create some holes unofficial border. These people are referred to as "Mauerspechte" (wall woodpeckers).

Back East German regime announced that it will open 10 new border crossings, including at several historic sites such as Potsdamer Platz, Glienicker Brücke, and Bernauer Straße. The mass of the two sides wait for hours, cheering when the bulldozers destroy this wall. New border crossings continued to be opened throughout 1990, including at the Brandenburg Gate dated December 22, 1989.

West German population have a look at the border with East Germany in a hollow wall accompanied by a supervisor from East Germany.
Residents of West Germany and West Berlin East Germany allowed entry without a visa from 23 December 1989. Until that date, they are only allowed in with various requirements and are required to make an application for a visa. In addition, they are required to pay a minimum of 25 DM per day. So, in fact on November 9 and December 23, the East German population is more free than West Germany.

Almost all parts of this wall has been torn down. Photos in December 1990.
Coverage on television about the many people who destroyed many parts of the wall on 9 November make many people abroad think that this wall will be destroyed as soon as possible. Actually, this wall remained unattended until a few days later, although the intensity of the smaller guard. In the first month, the East German military even tried to repair the wall that was destroyed by the "wall woodpeckers". Then, over time, this action was stopped, and the guards increasingly tolerant to the action of the destruction of the wall and it goes through the wall of the hole population. Dated January 13, 1990, this wall was destroyed by a military official of East Germany, began in Bernauer Straße. The back wall destruction continued after German reunification until finally completed in November 1991. Only a few parts of the walls and towers were maintained, as a memorial.

Fatalities Recently the Berlin Wall.

Dated February 5, 1989, a resident of East Berlin attempted to flee to the west by crossing the wall. He died, victims of the Berlin Wall is torn down last November, that year.

A fatal error is misleading Chris Gueffroy to try to flee to the west, in February 1989. A soldier who befriended him say, shoot on sight orders for waders wall revoked.
Chris is 20 years old, was imprisoned in the Democratic Republic of East Germany, DDR. And when threatened with compulsory military service, he and a friend decided to cross the wall.
Dated February 5, 1989, at night, they hid in a small garden, just on the border between West and East Berlin. Without the tools, they tried to climb over the wall and berbunyilah siren alarm.
Eyewitnesses said they heard at least 10 shots and saw a man being transported by the vehicle.

Chris Gueffroy killed on the spot in a matter of minutes, while his friend critically injured and taken to jail. The ranks of leadership in East Germany tried to cover up the death of Gueffroy.
In a letter to the supreme leader DDR, Erich Honnecker, Minister of State Security, better known as the Stasi, Erich Mielke, then explained that he take action to prevent loss to the DDR. Including restricting reporting on the victim's family.
Two days after the shooting Gueffroy family then received notification that their son had died. He was killed when attacking military barricades, according to the brief given by the Stasi.
However, Gueffroy family lived near the wall and also hear the sound of gunfire in the fateful night. Two weeks later the family of condolence advertisements in the newspaper "Berliner Zeitung". The word chosen was an accident, according to the rules specified language. The funeral was attended by many Western journalists.

Later that night, the West Berlin broadcaster RIAS radio station proclaim, "The formulation is not clear about the tragic way Chris closed eyes forever, repeated many times in the speech delivered professional speakers, this afternoon. More about the official cause of death, not sound. The agents Stasi spread in the cemetery. Several civilians were even present at the funeral ceremony at the funeral hall. "
Chris Gueffroy is the latest casualty of the Berlin Wall. Nine months later the Berlin Wall fell.
In the early 90s, the soldiers who shot Chris Gueffroy, was sentenced to 3.5 years in prison. Then, in 1997, the politburo DDR should shoot on sight orders to account for those who cross the wall. Substitute Honecker, Egon Krenz was sentenced to 6.5 years in prison.

Karin, mother Chris Gueffroys look at the whole process of the court. He said, "Do not tell me satisfaction, we did not feel that way. But this is what we always dreamed about, namely justice, which so far we did not get."
The location, where Chris Gueffroy tried to climb the wall, now passed pedestrians and cyclists. While the pieces were moved to a garden wall, as a memorial to commemorate the last young child who was shot in the Berlin Wall.
Berlin city senate stipulated the establishment of the monument in June 2003, on the 35th anniversary of Chris Thank you for reading this article.
Written and posted by Bambang Sunarno. sunarnobambang86@gmail.com
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DatePublished: August 15, 2015 at 11:32

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Soekarno was Teacher Fidel Castro.

Soekarno in 1960 came to Cuba. He was taken to the palace and a special place, Fidel asked taught the concepts of revolution. "Mr. Soekarno, the country has its own spirit in bringing about change, we stand here alone surrounded by countries plantation remains Spain and Portugal, we also adjacent to the king of the world capitalist United States, every time we were on guard lest the American missile befall our city, and we were forced to ally with the Soviet Union so that we were safe. Indeed, Mao asked us to jointly build a political alliance, but because the Soviet Union refused when Mao intervened then we were forced to let go of Mao, though it hurt him. But we felt we had to be independent, not dependent on other countries such as the state Tuan, Indonesia ... "

"Well, Your Honor Castro ..... A country must first be independent. It was the biggest requirement of a revolution. He should not be dependent on anyone, force himself to be the size. A country should have independence, because independence he will get three things: honor, humanity and intelligence. Now, to achieve this we have to be strong to face the storm of temptation. I myself will fight when my country surrounded by colonies that would later evolve as a threat "

Fidel then asked again. "So what should be done to Cuba". Soekarno replied "What should be done is to first Majesty must analyze the glorious capital strength, what can be used as a tool for self, then use it 100% of capital for the general welfare. For me it is a source of happiness general welfare of the people, the state should not be a place for marauding on behalf of the capital, on behalf of the commodity "

Sukarno's teachings then actually held Cuba. After the visit Sukarno, Castro ordered the General Welfare Act. Hospitals, Schools, Public Facility made as possible for the welfare of the people. Until now, the Cuban public health facilities is the best of the world, people get their health rights. School was founded by free and funded by the state. Public means is very neat.

While Soekarno should die in narrow cages which are not suitable for people of him. Soekarno died, all the idea of ​​his death. Then in Indonesia occurred outstanding burglary, robbed Freeport, Newmont robbed, gas fields are no longer for public welfare, oil fields, oil palm plantations. Everything in the robber without the slightest flow into public welfare facilities. People's allowed to live minimally. A Supriyono should bring her baby corpse because it was unable to pay the ambulance, poor people die seizure of zakat, the exodus of hundreds of thousands of our women abroad, departed without honor and dignity as human beings Indonesia intelligent and educated, but departed as a man who resigned.

It Makes Mandela Amazed at Fidel Castro.

Fidel Castro joked with Nelson Mandela in the meeting of the World Trade Organization in Geneva, Switzerland, May 19, 1998. The United States sees as a hero Nelson Mandela and Fidel Castro as criminals. But Mandela saw it from a different side: consider Castro as a friend and inspiration of freedom.

According to the Huffington Post, Mandela admired former Cuban dictator because he opposed apartheid and represent the aspirations of the nationalists from third world countries. Attitude nationalistic and anti-imperialist leader of South Africa has much in common with the Cuban leader.

Instead, the struggle of Mandela also affect the movement in South America. The victory of the Cuban Revolution in 1959 touted inspired by Mandela's speeches.

" Every source of interest to me," Mandela wrote in his autobiography in 2008.
" I read the report Blas Roca, Secretary General of the Community Party of Cuba, when they are considered as illegal organizations during the Batista regime. I read works by and about Che Guevara, Mao Tse-tung, Fidel Castro. "

Mandela admiration at Castro is not unfounded. Cuba under Castro against apartheid and supporting the African National Congress - Mandela and the political organization of the ruling party today. Cuban military intervention to Angola in the 1970s and 1980s was instrumental weaken the government of South Africa, resulted in the legalization of the ANC in 1990.

The US government, on the other hand, reportedly played a role in the arrest of Mandela in 1962 and later branded him a terrorist-called that they canceled in 2008. In 1986, President Ronald Reagan vetoed the Anti-Apartheid Act.

Given this history, it should not be surprising that Mandela remains critical of the US. When President George W. Bush announced plans to invade Iraq in 2003, Mandela showed his opposition. "If there are countries that do unspeakable atrocities in the world, it is the United States. They do not care," he said.

Shortly after his release as a political prisoner in 1990, Mandela visited Cuba for expressing gratitude. He called the revolution Castro as "a source of inspiration for all those who love freedom."

"We admire the sacrifice of the Cuban people in maintaining their independence and sovereignty in the face of a demon, a campaign organized by the imperialists," Mandela said during the visit, as quoted by the Los Angeles Times. "We also want to control our own destiny."

He also asked Castro to visit South Africa. Castro the invitation Mandela in 1994 for the inauguration of Mandela as the first black president of South Africa.

Castro and Mandela continued their relationship until Mandela no longer served as president in 1999. Mandela said he will not reverse his back to the people who are equally opposed to apartheid. Thank you for reading this article.
Written and posted by Bambang Sunarno. sunarnobambang86@gmail.com
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name: Bambang Sunarno.
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DatePublished: August 15, 2015 at 10:30

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Did you know Fidel Castro.

Fidel Alejandro Castro Ruz (born August 13, 1926, age 89 years) is the President of Cuba from 1976 to 2008. Previously, he served as Prime Minister on his appointment in February 1959 after appearing as a commander of a failed revolution concurrent position of President of the State Council as the Council of Ministers Fulgencio Batista in 1976. Castro appeared as the first secretary of the Cuban Communist Party (Communist Party of Cuba) in 1965 and transformed Cuba into a one-party socialist republic. After performing as president, he appears as a military commander of Cuba. On July 31, 2006, Castro handed over his presidency to his brother, Raúl for some time.

In 1947, he participated in a coup attempt Dominican Republic dictator Rafael Trujillo and fled to New York (United States) because of the threat to be killed political opponents. After earning a doctorate in law in 1950, he protested and led underground movement on anti-government takeover of power in a coup by Fulgencio Batista in 1952. In 1953, he led an assault on the Moncada military barracks Santiago de Cuba, but failed. A total of 69 people of the 111 people who took part in the raid was killed and he was jailed for 15 years.

After getting forgiveness and released on May 15, 1955, he immediately led the effort overthrow dictator Batista. Resistance was then known as the 26th of July Movement. On July 7, 1955, he fled to Mexico and met with revolutionary fighter Che Guevara. Alongside 81 other people, he returned to Cuba on December 2, 1956 and conduct guerrilla resistance during 25 months in the Sierra Maestra Mountains.
Outside Cuba, Castro began to join forces to counter the dominance of the United States and the former Soviet Union. After the collapse of the Soviet Union in 1991, ideals and dreams began to be realized to meet Hugo Chávez in Venezuela and Evo Morales of Bolivia.

By the day of her 80th birthday which falls on August 13, 2006, he handed over the reins of leadership temporarily to his brother. Practically, Raúl concurrent positions, namely as President of Cuba and Cuban Defense Minister. Handover of power this is the first time since he ruled Cuba in 1959. Castro also requested the celebration of his birthday the 80th was postponed to 2 December 2006. In fact, during the four-day feast in the main streets of Havana have been prepared, including a magnificent concert of musicians and Latin American singers.

Castro's health had declined after a fall when a speech in 2004. At that time, left knee and right arm were injured.
On February 19, 2008, five days before his mandate ends, Castro said he would not run for or accept a new term of office as president or commander of the Cuban armed forces. His position was replaced by his younger brother, Raul Castro.

BIOGRAPHY

Fidel Alejandro Castro Ruz is a Cuban revolutionary and politician nationals who then held the position of Prime Minister of Cuba from 1959-1976 years ago elected President of Cuba from 1976 to 2008. In the international arena, Fidel has served as Secretary General of the Non-Aligned Movement during namely a two-year period 1979-1983 and 2006-2008. Fidel Castro was born in Biran, Cuba on August 13, 1926. He was the third son pair Ángel Castro y Argiz with his second wife, Lina Ruz González. Fidel then grew up in the farm house belonging to the family of his mother. Currently the age of six years old, along with two other siblings she was sent to boarding Santiago de Cuba. In 1945, Fidel moved to the Jesuit-run school at El Colegio de Belén, Havana.

After that, he then continued his studies at the University of Havana. This is where Fidel involvement in the uprising against the government began. In 1947, Fidel took part in an attempted coup Dominican Republic dictator Rafael Trujillo. After this action Fidel had fled to New York, USA, after he received death threats from political opponents. Charge time his escape, Fidel earned a doctorate in law in 1950.

After that, he decided to return to Cuba. There, Fidel returned to participate in the protest action and led underground movement on anti-government takeover of power in a coup by Fulgencio Batista in 1952. In 1953, Fidel led the assault on the Moncada military barracks Santiago de Cuba, but unfortunately this effort suffered failure. A total of 69 people of the 111 people who took part in the raid killed while he himself was arrested and jailed for 15 years.

Fidel pardon and was released on May 15, 1955, he was immediately led efforts to overthrow the dictator Batista. Resistance was then known as the 26th of July Movement. On July 7, 1955, he fled to Mexico and met with revolutionary fighter Che Guevara. Alongside 81 other people, he returned to Cuba on December 2, 1956 and conduct guerrilla resistance during 25 months in the Sierra Maestra Mountains. Attempt to overthrow the existing government is fruitless. The new government was formed in Cuba where Fidel himself designated to become prime minister in 1959. In 1965, Fidel Castro appeared as the first secretary of the Cuban Communist Party (Communist Party of Cuba) and start the transformation of Cuba into a one-party socialist republic , Together this party, Fidel Cuba advanced to the presidential election. In 1976, Fidel Castri finally elected and officially inaugurated to be the president of Cuba. From here, Fidel began to fix everything messy happened in Cuba. In the international arena, Fidel also started joining forces to fight the dominance of the United States and the former Soviet Union. After the collapse of the Soviet Union in 1991, ideals and dreams began to be realized to meet Hugo Chávez in Venezuela and Evo Morales of Bolivia.

In 2004, Fidel health had declined after the fall when the speech in which the left knee and right arm were injured. By the day of her 80th birthday which falls on August 13, 2006, he handed over the reins of leadership temporarily to his brother. Practically, Raúl concurrent positions, namely as President of Cuba and Cuban Defense Minister. Handover of power this is the first time since he ruled Cuba in 1976. Castro also requested the celebration of his birthday the 80th was postponed to 2 December 2006. In fact, during the four-day feast in the main streets of Havana have been prepared, including a magnificent concert of musicians and Latin American singers. On February 19, 2008, five days before his mandate ends, Fidel said he would not run for or accept a new term of office as president or commander of the Cuban armed forces. His position was replaced by his younger brother, Raul Castro.
Thank you for reading this article. Written and posted by Bambang Sunarno. sunarnobambang86@gmail.com
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DatePublished: August 14, 2015 at 15:32

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You Know Kalimantan traditional house.

As we know, Borneo was divided into four provinces. East Kalimantan, West Kalimantan, South Kalimantan and Central Kalimantan.
Basically, the same customs house Kalimantan, namely the long house, it's just what makes it different is the model form of the building and the name alone.

Borneo custom homes that are  :

1. Betang (Central Kalimantan).

    Betang is a typical traditional house of Borneo that are located in different parts of Borneo, mainly in upstream areas that are usually at the center of the Dayak settlement, where the river is a main transportation route for the Dayak to perform a wide range of mobility of daily life such as going to work to the fields where Dayak fields are usually far from human habitation, or perform trading activities (past Dayak usually trade using a barter system is to exchange the results of the fields, orchards and livestock).

Great shape and this betang house varies in different places. There betang house which reach a length of 150 meters and a width of up to 30 meters. Generally betang house built in the form of a stage with a height of three to five meters from the ground. The high building houses this betang I expect to avoid flooding in the rainy season that threatened areas upriver in Borneo. Some residential units could have more than one home betang fruit depends on the size of the household members of the residential community. Each household (family) occupy booth (space) is in the boundaries of the Great Longhouse house, in addition to the generally Dayak also have single houses built temporarily to carry out agricultural activities, this is because away the distance between the fields with a settlement.

More than a building to dwelling Dayak, actually betang house is the heart of the social fabric of life of the Dayaks. Betang culture is a reflection of the unity in the daily life of the Dayaks. In the house this betang each individual life in the household and society systematically arranged by mutual agreement as outlined in customary law. Mutual security, whether from criminal interference or sharing food, love, grief and mobilization of personnel to work on the fields. The main value of which stands out in the life at home betang is the value of togetherness (communalism) among the residents who inhabit it, regardless of the differences they have. From here we know that the Dayak tribe is a tribe that appreciates a difference. Dayak appreciate the differences of ethnicity, religion or social background.

2. Rumah Panjang (West Kalimantan).

    Longhouse consists of more than 50 rooms with many kitchens. The house is inhabited by several families, including the nuclear family. Even the longhouse at Putussibau Kapuas river plateau has 54 cubicles inhabited by several families.

Long house is usually built on poles as high as 5 to 8 meters such as the stage and there are up to 186 meters long and 6 meters wide. To go into it too must pass through risers or known by the name tangka.

3. Home Lamin (East Kalimantan).

    Lamin house is a traditional house of Dayak, especially those located in eastern Kalimantan. The word 'house Lamin' long houses have adequate meaning all of us, where the house is used for a number of families who are members of one big family. The hallmark of this house-shaped stage with a height of up to 3 meters under. Schematics elongated rectangular with a gable roof. Part gevel given teritis with a steep slope. Masts house consists of two parts, the first part supporting the roof of the house from the ground up, the second part is a small pillar that supports the beams stage floor. Neither the primary nor the supporting pillars that are in part under sometimes carved with sculptures form to expel evil spirits disorders.

Lamin house size can have a width of 25 meters, while the length to 200 meters. Due to its length can be, there are several entrances are connected by some stairs anyway. The entrance of the house is located on the longitudinal side. Lamin room in the house is divided into two halves lengthwise at the front and back. The front side is a room open to receive guests, ceremonies and family gathering place. The back is divided into spacious rooms, where one room can be occupied by five families.

Lamin house decorated with ornamentation and decoration typical pick the philosophical meaning of Dayak. Special ornamentation of lamin manor house is a roof decoration that has a dimension of up to 4 meters and is located on the ridge. Color-wara used for lamin house also has its own meaning, yellow symbolizes authority, the red color symbolizes courage, loyalty and blue color symbolizes the color white represents purity of soul. On the front page there are also pillars of carved wood sculpture shaped. Pole wooden statue of the largest and highest being in the middle, called 'sambang lawing' which is used to bind the victims of animals used in traditional ceremonies.

4. House Banjar (South Kalimantan).

    Banjar traditional house, also called the High Bubungan because the shape of the roof is so taper at an angle of 45º. Banjar traditional house building is thought to have existed since the 16th century, when the area under the rule of Prince Banjar ocean which then converts to Islam, and changed its name to the title of Sultan Suriansyah Panembahan Stone Habang. Before Islam, the Sultan Suriansyah embraced Hinduism. He led the Kingdom of Banjar in the year 1596-1620.

At first this Banjar traditional house building has a rectangular construction that extends into the future. But the later development of the long rectangular shape got extra at left and right side of the building and slightly to the rear coupled with a room of the same size length. This addition in Banjar language called disumbi. Additional buildings on the left and right side it looks stuck (in Banjar: Banana Sasikat) and flatter exit. Additional buildings on the left and the right called anjung; so then custom home building Banjar more popularly known as Ba-anjung house.

Around 1850 residential buildings in the palace Banjar, especially in the palace Martapura equipped with various forms of other buildings. But Ba-anjung House is the main building of the primary because the house is a palace residence of the Sultan. Other buildings that accompany the building houses the ba-anjung is called Palimasan gold and silver as a store of wealth empire. Boys Hall is the residence of the minister of the empire, Bini hall residence of the nurse, Elephant Manyusu family residences nearby sultanate is the Gusti-Gusti and Anang. In addition to these buildings still found more buildings called Elephant Baliku, Palembangan Hall, and Seba.

In further developments, more and more buildings housing a well established around the empire as well as in other areas that mimic the shape ba-anjung house building. So in the end form ba-anjung house is no longer just a building form which is cirikhas sultanate (palace), but it has become a hallmark of building houses Banjar area.
Thank you for reading this article. Written and posted by Bambang Sunarno. sunarnobambang86@gmail.com
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name: Bambang Sunarno.
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DatePublshed: August 14, 2015 at 13:29

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