Berlin.

The Berlin Wall (German: Berliner Mauer) was a concrete barrier wall built by the German Democratic Republic (East Germany) that separates West Berlin and East Berlin and other East German regions so as to make an enclave of West Berlin. This wall was built on August 13, 1961. The barrier wall is also accompanied by the establishment of a guard tower built along this wall, as well as the establishment of a restricted area, which is filled with anti-vehicle mines. Eastern Bloc claimed that the wall was built to protect the citizens from fascist elements that can trigger large movements, so that they can establish communist rule in East Germany. However, in practice, it turns out this wall used to prevent the flight of the population the greater the East Berlin to West Berlin region, which is located in the region of West Germany.

By East German authorities, the Berlin Wall is said to be "Anti-Fascist Protection Fortress" (German: Antifaschistischer Schutzwall), which states that the West German state has not fully is de-nazifikasi. City West German government sometimes says the Berlin Wall as the "Wall of Shame" initiated by Mayor-called Willy Brandt-to condemn this wall because it restricts freedom of movement. Along with the Inter-German Boundary Wall separating East and West Germany, both the parapet has become a symbol of the "Iron Curtain" that separated Western Europe with Eastern Bloc during the Cold War.
Prior to the construction of this wall, there are about 3.5 million East German citizens who migrate and defected to the west, one with a pass East German border and West Germany, and then they can go to other Western European countries. Between 1961 and 1989, these walls also prevent it. In the span of approximately 30 years, there are about 5,000 people who tried to escape, with estimates there are 100 to 200 people who died were shot.

In 1989, there were radical political changes in the Eastern Bloc, which is related to the liberalization of the system of authority in the Eastern Bloc and also began to decrease the influence of the Soviet Union in countries such as Poland and Hungary. After several weeks of civil unrest, the East German government announced November 9, 1989 that the people of East Germany should go to West Germany and West Berlin. Then, crowds of East Germans crossed and climbed over the wall even then, followed by West Germans on the other hand to celebrate the atmosphere of freedom. Several weeks later, the euphoria of public and souvenir hunters finally cracked parts of the wall. Later, most of the wall was destroyed by the government using heavy equipment. The Fall of the Berlin Wall paved the way formation of German reunification, October 3, 1990.

Background.

German post-World War II.

After the end of World War II in Europe, were left out of the western part of Oder-Neisse line was divided into four occupied (due to the Potsdam Agreement), each area was controlled by the United States, United Kingdom, France, and the Soviet Union. The capital city of Berlin, as the control center, also divided into 4 regions even though the city itself is located deep inside the Soviet power.
For approximately two years, no political changes in the Soviet and other allied members. This happens because the Soviets refused to agree to the plan reconstruction of post-war Germany. Britain, France, USA, and the Benelux countries then meet to merge regions into a single non-Soviet region to be reconstructed and approved the expansion of the Marshall Plan.

Eastern Bloc and the Berlin Blockade.

After the end of World War II, Soviet leader Joseph Stalin headed a combination of several countries that are members of the Eastern Bloc, among others, Poland, Hungary, and Czechoslovakia, including the German area of ​​occupation. In early 1945, Stalin revealed the German communist leader to rid England of his work is the zone, plus the United States will withdraw its troops within one or two years, so then later there is no obstacle to the establishment of a united German communist state.

The main task for running communist party in the Soviet region is running the Soviet command to the administrative authorities, which later results will be seen from the policies issued by the region. Thus, industries and many properties in East Germany were soon nationalized. Contrasting political process going on in the region of West Germany ruled by Britain, France, and the United States, where the president and prime minister elected by parliament.  If the statement or the end of the reported decision not fit properly, then the people who run this mission could be imprisoned, tortured, and even killed.

In 1948, in the absence of agreement on the reconstruction of the new currency and Germany, Stalin argued Blockade of Berlin to prevent the entry of food, materials, and various other necessities to West Berlin. United States, Britain, France, Canada, Australia, New Zealand, and other countries soon send food aid and other supplies to Berlin, called "Freight Berlin". Soviet and then spread its contents public campaign criticizing western policy. Communists also tried to undermine the elections in 1948, but eventually they suffered defeat, coupled with the 300,000 residents of West Berlin who protest that international assistance to them not inhibited. Month of May 1949, Stalin finally opened the blockade and allow the transport of goods and other necessities to West Berlin.
German Democratic Republic (East Germany) declared on October 7, 1949.

With the ladder secret pact, Soviet Foreign Minister approve the administrative authorities of East Germany, but not autonomy. The Soviet Union itself remains fully penetrate and control the military, secret police, administrative and East Germany.
East Germany different from West Germany (Federal Republic of Germany), which evolved into a capitalist country with Western culture with social market economic system ("soziale Marktwirtschaft" in German) with a democratic parliamentary government. Remarkable economic growth in the 1950s gave rise to the "economic miracle" ("Wirtschaftswunder"). With the West German economy continues to grow and the standard of living is getting better, many East German citizens who want to move to West Germany.

Wall construction.

This wall was established on August 13, 1961 by the communist East German government under the leadership of Walter Ulbricht as Berlin West is a 'hole' in their country. Between 1949 and 1961 more than 2 million East Germans escape through Berlin. This makes the East German economy into oversize, because most people who are young who escaped. Then secretly and suddenly the wall was built.

The Berlin Wall and the Cold War.

The Berlin Wall is locked West Berlin and the city cut exactly in the middle, has become a symbol of the Cold War's most famous. Many magnifying the west, especially the US president's visit to condemn the wall. President JF Kennedy in 1963 to come and speak at the side of this wall with the famous sentence: "Ich bin ein Berliner." Then 20 years later, in 1983 president Ronald Reagan gave a speech here and condemned what he called the Soviet Union an Evil Empire, or an evil empire. But in 1989, on the anniversary of the German Democratic Republic, or East Germany, Soviet leader Mikhail Gorbachev also had visited the Berlin Wall and said the East German leader Erich Honecker that "whoever comes late, will be punished by life".

An escape through the Berlin Wall.

During the Berlin Wall stood, there are about 5,000 people who managed to escape. The number of people who died as a result of trying to escape, is still being debated. According to Alexandra Hildebrandt, Director of the Checkpoint Charlie Museum, the estimated number of people killed were more than 200 people. A historic group at the Center for Contemporary Historical Research (ZZF) in Potsdam confirmed that there are 136 the number of people killed. Earlier, the official record is 98 people killed.

The collapse of the Berlin Wall.

After allowing loopholes for residents to cross the border in the summer, Hungary finally effectively removes the physical barrier country with Austria on 19 August 1989. In September, more than 13,000 East Germans fled to Austria via Hungary. This causes some series of events next. The Hungarian prevent a growing number of East Germans who crossed the border, and return them to Budapest. East German people's meets West German embassy and refused to return to East Germany. East German government responded by closing all the way to Hungary, but still allow those who want to return to East Germany. On this occasion, the East German authorities to allow them to go, just as long as they use later trains pass through East Germany.

Then came the massive demonstrations in East Germany alone. (See the Monday Demonstrations in East Germany.) East German leader, Erich Honecker, resigned on October 18, 1989 and was replaced by Egon Krenz a few days later. Honecker had predicted that the walls were still will last up to 50 or 100 years from now, if the condition of the country has not changed.
Protest demonstrations broke out across East Germany in September 1989. At first, the protesters wanted to go westward, chanting "Wir wollen raus!" ("We want to go!"). But then the protesters began shouting "Wir bleiben hier" ("We will stay here!"). So, this is the beginning of what is called the East Germans as the "Peaceful Revolution" in late 1989. Protesters greater in early November.

The protesters peaked on November 4, when nearly half a million people gathered at Alexanderplatz demonstration.
Meanwhile, the refugees who left East Germany to West Germany is increasing, and they found a new way to get out of East Germany, that is the way through Hungary via Czechoslovakia (or via the West German Embassy in Prague) as permitted by the new Krenz government, and with approval by the communist government of Czechoslovakia. So that the state is not more complicated, eventually politburo led by Krenz allow refugees to exit directly through the border between East Germany and West Germany, including West Berlin on November 9, 1989.

Destruction.

Seen a crane destroy one part of the Berlin Wall near the Brandenburg Gate dated December 21, 1989
Date when the wall were chipped away is 9 November 1989, but at that moment the wall is not directly destroyed on the spot. In the afternoon and a few weeks later, people came carrying a sledgehammer and the like to destroy some walls and also create some holes unofficial border. These people are referred to as "Mauerspechte" (wall woodpeckers).

Back East German regime announced that it will open 10 new border crossings, including at several historic sites such as Potsdamer Platz, Glienicker Brücke, and Bernauer Straße. The mass of the two sides wait for hours, cheering when the bulldozers destroy this wall. New border crossings continued to be opened throughout 1990, including at the Brandenburg Gate dated December 22, 1989.

West German population have a look at the border with East Germany in a hollow wall accompanied by a supervisor from East Germany.
Residents of West Germany and West Berlin East Germany allowed entry without a visa from 23 December 1989. Until that date, they are only allowed in with various requirements and are required to make an application for a visa. In addition, they are required to pay a minimum of 25 DM per day. So, in fact on November 9 and December 23, the East German population is more free than West Germany.

Almost all parts of this wall has been torn down. Photos in December 1990.
Coverage on television about the many people who destroyed many parts of the wall on 9 November make many people abroad think that this wall will be destroyed as soon as possible. Actually, this wall remained unattended until a few days later, although the intensity of the smaller guard. In the first month, the East German military even tried to repair the wall that was destroyed by the "wall woodpeckers". Then, over time, this action was stopped, and the guards increasingly tolerant to the action of the destruction of the wall and it goes through the wall of the hole population. Dated January 13, 1990, this wall was destroyed by a military official of East Germany, began in Bernauer Straße. The back wall destruction continued after German reunification until finally completed in November 1991. Only a few parts of the walls and towers were maintained, as a memorial.

Fatalities Recently the Berlin Wall.

Dated February 5, 1989, a resident of East Berlin attempted to flee to the west by crossing the wall. He died, victims of the Berlin Wall is torn down last November, that year.

A fatal error is misleading Chris Gueffroy to try to flee to the west, in February 1989. A soldier who befriended him say, shoot on sight orders for waders wall revoked.
Chris is 20 years old, was imprisoned in the Democratic Republic of East Germany, DDR. And when threatened with compulsory military service, he and a friend decided to cross the wall.
Dated February 5, 1989, at night, they hid in a small garden, just on the border between West and East Berlin. Without the tools, they tried to climb over the wall and berbunyilah siren alarm.
Eyewitnesses said they heard at least 10 shots and saw a man being transported by the vehicle.

Chris Gueffroy killed on the spot in a matter of minutes, while his friend critically injured and taken to jail. The ranks of leadership in East Germany tried to cover up the death of Gueffroy.
In a letter to the supreme leader DDR, Erich Honnecker, Minister of State Security, better known as the Stasi, Erich Mielke, then explained that he take action to prevent loss to the DDR. Including restricting reporting on the victim's family.
Two days after the shooting Gueffroy family then received notification that their son had died. He was killed when attacking military barricades, according to the brief given by the Stasi.
However, Gueffroy family lived near the wall and also hear the sound of gunfire in the fateful night. Two weeks later the family of condolence advertisements in the newspaper "Berliner Zeitung". The word chosen was an accident, according to the rules specified language. The funeral was attended by many Western journalists.

Later that night, the West Berlin broadcaster RIAS radio station proclaim, "The formulation is not clear about the tragic way Chris closed eyes forever, repeated many times in the speech delivered professional speakers, this afternoon. More about the official cause of death, not sound. The agents Stasi spread in the cemetery. Several civilians were even present at the funeral ceremony at the funeral hall. "
Chris Gueffroy is the latest casualty of the Berlin Wall. Nine months later the Berlin Wall fell.
In the early 90s, the soldiers who shot Chris Gueffroy, was sentenced to 3.5 years in prison. Then, in 1997, the politburo DDR should shoot on sight orders to account for those who cross the wall. Substitute Honecker, Egon Krenz was sentenced to 6.5 years in prison.

Karin, mother Chris Gueffroys look at the whole process of the court. He said, "Do not tell me satisfaction, we did not feel that way. But this is what we always dreamed about, namely justice, which so far we did not get."
The location, where Chris Gueffroy tried to climb the wall, now passed pedestrians and cyclists. While the pieces were moved to a garden wall, as a memorial to commemorate the last young child who was shot in the Berlin Wall.
Berlin city senate stipulated the establishment of the monument in June 2003, on the 35th anniversary of Chris Thank you for reading this article.
Written and posted by Bambang Sunarno. sunarnobambang86@gmail.com
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DatePublished: August 15, 2015 at 11:32

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Soekarno was Teacher Fidel Castro.

Soekarno in 1960 came to Cuba. He was taken to the palace and a special place, Fidel asked taught the concepts of revolution. "Mr. Soekarno, the country has its own spirit in bringing about change, we stand here alone surrounded by countries plantation remains Spain and Portugal, we also adjacent to the king of the world capitalist United States, every time we were on guard lest the American missile befall our city, and we were forced to ally with the Soviet Union so that we were safe. Indeed, Mao asked us to jointly build a political alliance, but because the Soviet Union refused when Mao intervened then we were forced to let go of Mao, though it hurt him. But we felt we had to be independent, not dependent on other countries such as the state Tuan, Indonesia ... "

"Well, Your Honor Castro ..... A country must first be independent. It was the biggest requirement of a revolution. He should not be dependent on anyone, force himself to be the size. A country should have independence, because independence he will get three things: honor, humanity and intelligence. Now, to achieve this we have to be strong to face the storm of temptation. I myself will fight when my country surrounded by colonies that would later evolve as a threat "

Fidel then asked again. "So what should be done to Cuba". Soekarno replied "What should be done is to first Majesty must analyze the glorious capital strength, what can be used as a tool for self, then use it 100% of capital for the general welfare. For me it is a source of happiness general welfare of the people, the state should not be a place for marauding on behalf of the capital, on behalf of the commodity "

Sukarno's teachings then actually held Cuba. After the visit Sukarno, Castro ordered the General Welfare Act. Hospitals, Schools, Public Facility made as possible for the welfare of the people. Until now, the Cuban public health facilities is the best of the world, people get their health rights. School was founded by free and funded by the state. Public means is very neat.

While Soekarno should die in narrow cages which are not suitable for people of him. Soekarno died, all the idea of ​​his death. Then in Indonesia occurred outstanding burglary, robbed Freeport, Newmont robbed, gas fields are no longer for public welfare, oil fields, oil palm plantations. Everything in the robber without the slightest flow into public welfare facilities. People's allowed to live minimally. A Supriyono should bring her baby corpse because it was unable to pay the ambulance, poor people die seizure of zakat, the exodus of hundreds of thousands of our women abroad, departed without honor and dignity as human beings Indonesia intelligent and educated, but departed as a man who resigned.

It Makes Mandela Amazed at Fidel Castro.

Fidel Castro joked with Nelson Mandela in the meeting of the World Trade Organization in Geneva, Switzerland, May 19, 1998. The United States sees as a hero Nelson Mandela and Fidel Castro as criminals. But Mandela saw it from a different side: consider Castro as a friend and inspiration of freedom.

According to the Huffington Post, Mandela admired former Cuban dictator because he opposed apartheid and represent the aspirations of the nationalists from third world countries. Attitude nationalistic and anti-imperialist leader of South Africa has much in common with the Cuban leader.

Instead, the struggle of Mandela also affect the movement in South America. The victory of the Cuban Revolution in 1959 touted inspired by Mandela's speeches.

" Every source of interest to me," Mandela wrote in his autobiography in 2008.
" I read the report Blas Roca, Secretary General of the Community Party of Cuba, when they are considered as illegal organizations during the Batista regime. I read works by and about Che Guevara, Mao Tse-tung, Fidel Castro. "

Mandela admiration at Castro is not unfounded. Cuba under Castro against apartheid and supporting the African National Congress - Mandela and the political organization of the ruling party today. Cuban military intervention to Angola in the 1970s and 1980s was instrumental weaken the government of South Africa, resulted in the legalization of the ANC in 1990.

The US government, on the other hand, reportedly played a role in the arrest of Mandela in 1962 and later branded him a terrorist-called that they canceled in 2008. In 1986, President Ronald Reagan vetoed the Anti-Apartheid Act.

Given this history, it should not be surprising that Mandela remains critical of the US. When President George W. Bush announced plans to invade Iraq in 2003, Mandela showed his opposition. "If there are countries that do unspeakable atrocities in the world, it is the United States. They do not care," he said.

Shortly after his release as a political prisoner in 1990, Mandela visited Cuba for expressing gratitude. He called the revolution Castro as "a source of inspiration for all those who love freedom."

"We admire the sacrifice of the Cuban people in maintaining their independence and sovereignty in the face of a demon, a campaign organized by the imperialists," Mandela said during the visit, as quoted by the Los Angeles Times. "We also want to control our own destiny."

He also asked Castro to visit South Africa. Castro the invitation Mandela in 1994 for the inauguration of Mandela as the first black president of South Africa.

Castro and Mandela continued their relationship until Mandela no longer served as president in 1999. Mandela said he will not reverse his back to the people who are equally opposed to apartheid. Thank you for reading this article.
Written and posted by Bambang Sunarno. sunarnobambang86@gmail.com
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DatePublished: August 15, 2015 at 10:30

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Did you know Fidel Castro.

Fidel Alejandro Castro Ruz (born August 13, 1926, age 89 years) is the President of Cuba from 1976 to 2008. Previously, he served as Prime Minister on his appointment in February 1959 after appearing as a commander of a failed revolution concurrent position of President of the State Council as the Council of Ministers Fulgencio Batista in 1976. Castro appeared as the first secretary of the Cuban Communist Party (Communist Party of Cuba) in 1965 and transformed Cuba into a one-party socialist republic. After performing as president, he appears as a military commander of Cuba. On July 31, 2006, Castro handed over his presidency to his brother, Raúl for some time.

In 1947, he participated in a coup attempt Dominican Republic dictator Rafael Trujillo and fled to New York (United States) because of the threat to be killed political opponents. After earning a doctorate in law in 1950, he protested and led underground movement on anti-government takeover of power in a coup by Fulgencio Batista in 1952. In 1953, he led an assault on the Moncada military barracks Santiago de Cuba, but failed. A total of 69 people of the 111 people who took part in the raid was killed and he was jailed for 15 years.

After getting forgiveness and released on May 15, 1955, he immediately led the effort overthrow dictator Batista. Resistance was then known as the 26th of July Movement. On July 7, 1955, he fled to Mexico and met with revolutionary fighter Che Guevara. Alongside 81 other people, he returned to Cuba on December 2, 1956 and conduct guerrilla resistance during 25 months in the Sierra Maestra Mountains.
Outside Cuba, Castro began to join forces to counter the dominance of the United States and the former Soviet Union. After the collapse of the Soviet Union in 1991, ideals and dreams began to be realized to meet Hugo Chávez in Venezuela and Evo Morales of Bolivia.

By the day of her 80th birthday which falls on August 13, 2006, he handed over the reins of leadership temporarily to his brother. Practically, Raúl concurrent positions, namely as President of Cuba and Cuban Defense Minister. Handover of power this is the first time since he ruled Cuba in 1959. Castro also requested the celebration of his birthday the 80th was postponed to 2 December 2006. In fact, during the four-day feast in the main streets of Havana have been prepared, including a magnificent concert of musicians and Latin American singers.

Castro's health had declined after a fall when a speech in 2004. At that time, left knee and right arm were injured.
On February 19, 2008, five days before his mandate ends, Castro said he would not run for or accept a new term of office as president or commander of the Cuban armed forces. His position was replaced by his younger brother, Raul Castro.

BIOGRAPHY

Fidel Alejandro Castro Ruz is a Cuban revolutionary and politician nationals who then held the position of Prime Minister of Cuba from 1959-1976 years ago elected President of Cuba from 1976 to 2008. In the international arena, Fidel has served as Secretary General of the Non-Aligned Movement during namely a two-year period 1979-1983 and 2006-2008. Fidel Castro was born in Biran, Cuba on August 13, 1926. He was the third son pair Ángel Castro y Argiz with his second wife, Lina Ruz González. Fidel then grew up in the farm house belonging to the family of his mother. Currently the age of six years old, along with two other siblings she was sent to boarding Santiago de Cuba. In 1945, Fidel moved to the Jesuit-run school at El Colegio de Belén, Havana.

After that, he then continued his studies at the University of Havana. This is where Fidel involvement in the uprising against the government began. In 1947, Fidel took part in an attempted coup Dominican Republic dictator Rafael Trujillo. After this action Fidel had fled to New York, USA, after he received death threats from political opponents. Charge time his escape, Fidel earned a doctorate in law in 1950.

After that, he decided to return to Cuba. There, Fidel returned to participate in the protest action and led underground movement on anti-government takeover of power in a coup by Fulgencio Batista in 1952. In 1953, Fidel led the assault on the Moncada military barracks Santiago de Cuba, but unfortunately this effort suffered failure. A total of 69 people of the 111 people who took part in the raid killed while he himself was arrested and jailed for 15 years.

Fidel pardon and was released on May 15, 1955, he was immediately led efforts to overthrow the dictator Batista. Resistance was then known as the 26th of July Movement. On July 7, 1955, he fled to Mexico and met with revolutionary fighter Che Guevara. Alongside 81 other people, he returned to Cuba on December 2, 1956 and conduct guerrilla resistance during 25 months in the Sierra Maestra Mountains. Attempt to overthrow the existing government is fruitless. The new government was formed in Cuba where Fidel himself designated to become prime minister in 1959. In 1965, Fidel Castro appeared as the first secretary of the Cuban Communist Party (Communist Party of Cuba) and start the transformation of Cuba into a one-party socialist republic , Together this party, Fidel Cuba advanced to the presidential election. In 1976, Fidel Castri finally elected and officially inaugurated to be the president of Cuba. From here, Fidel began to fix everything messy happened in Cuba. In the international arena, Fidel also started joining forces to fight the dominance of the United States and the former Soviet Union. After the collapse of the Soviet Union in 1991, ideals and dreams began to be realized to meet Hugo Chávez in Venezuela and Evo Morales of Bolivia.

In 2004, Fidel health had declined after the fall when the speech in which the left knee and right arm were injured. By the day of her 80th birthday which falls on August 13, 2006, he handed over the reins of leadership temporarily to his brother. Practically, Raúl concurrent positions, namely as President of Cuba and Cuban Defense Minister. Handover of power this is the first time since he ruled Cuba in 1976. Castro also requested the celebration of his birthday the 80th was postponed to 2 December 2006. In fact, during the four-day feast in the main streets of Havana have been prepared, including a magnificent concert of musicians and Latin American singers. On February 19, 2008, five days before his mandate ends, Fidel said he would not run for or accept a new term of office as president or commander of the Cuban armed forces. His position was replaced by his younger brother, Raul Castro.
Thank you for reading this article. Written and posted by Bambang Sunarno. sunarnobambang86@gmail.com
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DatePublished: August 14, 2015 at 15:32

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You Know Kalimantan traditional house.

As we know, Borneo was divided into four provinces. East Kalimantan, West Kalimantan, South Kalimantan and Central Kalimantan.
Basically, the same customs house Kalimantan, namely the long house, it's just what makes it different is the model form of the building and the name alone.

Borneo custom homes that are  :

1. Betang (Central Kalimantan).

    Betang is a typical traditional house of Borneo that are located in different parts of Borneo, mainly in upstream areas that are usually at the center of the Dayak settlement, where the river is a main transportation route for the Dayak to perform a wide range of mobility of daily life such as going to work to the fields where Dayak fields are usually far from human habitation, or perform trading activities (past Dayak usually trade using a barter system is to exchange the results of the fields, orchards and livestock).

Great shape and this betang house varies in different places. There betang house which reach a length of 150 meters and a width of up to 30 meters. Generally betang house built in the form of a stage with a height of three to five meters from the ground. The high building houses this betang I expect to avoid flooding in the rainy season that threatened areas upriver in Borneo. Some residential units could have more than one home betang fruit depends on the size of the household members of the residential community. Each household (family) occupy booth (space) is in the boundaries of the Great Longhouse house, in addition to the generally Dayak also have single houses built temporarily to carry out agricultural activities, this is because away the distance between the fields with a settlement.

More than a building to dwelling Dayak, actually betang house is the heart of the social fabric of life of the Dayaks. Betang culture is a reflection of the unity in the daily life of the Dayaks. In the house this betang each individual life in the household and society systematically arranged by mutual agreement as outlined in customary law. Mutual security, whether from criminal interference or sharing food, love, grief and mobilization of personnel to work on the fields. The main value of which stands out in the life at home betang is the value of togetherness (communalism) among the residents who inhabit it, regardless of the differences they have. From here we know that the Dayak tribe is a tribe that appreciates a difference. Dayak appreciate the differences of ethnicity, religion or social background.

2. Rumah Panjang (West Kalimantan).

    Longhouse consists of more than 50 rooms with many kitchens. The house is inhabited by several families, including the nuclear family. Even the longhouse at Putussibau Kapuas river plateau has 54 cubicles inhabited by several families.

Long house is usually built on poles as high as 5 to 8 meters such as the stage and there are up to 186 meters long and 6 meters wide. To go into it too must pass through risers or known by the name tangka.

3. Home Lamin (East Kalimantan).

    Lamin house is a traditional house of Dayak, especially those located in eastern Kalimantan. The word 'house Lamin' long houses have adequate meaning all of us, where the house is used for a number of families who are members of one big family. The hallmark of this house-shaped stage with a height of up to 3 meters under. Schematics elongated rectangular with a gable roof. Part gevel given teritis with a steep slope. Masts house consists of two parts, the first part supporting the roof of the house from the ground up, the second part is a small pillar that supports the beams stage floor. Neither the primary nor the supporting pillars that are in part under sometimes carved with sculptures form to expel evil spirits disorders.

Lamin house size can have a width of 25 meters, while the length to 200 meters. Due to its length can be, there are several entrances are connected by some stairs anyway. The entrance of the house is located on the longitudinal side. Lamin room in the house is divided into two halves lengthwise at the front and back. The front side is a room open to receive guests, ceremonies and family gathering place. The back is divided into spacious rooms, where one room can be occupied by five families.

Lamin house decorated with ornamentation and decoration typical pick the philosophical meaning of Dayak. Special ornamentation of lamin manor house is a roof decoration that has a dimension of up to 4 meters and is located on the ridge. Color-wara used for lamin house also has its own meaning, yellow symbolizes authority, the red color symbolizes courage, loyalty and blue color symbolizes the color white represents purity of soul. On the front page there are also pillars of carved wood sculpture shaped. Pole wooden statue of the largest and highest being in the middle, called 'sambang lawing' which is used to bind the victims of animals used in traditional ceremonies.

4. House Banjar (South Kalimantan).

    Banjar traditional house, also called the High Bubungan because the shape of the roof is so taper at an angle of 45º. Banjar traditional house building is thought to have existed since the 16th century, when the area under the rule of Prince Banjar ocean which then converts to Islam, and changed its name to the title of Sultan Suriansyah Panembahan Stone Habang. Before Islam, the Sultan Suriansyah embraced Hinduism. He led the Kingdom of Banjar in the year 1596-1620.

At first this Banjar traditional house building has a rectangular construction that extends into the future. But the later development of the long rectangular shape got extra at left and right side of the building and slightly to the rear coupled with a room of the same size length. This addition in Banjar language called disumbi. Additional buildings on the left and right side it looks stuck (in Banjar: Banana Sasikat) and flatter exit. Additional buildings on the left and the right called anjung; so then custom home building Banjar more popularly known as Ba-anjung house.

Around 1850 residential buildings in the palace Banjar, especially in the palace Martapura equipped with various forms of other buildings. But Ba-anjung House is the main building of the primary because the house is a palace residence of the Sultan. Other buildings that accompany the building houses the ba-anjung is called Palimasan gold and silver as a store of wealth empire. Boys Hall is the residence of the minister of the empire, Bini hall residence of the nurse, Elephant Manyusu family residences nearby sultanate is the Gusti-Gusti and Anang. In addition to these buildings still found more buildings called Elephant Baliku, Palembangan Hall, and Seba.

In further developments, more and more buildings housing a well established around the empire as well as in other areas that mimic the shape ba-anjung house building. So in the end form ba-anjung house is no longer just a building form which is cirikhas sultanate (palace), but it has become a hallmark of building houses Banjar area.
Thank you for reading this article. Written and posted by Bambang Sunarno. sunarnobambang86@gmail.com
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DatePublshed: August 14, 2015 at 13:29

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Do You Know longhouse.

Long House is one of the traditional house of West Kalimantan. Longhouse is the hallmark of a Dayak people who live in areas of West Kalimantan. This is because the length of the house is a picture of the social life of the Dayaks in West Kalimantan. Longhouse is also the center of the life of the Dayak community. Currently, the long house in West Kalimantan can be said to be almost extinct due to small numbers. In 1960, the government destroyed several houses long since suspected embraced communism. Longhouse in West Kalimantan is identical to the long house in Central Kalimantan. This is because the geographical location of West Kalimantan and Central Kalimantan are very close together. Both are known as betang.

Characteristic.

Once upon a time, longhouses of West Kalimantan are made of wood. Longhouse from West Kalimantan having 5 to 8 meters high. High-home depends on high poles that support the house. Longhouses of Borneo west has a length of about 180 meters and a width of 6 meters. About a longhouse has 50 rooms. These rooms are generally inhabited by many families, which also includes the nuclear family. To get into the long house, family employ the tangka or stairs. Longhouse in West Kalimantan has the shape of a narrow but with extreme lengths. This house consists of only one room. Long house consists of several parts: a terrace or commonly referred to Pante, commonly called a living room with Samik, and a family room. In the living room there is a table called pene which serves as a place to talk or receive guests. Pene-shaped circle and used to put food or drink to welcome guests. The family room is a simple space that has a length of 6 meters and a width of 6 meters. The back of the house long used as a kitchen for the family. Generally, each family has a kitchen each.

Function.

In general, long houses used for shelter several families. However, long house is not only used as a residence only. Longhouse built high because it serves to avoid attacks by wild animals. High long house also serves to maintain the safety of family from attack other tribes in the Dayak community. Longhouses are also often used for community activities such as meetings or gatherings. Not only the public meetings, the long house also used for traditional ceremonies or rites that exist in the Dayak community. Hence, the long house not only private property but also belong to the Dayak community.
Thank you for reading this article. Written and posted by Bambang Sunarno. sunarnobambang86@gmail.com
author:
https://plus.google.com/105319704331231770941.
name: Bambang Sunarno.
http://primadonablog.blogspot.com/2015/08/do-you-know-longhouse.html
DatePublshed: August 14, 2015 at 12:39

Tag : Longhouse.

Code : 7MHPNPADAEFW

Did you know Betang.

Betang is a typical traditional house located in different parts of Borneo Kalimantan and inhabited by the Dayak community, especially in upstream areas which used to be the center of Dayak settlement.

Characteristic features.

Betang characteristics that stage and elongated shape. Can reach 30-150 meters in length and width can reach about 10-30 meters, has a mast height of about 3-5 meters. Betang usually inhabited by 100-150 people, betang can be said to be the home tribe, because in addition to it there is a large family who became its inhabitants and also led by a Pambakas Lewu. The inside of betang divided into several rooms which can be occupied by each family.
At certain Dayak tribe, manufacture betang home or long house must meet the following requirements must include in the upstream direction of the sunrise and the next downstream into the sunset. It is considered a symbol of hard work to survive from sunrise to sunset. All Dayak, Dayak exception nomadic Punan, in the beginning abides in living together communally in betang / longhouses, which is commonly called Lou, Lamin, Shopping, and Lewu Hante.

Betang has its own uniqueness, the uniqueness of the house betang are:
Betang elongated shape and there is a staircase and entrance into betang. Stairs as a means of connecting to the betang called hejot. Betang high built from the ground surface is intended to avoid the things that are troubling the residents betang, such as avoiding enemies that can come on suddenly, wild animals, or floods that sometimes come over. Almost all betang can be found on the outskirts of major rivers in Borneo. Building betang typically large, growing to a length betang built using high quality wood materials, namely ironwood, in addition to having the power to stand up to hundreds of years, it is also anti-termite wood.
On the front page there is usually betang hall as a place to receive guests as well as the customary meeting place. On the front page betang besides there also can be found sapundu hall. Sapundu is a statue or a totem that is generally shaped humans have distinctive carvings. Sapundu has a function as a place for tying animals that would be sacrificed for the ceremonial procession. Sometimes there are also patahu betang page that serves as the home for worship.
On the back of betang can be found a small-sized hall called tukau used as a warehouse for storing agricultural tools, such as lisung or halu. At betang there is also a place used as a weapons storage, where it is commonly called bawong. On the front or rear betang usually there are also stumbling. Sandung is a storage place bones of a deceased family and has gone through the process tiwah ceremony.

Betang meaning and value.

Longhouse / betang for the Dayak is not just simply an expression of the legendary life of ancestors, but also a full and concrete statement on village governance, social organization and social system, so no doubt become the central point of life of its citizens. Cultural value system resulting from a long process of home life, comes to the meaning of human life; meaning of work; works and deeds; perceptions of the time; the human relationship with the natural surroundings; about relationships with others. It can be said that betang gives its own meaning for the Dayak. Betang is the center of their culture because that's where all the action and all walks of life processes from time to time.
Betang is not a luxury residence with a variety of sophisticated furnishings as desirable by today's modern society. Betang suffices described as a simple dwelling with a makeshift furniture. However, behind the simplicity of it, betang save so much meaning and full of life values ​​are superior. It is undeniable that the house has become a strong symbol of the communal life of the Dayak community. By inhabiting betang and go through all the processes of life in that place, Dayak community shows that they also have the instinct to always live together and co-exist with other citizens. They love peace in a harmonious community so that they strive to maintain this tradition betang house. This expectation is supported by the consciousness of every individual to align each of their interests with the common interest. Consciousness is based on the nature of mind religio-magical, which assumes that every citizen has a value and position as well as the right to live in the same communities.
Betang other than as a residence is also the center of all the traditional activities of the community. When observed more closely, the activities in the long house resembles a traditional education process that is non-formal. Betang into place and at the same time be an effective means for the Dayak to foster familiarity with each other. This is where they start talking to exchanging ideas about a variety of experiences, knowledge and skills with each other. Things like that is not something that is difficult to do, even though at night or during bad weather even though, because they are under one roof. Such is the experience, knowledge and skills passed down orally to the next generation. In the atmosphere of home life long, every citizen is always voluntary and open to other citizens in giving directions and guidance in doing something. Such an opportunity is also open to groups from outside the longhouse.

Communal life in betang.

Betang remaining on the Dayak community is an example of the traditional culture of life that is able to survive and adapt to the environment. It should be further disclosed the factors that led to the Dayak people can maintain their betang. Dayak people have the instinct to always live together side by side with nature and other community members. They love to live in peace in a harmonious community that seeks persist with the pattern of home life betang. This expectation is supported by the consciousness of every individual to align their interests with common interests. Consciousness is based on the nature of mind religio-magical, which assumes that every citizen has a value and position as well as the right to live in the same communities. By maintaining betang, Dayak people do not resist change, either from within or from outside, especially the favorable change and in accordance with their physical and spiritual needs.
Betang settlement patterns are closely related to food sources provided by the surrounding nature, such as land for farming, river fish, and forests inhabited by game animals. But today, dependence on nature has gradually been waning. Dayak community has begun to recognize plantations and farms. Betang describe the intimacy of relationships in the family and in society.

Traditional art.

Betang besides the residence is also the center of all the traditional activities of the community. When observed more closely, the activities at home betang resembles the traditional educational process which is non-formal. In the Dayak people are sharing a task or differences in the traditional art work. The man skilled in ngamboh (blacksmith), weaving, and carving, while women are more skilled in weaving and weaving fine. In a relatively small group is easier for every citizen to try to increase knowledge and skills, so that they can be useful in society, because if they do not have adequate knowledge and skills they are considered slackers.

Some Important Aspects betang.

Although relatively very simple and far from luxurious, betang remains a high-value residential for the Dayak. Therefore, it is very very important for us to look further views on betang Dayak community are reflected in the following aspects:
Residential aspect. Betang a permanent multi-family structures and mainly serves as a primary residence in the cottage next to the house in the fields.
Legal aspects and property rights. Longhouses have clear ownership aspect. Especially the right of ownership of all families together controlled all the land in the region long house. Rights longhouse area is secondary right, while the primary rights are held by each family or small family groups who have ties of kinship. Betang is also a very important judicial unit. Often disputes between members betang can be solved by traditional elders internally. One thing that stands out is the authorized person or one particular family is relatively small, which is far more important is the overall authority of the long house. This is due to the strong egalitarisme in the Dayak community.
Economic aspects. Long house plays an important role in the current distribution of labor between family and work. The use of additional manpower from other families, is the key to the cultivation system on which they run.

Parts betang.

Based on the belief Dayak no specific provisions in the laying space on betang namely  :

Center or axis of the building where people gather conduct a wide range of activities both as religious activities, social and others then los space, should be at the center of the building.
Sleeping room, must be arranged in a row along the building betang. Laying the bedrooms of children and parents there are certain conditions where the bedroom parents must be at the end of the stream and the youngest child's bedroom should be at least the downstream end of the flow of the river, so the bedroom of parents and youngest child should not be enclosed and if it violated would have disastrous for the whole house.
Parts of the kitchen should be facing the flow of the river, according to the myth that gets sustenance.
Stairs. Indoor staircase custom homes should betang odd number, but generally amounts to 3 which is located on the far left and right, one in front as a marker or an expression of solidarity by the myth depending on the size of the house, the bigger the size of the house, the more stairs.
Pante is a floor drying rice, clothes, to hold other ceremonies. Position in front exterior roof juts out GCC. Pante floors made of bamboo, parts of the stem nut, wood roundness of the wrist or on the trunk board.

The porch is the entrance to the house after passing Pante whose numbers correspond to the number of households. The front porch is if there are ceremonial village mounted a special mark such as a piece of bamboo whose skin resembles mashed tassels vertebra by vertebra.
Sami living room serves as a place to hold events that require citizens.
Jungkar. Unlike roar that in general there should be. While Jungkar as an additional exclamation rear chamber each family whose roof connect long roofs or roof tube sometimes stands alone but is still part of the long house. Jungkar placed in the stairwell entrance or exit for the family, so as not to disturb guests who are come. Jungkar that connect the roof to the roof of the long house made of ventilation on the roof that opens with sustained / timber refuted when rain or night can be closed again.
Thank you for reading this article. Written and posted by Bambang Sunarno. sunarnobambang86@gmail.com
author:
https://plus.google.com/105319704331231770941.
name: Bambang Sunarno.
http://primadonablog.blogspot.com/2015/08/did-you-know-betang.html
DatePublshed: August 14, 2015 at 12:22

Tag : Did you know Betang.

Code : 7MHPNPADAEFW

Aokigahara secret in Japan.

Aokigahara indeed a very dense forest. It is located at the foot of Mount Fuji create conditions Aokigahara always damp and foggy. Even during the day, the sunlight as if it is difficult to penetrate Aokigahara.

Forest Devil.

If the retractable history and age, forest Aokigahara necessarily a silent witness to the Japanese people's lives change. In fact, since ancient times, the story of Japanese myth already mentioned that Aokigahara inhabited yūrei (spirit of anger). Has an area of ​​35 square kilometers, making Aokigaha looks like the abode of the ghosts.

Magnet Suicide

But in today's modern era, the beauty of the forests covered by the nickname Aokigahara actually scary. Yep, status as a 'suicide forest', made many people think long to visit Aokigahara. Mountains in the northwest of Mount Fuji has become a favorite location of many people commit suicide.

Noted, nearly 100 people each year choose his own life in the dark heaviness Aokigahara trees. Even suicide tradition has existed since the era of the shogunate in Japan.

There Forbidden Path

Despite its nickname gripping, still more people who want to enjoy the beauty of Aokigahara. Yes, it is located at the foot of Mount Fuji makes Aokigahara store the amazing variety of flora and fauna that make nature lovers want to adventure there.

Fortunately that's made a sign path for mountaineers who want to enjoy Aokigahara. A ban expressly mentioned if anyone should not be passing over public hiking trail. Because anyone who is curious and even look for another path, then you will often see the human heritage objects to the skull corpse suicide.

Curse Novel?

Although suicide in Aokigahara has existed since the era of the Japanese shogunate, official documentation only started in 1998. The results indicate that nearly 100 people per year choose suicide in Aokigahara. And to this day no one knows why so magnetic Aokigahara as suicide in Japan. Investigate a investigate, a speculation of novel Kuroi Jukai which was released in 1960.

Seicho Matsumoto's novel tells the story of a couple who committed suicide together in Aokigahara. Deaths have been the victims in Aokigahara is hanging himself or drug overdose. Because many people commit suicide, believed to thousands of curious spirits inhabit Aokigahara.

Many bodies found

In 2005, suicide was found 105 corpses in Aokigahara. The results of more than 2002 that 'only' 78 corpses. Now, in recent years, the Japanese government chose silence on the number of bodies found in Aokigahara.

However, because the conditions are so dense forest and even dark in the daytime, it is believed there are still many corpses were not found in Aokigahara. Moreover, there is a story that says if the ancient times many families are choosing to leave their family members to die slowly in Aokigahara.

Dare to Get There?

As a forest, Aokigahara have soil containing volcanic rock that is difficult to penetrate with light equipment. If you visit there, it's not unusual that found some red tape as a marker search volunteer bodies, a backpack to empty sake bottles.

Even mountain climbers crossing Fuji Aokigahara must use plastic masking tape to mark the trail so as not to get lost. Although looks spooky, Aokigahara has a tourism Ice Cave and Wind Cave. So, if you dare to get there?
Thank you for reading this article. Written and posted by Bambang Sunarno. sunarnobambang86@gmail.com
author:
https://plus.google.com/105319704331231770941.
name: Bambang Sunarno.
http://primadonablog.blogspot.com/2015/08/aokigahara-secret-in-japan.html
DatePublished: August 14, 2015 at 11:45

Tag : Aokigahara secret in Japan.

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