Did you know Mount Tambora.

Mount Tambora (or Tomboro) is an active stratovolcano located on the island of Sumbawa, Indonesia. The mountain is located in the two districts, namely Dompu (partially feet south side to the northwest, and Bima (part of the southern side of the slope to the northwest, and the feet to the top of the east side to the north), West Nusa Tenggara province, on 8 ° 15 'latitude and 118 ° east. The mountain is located in both the north and south side of the oceanic crust. Tambora was formed by the subduction zone beneath it. It increases the Tambora up to 4,300 m altitude that makes this mountain was once one of the highest peaks in the archipelago and drying a large magma chamber inside the mountain. It took a century to refill the magma chamber.
Volcanic activity volcano culminated in April 1815 when it erupted in the scale of seven on the Volcanic Explosivity Index. Most serious eruption becomes eruption since the eruption of Lake Taupo in the year 181. The explosion was heard on Sumatra island (more than 2,000 km). Volcanic ash has fallen in Kalimantan, Sulawesi, Java and Maluku. The explosion caused the death of up to no less than 71,000 people with whom 11,000-12,000 killed directly as a result of the eruption. In fact, some researchers estimate up to 92,000 people were killed, but this figure is doubtful because based on estimates that are too high. Moreover, this eruption caused global climate change. The next year (1816) is often referred to as the year without summer because the weather changes drastically from North America and Europe because of the dust produced from Tambora's eruption. Due to drastic climate change is a lot of crop failure and livestock deaths in the Northern Hemisphere that caused the worst famine of the 19th century.
During archaeological excavations in 2004, a team of archaeologists found the remains of culture buried by the eruption of 1815 at a depth of 3 meters in pyroclastic deposits. Artifacts were found in the same position when the eruption occurred in 1815. Because of the characteristics of this similar, these findings are often referred to as the Pompeii of the east.

Geography.

Mount Tambora is situated on the island of Sumbawa, which is part of the islands of Nusa Tenggara. This mountain is part of the Sunda arc, ropes of volcanic islands that make up the southern chain of the Indonesian archipelago. Tambora establish its own peninsula on the island of Sumbawa called Sanggar peninsula. On the north side of the peninsula, there is Flores Sea, and in the south there is a gulf Saleh with 86 km long and 36 km wide. At the mouth of the bay Saleh, there is a small island called Mojo.
In addition to seismological and volcanologist who observed the activity of the volcano, Mount Tambora is an area for scientific research of archaeologists and biologists. The mountain also attracts tourists for hiking and wildlife activities. Dompu and Bima is a city that is located closest to the mountain. On the slopes of Mount Tambora, there are several villages. In the east there is the village Studio. In the northwest, there is the village of Doro Peti and villages Bed & Breakfast. In the west, there Calabai village.
There are two hiking trails to reach the mountain Tambora caldera. The first route starts from Doro Mboha village located on the southeast side of Mount Tambora. This route follows the paved road through a cashew plantation until it reaches an altitude of 1,150 m above sea level. The route ends in the southern part of the caldera with a height of 1.950 m which can be reached by the mid point of the hiking trail. This location is normally used as a tent to observe volcanic activity because it only takes one hour to reach the caldera. The second route starts from Pancasila village on the northwest side of Mount Tambora. If using a second route, the caldera can only be reached on foot.

Geological history.

Formation.

Tambora stretches 340 km north of the Java trench system and 180-190 km above the subduction zone. The mountain is located in both the north and south side of the oceanic crust. This mountain has a convergence rate of 7.8 cm per year. Tambora is estimated to have been in the earth since 57.000 BP (radiocarbon dating standards) When the mountain is rising as a result of geological processes underneath, a large magma chamber is formed and simultaneously participate emptied magma. Mojo Island, too, formed as part of this geological process in which bay Saleh was originally an ocean basin (about 25,000 BP)
According to geological investigation, a high volcanic cone has been formed prior to the eruption of 1815 with the same characteristics as the shape of a stratovolcano. The hole diameter reaches 60 km. The main hole often emit lava flowing down regularly with heavy to steep slopes.
Since the eruption of 1815, at the bottom there are deposits of lava and pyroclastic material. Approximately 40% of the 1-4 m layer is represented by thin lava flows. Thin scoria produced by fragmentation of lava flows. At the top, lava covered by scoria, tuff and pyroclastic rocks cascading down. At Mount Tambora, there are 20 craters. Some craters have a name, such as Tahe (877 m), Molo (602 m), Kadiendinae, the Dome (1648 m) and Doro Api Toi. The crater also produce basalt lava flows.

Historical eruptions.

By using radiocarbon dating techniques, stated that Mount Tambora had erupted three times before the eruption of 1815, but the magnitude of the eruption is not known. Estimated date of eruption was in 3910 BC ± 200 years, 3050 BC and 740 ± 150 years. The third eruption eruptions have the same characteristics. Each of these eruptions has a major eruption in the hole, but there are exceptions for the third eruption. In the third eruption, there are no pyroclastic flows.
In 1812, Mount Tambora became more active, with a peak eruption occurred in April 1815. The eruption of the entry into seven scale Volcanic explosivity index (VEI), the number of bursts of tephra of 1.6 × 1011 cubic meters. Characteristics eruptions including eruptions in the main hole, pyroclastic flows, loss of life, damage to soil and land, the tsunami and the collapse of the caldera. The third eruption affect the global climate in a long time. Tambora activity after the eruption of new stop on 15 July 1815. Further activities then take place in August 1819 in the presence of a small eruption with fire and rumbling sounds accompanied by aftershocks that are considered part of the eruption in 1815. The eruption was included in the scale both on the VEI scale. Around 1880 ± 30 years, Tambora erupted, but only within the caldera. These eruptions create small lava flows and lava dome extrusion, which then formed a new crater named Doro Api Toi inside the caldera.
Mount Tambora is still active status. Small lava domes and lava flows still occur on the floor of the caldera in the 19th century and 20th century. The last eruption occurred in 1967, which was accompanied by an earthquake and measured on a scale of 0 VEI, which means that the eruption happened without the explosion.

The eruption in 1815.

Chronology of the eruption.

Estimated area affected by the ash eruption of Tambora in 1815. The area of ​​red indicates the thickness of volcanic ash. The ash reached the island of Borneo and Sulawesi (thickness 1 cm).
Mount Tambora experienced inactivity for several centuries before 1815, the volcano known as "sleep", which is the result of a cooling of hydrous magma in the magma chamber is closed. In the magma chamber in a depth of about 1.5 to 4.5 km, a solid solution of a high-pressure fluid magma formed during cooling and crystallization of magma. The pressure in the magma chamber about 4-5 kbar appear and a temperature of 700 ° C-850 ° C.
In 1812, Mount Tambora caldera began to rumble and generated a dark cloud. On April 5, 1815, the eruption occurred, followed by the sound of thunder is heard in Makassar, Sulawesi (380 km from Mount Tambora), Batavia (now Jakarta) in Java (1,260 km from Mount Tambora), and Ternate in the Moluccas (1400 km of Mount Tambora). The thunder sound audible to the island of Sumatra on 10-11 April 1815 (more than 2,600 km of Mount Tambora), which was initially regarded as a gunshot rifle. On the morning of April 6, 1815, volcanic ash began to fall in East Java with the sound of thunder sounded until the date of 10 April 1815.
At 7:00 pm on 10 April, the eruption is getting stronger. Three rows of fire emanated and join. The whole mountain turned into a huge stream of fire. Pumice rocks with a diameter of 20 cm began to rain at 8:00 pm, followed by ash at 9: 00-10: 00 pm. Hot pyroclastic flows flowing down towards the sea on all sides of the peninsula, destroying the village of Tambora. Loud explosions were heard until late afternoon, 11 April. Abu spreads to West Java and South Sulawesi. Smell "nitrates" wafted in Batavia and heavy rains accompanied by ash tephra fall, eventually subsides between dated 11 and 17 April 1815.
The first eruption heard on this island on the afternoon of April 5, they realize every quarter of an hour, and continued at intervals until the next day. His voice, at first instance, is almost considered sound cannons; so much so that a detachment of soldiers moving from Djocjocarta, with estimates that the nearest post was attacked, and along the coast, the boats are sent on two occasions in the search for a ship that should be in a state of emergency.

Reports Thomas Stamford Raffles.

The eruption is included in the scale of seven on a scale Volcanic explosivity index. The eruption was four times more powerful than the eruption of Krakatoa in 1883. An estimated 100 km³ pyroclastic trakiandesit issued, with an estimated mass of 1.4 × 1014 kg. This has left a caldera with a size of 6-7 km and a depth of 600-700 m. The density of the ash that fell in Makassar was 636 kg / m². Before the eruption, Mount Tambora has a height of approximately 4,300 m, one of the highest peak in Indonesia. After the eruption, the height of the mountain is just as high as 2,851 m.
Tambora eruption in 1815 was the largest eruptions in history. The explosion was heard as far as 2,600 km, and ash fell at least as far as 1,300 km. Darkness visible as far as 600 km from the top of the mountain for more than two days. Pyroclastic flows spread at least 20 km from the summit.

Result.

All plants on the island were destroyed. Fallen trees mixed with pumice ash into the sea and form a raft to cross a distance of more than 5 km. Pumice rafts were found in the Indian Ocean, near Kolkata on October 1 and October 3, 1815. with thick ash clouds still covered the peak on April 23. Explosions stopped on July 15, although the emission of smoke is still visible on 23 August. Fire and aftershocks were reported in August 1819, four years after the eruption.
When passing through the entire Dompo and many parts of Bima, massive misery on a population that is reduced gives a great blow against the eyesight. There are still bodies in the street and a sign many others have been buried, almost completely abandoned villages and houses collapsed, survivors difficulty finding food.

Since the eruption, diarrhea attack residents in Bima, Dompo, and Sang'ir, which attacks the large population. Allegedly population ash contaminated drinking water, and horses also died in large numbers for the same problem.
Large tsunami attacked the coast several islands in Indonesia on April 10, with a height of over 4 m in the studio at 10:00 pm. 1-2 m high tsunami reported in Besuki, East Java before midnight and 2 m high tsunami occurred in the Moluccas.
High smoke eruption reached the stratosphere, with a height of more than 43 km. Ash particles fell 1 to 2 weeks after the eruption, but there are ash particles that remain in the atmosphere for a few months to several years at an altitude of 10-30 km. Wind longitude of the particles spread around the world, making the occurrence of the phenomenon. Colored sunset and dusk seen in London, England between June 28 and July 2, 1815 and September 3 and October 7, 1815. twilight sky glow orange or red appear near the horizon and purple or pink on top.
Estimates of mortality vary, depending on the source. Zollinger (1855) estimates that 10,000 people died from pyroclastic flows. On the island of Sumbawa, there were 38,000 deaths due to starvation, and another 10,000 due to disease and famine on the island of Lombok. Petroeschevsky (1949) estimates that around 48,000 and 44,000 people were killed in Sumbawa and Lombok. Some authors use Petroeschevsky figures, such as Stothers (1984), which states the number of deaths amounted to 88,000. Tanguy (1998) claims Petroeschevsky figures could not be found and by reference to which can not be tracked. Tanguy revised the number of deaths based on two sources, the source of Zollinger, who spent several months in Sumbawa after the eruption and Raffles records. Tanguy shows that there are many victims in Bali and East Java due to disease and starvation. An estimated 11,000 died from the direct influence of the volcano and 49,000 by disease epidemics and starvation after the eruption. Oppenheimer (2003) state the number of deaths of more than 71,000 inhabitants.

Global influence.

Total concentration of sulfate in ice cores from Greenland middle, dates were calculated with seasonal oxygen isotope variation. There is no known eruption in 1810's.
The eruption of Mount Tambora in 1815 issued a sulfur into the stratosphere, causing global climate irregularities. Different methods have estimated the amount of sulfur released during the eruption: the petrological method, a measurement based on anatomical observations, and ice core sulfate concentration method, using ice from Greenland and Antarctica. Estimates vary depending on the method, between 10 to 120 Tg Tg S S.
In the spring and summer of 1816, a dry fog visible in the northeastern United States. The fog redden and reduce sunlight, such as sunspots are visible to the naked eye. Either wind or rain can not eliminate the "fog" is. "Fog" is identified as stratospheric sulfate aerosol mist. In the summer of 1816, countries in the Northern Hemisphere suffered because of the changing weather conditions, known as the Year Without a Summer. World normal temperature is reduced by about 0.4-0.7 ° C, enough to cause problems of agriculture in the world. On June 4, 1816, frosts were reported in Connecticut, and and the next day, almost all of New England was gripped by the cold. On June 6, 1816, snow fell in Albany, New York, and Dennysville, Maine. Similar conditions occurred for at least three months and causing crop failure in North America. Canada experienced a very cold summer. 30 cm of snow accumulated near Quebec City from 6 to June 10, 1816.
1816 was the second coldest year in the Northern Hemisphere since 1400 AD, after the eruption of Huaynaputina in Peru in 1600. In 1810's was a decade of the coldest on record as a result of the eruption of Tambora in 1815 and the other suspected eruptions occurred between 1809 and 1810 . Changes in surface temperature during the summer of 1816, 1817 and 1818 amounted to -0.51, -0.44 and -0.29 ° C, and the summers are cooler, a part of Europe experiencing more heavy snow storm.
Climate change blamed for an outbreak of typhoid in southeastern Europe and the eastern Mediterranean between 1816 and 1819. Many cattle died in New England during the winter of 1816-1817. Cool temperatures and heavy rains caused crop failure in the British Isles. Families in Wales flee and beg for food. Hunger prevalent in the north and southwest of Ireland as wheat, oat and potato crop failures. The crisis occurred in Germany, where food prices rose sharply. Due to price increases that are not known to cause a demonstration in front of the market and bakeries, followed by riots, arson and looting that occurred in many cities in Europe. This is the worst famine that occurred in the 19th century.

Archaeological evidence.

In the summer of 2004, a team from the University of Rhode Island, University of North Carolina at Wilmington, and Indonesian volcanology directorate, led by Haraldur Sigurdsson, start an archaeological excavation at Mount Tambora. After six weeks, the team unearthed evidence of the existence of a lost culture destroyed by the eruption of Mount Tambora. The site is located 25 km west of the caldera, in the forest, 5 km from the coast. The team must pass sediment volcanic pumice and ash with a thickness of 3 m.
The team used ground-penetrating radar to locate buried a small home. They dug back home and they found the remains of two adults, and also bowls bronze, iron tools and other artifacts. Design and decoration artifacts have similarities with artifacts from Vietnam and Cambodia. The test is done using a technique carbonization make it clear that they are formed from charcoal pencil formed by hot magma. Everyone, houses and culture are left as when they were in 1815. Sigurdsson call this culture as the Pompeii of the east. Based on the artifacts found, the majority of bronze objects, the team stated that these people are not poor. The historical evidence shows that people on the island of Sumbawa in the East Indies famous for honey, horses, wood Sepang (Caesalpinia sappan), producing red dye, and sandalwood used for incense and treatment. This area is known to be productive in the field of agriculture.
Archaeological findings make it clear that there is a culture that is destroyed by the eruption of 1815, title lost kingdom of Tambora called by the media. With this discovery, Sigurdsson intends to return to Tambora in 2007 to look for the rest of the village, and hoped to find the palace.

Ecosystems.

The research team led by botanists Switzerland, Heinrich Zollinger, arrived on the island of Sumbawa in 1847. Zollinger's mission is to study the eruption and its effects on the local ecosystem. He was the first to climb to the top of the mountain after the eruption of the volcano Tambora. The mountain is still covered by smoke. When Zollinger climb, his feet sunk several times through a thin surface crust toward the warm layer such as sulfur. Some plants re-grow and some trees were observed on the lower slopes. Casuarina forests recorded at 2200-2550 m. Some Imperata cylindrica can also be found.
Population began living in Mount Tambora in 1907. Planting of coffee began in the 1930s in the northwest slope of Mount Tambora, in the village of Concentrated. Rain forest called Duabangga moluccana has grown to a height of 1000-2800 m. The planting covers an area of ​​80,000 hectares (800 km²). The rain forest was discovered by the Dutch team, led by Koster and De Voogd 1933. They began their journey in the "area of ​​almost barren, dry and hot" and they entered the "great hutam" with "big forest giant and magnificent". At an altitude of 1,100 m, they entered the montane forest. At an altitude of 1800 m, they find Dodonaea viscosa dominated by Casuarina trees. At the summit, they found little Anaphalis viscida and wahlenbergia.
56 species of birds found in 1896, including Crested White-eye. 12 other species found in 1981. Some research zoologist find other bird species on the mountain, resulting in the discovery of more than 90 species of birds. Yellow-crested cockatoo, Murai Asia, Tiong Gold, Green jungle fowl and a rainbow lorikeet hunted to be sold and maintained by the locals. Hirst-legged orange hunted for food. Bird exploitation leads to reduced bird populations. Yellow-crested Cockatoo nearly extinct on the island of Sumbawa.
Since 1972, commercial logging companies have been operating in this area, which led to a threat to the rainforest. Logging companies holding permits to cut timber in an area of ​​20,000 hectares (200 km²), or 25% of the area. [30] Section other rainforest is used for hunting. Among the hunting ground and ground clearance, there is a nature reserve, temat deer, buffalo, wild boar, bats, flying foxes, and various species of reptiles and birds can be found.

Observations.

Indonesia's population is increasing rapidly since the eruption in 1815. In 2006, the population of Indonesia has reached 222 million and 130 million people are on the island of Java and Bali. A volcanic eruption of Tambora eruption of 1815 will lead to greater mortality, so volcanic activity in Indonesia continues to be observed, including Mount Tambora.
Indonesia's seismological activity observed by the Center for Volcanology and Geological Hazard Mitigation Indonesia. Observation post for Mount Tambora is situated in the village of Doro Peti. They focused seismic and tectonic activity using seismometers. Since the eruption of 1880, there is an increase in seismic activity. Observations continue to be made in the caldera, especially in the crater Doro Api Toi.
Center for Volcanology and Geological Hazard Mitigation has asserted map Tambora volcano hazard mitigation. Two zones were declared the danger zone and the zone alert. Danger zone is the area that is directly affected by the eruption: pyroclastic flows, lava flows and pyroclastic fall of the other. These areas, including the Caldera and the surroundings, covers an area of ​​58.7 km². People are prohibited from living in the danger zone. Alert zone includes areas that may be directly affected by the eruption: lava flows and other floating rocks. Comprehensive alert area of ​​185 km², including Pasanggrahan, Doro Peti, Rao, Labuan Kenanga, GuBu Ponda, Kawindana Toi and Hoddo. Guwu river called the river located in the south and northwest of Mount Tambora is also inserted into the alert zone. Thank you for reading this article.
Written and posted by Bambang Sunarno. sunarnobambang86@gmail.com
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DatePublished: 27 April 2015 at 13:05

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Did you know Black Box aircraft.

When the plane crash occurred most sought after tool is a black box or black box to record conversations duty aircraft between pilots and air traffic or air traffic control (ATC) as well as to determine the air pressure and weather conditions during flight. The sophisticated instrument called a black box, but the box is not actually black but orange or orange. It is intended to facilitate the search when the plane crashed.

Function and history of the black box.

History of Black Box.

David Warren in 1953 was a scientist Aeronautical Research Laboratory (ARL) in Australia, initiated the creation of a recording device conversation between the pilot and the crew during the flight. It is inspired when a jetliner crashed in India and can not know the cause. In 1957, David Warren completed a prototype

of such a device, named ARL Flight Memory. These devices are capable of recording data conversations between the pilot and crew for 4 hours. But unfortunately, the Australians had no interest in order to develop these tools. So that in 1958 the Secretary of the United Kingdom Air Registration Board was interested in a prototype machine that was invented by David Warren.

Warren and his team was asked by the British to bring such tools to be developed in the UK. The tool is enhanced by wrapping box named CSMU (Crash Survivable Memory Unit). The box of thin aluminum plates, silica and stainless steel to withstand a variety of extreme circumstances. The tool is finally sold to many countries for aircraft equipment, so that in 1960 the country Australia is the first country to implement that all aircraft must have the Black Box.

Another term Aircraft Black Box.

Red Egg.

The term black box appears when after a meeting on the first commercial flight recorder, called "Red Egg". The black box is a term that is more humorous and almost never used in the aviation safety industry. These recorders are generally not black, but usually bright orange because it is intended to be easily searched and found after an incident occurs.

Box-of-tricks.

Alternative origin for this term is of terminology RAF during World War II. During the period of the new electronic innovations in 1940-1945, objects such as the Oboe, and H2S GEE usually mounted on aircraft bombers routinely. This tool was apparently covered with artificial iron boxes and painted black to prevent reflection. After some time, electronic items "new" anything called a "box of tricks" (box-of-tricks) or "black box" (black box). This expression extends to the future of civil aviation after the war and eventually general use.

Black Box usability.

In an airplane there are 2 Black Box is taken and each has a different function, the Black Box is the first so-called CVR or cockpit voice recorder function to record all conversations conducted either by the pilot in the cockpit by co-pilot and the ATC airports , This box can usually reveal the cause of the accident which occurred on airplanes because if the plane was in error, the pilot and co-pilot will always communicate well between them and with ATC.

Black Box are both called FDR or the Flight Data Recorder, FDR recorded various parameters associated with the operation and characteristics of the aircraft such as data from a number of sensors to monitor information such as acceleration, speed, altitude, position of the cockpit controls, thermometers, gauges engines, fuel flow , the surface of the set position, autopilot status, switch position, and various other parameters. Most parameters are recorded several times per second, but some FDR can record bursts of data at a higher frequency when the input is changing rapidly. Black Box itself is located at the tail plane with forecasts in the event of an accident it is this part that is relatively intact and not destroyed.

Data read Black Box Black Box aircraft.

To be analyzed, the data and the FDR and CVR read using special equipment and software. In the United States, this is done in the laboratory of the national transportation safety agencies (National Transportation Safety Board / NTSB), which gained the Read Out System and Software and creator of the Black Box. This process can take up weekly or even months. Results of analysis and Black Box is not the only source to be able to deduce the cause of an accident. Investigators in Indonesia are carried out by the National Transportation Safety Committee (NTSC) must combine and synchronize with a variety of other findings can deduce fully and comprehensively Agency Aviation Authority of the United States,

The Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) requires that commercial aircraft to record at least 11 to 29 parameters, depending on the size of the aircraft which then this rule updated on July 17, 1997. The plane is made after the date of August 19, 2002 are required to have the Black Box to record at least 88 parameters , All large-bodied commercial aircraft and smaller commercial aircraft or owned corporations (companies), as well as private aircraft are required by law to carry one or both of these boxes.

Strength endurance Black Box

Black Box itself is also resistant to high temperatures up to 1100 C. Crash Survivable Memory Unit (CSMU) contains a memory board surrounded by thermal insulation and steel armor that can withstand the impact of a plane crash a thousand times the force of gravity and remain at sea at a depth of 14000-20000 feet (4,270 m-6096 m). In addition, to facilitate the search for the position (particularly underwater search) or aircraft black box, equipped underwater locator beacon that works is constantly emits ultrasonic recorder and signals can reach the surface from a depth of 14,000 ft. Modern design black boxes arranged by a group called the International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO).

Very many uses of the black box of the most sought after when a plane crashed to reveal the incident. Thank you for reading this article.
Written and posted by Bambang Sunarno. sunarnobambang86@gmail.com
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DatePublished: 25 April 2015 at 14:33

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Arkenstone Sorcerer.

You must already be familiar with the name stone ring. Since almost the majority of all stone rings very diverse forms and types. Start stone ring from the lowest grade to high grade or precious stones cheapest and the most expensive of all there is and has its own demand. Eg for agate stone ring, gem stone ring, pearl ring stones, stone rings from natural rocks and so forth. Of some stone ring in the world there are some that are believed to provide some kind of good luck (benefit) for its users.
Some types of stone ring which is believed to give good luck for its users.

Agate Sorcerer Solomon.

Sulaiman stone believed to be a rock jin selection khodam ber living at the time of Solomon. Batu Sulaiman has specificity efficacy in the field of protection, wealth, prosperity, intelligence, confidence and authority. With a mixture of these properties, it is very suitable Batu Sulaiman owned by anyone. Especially businessmen, government officials, teachers / professors, students, landlords, merchants and farmers.

Media were used as containers Solomon Stone is a stone with the best quality. Powered by khodam jin with a high level of spirituality, Batu Sulaiman is believed capable of emitting a powerful positive energy. Khodam jin loaded believed to be khodam jin of troops Solomon

Amethyst Ring Sorcerer's stone.

Amethyst is very famous among hobbyists precious stones. The main reason for it is beautiful also believed to give good luck for its users. Amethyst or ordinary people familiar with Amethyst stone is a type of rock mineral quartz. Common in amethyst color is purple and there are also pink.

Benefits of the stone amethyst Historically, purple is the color used by the King, the Queen and members of the royal family. In metaphysics, amethyst is believed to have many benefits that give effect to a successful life. Including the transmitter charm, evokes confidence, romance, dignity and sensuality. Ancient Greek society believed that amethyst can be used to relieve a hangover when drinking alcohol. That is why, at that time the nobles had glasses made of amethyst. While the people of Europe in the Middle Ages believed that the amethyst has its benefits as a self-protection against bad luck and magic attacks.

Amethyst charm exudes tremendous energy on anyone who wears it. Hence in Indonesia, amethyst is often used as a medium of grace. So that the wearer amethyst charm radiates to the maximum so that it looks more beautiful / handsome. In addition, amethyst also emit energy spirituality that will increase its charisma and authority. Therefore, history records many Ruler / King / Leaders have jewelry made of amethyst.

Precious Stones Philosopher Cat's Eye.

Cats since antiquity is very exotic animals and also became a favorite pet by the nobles. Myths contained in these animals is quite a mystery, especially black cats for most European society is a form of a symbol of bad luck and even death. In contrast to the ancient Egyptians who think that cats are animals incarnation of god, so it is only natural for the inhabitants of the ancient Egyptian cat is an animal that has the power like a god.

Cats are very exotic, especially in the eyes if they are in a state of low light can shine as if emitting light. Of exoticism eyes, it is no wonder if this kind of rock called the "Cat's Eye Stone (Cat's Eyes Stone)" The main reason for this stone has a central line strokes like a cat's eye.

Cat's eye stone is also a type of rock that is much sought after by collectors / hobbyists precious rocks. Besides, because of exoticism and beauty, it also keeps the cat's eye stone various benefits (prestige) according to discipline supernatural. and following several benefits:

Intuition and sensitivity, Boost Skill, Raising pent Talent, Intelligence, Memory, Concentration, Motivation, Agility, Raise Awareness, Confidence, Wisdom, Inner Peace, Position, authority, leadership, Anti witchcraft, Fences Invisibility, Neutralize Negative Energy, Enables Studying Science in Mental Or Metaphysical

Combong Philosopher's Stone.

Combong stone is a natural stone that has a hole in the middle and is also an auspicious rock types that many people search for the means of grace (pellets). Why is rock combong? The main reason for the stone has a hole in the middle either because of the nature / because khodam that inhabit in it.

The main benefits of stone combong is as a means of grace. The beginning of the story in antiquity, stone combong used as a marker hour prayer by the trustees. The trick when the sun entered and passed through a hole in the rock combong, then it was time to pray. Inadvertently there is a guardian who rubbed combong stone so that it becomes smooth and unwittingly turns the stone radiates natural energy that makes one's soul at ease when there are nearby. That is the reason why the stone is often used as a medium combong grace by its users. Combong stone is generally used as decorative ring (agate) and can also be used as decorative necklace (pendant).

How to Use the Sorcerer's Stone.

About wanting the desired intent of course depends on each individual person who wants to get the stone. Some are used as a means of grace love, means merchandise, means for position, authority means, means to be a formidable personal and so forth.

Common ways commonly used when someone uses the stone is as follows:

Jewellery serve.

This method is common and many are run by users of the stone, namely by making the stone as jewelry, eg agate ring, pendant necklaces, bracelets and so forth. If by chance you have / had bought the stone in the form of logs, you can use it to be used as jewelry and of course the positive effects of his good luck will always be there when you take it everywhere

Handle serve.

This way is almost similar to the above manner. The difference lies in the way its consumer. If this more focused way to the way to carry it. If the above taken anywhere and used as jewelry. So, you always carry the stone whether you place it in your pocket, in your purse, in your wallet, etc.

Media serve.

The stone is also much used as media. For example if you want to benefit from the stone, you could use a glass of water that has been dipped the stone. Water results of dyeing the stone you drink and you can feel the benefits too. In conclusion you do not have to carry everywhere the philosopher's stone. Quite simply use water that has been dipped the stone as a medium. The effects of this method usually only last for 72 hours.
Thank you for reading this article. Written and posted by Bambang Sunarno. sunarnobambang86@gmail.com
author:
http://schema.org/Personal.
https://plus.google.com/105319704331231770941.
name: Bambang Sunarno.
http://primadonablog.blogspot.com/2015/04/arkenstone-sorcerer.html
DatePublished: 25 April 2015 at 11:50

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Did you know Cemani Chicken Original.

Mystery Chicken Cemani.

Black color covering the entire part of the chicken's body, starting from the comb, wattle, beak, eyes, tongue, mouth, fur, anus, legs, and claws, bones up blood. Chicken is known by the name of chicken cemani.

Black color in chickens cemani is presenting the mystique and mystery. That said, this cemani chicken is often sought after by certain people for certain purposes. According to information gathered from various sources Espos, chicken supposedly perfect cemani have a percentage of 100 percent black color to the color of blood, flesh and bones, but until now there has not been any black cemani 100 percent. During the black color that surrounds the outer body, the tongue and oral cavity, then the chicken is said to be pure cemani chicken.
Cemani chicken figure is similar to the black Kedu chicken. Body size slightly larger than the chicken. Chicken cemani adult male, at the time of normal standing reach a height of about 60cm by 34cm and chest circumference reaches a wingspan of 25cm. While chicken cemani shorter adult female with 50cm height, chest circumference 27cm and 21cm wingspan.
Cemani chicken existence in terms of aspects of genetic resources, is an advantage to increase one more typical local chicken. Another advantage that can be gained from this cemani chicken is a unique appearance with the jet black color, make this chicken has a high enough potential when used as a type of ornamental chickens for pleasure as well as kate chicken, chicken or chicken ranged cotton.

Mystical. 

Chicken existence cemani often associated with mysticism. Because some people use these all-black feathered chicken as a condition of treatment that uses the services of a psychic.

Chicken Cemani an Indonesian native chickens, which is the origin of the history comes from the island of Java. Cemani word comes from the ancient Javanese language means jet black, black color covering the entire body of local chickens from the comb, wattle, beak, eyes oral cavity, tongue, woodpecker, feathers, wings, armpit, anus, siih, legs , and claws.

This cemani chicken is said to have black color is perfect with a percentage of 100% of its overall black color, even the color of flesh and blood bones all black, black color covering the entire body from the outside, to the inside / its innards, ranging from the throat, oral cavity, tongue, its all hitam.Melihat of criteria and these characteristics is called and in the claims as: "Original Cemani Chicken" or often called by the nickname (Hayam Hideung) said the Sundanese
Her first origin cemani chicken is chicken kedu black, which many are maintained by the public antiquity in Kahuripan Kedu village at the time of the 19th century Majapahit Empire.
This chicken is a chicken that is very special in his era, so the chicken is very in love and become pets or collection of princes, kings of ancient times, ........... That's what makes this chicken into very exclusive, commercial value is very fantastic and very valuable because given his first course of this cock collected many kings and gentility.

Chicken Cemani descended from Kedu black cock, which in the selection with black color purity characteristic jagged shape of a single comb (male). Who knows how many generations of selection was done for the sake of the population and sustainability. But that very concern to the present population is diminishing and shrinking compared Cemani chicken population 100 years ago, it is hard to remember the chicken in the development of culture to reproduce, to the regeneration of the child and its derivatives.

This is what makes this Cemani Chicken is now becoming increasingly rare, and difficult to get, so that the chicken is becoming a lot in a hurry and in search of people, until now only a few people who have it.

Why Chicken Cemani Many Hunted and Wanted Persons, ...... ??? For Purposes and Needs Is this Cemani Chicken, ... ???

1. As Carrier Luck.

Distinctive and unique look of the chicken, some criteria that no other chicken, so chicken Cemani has value and class of its own, with a very special rate levels, as well as as for personal pets or collection, is said to raise chickens can be a carrier Hockey for the owner, and can also bring a lot of luck to those who have it, it recognized the testimony of one who has now become a successful entrepreneur top Property in Jakarta which maintains the chicken.

2. To Difficult dating / Streamlining Business or Development / state of invisibility.

Chicken Cemani much needed and sought after to the requirements of the casualties of the ritual requirements / supernatural as: ritual treasure dig (sajen khodam) treatment, factory buildings, buildings, malls, plazas, hotels, shops, stores, offices, houses, etc., to trade in cafeteria, shops, stalls, markets, etc. for ritual / construction of major projects such as the construction of bridges, dams, tunnels, mining exploration, construction of toll roads, terminals, airports, ports and other major projects associated with its Nature. Besides chicken Cemani also commonly used for the celebration of the earth, the sea, the mountain / crater, bathe heirlooms, and dispose of pesky, hard mate, decoy for a person of the opposite sex,

In the implementation Chicken Cemani made for victimizing or sajen / dish, then a special ritual carried chicken bathed with such a flower 7, in read mantra2 or special jampi2 by (oran smart) and then slaughtered to take blood and flesh, then in suguhkan / presented as casualties of supernatural beings or her term to ward off evil spirits as a condition for any development project runs smoothly and avoid disaster and other dangers, such as an antidote ..... victimizing spirits of disorders, such as trance and other witchcraft. Thank you for reading this article. Written and posted by Bambang Sunarno. sunarnobambang86@gmail.com
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Did you know Chicken Pelung.

Pelung chicken is a local chicken race ahead of Cianjur, West Java. In contrast to most cultures chickens selected for physical appearance, cock crowing sound pelung selected due to its length and has a song. Of course only the roosters that have these properties.

The relatively large size of the chicken with a shiny fur. There are no specific standards for the physical, but has no standard for the strains of chicken sounds. Sized adult chicken 5-6 kg with a height of 40-50 cm.
The first chicken breeders and breeders are a farmer and religious leaders from Bunikasih Village, District Warungkondang, Cianjur, named H. Djarkasih (Mama 'Acih). He started his breeding since 1850 by taking a cockerel who has observed the sound is longer than the other. Captive breeding is done first by way of interbreeding with normal hens. .
Contests and competitions pelung chicken has become a routine for those fans fanatical. Even a visit to Indonesia, the Crown Prince Naruhito of Japan, known as the breeder chicken, pay attention to this race and bring some examples to Japan for further cultured.

Select and train seed pelung chicken.

Pelung chicken (Gallus gallus radiatus) is an ornamental chicken melodious voice that many bred in West Java. This chicken is germplasm Cianjur, but now has a "go national" and is widely cultivated in other parts of Indonesia. Choose, care for, and train pelung chicken clearly different from other pet chicken. Because chicken pelung has great weight, and a crowing sound super-long.

Indonesia is rich with a variety of ornamental poultry, especially chickens, ranging from chicken crowing balenggek of Minang, cemani of Kedu chicken, chicken laugh from South Sulawesi, chicken Nunukan of East Kalimantan, until chicken pelung of Cianjur.

Choosing a good pelung chicken.

Pelung chicken poultry sold in the market, usually one with sales of other types of poultry including birds chirp.

In addition to the poultry market, you can buy seeds, chicken adolescent, and adult chickens from farmers. Moreover, many are open pelung chicken farmer stalls buying and selling online forum.

Choosing quality pelung chicken requires foresight, also a special experience. The farmers usually separated chicken pelung eligible seed, so when we want to buy, they usually will indicate the product is ready race, or young chicken that has good prospects for the race.

Some characteristics of male chickens pelung can serve as a guide for you :

- Chicken pelung are aged 1 year or more.
- The shape of the head of a large round or oval, with eyes eyebrows, eyes shining, and her face looks ferocious. It signifies chicken brave properties or high-minded.
- At least 5 kg of body weight. The heavier the weight, usually the better the appearance of the chicken. Chicken pelung is one kind of chicken is not a race (native) who was the greatest. For male domestic poultry generally only weighs 2.5 kg.
- Sound or its crowing long and clean.
- Actively engaged (energetic) and runs with strapping (dashing).
- Often pawing the ground, either to look for the rest of the feed or mineral needs.
- Having a single comb-shaped, with a large size, thick, and always upright. The edge of a serrated comb with bright red color.
- Powerful beak, thick, and tapering.
- Color toe nails the same color.
- Having a pair of wattle (wattle on the chin) are large, rounded, and a bright red.
- His neck is big, long, covered with dense hairs red-black colored shiny.
- Cached large and prominent, while the chest fields, width, and strong.
- Second sturdy wings, the wing feathers neat and looks shiny.
- Dangle long tail feathers.
- Both long and powerful legs, shaped like a square, with dense scales and clean, and has a large spurs. The paws are too big.
- The color of the good leg is black bluish, greenish black, white or gray. Yellow on foot signify the male pelung chicken is no longer a pure strain, but mixed with the usual genetic chicken. However, the facts on the ground show, lots of yellow-legged chicken pelung have crowing sound and nice appearance.
- Thick fleshy thighs, which shows the strength of the muscles in that section.
- Posture large and long overall, with the front of the larger body, then back to the shrink.

Pelung chicken care.

Many factors can make diligent pelung cock crowed, and long duration. Besides influenced by genetic factors, the performance of rooster pelung also determined also by a factor of daily care, such as bathing and drying consistency in chickens, feeding high protein (keep the muscles nice), special herbs for chicken pelung, and training. Do not forget also the aspect of cleaning the cage, because this is where the comfort of chicken into the initial trigger voice performance.

1. Keep the cage and the surrounding environment.

Regularly clean the chicken coop to prevent the disease that comes from bacteria, viruses, fungi, and parasites. Clean the cage regularly, starting from the ground floor up to the sidelines of the cage.

Location cage outpouring cultivated exposed to sunlight in the morning, which is a source of provitamin D and is very useful for bone growth in chickens. So, cultivated enclosure facing the east is the morning sunlight can penetrate the inside of the cage. It also helps the cage to keep it in a dry state, not humid. Because the enclosure is covered with a damp smelling fungi and fast.

2. Give proper feed.

Daily feed pelung chicken is a mixture of brown rice, green beans, and grains. In addition, the fruit can be fed as additional (extra fooding).

Several types of fruit and its benefits to the chicken pelung:
- Bananas: useful for voice softens and soothes the throat.
- Papaya: maintaining healthy digestion of chicken pelung.
- Orange: can prevent and treat hoarseness / snoring.
- Tomatoes: useful to cool the throat and reduce excessive mucus.
- We recommend that the fruit can be given alternately, so that the usefulness can be felt directly by your pelung chicken.

Extra fooding animal can also be given, in order to more diverse types of proteins. You can give him eels, small fish, snails, slugs, and so on.

3. Provision of multivitamins

Chicken care pelung clearly different from the usual chicken care, since the purpose of maintenance is different. Most chickens crowing pelung maintained to enjoy it. Therefore, different nutritional needs than the usual chicken eggs or meat taken.

Giving vitamin is essential for pelung chicken, so it is always fit, diligent crowed, and has tremendous power. You can use a generic multivitamin commonly consumed by humans, or it could be a special multivitamin chicken.

In addition to creating a fit condition, chicken also has immune system better, so that the relative can prevent certain infectious diseases, especially those that commonly infect chickens such as Newcastle disease or ND.

Aside from the standard of care in size there are also other treatments related to the care of the body and the conditions and preconditions, namely the provision of the basic ingredients herbal medicinal herbs. Here one of the herbal mix for chicken tips pelung to have a high appetite.

4. Give the traditional herb / herbs.

Chicken pelung commonly contested generally routinely given herbal or traditional ingredients, to increase appetite, stamina, boost the immune system, and can refine the sound or prevent noise interference.

Some traditional ingredients for chicken concoction pelung BAP Team:
Materials needed:

Turmeric, 5 tablespoons (tbsp)
White turmeric, 2 tablespoons
Gathering black, 2 tbsp
Of ginger, 2 tablespoons
Powder, 2 tbsp
Brown rice flour, 3 tablespoons
Mung bean flour, 3 tablespoons
Honey, 3 tablespoons
Duck eggs, 2 eggs
Making process:

All the ingredients, except honey and duck eggs, ground to a powder.
Mix the powder with honey and eggs, thus forming a dough or paste.
Formed dough about the size of corn kernels and dried to dry.
Once dry, herbal granules can be stored in a tightly sealed and free of mildew.
Dose its use as follows:

Chicken pelung adult male: 2 eggs, given the afternoon, with a frequency of three times a week (eg Monday, Wednesday, and Friday).
Chicken pelung females and puppies / young: 1 point, given every afternoon, the frequency of twice a week.
There are also other herbal ingredients are also commonly given to you racik for pelung chicken, for example:

Single garlic (garnier): given two weeks, with a dose of 1 point for adults and 1/2 rooster to hen's eggs / young chickens.
Ginger: granted if the cold weather conditions. Giving do not overdo it, because ginger has the nature of heat in the body, and can cause interference noise or interference on the throat.
Assessment pelung chicken in the race

Assessment of chicken pelung in competitions / contests include several criteria, ranging from head to tail, which is marked with a white flag.

Another priority assessment criteria chicken sounds, ranging from harmony, noise generation, the middle voice, and the sound ends. which will be marked with a flag of red, yellow, and blue.

To determine the characteristics of the sound and the history of chicken pelung, please refer back to the article Sound and characteristics pelung chicken.

While the explanation of the criteria on which to base sound judgment in pelung chicken contest is still invite debate among fans.

The attitude of the crowing cock, especially when removing the middle voice, can also be seen from the style when singing a song, namely:
With half of the meeting (closed): chicken with an attitude like this usually results in a softer voice.
With open beak: chicken with an attitude like this produce a sound that is more loose, like a shout.
With the vibrating part: chicken with this attitude tends to sound gross, hoarse, or not clean, and seemed to tremble.
End sound / voice is the voice of the tip end of the rooster pelung. This sound is characterized by a decrease in the release notes and breathing. Criteria for good is the sound goes down, like holding the sound, and then released again. In addition, the sound ends should also clean and large.
Rhythm is a song / rooster pelung formed in the middle voice. It takes control of the song by the chicken so that he does not run out of breath in the middle. This sound can be long, short can, and various sounds that can not be described at length here. In essence, a good rhythm is rhythm known as rhythm polite.
Harmony or harmony sound is a series of songs that start from the beginning to the end. This is where the chicken will show the ability and quality of his voice, starting from a clean sound, soft, volume, and other things that indicate the quality of his voice.

Gurah and training methods pelung chicken.

For treatment before the race, chicken pelung usually entered the precondition that the health and mental condition primed when racing. Preconditions this race is usually done by gurah, about 3 weeks before the race.

Gurah method is done by giving a drink in the morning. Given drinking water is boiled water dadap leaves, mixed with boiled water. After being given a drink, provide eggs (chicken egg can, can also duck eggs).

Besides gurah, chicken pelung also must continue to be trained so diligently crowed, his voice will sound louder, smoother, and length.
Thank you for reading this article. Written and posted by Bambang Sunarno. sunarnobambang86@gmail.com
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DatePublished: 24 April 2015 at 09:46

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Did you Wi Fi Dual function.

Dual Mode.

Cellular Phone Dual Mode is a mobile phone that can use more than one network at a time to receive or transmit data. Dual mode can be categorized into three types, namely:

Network compatibility.

That is a mobile phone that can be used in two different systems, namely GSM and CDMA. Dual slot because it is equipped with two slots for SIM and RUIM cards (T4863).

Cellular radio and nonselular

The mobile phone can be used for telephone and can also be used for the connection WiFi or DECT (Digital Enhanced Cordless Telecommunications)

Telephone cables.

Telephone wires using VoIP and POTS technology. However, this type of phone as a router and modem requires special to make VoIP calls

Wi Fi.

(Wireless Fidelity) is a wireless connection such as mobile phones by using radio technology, so users can transfer data quickly and safely. Wi-Fi is not only can be used to access the Internet, Wi-Fi can also be used to create a wireless network in the company. Therefore many people associate with the Wi-Fi "Freedom" for Wi-Fi technology gives freedom to the user to access the internet or transfer data from the meeting room, hotel room, campus, and cafes are marked Wi-Fi Hot Spot. Also one of the advantages of Wi-Fi is practicality, no need to bother installing network cables. For the problem of speed depending on the signals obtained.
Wi-Fi can only be accessed with Wi-Fi certified equipment Radio such as computers, laptops, PDAs or cell phones. For the latest version of the laptop output in 2007, already there is Wi-Fi on board. If not available the user can install Wi-Fi PC Cards are shaped in a PCMCIA card slot contained in your laptop or USB Wi-Fi.
For PDAs, users can install the Compact Flash format Wi-Fi radios in slots you have available. For users whose computers or PDAs - is using Windows XP, simply by plugging the card into an available slot, Windows XP will automatically detect the area around you and look for a Wi-Fi network that is closest to you. It is very easy to find a sign of whether the device has Wi-Fi, namely by looking at the Wi-Fi CERTIFIED logo on the packaging. Although Wi-Fi is only accessible place marked with Wi-Fi Hotspot, the number of public places that offer Wi-Fi Hotspot increased drastically. This is because with maketh them as a Wi-Fi Hotspot means their customers can access the internet, which means providing added value for customers.
Wi-Fi service offered by each Hot Spot were diverse, there are offers for free access as well as in the executive lounge service, no customer requires the wearer to become one of the ISP that offers free Wi-Fi and there is also a card offers pre-paid. Whatever your choice for how to access the Wi-Fi, the most important is the presence of Wi-Fi, you can work anywhere and anytime that you do not need to be always cooped up in your workspace to complete each task.

DEVELOPMENT OF DUAL MODE Wi-Fi.

Market mobile phone (cell phone) or have the ability to dual mode GSM cellular network access and wireless Internet network Wi-Fi (wireless fidelity) continues to increase. Juniper Research projecting a dual-mode mobile phone market in 2012 reached US $ 68 billion.
Currently the demand for devices that can facilitate the activities of users to communicate over a network voice over Internet protocol (VoIP) from both the corporate and consumer continues to show growth

VoIP.

VoIP (Voice over Internet Protocol) is a technology miss the sound (voice) into the form of data packets over an IP network (Internet Protocol) is in the position of the layer 3, the network layer in the OSI model (Open Systems Interconnection). As for the IP network itself can be through many ways that can be via Wi-Fi hotspots, broadband cable network DSL (digital subscriber line), cable TV, Satellite and others.
It can be concluded that by using dual mode phone, then in addition to doing the talking on a cellular network, we can also do a VoIP conversation via Wi-Fi, or often referred to as VoWi-Fi (wireless fidelity voice over).

MOBILE CONVERGENCE APPLIANCE.

mobile convergence appliance (MCA) or convergence device moves. The device is based on the Linux operating system that can be used with mobile phones that can be programmed (also called smart phones).
When a user is in the office, the MCA will deliver incoming phone calls, either to phone or phone to the table. Because it is always constantly connected to the phone, the MCA can determine whether the phone can be reached via a Wi-Fi network. This means there are no additional fees charged.
If the users are on the road, the MCA will determine whether the phone can be reached by the nearest Wi-Fi hotspot or the call was delivered through a standard cellular network link. The reverse process is also applicable for calls from mobile communications equipment.
Meanwhile, missed calls will be forwarded by the MCA to the company voice mail system. DiVitas product is also fairly intelligent. He can constantly evaluate the quality of the connection. For example, if you are in a Starbucks using Wi-Fi hotspots are available, but the other guests sitting next to you are downloading video files from YouTube, measuring equipment degradation. If you can not, will be submitted to the cellular network.

FIXED MOBILE CONVERGENCE.

FMC (fixed mobile convergence) is a combination of two different technologies, namely mobile technology and Wi-Fi becomes a form of service that is integrated in a single device 'that is mobile. FMC Technologies promises a communication service for customers always on the move and keep activity.
It can simply be described as follows. Someone has a dual mode phone and subscribe to FMC services. One time in the morning before leaving for work, he received a phone call in the dual modes of superiors for a specific task.
FMC network will automatically distribute the call to the Wi-Fi broadband networks available at home. During the conversation, he walked to his car, and started driving his car out of the housing complex. At that time the FMC will seamlessly move the talks are still going to the cellular network without disruption or drop the call. When in the office, all communication through its dual mode phone will re-served by the Wi-Fi network in the office. FMC can be viewed from several types of which is the type of architecture that is based on UMA (unlicensed mobile access) and type based on SIP (session initiation protocol).
Type FMC UMA is a type of architecture that implements GSM tunneling technology passes Wi-Fi network where do encapsulation of the signaling and bearer of his. UMA models do not support the SIP protocol, so the MSC (mobile switching center) that there still can be maintained and is responsible for switching and call control. One operator that has been providing services FMC UMA is British Telecom.
FMC other type is based SIP protocol that is a model based on technology FMC IMS (IP multimedia subsystems) that standardization is done by 3GPP (The Third Generation Partnership Project). IMS is a next generation network (NGN) that can replace or exchange switch technology currently still based on circuit or TDM (time division multiplexing).
Mobile Switching Center (MSC) of the existing cellular network is maintained and IMS will work together with the MSC with the concept of roaming, so that one of the network will be the home network and the other will be a visited network. In 3G networks, where all the infrastructure is IP, then all the functions of MSC will be replaced by IMS.
Dual Mode Wi-Fi that was launched by the Chinese company combines Wi-Fi / WiMAX with GSM / CDMA / 3G (UMTS). The combination resulted in a phone conversation that will not be interrupted even if you are out of the Wi-Fi / WiMAX and entry into the mobile phone network (mobile phone).

HYBRID CELL PHONE.

Hybrid Cell phone is a cell phone (mobile phone) that is enabled with Wi-Fi, which is also capable of utilizing two communication systems, namely cellular or mobile and Wi-Fi networks. The development of dual-mode phones will increase and attract more people to use it. Because, with the more mature technology, the user will have the opportunity to communicate without boundaries and more economical, because enough with the same phone, you are enabled to communicate in many places with ease.
When at home, with the same phone, you can connect to a home Wi-Fi network or later VoIP phone service broadband. When out of the house and into the car, then all the way you can still communicate rely on mobile networks (GSM / CDMA). Once in office, your phone will automatically go to a Wi-Fi VoIP LAN or office. Not only are you uninterrupted communications, even if you move from one network to another, your communications are also increasingly easy and economical.
Mobile technology like this will be a transitional solution to a Wi-Fi network that produces high-quality communication, either in the home or office building, which is very difficult to get when you are on the outside by using a cellular network. In addition, it will also provide the speed of surfing the web on your smartphone. Thank you for reading this article.
Written and posted by Bambang Sunarno. sunarnobambang86@gmail.com
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DatePublished: 22 April 2015 at 19:59

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Wi-fi synonym for WLAN.

Wi-Fi (also written WiFi or WiFi) is a well-known technology that utilizes electronic devices to exchange data wirelessly (using radio waves) over a computer network, including high-speed Internet connection. Wi-Fi Alliance defines that as a Wi-Fi "products for wireless local area networks (WLAN) based on any standard Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) 802.11". However, since most of today's WLANs based on these standards, the term "Wi-Fi" is used in the common English language as a synonym for "WLAN".
A tool that can use Wi-Fi (such as a personal computer, video game console, smart phone, tablet, or digital audio player) can be connected to the network resources such as the Internet through a wireless network access point. Access point (or hotspot) as it has a range of about 20 meters (65 feet) in the room and, more broadly outdoors. Hotspot coverage can cover an area of ​​the room with walls that block radio waves or a few square miles - this can be done by using multiple access points overlap.
"Wi-Fi" is a trademark of the Wi-Fi Alliance and the brand name for products using the IEEE 802.11 family of standards. Only products that complete the Wi-Fi interoperability certification testing the Wi-Fi Alliance are allowed to use the name and trademark "Wi-Fi CERTIFIED".
Wi-Fi has a history of changing security. First encryption systems, WEP, proved to be easily penetrated. Higher quality protocols, WPA and WPA2, then added. However, an optional feature that was added in 2007 called Wi-Fi Protected Setup (WPS), has loopholes that allow an attacker to get WPA or WPA2 password of the remote router within a few hours.  A number of companies advised to disable WPS. Wi-Fi Alliance since the update test plans and certification programs to ensure that all new equipment certified immune from attack AP PIN hard.

History.

History of 802.11 technology originated in the US Federal Communications Commission's decision in 1985 to release a band GSM for use without a license. In 1991, NCR Corporation together with AT & T found the predecessor 802.11 intended for cashier systems. The first wireless products are under the name WaveLAN.
Vic Hayes dubbed the "Father of Wi-Fi". He was involved in the design of the first IEEE standard.
A large number of patents by many companies use the 802.11 standard. In 1992 and 1996, the organization CSIRO Australia to get a patent for a method that would be used in Wi-Fi to remove the interference signal. In April 2009, 14 technology companies agreed to pay $ 250 million to CSIRO for violating their patents. It encourages Wi-Fi is touted as Australia's findings, although it has become a topic of some controversy. CSIRO won a lawsuit worth $ 220 million for patent infringement in 2012 Wi-Fi requesting global firms in the United States pay the licensing rights to CSIRO worth $ 1 billion.
In 1999, the Wi-Fi Alliance was formed as a trade association for holding the Wi-Fi is a trademark used by many products.

Name.

The term Wi-Fi, first used commercially in August 1999, triggered by a brand consulting firm called Interbrand Corporation. Wi-Fi Alliance hired Interbrand to specify the name of the "easier said than 'IEEE 802.11b Direct Sequence' '. Belanger also said that Interbrand creates a Wi-Fi as a play on the Hi-Fi (high fidelity); they also designed the Wi-Fi logo.
Wi-Fi Alliance made a perfunctory advertising slogan "The Standard for Wireless Fidelity" and was used shortly after the Wi-Fi brand created. Because the slogan, people mistakenly think that Wi-Fi is short for "Wireless Fidelity" despite the fact that instead.
Logo yin-yang Wi-Fi interoperability certification indicates a product.
Technology of non-Wi-Fi needed for of points remain as Motorola Canopy usually called fixed wireless. Alternative wireless technologies include mobile phone standards such as 2G, 3G, or 4G.

Wi-Fi certification.

IEEE does not test equipment to meet their standards. Nonprofit Wi-Fi Alliance was founded in 1999 to fill this gap - to establish and encourage interoperability and compatibility standards, as well as promoting the wireless local area network technology. In 2010, the Wi-Fi Alliance is composed of more than 375 companies worldwide. Wi-Fi Alliance to encourage the use of the brand to the Wi-Fi technology based on the IEEE 802.11 standards of the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers. It includes a wireless local area network connection (WLAN) connectivity tool-to-tool (such as Wi-Fi Peer to Peer or Wi-Fi Direct), personal area networks (PAN), local area network (LAN), and even the number of connections wide area network (WAN) is limited. The company manufactures the Wi-Fi Alliance membership, whose products successfully passed the certification process, entitled marking the product with the Wi-Fi logo.
Specifically, the certification process requires compliance with the IEEE 802.11 radio standards, WPA and WPA2 security standdar, and EAP authentication standard. Optional certification includes testing of the draft IEEE 802.11 standard, the interaction with cell phone technology in convergent devices, and security features, multimedia, and energy savings.
Not all Wi-Fi equipment is sent to get certified. Lack of Wi-Fi certification does not mean that a tool is not compatible with other Wi-Fi tool. If the tool is qualified or semi-compatible, Wi-Fi Alliance does not need to comment on their mention as a means of Wi-Fi, [need reference] although technically only approved certified tool. Terms such as Super Wi-Fi, which was initiated by the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) of the United States to describe the UHF TV band network plan in the United States, can be approved or not.

Usage.

To connect with LAN Wi-Fi, a computer needs to be equipped with a wireless network interface controller. Combined computer and interface controller called the station. All stations share a radio frequency communication channel. Transmission in this channel received by all stations within range. Hardware does not notify the user that the transmission is successfully received and referred to the best delivery mechanism. A carrier wave is used to send data in packets, called "Ethernet frame". Each station continuously connected to a radio frequency communication channel to take the available transmission.

Internet Access.

A Wi-Fi tool can connect to the Internet when within range of a wireless network connected to the Internet. Coverage of one access point or more (interconnection) - called hotspots - can cover an area of ​​several rooms up to several square miles. Coverage in a larger area requires several access points with overlapping coverage. Public Wi-Fi technology outdoors successfully applied in wireless mesh networks in London, United Kingdom.
Wi-Fi provides services in private homes, major streets and shops, and public spaces via Wi-Fi hotspots are installed free or paid. Organizations and businesses, such as airports, hotels, and restaurants, usually provide free hotspots to attract visitors. Users are enthusiastic or authorities who want to give service or even to promote business in certain places sometimes provide free Wi-Fi access.
Router involving digital subscriber line modem or cable modem and WI-Fi access points, usually installed in homes and other buildings, and between networks providing Internet access to all devices connected to the router wirelessly or wired. With the emergence of MiFi and WiBro (portable Wi-Fi router), the user can easily create a Wi-Fi hotspot its own that are connected to the Internet via cellular networks. Now, equipment Android, Bada, iOS (iPhone), and Symbian is able to create a wireless connection. Wi-Fi also connects places that normally do not have access to the network, such as the kitchen and home gardens.

Wi-Fi city.

In the early 2000s, many cities around the world announced plans to build a city-wide Wi-Fi network. Examples of successful businesses that Mysore in 2004 became the first Wi-Fi city in India and the second in the world after Jerusalem. WiFiyNet company founded several hotspots in Mysore, which covers the entire city and surrounding villages.
In 2005, Sunnyvale, California, became the first city in the United States that provide free Wi-Fi with the scope of the city, and Minneapolis earn $ 1.2 million per year for its service providers.
In May 2010, the Mayor of London, Great Britain, Boris Johnson promised to build a Wi-Fi network that covers the whole of London in 2012. A number of boroughs, including Westminster and Islington already have Wi-Fi coverage is open wide.
Officials in the South Korean capital, Seoul, trying to provide free Internet access at more than 10,000 locations around the city, including public open space, the main road, and densely populated residential areas. Seoul will be handed operation to KT, LG Telecom and SK Telecom. These companies will invest $ 44 million for this project, which will be completed in 2015.

Wi-Fi campus.

Many traditional campus in the United States have coverage Wi-Fi wireless Internet patchy. Carnegie Mellon University to build Internet networks throughout the first campus named Wireless Andrew at its Pittsburgh campus in 1993 before the Wi-Fi brand appears.
In 2000, Drexel University, Philadelphia became the first major university in the United States who have wireless Internet access throughout the campus.

Direct communication between computers.

Wi-Fi also allows direct communication from one computer to another without going through the access point. This is called the transmission of ad hoc Wi-Fi. Wireless ad hoc network mode was popularized by a handheld game console multiplayer, such as the Nintendo DS, Playstation Portable, digital cameras, and other consumer electronics equipment. A number of tools are also able to share its Internet connection using an ad-hoc, become a hotspot or "virtual router".
Similarly, the Wi-Fi Alliance to promote a specification called Wi-Fi Direct for file transfer and sharing of media through search methodology and new security. Wi-Fi Direct was launched in October 2010.

Specifications.

Wi-Fi is designed based on the IEEE 802.11 specification. Today there are four variations of 802.11, namely:
802.11a
802.11b
802.11g
802.11n
Specifications b is the first Wi-Fi products. Variations g and n is one product that has the highest sales in 2005.

In many parts of the world, the frequencies used by Wi-Fi, users are not required to obtain permission from the local regulator (eg, the Federal Communications Commission in the US). 802.11a uses a higher frequency and therefore its range is narrower, other things being equal.
Wi-Fi version of the most extensive in the US market today (based on the IEEE 802.11b / g) operates at 2.400 GHz to 2483.50 GHz. With so allow operations in 11 channels (each 5 MHz), centered on the following frequencies:
Channel 1 to 2.412 GHz;
Channel 2 to 2.417 GHz;
Channel 3 to 2.422 GHz;
Channel 4 to 2.427 GHz;
Channel 5 to 2.432 GHz;
Channel 6 to 2.437 GHz;
Channel 7 to 2.442 GHz;
Channel 8 to 2.447 GHz;
Channel 9 to 2.452 GHz;
Channel 10 to 2.457 GHz;
Channel 11 to 2.462 GHz
Technically operational, Wi-Fi is one variant of communication and information technology that works on the network and the WLAN (wireless local area network). In other words, Wi-Fi is a trademark certification granted to the telecommunications equipment manufacturers (internet) are working on a WLAN network and already meets the required quality interoperates capacity.
Technology-based Wi-Fi internet created and developed a group of US engineers who worked at the Institute of Electrical and electronis Engineers (IEEE) is based on the technical standards numbered 802.11b, 802.11a and 802.16. Wi-Fi devices is not only able to work on WLAN networks, but also in the network Wireless Metropolitan Area Network (WMAN).
Because the device with the technical standard 802.11b WLAN devices are intended for use at a frequency of 2.4 GHz or commonly called ISM (Industrial, Scientific and Medical). As for the technical standards of 802.11a and 802.16 WMAN intended for the device or also called Wi-Max, which works around the 5 GHz frequency band.
Especially of high public interest in the community Internet-- using Wi-Fi technology due to at least two factors. First, the ease of access. That is, users in one area can access the Internet simultaneously without the need to be bothered with cables.
Consequently, users who want to surf or browse news and information on the Internet, just bring a PDA (Pocket Digital Assistance) or Wi-Fi enabled laptop to a place where there is an access point or hotspot.
The proliferation of hotspots in such places built by telecommunications operators, Internet service providers and even people per scarecrow triggered a second factor, namely because of the relatively low cost of construction or just around 300 dollars US.
Increasing the quantity of Internet users based on Wi-Fi technology that is increasingly implicated in various parts of the world, has been pushing Internet service providers (ISPs) to build hotspots in major cities of the world.
Some observers have even been predicted in 2006, there will be as many as 800,000 hotspots in European countries, 530,000 in the United States and one million in the Asian countries.
Total income earned US and European countries of Internet business based Wi-Fi technology by the end of 2003 was estimated at 5.4 trillion US dollars, an increase of 33 billion US dollars from 2002 ..

Wi-Fi hardware.

Hardware Wi-Fi is available in the market currently exists in the form of:
PCI
USB
PCMCIA
Compact Flash

Fashion Access Wi-Fi Connection.

There are two modes of access Wi-Fi connection, ie

Ad-Hoc.

This connection mode is a mode where multiple computers are connected directly, or better known as Peer-to-Peer. The advantage, cheaper and more practical when connected only 2 or 3 computers, without having to buy an access point.

Infrastructure.

Using the Access Point that serves as data traffic, allowing many client can connect to each other through a network (Network).

The popularity of Wi-Fi.

In Indonesia alone, the use of Internet-based Wi-Fi has started implicated in several major cities. In Jakarta, for example, the maniacs who are surfing the Internet while waiting for the plane take off at the airport waiting room, it is not a strange thing.
The same phenomenon is seen in various cafes, just as the Starbucks cafe and La Moda Cafe in Plaza Indonesia, Coffee Club Senayan, and Cafe Coffee Bean in Cilandak Town Square-- where visitors can open the Internet to see the artist's political news or the latest gossip while sipping hot cappucino .
Today, business phone based VoIP (Voice over Internet Protocol) also has Wi-Fi technology, which calls routed through the WLAN network. The application is named VoWi-FI (Voice over Wi-Fi).
Some time ago, the latest technical standards created by the IEEE has been able to support the operation of streaming video services. Even predicted, will be made cards (cards) based Wi-Fi technology that can be inserted into electronic equipment, ranging from digital cameras to video game consoles (ITU News 8/2003).
Based on the above explanation, it can be concluded that the business users and the quantity of Wi-Fi technology is likely to increase, and economically it has a positive impact on the national economy of a country, including Indonesia.
Nevertheless, the government should address the phenomenon wisely and carefully. Because the technologically good frequency band of 2.4 GHz and 5 GHz-- which became operational container technology, Wi-Fi is not free from limitations.
Because the users in a new area can take advantage of this wireless Internet system with optimal, if all devices used in the area using a uniform transmit power and limited.
If these prerequisites are not heeded, will surely occur harmful interference between devices is not just Internet users, but also with the other telecommunications systems.
If the interference persists because users want is superior to other users and the lack of understanding of the limitations of the technology, in the end will make the frequency band of 2.4 GHz and 5 GHz can not be used optimally.
Another limitation of the wireless frequency band (2.4 GHz in particular) is because it is also used for ISM (industrial, science and medical).
Consequently, the use of radio communications or other telecommunications device that works on the frequency band that should be ready to accept interference from ISM devices, as stated in S5.150 of the Radio Regulations.
In ITU-R SM.1056, also informed ISM device characteristics that are essentially aimed at preventing interference, both between the ISM and the telecommunication device sharing.
The same recommendation asserts that every member of the ITU-free set of administrative requirements and rules of law relating to mandatory power restrictions.
Recognizing the limitations and impacts that may arise from the use of both the wireless frequency band, various countries and establish regulations that limit the transmit power of the device used.

Safety.

Wireless electronic equipment and health.
World Health Organization (WHO) states, "there is no risk after exposure to Wi-Fi networks and long-term low-level," and the United Kingdom Health Protection Agency reported that exposure to Wi-Fi for a year "just as exposed to radiation from mobile phone calls during the 20 minutes ".
A small number of Wi-Fi users have reported health problems after repeated exposure to and use Wi-Fi, although no publication on any impact in double blind studies. A study involving 725 people with electromagnetic hypersensitivity claimed to have found evidence for their claims.
A study speculated that "laptop (Wi-Fi mode) on the lap near the testes may lower male fertility". Other studies find that working memory decline among men when exposed to Wi-Fi.
Thank you for reading this article. Written and posted by Bambang Sunarno. sunarnobambang86@gmail.com
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http://primadonablog.blogspot.com/2015/04/wi-fi-synonym-for-wlan.html
DatePublished: 22 April 2015 at 19:20

Tags : Wi-fi synonym for WLAN.
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