Remembering Chernobyl.

"The Chernobyl disaster", the Chernobyl nuclear reactor accident, or simply "Chernobyl", is the worst nuclear reactor accident in history. On April 26, 1986 at 1:23:40 am (UTC + 3), reactor number four at the Chernobyl Nuclear Power Plant located in the Soviet Union in the near Pripyat in Ukraine exploded. As a result, large amounts of radioactive particles dispersed into the atmosphere in the entire area of ​​the western Soviet Union and Europe. Nuclear disaster is considered the worst nuclear accident in history, and is one of two accidents were classified in level 7 on the International Nuclear Events Scale (the other is the accident of Fukushima Daiichi disaster). The number of workers involved to cope with this disaster around 500,000 people, and will spend 18 billion rubles and economic influence of the Soviet Union. Thousands of people had to be evacuated from the city.

Surprising Facts About 'CITY OF DEAD' Chernobyl.

1. The largest man-made disasters of all time.

Everyone would know that the Chernobyl disaster is terrifying, but you may not know that the Chernobyl incident, including the largest man-made disasters of all time according to the International Nuclear Event Scale (INES). Unsparing, INES puts extraordinary event is at level 7, which means this is a great event that have broad impact on health and the environment.

2. Belarus received 70% of the contamination of Chernobyl nuclear explosion.

Neighboring areas have always been affected nuclear explosion, especially Belarus. Located only 10 miles away from Chernobyl Nuclear Power Plant, the scientists estimate that the country's beleaguered land has received 70% of the contamination of Chernobyl nuclear explosion. As a result, one-fifth of agricultural land in Belarus is contaminated and hundreds of thousands of people were forced to leave their homes and move.

Thousands of people also infected by deadly diseases, ranging from leukemia, thyroid cancer, to cardiovascular disease. Until recently, Belarus has lost more than $ 235 billion (or approximately USD 2,291 T) earnings per year as a direct result of the Chernobyl disaster.

3. The rain from the Chernobyl nuclear to Ireland.

Explosion of Reactor No. 4 has created an enormous radioactive cloud was detected in all of Europe and even to Ireland in the form of light. Although these events have occurred more than two decades ago, the impact of the Chernobyl disaster are still felt in the British Isles until now.

According to a new study conducted by the UK Department of Health, 369 farms and 190,000 sheep in the UK still contain faint traces of radioactivity from the Chernobyl disaster. Fortunately, the number of sheep affected by contamination down nearly 95% from 1986.

4. The government is still paying alimony to 7 million people affected by the Chernobyl disaster.

This certainly shows that the Chernobyl disaster still has broad implications for the environment and human civilization living nearby. According to studies conducted by the United Nations Forum on Chernobyl, Belarus, Ukraine and the Russian Federation still pay benefits to about 7 million people affected by the disaster.

The study also claims that 5% to 7% of the Ukrainian government's annual expenditure is budgeted for the victims of Chernobyl. Although the payments were slightly reduced in recent years, benefits that can not be written off in full in the near future.

5. Approximately 97% of radioactive materials from the Chernobyl nuclear power plant is still buried.

Emergency crews to react quickly when an explosion Reactor No. 4, responded by burying the Chernobyl nuclear power plant complex with a large concrete known as the Sarcophagus. Business plan will replace the Chernobyl nuclear power plant such structures after 20 years of the occurrence of such events. But until now, the structure is still being used.

According to local newspapers Poland, Zycie Warszawy, the surface of the concrete structure has been filled with cracks and gaps large enough to allow the rat to pass through. Meanwhile, an independent engineering report also estimates that the whole building would collapse if an earthquake measuring six or more on the Richter scale. It is not impossible, events radioactive cloud that was once the case will return to spread throughout Europe.

Lower the impact of Chernobyl radiation Insect Populations.
Two decades pascaledakan reactor of the Chernobyl nuclear plant, radiation is still an impact, which causes a decrease in the population of insects and spiders. Bumblebees, butterflies, grasshoppers, dragonflies and spiders are now suffering from its effects.

Researchers working in the zone around Chernobyl mentioned, there are "strong signal with regard to population decline contamination". The research report was written in the journal Biology Letters.

Professor of the University of South Carolina, USA, Timothy Mousseau, and Anders Moller from the University of Paris-Sud worked together on the project. Both never publish low-level radiation have a negative impact on bird populations. "We want to expand the scope of research on insects, mammals and plants," said Mousseau. It has been ten years researching the effects of radiation around Chernobyl are far from residential areas.

For the study, Mousseau use the way that he called "standard ecological techniques". He made the "lane line" pass through a certain area and then count the number of insects and spider webs along these lines.

The path passes through the contaminated area of ​​Chernobyl, Belarus, and some areas are free of contamination. At the same time, other researchers carrying GPS equipment and dosimeters to measure the levels (level) radiation. As a result, the rate of population decline in line with the levels of contamination.

Opinions differ.

Some researchers disagree. The absence of a resident in an abandoned location should be beneficial to the citizens of the wild life.

"The wild life continues to increase in the Chernobyl region in line with the low human activity there," said researchers at the Center for Chernobyl in Ukraine, Sergii Gashchak, as quoted by the BBC. "All life evolved under the influence of radiation. So there are certain mechanisms that make it survive in these conditions."

Five World's Worst Nuclear Disaster.

Japan increases the danger status of the Fukushima nuclear plant from level 4 to level 5, based on an international scale of nuclear danger. This status is the same as the nuclear crisis that hit the Three Mile Island, USA, in 1979 ago. But still below the level of the Chernobyl nuclear accident, Ukraine, 1986. Following the worst nuclear disaster of all time:

1. Chernobyl, Ukraine, in 1986.

Plant after the explosion of four trials, which caused a fire during the 9-day and fired at least 100 times higher than the radiation as Hiroshima and Nagasaki bombs. Five people were killed instantly, but according to the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) accident that killed about 4000 people.

2. Kyshtym, Russia, 1957.

Fault in the cooling system at Mayak plant causing non-nuclear explosion that resulted in the release of 80 tons of radioactive material. About 10,000 people were evacuated after reports of skin melted people. At least 200 people were killed

3. Three Mile Island, USA, 1979.

Cooling in Pennsylvania plant is not functioning, causing most of the plants destroyed and the resulting release of radioactivity in small quantities. Around 140,000 people were evacuated, but no reports were killed or injured

4. Windscale, UK, 1957.

Britain's first nuclear power plant core to burn off the radioactive material. These events led to 240 cases of cancer

5. Tokaimura, Japan, 1999.

A number of high-level enriched uranium were prepared by workers who do not qualify triggering nuclear reactions. Two workers were killed, 100 workers and the local population threatened exposure to radioactive.
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The use of nuclear materials.

1. Definition of Nuclear.

Nuclear word means part of or associated with the atomic nucleus (nuclei). In nuclear physics, a nuclear reaction is a process in which two nuclei or nuclear particles collide, to produce different results from the initial product. In principle a reaction can involve more than two particles colliding, but such occurrences are very rare. When the particles collide and separate without changing (except possibly in energy levels), this process is called a collision and not a reaction.

Two known nuclear reactions, namely nuclear fusion reactions and nuclear fission.
Nuclear fusion reaction is a reaction of fusion of two or more atomic nuclei into new and generate energy, also known as a clean reaction.
Nuclear fission is a cleavage reaction due to the collision of atomic nuclei other atomic nuclei, and generating new energy and atomic mass is smaller, as well as electromagnetic radiation.  Fusion reaction also produces alpha radiation, beta and gamma are very harmful to humans.

Examples nuclear fusion reaction is a reaction that occurs in almost all core stars in the universe. Hydrogen bomb weapon also utilizes the principle of uncontrolled fusion reaction. Examples fission is an explosion of nuclear weapons and nuclear power plants.

Elements that are often used in nuclear fission is Plutonium and Uranium (mainly plutonium-239, uranium-235), while in nuclear fusion reaction is Lithium and Hydrogen (particularly Lithium-6, Deuterium, Tritium).

2. Material Maker.

Author nuclear material is uranium. Uranium is a radioactive element. Here is a definition of uranium and how it works according to the World Nuclear Organization or the World Nuclear Association which can be seen in www.world-nuclear.org:

Uranium is a very heavy metal which can be used as an abundant source of concentrated energy.
Uranium occurs in most rocks in concentrations of 2 to 4 parts per million and is as common in the earth's crust as tin, tungsten and molybdenum. Uranium occurs in sea water, and can be recovered from the ocean.
Uranium was discovered in 1789 by Martin Klaproth, a German chemist, in the mineral called pitchblende. It was named after the planet Uranus, which had been discovered eight years earlier.
Uranium was apparently formed in supernovae around 6.6 billion years ago. Although not common in the solar system, today the slow radioactive decay provides the main source of heat in the earth, causing convection and continental drift.
The high density of uranium means that it also finds uses in the keels of yachts and as counterweights for aircraft control surfaces, as well as for radiation shielding.
Uranium has a melting point is 1132 ° C. The chemical symbol for uranium is U.

3. Uses of Nuclear.

Nuclear turned out to have many uses. Some nuclear utility that has been used by developed countries, among others:

As a Power Source which save.

More than 14% of the world's electricity is generated from uranium in nuclear reactors. This amount is more than 2500 billion kWh per year, as well as from all power sources worldwide in 1960.

It comes from some 440 nuclear reactors with a total production capacity of approximately 377 000 megawatt (MWe) operating in 30 countries. More than 60 reactors under construction and another 150 are planned.

Belgium, Bulgaria, Czech Republic, Finland, France, Hungary, Japan, South Korea, Slovakia, Slovenia, Sweden, Switzerland and Ukraine all get 30% or more of its electricity from nuclear reactors. The United States has more than 100 operating reactors, supplying 20% ​​of electricity. France gets three-quarters of its electricity from uranium.

Military weapons.

Both uranium and plutonium used to make bombs before they became important for making electricity and radioisotopes. Types of uranium and plutonium for bombs is different from that in a nuclear power plant. Bomb-grade highly enriched uranium (> 90% U-235, instead of up to 5%), bomb-grade plutonium pure enough Pu-239 (> 90%, not 60% in reactor-grade) and is made in a special reactor.

Since the 1990s, because of disarmament, a lot of military uranium becomes available for power production. Military uranium is diluted about 25: 1 with depleted uranium (mostly U-238) from the enrichment process before being used in power plants. Military plutonium began to be used together, mixed with depleted uranium

Radio Isotopes.

In daily life we ​​need food, water and good health. Today, radioactive isotopes play an important role in technology that provides us with all three. They are produced by bombarding small amounts of particular elements with neutrons.

In medicine, radioisotopes are widely used for diagnosis and research. Radioactive chemical tracers emit gamma radiation which provides diagnostic information about a person's anatomy and function of a particular organ. Radio radioisotope therapy is also used in the treatment of several diseases, such as cancer. More powerful gamma sources are used to sterilize syringes, bandages and other medical equipment. About one person in two in the western world is likely to experience the benefits of nuclear medicine in their lifetime, and gamma sterilization equipment is almost universal.

In the preservation of food, radioisotopes are used to inhibit the growth of root crops after harvesting, to kill parasites and pests, and to control the ripening of fruit and vegetables are stored. Food irradiation received by world and national health authorities for human consumption in an increasing number of countries. They include potatoes, onions, dried fruits and fresh, grain and grain products, poultry and fish. Some prepacked foods can also be irradiated.

In growing crops and breeding livestock, radioisotopes also play an important role. They are used to produce high yield, disease-resistant varieties and weather resistant crops, to study how fertilizers and insecticides work, and to improve the productivity and health of domestic animals.

Industrial, and mining, they are used to inspect welds, to detect leaks, to study the rate of wear metals, and for in-stream analysis of various minerals and fuels.

There are many other uses. A radioisotope derived from the plutonium formed in nuclear reactors used in most household smoke detectors.

Radioisotopes are used to detect and analyze pollutants in the environment, and to study the movement of surface water in rivers and groundwater.
Other usability

There are also other uses for reactors. About 200 small nuclear power reactors around 150 vessels, mostly submarines, but ranging from icebreakers to aircraft carriers. It can stay at sea for long periods without having to make refueling stops. In the Russian Arctic where operating conditions are beyond the capability of conventional icebreakers, very powerful nuclear-powered vessel to operate most of the year, where previously only two months can be used every year.

Heat generated by nuclear reactors can also be used directly and not to produce electricity. In Sweden and Russia, for example, is used to heat buildings and to provide heat for various industrial processes such as water desalination. Nuclear desalination is likely to be a major growth area in the next decade.

High-temperature heat from nuclear reactors are likely to be employed in some industrial processes in the future, especially for making hydrogen.

Facts About Nuclear.

Nuclear is one of the alternative renewable energy that are heavily used. Good for the power source, smoke detectors, world health, industry, and many more. How a scientist can find a way to fission? Is also used in nuclear world war? Some facts about nuclear that you should know.

The phenomenon of radioactivity ranging discovered in 1896 by Henry Becquerel along with Pierre Curie and Marie Curie. In the process they isolate elements that turned out to be highly radioactive radium. They found that the radioactive material to produce intense waves, and then they named the waves with alpha, beta, and gamma.

1934, Enrico Fermi Italian destroy heavy atoms with neutrons sprayed on. But he did not realize that he had obtained nuclear fission.

Note belonged to Marie Curie radioactive, until recently a granddaughter makes decontamination.

On July 16, 1945, the first atomic bomb or A-bomb, tested in Alamogordo, New Mexico.

The atomic bomb was first used for war was 'Little Boy' which was dropped on Hiroshima during the Second World War with the explosive power of 50 square kilometers, followed by the 'Fat Man' was dropped on the city of Nagasaki with the explosive power of 100 square kilometers.

Initially, the first nuclear reactor used to produce plutonium as nuclear weapons material.

Although mankind has mastered the nuclear power recently, nuclear reactor which first appeared controlled by nature. Fifteen natural nuclear fission reactor has been found in the mine Oklo, Gabon, West Africa. First discovered in 1972 by French physicist Francis Perrin. This natural reactor known as the Oklo Fossil Reactors.

Among the three reactions contained in radioactive elements (alpha, beta and gamma), the most dangerous reaction is a reaction because it releases gamma rays gamma which is not the same as the alpha and beta radiation, but an electromagnetic radasi on the frequency and very high energy.

The nuclear reactor that once exploded: Chernobyl (1986), Three Mile Islands (1979) and Japan (2011)
Behind its usefulness, it turns out the use of nuclear as well save trouble. Besides the danger seriously enough radiation (gamma radiation) also wastes that can not be transformed into something that can be used again. Most of the waste is dumped or drowned in the sea.

Indonesia, as one of the countries that are planning to have a nuclear reactor as a new energy source Has had enough knowledge about nuclear ???
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Female Fertility decline.

Based on the study of women's fertility rate dropped dramatically at the age of 37 years.
The Hollywood star who bear children in their 40s, like Nicole Kidman and Mariah Carey, giving women false hope of becoming a mother, said some doctors warn.

They say, the celebrities who show off 'babies magically' they were mostly using donor eggs or IVF (in vitro fertilization) or test tube babies.

Because they did not announce it to the public, the fans they fail to realize that fertility decreases dramatically after age 37.

"If more celebrities who want to talk about it, it is better for fertility medicine," said Adam Balen of the British Fertility Society.

This issue was highlighted when he became a research report, at the age of 44 a woman will be 20 times more difficult to get pregnant through IVF, compared to when they are 39 years of age.

The more quickly the biological clock means, women in their mid-40s only have a probability of 1.3 percent chance for fertility treatment worked.

However, at the age of 38 or 39, the success rate of fertility treatments at 23.6 percent. The point at which fertility is decreased significantly at over 38, according to a study Marta Devesa, doctors from the Hospital Universitari Dexeus in Barcelona-Quiron.

The report comes from a clinic in Spain that handles 4.195 patients in twelve years. Some of them perform in vitro fertilization attempts.

"The report says, is effectively wasted (fertility treatment) at age 44 and beyond," he said. One fifth of patients who do IVF treatment in England 40s.

Devesa says, how shocked patients older know how much lower their chances.

"Not many people know about the decline in fertility towards age," he added.

"And pregnancy in older women were among the celebrities did not help us because most of them get egg donation."

One of the stars that have been open about their pregnancies among them is actress Nicole Kidman. When the second child is born through a surrogate mother's age when she was 43 years old. Also Mariah Carey is having twins from IVF program at the age of 41 years. Thank you for reading this article.
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DatePublished: June 17, 2015 at 20:07

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Pregnant women Protested.

Sophie action Guidolin uploaded to his personal account. (Doc. Sophie Guidolin via Facebook)
Sophie Guidolin (26) from Gold Coast, Australia in the last few hours to protests and criticism from netizens because she was practicing upload photos weights weighing 30 kilograms.

Because Sophie is under special conditions. She was six months pregnant with twins girls. "There was a man who said on Facebook that I was too heavy lifting. But by whom? He? My first child weighs 29 kilograms and when she fell asleep I had to carry her, "Sophie said as quoted by the Daily Mail.

In the photos uploaded on Instagram and Facebook was seen Sophie was carrying over 30 kilograms, while her husband was behind him as he watched.

"Some say worried I would have prolapse (hernia ginekologikal), but it also happens if I take a pencil bending or lifting groceries. Miscarriages can occur for many reasons, but people always connect with the sport, "said Sophie.

"Many people have expressed concern for pregnant women who exercise. And I 110 percent understand why, "said prospective mother was quoted as saying by E! News. "There are a lot of myths, legends and old on pregnant women outside the same opinion very difficult to understand what is true then it is just made up. I do not want to hear all of it except from the medical staff who are qualified and reliable. "

Sophie herself is not only happy to work out hard. But among a number of his profession he is also a nutritionist who like to write in a blog about healthy eating patterns, has written a number of cookbooks. Still, Sophie received a lot of criticism that calls the sport is doing too harsh for a woman who is pregnant.

Sophie then reply to the protest it by uploading a picture with an open stomach and statements. "Woah ... Exercise lift burdens yesterday sparked a lot of debate!" And then added, "I did not expect it, but the photo was indeed what it is when a pregnant woman is exercising. And the benefits of exercise that makes me happy to discuss this topic. "

Sophie encourages pregnant women to keep exercising as long as they are allowed by their obstetrician. "There are many myths and legends of our ancestors about the pregnancy from an early age until old infant toddler! However you should receive an explanation from the medical practitioner and continue the sport, then I would also highly recommend you to exercise for the sake of your own health and your baby #fitpregnancy #health #twinpregnancy # 26weeks, "Sophie wrote.

Sophie is also a supporter of a clean diet, also told fans about the first and second pregnancy journey. How does her weight rose sharply, during early pregnancy because of their ignorance of nutrition.

"When pregnant two boys I never again come to the gym and actually unhealthy lifestyles," said Sophie. "I had gestational diabetes and gained more than 28 kilograms of each pregnancy despite the recommended weight may only go up 12-14 kilograms," said Sophie. "The health risks I face is not messing around."

Now with a third pregnancy, Sophie updating and fitnessnya diet approach. With the approval of his doctor he went on the sport as he usually did. "I have no special education for this, but I feel healthier and more energetic. I'm just exercising the extent permitted by obstetricians me alone. "

Based on his Facebook account, Sophie only practiced three times a week with occasional mixing weight training with fast running and Pilates.

"As long as I got the explanation, I feel healthy and active at that time I will continue to exercise. But there are days when I can not exercise because they feel tired and just resting in bed alone, I do not want to force myself, "he said. "When I'm tired I do not practice. I listened to the sound of my body. "
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Ill advised people not fasting.

All Muslims around the world are ready to welcome the holy month of Ramadan. For those who are healthy, fasting obligatory. However, people who have certain illnesses are advised not to fast.

Patients with certain diseases categorized as high risk when it should be fasting all day. Therefore, doctors usually do not recommend them to fast.
See also: Benefits of Fasting in Ramadan is Scientifically Proven
"Certainly there are people who should not be fasting," said Dr. Dr. Ari Fahrial, SpPD-KGEH, MMB, FINASIM, FACP, Division of Gastroenterology physician from the Department of Medicine Faculty of medicine-Cipto Mangunkusumo.

"Fasting is expected to worsen conditions will prolong the pain or cure the disease."
See also: People Need To Do Check Up Medical Before Fasting
According to Dr. Ari, the following persons are not allowed to fast because of medical conditions:

1. Patients suffering from acute infections, such as typhoid, dengue fever, severe sore throat, high fever, acute diarrhea, nausea and vomiting.

2. Patients with chronic renal failure who are undergoing dialysis or peritoneal dialysis.

3. Patients with advanced chronic liver disorders.

4. Patients with diabetes is poorly controlled blood sugar, have severe complications, undergoing multiple injections of large doses of insulin, and those at risk of developing serious complications when fasting.

5. Heart patients with heart failure.

6. A person with migraine or vertigo in which condition the pain will get worse if the patient is not eating or taking medication.

7. Patients with acute respiratory disorders such as acute asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease is severe.

8. Patients with cancer who have not been treated or are currently experiencing a relapse.

9. Patients in hospital care and in a state of either intravenous drip infusion of fluids or food or patients who are on blood transfusions.

10. The patient postoperatively.

11. ulcer patients who are in acute circumstances, such as severe vomiting and severe pain until a cold sweat.

12. Parents are elderly with dementia suffer (Alzhaimer).

"Patients at high risk should undergo a check-up before fasting. If there is a problem, then it can be fixed or adjustment of treatment, "said Dr. Ari. Thank you for reading this article.
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You Know Cleaver.

Cleaver is a unique weapon from West Java. Cleaver began to be made around the 8th century or to-9, made of iron, steel and material prestige, its length is about 20 to 25 cm and weighs about 300 grams.
Cleaver is a tool that reflects the sharpness and critical power in life also symbolizes the strength and courage to protect the rights and truth. Is characteristic, both as weapons, agricultural tools, symbol, decoration, or souvenirs.
According Sanghyang siksakanda ng Karesian Canto XVII, cleaver is the weapon of the peasants and has its roots in the farming community Sundanese culture.

Description.

Cleaver known as traditional objects people of West Java (Sunda) which has a sacred value and has magical powers. Some researchers claim that the term "cleaver" comes from the word kudihyang (kudi and Hyang. Cleaver (also) derives from the word Sonny, which means human or Manusa. Humans are powerful as King Siliwangi.
Kudi taken from Sundanese ancient meaning of weapons that have a powerful supernatural force, as a talisman, as repellent reinforcements, for example, to repel enemies or avoid danger / disease [need citation needed]. These weapons are also stored as an heirloom, which is used to protect the house from harm by putting it in a crate or a specific place in the house or by putting it on the bed (Hazeu, 1904: 405-406). Meanwhile, Hyang can be equated with the notion of gods in some mythologies, but for the people of Sunda Hyang has a meaning and a notch above god, this is reflected in the teaching of "Dasa Prebakti" which is reflected in the script Sanghyang Siksa Kanda Karesian Ng mentioned "god devotion in Hyang ".
In general, Cleaver had understanding as heirlooms that have a certain strength that comes from the gods (= Hyang), and as a weapon, since the first until now Cleaver occupies a very special position in the community of West Java (Sunda). As an emblem or symbol with niali philosophical values ​​contained therein, Cleaver used as one of aesthetics in several organizations and government emblem. In addition, Cleaver was also used as a name of a variety of organizations, unity and of course is also used by the local government of West Java Province.
In the past Cleaver can not be separated from the life of the Sundanese people because of its function as agricultural equipment. This statement is contained in ancient texts Sanghyang Siksa Kanda Karesian Ng (1518 M) and the oral tradition that developed in several areas including in the area of ​​scaffolding, Ciamis. Evidence which substantiates the claim that cleaver as farming equipment can still be seen to this day on the Bedouins, Banten and Pancer Pangawinan in Sukabumi.
"All kinds of forging, there are three different kinds. Weapons of the prabu are: sword, ABET (whip), Pamuk, machetes, teundeut pesos, a dagger. Giant who made his god, because it is used to kill. Weapons peasants are: cleaver, baliung, servant, kored, tapping knife. daitya taken as gods, because it used to take what can be tasted and drunk. Weapons pastor is: when Katri, expression peso, the peso dongdang, Pangot, pakisi. Danawa taken as gods, because it is used to cut off everything, That's three different types of weapons on the prebu, on farmers, on the pastor. So if we want to know everything, ask the blacksmith. "
- Sanghyang siksakanda ng Karesian Canto XVII.

With the progress, technological, cultural, social and economic Sundanese people, Cleaver was experiencing growth and shifting form, function and meaning. From an agricultural equipment, cleaver developed into an object that has its own character and tends to be a valuable weapon symbolic and sacred. The new form of the cleaver as we know it today is estimated to be born between the 9th century to the 12th century.

Parts Cleaver (Kujang).

Characteristics of a cleaver has tajaman side and part names, among others: papatuk / congo (resembling an arrow tip cleaver), eluk / reparation (grooves on the back), cistern (arches stand on the abdomen) and eyes (small hole covered with metal gold and silver). Apart form cleaver very unique material characteristics tend to thin, the material is dry, porous and contains a lot of metal elements of nature.
In Bogor Pantun as told by Anis Djatisunda (996-2000), cleaver has a variety of function and form. By function, cleaver divided four among others: Cleaver Heritage (symbol of grandeur and safety protection), Kujang Pakarang (to fight), Cleaver Pangarak (as a ceremonial tool) and Cleaver Pamangkas (as a farming tool). While based on the shape of the blades is nothing called Cleaver Jago (resembling the shape of a rooster), Cleaver Ciung (resembling a bird Ciung), Cleaver egrets (resembling egrets / bango), Cleaver Rhinoceros (resembling a rhinoceros), Cleaver Dragon (mythological animal resembling a dragon) and cleaver Kuhl (like frogs). Besides, there is also typology cleaver blade-shaped shadow play with the heroine as a symbol of fertility.

Mythology.

According to the parents there who give a very noble philosophy of the Cleaver as;
Ku-ji Jang-rek neruskeun padamelan elderly karuhun urang
Promise to continue the struggle elder ancestor urang / ancestors namely upholding human and characteristic ways how to characterize the nation. What is that?

Human traits way there are 5:

Compassion (Compassion),
Manners (Ethics behave),
Usuk steps (Ethics Speak),
Cultivation Bases Budi,
Na Yuda Wiwaha Raga ("Ngaji Agency".

Nation characteristic way there are 5:

Face,
Language,
Indigenous,
Literacy,
Culture
Actually there are many implicit philosophy of Cleaver is not just a weapon for defeating the enemy in time of war or just used as other tools.

History Form Cleaver (Kujang).

Cleaver value as an amulet or talisman, first appeared in the history of the kingdom of Padjadjaran Makukuhan and Panjalu. Precisely during the reign of Prabu Kudo Lalean (also called King Horse Lelean in the land of Sunda and the Kingdom Panjalu Ciamis). King Horse Lelean / Kudo Lalean also known as Bunisora ​​and Hyang Guru in Jampang since become an ascetic or a sage who qualified in Jampang (Sukabumi).
Since then, Cleaver gradually kings and nobles used it as a symbol of the Kingdom of authority and supernatural powers. Once, Prabu Kudo Lalean doing penance somewhere. Suddenly the prabu inspired to redesign the shape Cleaver, who had been used as an agricultural tool.
Surprisingly, the latest design in the minds of the King, shaped like the island of "Djawa Dwipa", known as the island of Java in the present. Well, after getting inspiration was, immediately prabu Kudo Lalean commissioned Mpu Windu Supo, a blacksmith from the royal family. He was asked to make the blade as it exists in the mind of the King. At first, Mpu Windu Supo upset about the form of weapons that must be made. So before doing the work, Mpu Windu Supo meditation, the mind of the prabu telescoped. Finally obtained a prototype for shadow neighbor (prototype) such weapons had in mind Kudo Lalean.
After the meditation was over, Mpu Windu Supo started its work. With magical touches enriched spiritual values ​​of philosophy, then be a weapon that has a high strength. This is a uniquely shaped Cleaver, and become a powerful magical object. This weapon has 2 pieces striking characteristics. The shape resembles Java and there are 3 hole somewhere on the blade. This is a weapon that the next generation is always associated with the kingdom of Padjadjaran Makukuhan.
Java itself is a form of philosophy of the ideals of the King, to unite the small kingdoms of Java into a single kingdom headed by the King of Padjadjaran Makukuhan. While the three holes in the blade symbolizes the Trimurti, or three aspects of the Godhead of the Hindu religion, which is also observed by Kudo Lalea. Three aspects of the Godhead refers to Brahma, Vishnu, and Shiva. Hindu trinity (Trimurti) also represented three major kingdoms at that time. Kingdoms, among others Pengging Wiraradya, which is located in the eastern part of Java; White Kambang kingdom, which is located in the northern part of Java, and the Padjadjaran Makukuhan kingdom, located in the West.
Cleaver forms develop further in future generations. Different models have sprung up. When the growing influence of Islam in society, Cleaver had experienced their shape resembles the Arabic letter "shin". This is an attempt of the Sundanese region, namely King Kian Santang (known also by the name of King Borosngora, and Bunisora ​​Suradipati of royal Panjalu), who wish to Islamize clicking Sundanese people. Finally nuanced Cleaver Hindu philosophy and religion of ancient cultures, be reconstructed in accordance with the philosophy of Islamic teachings. Shin itself is the first letter in rhyme (sentence) creed in which human stiap will testify of the One God and Muhammad as his messenger. By delivering the shahada and intentions in the heart of this, then every human being is automatically converted to Islam.
Manifestations of Islamic values ​​in Cleaver weapon is expanding the area of ​​the blade that conform to the shape of the letter shin. Cleaver latest model should be able to remind the owner with his loyalty to Islam and its teachings. Five holes on the Cleaver has replaced the meaning of Trimurti. The fifth hole 5 pole symbolizes Islam (pillars). Since then the model Cleaver describes the blend of the two styles designed Prabu Kudo Lalean and Prabu Kian Santang. But Cleaver authority as a weapon heirloom full "other forces" and could give certain powers to its possessor, remain attached.
In its development, Cleaver weapon no longer used by kings and nobility. Ordinary people also often use the same Cleaver as the King and nobles. In the Sundanese people, Cleaver often seen on display as a home decorating.
It is said that there is a kind of faith that relates to luck, protection, honor, dignity and others. However, there are some superstitions are considered a taboo that should not be done. Namely displaying Cleaver in pairs on the wall with a sharp blade next to the line of sight. This is taboo or prohibition. Moreover, one should not take a shot of him standing between two Cleaver in those positions. Reportedly, this will cause the death of that person within one year, but no more can be less. Thank you for reading this article.
Written and posted by Bambang Sunarno. sunarnobambang86@gmail.com
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http://primadonablog.blogspot.com/2015/06/you-know-cleaver.html
DatePublished: June 16, 2015 at 13:54

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Do You Know Keris.

Keris is a dagger stabbing weapon group (pointed end and sharp on both sides) with many cultural functions are known in the western and central Indonesia. The shape is distinctive and easily distinguishable from other sharp weapons because it is not symmetrical at the base is widened, the blade often winding, and many of them have the prestige (damascene), which is visible fibers in the strands of bright metal coating blades. Stabbing weapon types that have similarities with the dagger is the dagger. Another stabbing weapon native to Indonesia is kerambit.
In the past kris serves as a weapon in a duel / warfare, as well as complementary offerings objects. In the present use, a dagger is more a matter of accessories (ageman) in a dress, has a number of cultural symbols, or become collectibles are assessed in terms of aesthetics.
The use of a dagger dwelling communities scattered in the area that never affected by Majapahit, such as Java, Madura, East Nusa Tenggara, Sumatra, Kalimantan coast, part of Sulawesi, the Malay Peninsula, southern Thailand and the southern Philippines (Mindanao). Keris Mindanao known as dull. Keris in each region has its own peculiarities in appearance, function, engineering plots, and terminology.
Keris Indonesia has been listed in UNESCO as a World Cultural Heritage Human Non-material since 2005.

The origins and functions.

The origins of the keris is not yet fully explained because there are no written sources are descriptive about it dating from before the 15th century, although the mention of the term "kris" has been listed on the inscription of the 9th century AD. Scientific study the development of keris mostly based on an analysis figures in the reliefs or statues. Meanwhile, knowledge about the function of a dagger can be traced from several inscriptions and foreign explorers reports to the archipelago.

Beginning of: Effect of India-China.

With a sharp weapon forms alleged to be a source of inspiration keris can be found in the relics of the Dong Son culture and southern China. The alleged influence of ancient Chinese culture in the use of stabbing weapons, as the forerunner of the keris, it is possible enter through the Dong Son culture (Vietnam) which is a "bridge" the influence of Chinese culture to the archipelago. Some keris present offerings for the purposes of having a human-shaped handles (unlike modern keris), together with a dagger Dongson, and fused with the blade.
Respect for the various objects filmed metal can be traced to the influence of India, especially Siwaisme. Inscription Dakuwu (6th century) shows the Indian iconography featuring "wesi aji" like a trident, kudhi, sickles, and a dagger Sombro. Historians generally agree, a dagger from the pre-Singasari known as "the keris Buda", the short form and not berluk (straight), and is regarded as an early form (prototype) keris. Some dagger findings of Dong Son culture has similarities with Buda and kris kris sajen. Keris sajen has a handle portion of the metal that blends with the keris.

Kris prototypes from pre-Majapahit.

Megalithic statues sculptures and reliefs of the megalithic period until the 10-11 centuries AD calendar displays most forms of stabbing weapons and "wesi aji" similar to other weapons of Dongson and India. Shape allegedly stabbing weapon is the prototype of the keris blade yet skewed toward marijuana so impressed symmetrical blades, in addition to the generally shows the upstream / deder / engraving which is an integral part of the blade (deder IRAs). The most resembles a dagger is a relic of the valley Basemah megalithic South Sumatra Lahat 10-5 century BC depicting knights are riding an elephant with a stabbing weapon (dagger) is similar to a dagger blade inclination not only to marijuana but there is inclination (slope) of the upstream. Besides the relief panels Borobudur temple (9th century) which shows someone holding a dagger similar objects but do not yet have the degree of inclination and upstream / her deder still fused with blades.
From the same century, the inscription to the year 824 AD Karangtengah mentioned the term "keris" in a list of equipment. Inscription Poh (904 M) called "kris" as part of the offerings that needs to be presented. However, it is unknown whether the "keris" it refers to the object as it is known now.

In the keris knowledge of Java (padhuwungan), a dagger from pre-Kadiri-Singasari known as "the keris Buda" or "keris Sombro". Kris is not berpamor and simple. Buda kris kris is considered as a form of modern bodyguard. Examples of Buda kris kris often cited is Knaud family of Charles Knaud obtained Batavia, a Dutch enthusiasts Javanese mysticism, Sri Paku Alam V. Keris has epic Ramayana relief figures on the surface of the blade and put the numbers in Saka 1264 (1342 AD) , contemporaneous with the Temple Upgrading, although there is no doubting his calendar.
Keris Buda has similarities dagger shape with different images seen in the temples in Java before the 11th century. Dagger at the temples are still exhibits characteristics Indian weapon, has not experienced "indigenism" (indigenization). The various depictions of the various "wesi aji" as component icons of Hindu gods have brought awards attitudes toward a variety of weapons, including a dagger later. Nevertheless, there is no authentic evidence of the evolution of changes kris dagger style of India towards this buda.
Study iconography and style carving building during the Kadiri-Singasari (13th century to the 14th) showed a trend toward indigenism of India pure Javanese style, is no exception to the shape of a dagger. One of the Shiva statue Singasari period (early 14th century) holds a "wesi aji" that resemble a dagger, different from the depiction of the past. One low relief (bas-reliefs) in the wall of the Temple Upgrading also shows the use of a dagger stabbing weapon similar. Upgrading temple (11th century until the 13th M) from the end of the kingdom of Kadiri in Blitar, East Java.

Keris modern.

Modern keris is known today believed the observer keris taking shape in the Majapahit period (14th century), but the real relief in Bahal Temple relics of the kingdom Panai / Pane (11th century AD), as part of the kingdom of Srivijaya, in North Sumatra Portibi , showed that the keris 10-11M century modern as it is known today has found its form, in addition to the carbon at the kris test findings from Malang in East Java were found intact along upstream / dedernya made of bone that can be done to dedernya carbon analysis, The results showed that the keris is derived from 10M century.
Based on the earliest modern keris reliefs on temple Bahal North Sumatra and the discovery of a Buddhist kris East Java equally 10M indicate the age of the century can be estimated that in the 10 century BC began to create a dagger in its modern form that is asymmetrical.
From the 15th century, one of the reliefs in Sukuh, which is a place of worship from the end of Majapahit, clearly demonstrate a master craftsman was making keris. Relief is on the left depicts Bhima as masters of the middle personification forge iron, Ganesha in the middle, and the middle Arjuna blower tube pumping air to the furnace. The wall behind the masters display various results hammered metal objects, including a dagger.
.... These people [Majapahit] always wearing pu-la-t'ou (dagger? Or bodkin?) Which is inserted in the belt, which is made of steel, with intricate patterns and subtle stripes on the leaves; Its head is made of gold, horn, or ivory is carved in human form or face the giant with a very refined and cultivated diligently. - Ma Huan, "Ying-yai Sheng-lan Fai"
Ma Huan record of the year 1416, members of the expedition Zheng, the "Ying-yai Sheng-lan" mentions that people always wear Majapahit (pu-la-t'ou) is inserted in the belt. Regarding said Pu-la-t'ou, although only by the sound similarity, many argue that the question is a "dagger", and as a dagger stabbing weapons as daggers are then considered pu-la-t'ou describe the keris. Seems still to be done in future research whether it really majapahit keris called "dagger" but there is a description menggambarkann that the "dagger" is a dagger and prestige making technique has evolved well.
It could be referred to by Ma Huan with Pulat'ou is "dirk". The word "skewer" more like "Pu- La-T'ou" rather than "dagger". If it is true that Ma Huan was dirk on the picture of Ma Huan about weapons that are widely used in Majapahit keris but this is not the kind of Badik traditional weapons are now being used in a similar curvilinear Sumatra Jambiya, though these weapons have the inclination, but do not have marijuana and gandik so it can not be classified sebgai keris. The presumption that what is meant by Pu-La-T'ou is dirk still require research whether it is during the many public majapahit wearing dirk / dagger as a weapon similar.
... Weapons of the prabu are: sword, ABET (whip), Pamuk, machetes, teundeut pesos, a dagger. Giant who made his god, because it is used to kill ...
- Sanghyang siksakanda ng Karesian, Canto XVII
Keris is mentioned in the manuscript of the year 1440 Sundanese Saka (1518 AD), Sanghyang siksakanda ng Karesian Canto XVII, which states that the dagger is a weapon of King, (king, ksatriya group). The text of weapons in the community divides into three Sunda Kingdom class; weapons for prabu (king, marvelous, or group ksatriya) is a sword, whip, Pamuk, machetes, teundeut pesos, and a dagger; weapons for farmers is cleaver, baliung, homeopathic, kored, and tapping knife; while the arms of the priest is when Katri, expression peso, the peso dongdang, Pangot, and pakisi.
... Every man in Java, no matter rich or poor, should have a keris at home ... and none of the men aged between 12 and 80 years traveling without a blade of a dagger at his belt. Keris put on the back, like a dagger in Portugal ... - Tome Pires, "Suma Oriental"
Tome Pires, the Portuguese explorers of the 16th century, mentioned the usage habits keris by men Java. The description is not much different from that mentioned Ma Huan century earlier.
News Portuguese and French of the 17th century have shown widespread use of the prestige and the use of a dagger handles of wood, horn, or ivory in various places in the archipelago.

Keris function development.

At present, a dagger has a variety of functions and this is shown by the diversity of the existing forms of keris.
Kris as offering elements as stated by the inscriptions of the first millennium shows the keris as part of the offering. At present, the keris is also still a part of the offerings. Furthermore, the keris is also used in ritual / ceremony mystical or paranormal. Kris to use this kind has a different shape, with pesi be upstream kris, so that the upper one with a keris. Such kris kris known as offerings or "keris majapahit" (not the same as tough Majapahit keris) !.
The accounts of foreign shows kris function as weapons in layman Majapahit. Keris as a weapon has a strong blade, tough, but lightweight. Various legends of the period Demak-Mataram know some famous keris weapons, such as a dagger Nagasasra Sabukinten.
French reports from the 16th century has told the keris as a symbol of the greatness of the role of the leaders of Sumatra (especially the Sultanate of Aceh). Godinho de Heredia from Portugal wrote in his journal of 1613 that the inhabitants of the Malay Peninsula ("Hujung Land") had given poison to the keris and decorate gloves and upstream dagger with precious stones.
"Smoothing" the keris function seems to be getting stronger since the 19th century onwards, in line with the easing of the political turmoil in the archipelago and the strengthening of the use of firearms. In this development, the role of a dagger as a weapon gradually reduced. For example, in Java idealism about a man "perfect", it is often argued that the keris or suspicious become a symbol of the handle knowledge / skills as life provision. The growing use of the keris manners and variations of the sheath (sheath) that is known now can be said smoothing function is also a form keris.

Different ways to wear a keris based on Javanese culture.

At present, among the Javanese kris kris as always see Tosan Aji or "hard objects (metal) noble" and not as a weapon. Keris is dhuwung, together with the spear; both are regarded as objects "grip" (ageman) taken power preferment by taking the form of stabbing weapons in the past. In Malaysia, the culture strong monarchy, a dagger into Malay identity.
Procedures for the use of different keris in each region. In the area of ​​Java and Sunda, for example, a dagger placed in the back of the waist in peacetime but are placed at the front during the war. Kris placement in front can be interpreted as a willingness to fight. In addition, related to the function, the sheath Java also has major variations: Gayaman and ladrang. Meanwhile, in Sumatra, Borneo, Malaysia, Brunei and the Philippines, a dagger placed in front of the ceremonies greatness.

Material, manufacture, and maintenance.

The base metals are used in the manufacture of keris there are two kinds of metal is ferrous metal and metal prestige, while pesi keris made of steel. To make light of the professor always combine these basic materials with other metals. Keris today (NEM-Neman, made since the 20th century) usually wear metallic nickel prestige. Past Keris (keris kuno) which both have the prestige metal meteorite known to have a high titanium content, in addition to nickel, cobalt, silver, tin, chromium, antimony, and copper. Famous meteorite is a meteorite Prambanan, which never falls on the 19th-century temple complex at Prambanan.
Keris vary from one master to another master, but there is a procedure that usually resemble. Here is a brief process according to one of the libraries. Blade iron as the base material diwasuh or heated to glowing and they were hammered repeatedly to dispose of impurities (eg, carbon and various oxides). Once clean, folded blades like the letter U to insert a slab of material prestige in it. Furthermore, these folds back heated and forged. After sticking and elongated, this mixture is folded and forged back repeatedly. Way, strength, and forge position, and the number of folds will affect the prestige that appears later. This process is called Saton. Ultimately shape is elongated slab. The slab then cut into two parts, called kodhokan. A steel plate is then placed in between the two kodhokan like sandwiches, then tied dipijarkan and forged to unite. Kodhokan tip then made slightly elongated to be cut and used marijuana. The next stage is to form pesi, bengkek (candidate gandhik), and finally forming blades whether berluk or straight. Luk manufacture is done by heating.
The next stage is the manufacture of ornaments (ricikan) by working on certain parts using a miser, grinding, and drilling, according to dhapur keris to be made. Silak waja done by filing the bar to see the prestige that is formed. Marijuana was made to follow the bottom blade. Adapted to the size of the hole diameter pesi.
The last stage, the plating, metal keris be done so that the metal iron. In the Philippines kris not done this process. Gilding ("consider smb. Head metal") is performed by inserting a blade into a mixture of sulfur, salt, and lime juice (called Kamalan). Gilding can also be done with a dagger incandesce then dipped into a liquid (water, brine, or oil, depending on the experience of the professor who makes). Gilding actions should be done with caution because if one can make a keris cracking.
In addition to the usual plating method as above in the plating Keris also known Sepuh lick namely when Kris burning metal were taken and licked with the tongue, Sepuh Akep namely when Kris burning metal were taken and nibbled lips several times and Sepuh Saru namely when Kris smoldering metal taken and held by a woman's genitals (vagina) Sepuh this is the famous Saru Nyi Sombro, dagger form is not great but adjusted.
Provision of arsenic and fragrance oils made as a dagger care in general. Kris care in Javanese tradition carried out each year, usually in the month of Muharram / Sura, although this is not a requirement. Term care dagger is "bathe" the keris, although actually done is to remove the old fragrance oils and rust on the keris, usually with acid (traditionally use coconut juice, crushed noni fruit, or lime juice). Blades that have been cleaned and then given warangan when necessary to reinforce the prestige, cleaned again, and then given a fragrance oil to protect the keris of new rust. This fragrance oil is traditionally used oil jasmine or sandalwood oil diluted in coconut oil.

Morphology.

Keris or dhuwung consists of three main parts, namely blades (wilah or kris leaves), hashish ("cantilever"), and upstream kris (engraving, kris handle). There is a part that must slats. Hulu kris can separate or fused with blades. Marijuana is not always there, but a good kris always have it. Keris as a weapon and a tool ceremony protected by the sheath or the sheath.
Keris is a major part of the identification of a keris. Knowledge of the shape (dhapur) or morphology keris be important for identification purposes. Keris has many spiritual symbol besides aesthetic value. General things to consider in the morphology of the keris is a bend (luk), ornaments (ricikan), color or beam blades, as well as patterns of prestige. This combination produces a number of different components of a standard form (dhapur) dagger that many described in the libraries of the keris.
The effect of time influences the style of manufacture. Kris-making style is reflected in the concept of respite, which is usually associated with the periodization of history and geography, as well as the masters who make it.

Hulu or a dagger grip.

Grip keris (Javanese: uniformity, or upstream kris) is an assortment of motives, to keris Bali there that looks like a god, pedande (pastor), a giant, dancers, forest hermit and some kinatah carved with gold and precious stones and usually studded with rubies.
Sulawesi depicts a dagger grip seabirds. It was a symbol of the most professional Sulawesi community which is a sailor, while the bird is the symbol of the world for the safety. As well as the head of a bird motif used in kris Riau Lingga, and to other areas as the development center Tosan aji such as Aceh, Bangkinang (Riau), Palembang, Sambas, Kutai, Bugis, Luwu, Java, Madura and Sulu, kris has carvings and a different symbol. In addition, the materials used were derived from a variety of materials such as ivory, bone, metal, and the most that wood.
To handle Javanese kris, generally consist of sira wingking (of the head), Jiling, cigir, shallow, bathuk (front of the head), Weteng and cauliflower.

Warangka or sheath.

Warangka, or the sheath (language Banjar: Kumpang), is a component of a dagger that has a specific function, especially in the social life of the Java community, not least because this is the part that looks directly. Warangka were originally made of wood (which commonly are teak, sandalwood, Timoho, and yellow). In line with the times by an additional wrangka function as a reflection of social status for its users. Uppers or ladrang-Gayaman often replaced with ivory.
Broadly speaking there are two forms of the sheath, the sheath ladrang types consisting of parts: tweezers, lata, beard, Gandek, Godong (shaped like a leaf), axle, ri and cangkring. And the other type is the type of wrangka Gayaman (Gandon) which parts similar to the wrangka ladrang but there are tweezers, Godong, and Gandek.
Rules wrangka use this form has been determined, although it is not absolute. Wrangka ladrang used for official ceremonies, for example before the king, other palace official events (coronation, royal appointments, marriage, etc.) with the intent of respect. The procedure for its use is to slip a dagger in the folds of the belt axle (stagen) on the back of the waist (including as consideration for the safety of the king). While wrangka Gayaman used for daily necessities, and a dagger placed on the front (near the waist) or at the back (back waist).
In the war, which is used is a dagger wrangka Gayaman, consideration is practical and concise terms, because wrangka more Gayaman allows quick and easy to move, because the shape is more simple.
Ladrang and Gayaman is a pattern-form wrangka, and the main part according wrangka function is long-shaped bottom (along wilah kris) called axle or antupan, then the axle function is to wrap wilah (slats) and usually made of wood (considered to no damage wilah made from alloy).
Because the axle to wrap function, so that the function of beauty is not preferred, it is to be coated such memperindahnya-cylinder sleeve called pendok. Pendok section (sleeve lining) this is usually very beautifully carved, made of brass, suasa (a mixture of copper gold), silver, gold. For areas outside of Java (among kings Bugis, Goa, Palembang, Riau, Bali) pendoknya made of gold, along with additional embellishments such as embroidery laces of gold and diamonds strewn flowers.
For Javanese kris, according to pendok shape, there are three kinds, namely (1) pendok bunton flat without a hemisphere-shaped sleeve on its side, (2) pendok cantaloupe (blengah) split lengthwise up on one end so that the axle will be visible, and (3) pendok topengan the slit is located just in the middle. When viewed from decorations, there are two kinds pendok pendok pendok ornate and plain (without engraving).

Wilah or keris.

Wilah, wilahan, or slats is a major part of a keris. Wilah dagger is forged metals such that became a sharp weapon. Wilah consists of certain parts that are not the same for each wilahan, which is usually called the kitchen, or naming shapes in wilah-bar (there are dozens shape kitchen). For example, it can be mentioned tall kitchen mayang, jaka lola, pinarak crown murub, cauliflower, kebo Tedan, pudak sitegal, etc.
At the base there wilahan pesi, which is the lower end of a keris or kris stalk. This is the part that goes into the handle keris (engraving). This Pesi length between 5 cm to 7 cm, with a cross section of about 5 mm to 10 mm, long round shape like a pencil. In the area of ​​East Java called axis, in Riau called nipple, while for Sarawak, Brunei and Malaysia called punting.
At the base (base keris) or the bottom of a keris called cannabis (for local call aring Malay peninsula). In the middle there is a hole pesi (round) just to enter pesi, so that the wilah and marijuana inseparable. Tosan Aji cultural observers say that the unity it symbolizes the unity of the phallus and yoni, which represents marijuana emblem symbolizes the yoni while pesi lingganya. This marijuana cursory shaped lizard, the front called sira lizard, called gulu meled neck, abdomen and tail called wetengan called sebit ron. The variety of marijuana is diverse, wilut, dungkul, flashing leeches and sebit rontal.
Luk, is part of the winding-wilah keris, and seen from the shape of the keris can be divided into two major categories, namely kris dagger blade straight and winding or luk. One simple way of calculating luk on the bar, starting from the base toward the tip of the keris, calculated from the convex side and carried on each side of both sides (right and left), then the last number is the number of luk at wilah-bar and the numbers are always odd (odd) and never even, and the smallest is luk three (3) and most are luk thirteen (13). If there keris luk number of his more than thirteen, usually called kris kalawija, or keris is not uncommon.

Pasikutan, tough keris, and developments in the present.

What is meant by pasikutan is "romance" or the impression of emotions generated by the form of a keris. Typically, the personification pinned on a kris, a dagger looks like for example a "hunchback", "not excited", "carefree", "unbalanced", and so on. Ability suggests pasikutan an advanced stage in studying the science of the keris and bring someone on panangguhan keris.
Style / style of making a keris is influenced by age, place of residence and taste masters are made. In terms Javanese kris, kris style according to time and place is termed as tough. Tangguh can also be interpreted as "estimates", that is an estimate of a keris to follow the style of an age or a certain place. "Suspension" the keris is generally carried out on heirloom kris, although new kris can also be made to follow a certain tough, depending on the desires of the keris or owner.
Formidable keris is not absolute because the description of each can be tough even overlap. In addition, old libraries do not have agreement on masters who put in a formidable. This is due to the oral tradition before the 20th century used in science padhuwungan.
Although age is not synonymous with tough, tough keris (Javanese) is the oldest that can be found today is tough Buda (or keris Buda). The oldest modern heirloom kris ascribed tough Padjadjaran, from the period when most of Central Java still under the influence Galuh Kingdom. Keris is the youngest of the reign Pakubuwana X (ending 1939). Furthermore, the quality of keris has continued to decline, even in Surakarta in the 1940s no one clever dagger survive.
Kris craft art revival in Surakarta began in 1970, dibidani by KRT Hardjonagoro (Go Tik Swan) and supported by Sudiono Humardani, through association Bring Taste Tosan Aji. Slowly clever activity bounced back and eventually kris kris science also be a program of study at the College of Arts Indonesia Surakarta (now ISI Surakarta).
Kris made by the clever kris kris is now known as the Kamardikan ("the keris independence"). This period gave birth to some famous keris clever than the Solo as KRT. Supawijaya (Solo), Pauzan Pusposukadgo (Solo), STSI Surakarta kris clever team, Harjosuwarno (KRT owned studio working on Hardjonagoro in Solo), Supaman Wignyosukadgo (Solo).
Thank you for reading this article. Written and posted by Bambang Sunarno. sunarnobambang86@gmail.com
author:
http://schema.org/Personal.
https://plus.google.com/105319704331231770941.
name: Bambang Sunarno.
http://primadonablog.blogspot.com/2015/06/do-you-know-keris.html
DatePublished: June 16, 2015 at 13:20

Tags : Do You Know Keris.

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