Do you know Tetanus disease.

Tetanus, also known as lockjaw, is a disease caused by tetanospasmin, a type of neurotoxin produced by Clostridium tetani which infects the nervous system and muscles so that the nerves and muscles become stiff (rigid). Kitasato was the first to successfully isolate the organism from human victims were exposed to tetanus and also reported that the toxin can be neutralized by specific antibodies. The word tetanus is taken from the Greek meaning tetanos of teinein tightened. This disease is an infectious disease at the time of tonic muscle spasms and hyperreflexia cause trismus (lockjaw), muscle spasms general, curved backs (opisthotonos), glottal spasms, seizures, and respiratory paralysis.

Characteristics of Clostridium tetani.

Clostridium tetani.

C. tetani is included in Gram-positive bacteria, obligate anaerobes, can form spores, and shaped drumstick. Spores are formed by C. tetani is highly resistant to heat and antiseptic. He can hold despite autoclaved (1210C, 10-15 minutes) and also resistant to phenol and other chemical agents. Clostridium tetani bacteria are commonly found in soil, feces and pets and in agricultural areas. Generally, these bacteria spores distributed in soil and digestion tract and feces of horses, sheep, dogs, cats, rats, pigs, and chickens. When the bacteria are in the body, it will produce a neurotoxin (a protein that acts as a poison that attacks the nervous system). C. tetani produces two exotoxins, namely tetanolysin and tetanospasmin. The function of tetanoysin not known with certainty, but also can affect the tetanus. Tetanospasmin a toxin that is strong enough.

Pathogenesis and pathophysiology.

Tetanus is caused by neurotoxins (tetanospasmin) of Gram-positive anaerobic bacterium, Clostridium tetani, the first 1 to 2 weeks after inoculation of spores into the blood form the body of the injury (incubation period).
This disease is one of four important diseases main clinical manifestations are the result of the influence of the strength of exotoxin (tetanus, gas gangrene, diphtheria, botulism). Points of entry of germs can be wound in dealing with local tissue damage, embedded foreign objects or sepsis with soil contamination, shallow and small abrasions or wounds contaminated soil shear, trauma to the fingers or toes associated with fractures finger and injuries to the surgery.
In anaerobic conditions, these bacteria spore germination will air into vegetative cells. Furthermore, the toxin will be produced and spread to all parts of the body through the bloodstream and lymphatic system. The toxin will move in certain places such as the central nervous system including the brain. Chronic symptoms caused by the toxin is to block the release of neurotransmitters, causing uncontrolled muscle contractions. As a result of tetanus is rigid paralysis (loss of ability to move) on the voluntary muscles (which motion can be controlled), commonly called lockjaw because usually first appears on the jaw and facial muscles. Death is usually due to respiratory failure and death rate is very high.

Symptoms Tetanus.

The symptoms in the beginning are headache, restlessness, muscle pain in the jaw, followed stiffness (trismus), fever, abdominal muscles hardened, seizures, and eventually the entire body. These symptoms usually begin 8 days after the body is exposed to infection, and will attack for 3 days to 3 weeks. Pain in the jaw bone and teeth often make it difficult for the patient to open his mouth or swallow food, and can ultimately lead to death due to tightness or difficulty in breathing. Tetanus itself can not be transmitted between humans. Generally tetanus easy to attack in those who had never received a tetanus vaccination or those who never get vaccinated, but more than 10 years ago. Patients are exposed to tetanus should be treated in hospital for intensive care.

Neonatal tetanus usually occurs in newborns. Tetanus attacks the newborn due to be born in a place that is not clean and sterile, especially if the umbilical cord is infected. Symptoms of tetanus in infants occurs 3-10 days after birth, the baby was crying continuously and do not want to breastfeed, her fever, the central area looks dirty and inflamed, reddened, and swollen from infection. Tetanus can cause death in infants and many occur in developing countries. While in developed countries, where hygiene and childbirth techniques that have been developed, the rate of death due to tetanus infection can be suppressed. In addition, antibodies from mother to baby in the womb also can prevent these infections.

Treatment.

To neutralize toxins, given tetanus immunoglobulin. Tetracycline and penicillin antibiotics given to prevent further formation of toxins, toxins so dead.
Other drugs may be given to calm the patient, controlling seizures and relax the muscles. Patients are usually admitted to the hospital and placed in a quiet room. For moderate to severe infections, may need a ventilator to assist breathing.
The food is given through an IV or a nasogastric tube. To remove dirt, catheter. Patients should lie alternately tilted to the left or to the right and forced to cough to prevent pneumonia.
To reduce pain given codeine. Other drugs can be given to control blood pressure and heart rate. Once cured, should be given full vaccination for tetanus infection does not confer immunity against subsequent infections.

Prognosis.

Tetanus has a mortality rate of up to 50%. Death usually occurs in people who are very young, very old and injecting drug users. If symptoms worsen quickly or if treatment is delayed, the worse the prognosis will be.

Prevention.

Preventing tetanus vaccination is far better than cure. In children, the tetanus vaccine is given as part of the DPT vaccine (diphtheria, pertussis, tetanus). For those who are already adults should receive a booster.
In a person who has a wound, if:
Has received a tetanus booster within the last 5 years, do not need to undergo further vaccination.
Have never received a booster within the last 5 years, immediately vaccination.
Never before undergoing vaccination or incomplete vaccination, given an injection of tetanus immunoglobulin and the first injection of 3-month vaccination.
Every wound (especially deep puncture wounds) should be cleaned thoroughly because dirt and dead tissue will facilitate the growth of the bacterium Clostridium tetani. For people who are prone to injuries (wounds closed, eg nail punctured and instead open wounds that bleed flow) is necessary toxoid vaccination. Thank you for reading this article. Written and posted by Bambang Sunarno. sunarnobambang86@gmail.com
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DatePublished: 30 November 2014 at 12:48

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Effects Of Smoking.

Every cigarette is lit will issue a 4000 toxic chemicals that may be harmful and deadly. With every puff that resembles a puff of death. Among the content of cigarette smoke have included the radioactive material (polonium-201) and the materials used in the paint (acetone), washing floors (ammonia), medicine silverfish (naphthalene), insecticide (DDT), termite poison (arsenic ), toxic gases (hydrogen cyanide) used in "gas chambers of death" for those who undergo the death penalty, and much more. However, the most important toxins are Tar, Nicotine and Carbon Monoxide.

a)  Tar contains at least 43 chemicals that are known to cause cancer (carcinogens). Materials such as benzopyrene that is, a kind of policyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) has been approved as an agent which commences the process of cancer incidence.

b)  Nicotine such as heroin, amphetamines and cocaine, react in the brain and have the impression to the mesolimbic system which became the main stem billing. Syndrome addicted to nicotine indicated by symptoms gian, tolerans and pull, is probably more powerful compared to the odious medicine. In fact, rather than his scientific studies of nicotine was also a kind of unclean medicine, as it has in iktirap by medicine. Someone who ran out of cigarettes sometimes behave like impaired sense and in a very depressed state of all.
Nicotine also become the main stem the risk of heart disease and stroke. Nearly one quarter of prey Patient heart is the result of stem from the nature of smoking. In Malaysia, heart disease is the leading cause of death while the stroke is the fourth killer.

c)  Carbon monoxide is a poisonous gas that is also usually issued by ekzos vehicles. This gas harms supplies oxygen to the tissues to become fragmented and may ultimately lead to death if it were looks of carbon monoxide in the body exceeds 60%.

If the cigarette toxins that enter the human body or the Animals, will bring damage to any organ along the channel, starting from the nose, mouth, throat, respiratory tract, lungs, channel penghazaman, blood vessels, heart, organ culture, until well into the urethra and urinary coffers, ie when the party of toxins were removed from the body.

The impact on the people around us (passive smoking)

Over the past few years, scientists have proved that the chemicals contained in cigarette smoke can affect people do not smoke in the vicinity.
Passive smoking can increase the risk of lung cancer and coronary heart disease. Moreover inhale second hand smoke can aggravate the condition of people with the disease:

Angina.

Chest pain due to narrowing of blood vessels in the heart.

ASTHMA.

Experiencing difficulty breathing.

ALLERGIES.

Irritation caused by cigarette smoke.

The symptoms of health problems:

eye irritation, headache, dizziness, sore throat, cough and shortness of breath.
Pregnant women who smoke or secondhand smoke, distribute toxic substances from cigarette smoke to the fetus through the bloodstream. Nicotine cigarettes cause fetal heart rate quickened, carbon monoxide leads to reduced oxygen received by the fetus.
Children whose parents smoke face a greater likelihood of suffering from chest pain, ear infections, nose and throat. And they have double the chance to be hospitalized in the first year of their life.

Disease caused by cigarette smoke.

"Smoking can cause cancer, heart attacks, impotence and disorders of pregnancy and the fetus". These words are probably often heard or met while going to discuss any disease caused by smoking, because on every pack of cigarettes already Bismol will alert the disease will appear.

Many people know the dangers of smoking, but not much care, but if the whole cigarette factory in Indonesia in stop its operation, a lot of which will be unemployed and many of our government spending to support the community. Thank you for reading this article. Written and posted by Bambang Sunarno. sunarnobambang86@gmail.com
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DatePublished: November 29, 2014 at 21:09

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Cigarettes in Indonesia.

Cigarettes are tobacco wrapped in a cylinder with paper and filled with various types of leaf size between 70mm to 120mm with 10mm diameter. Cigarette burned at one end and allowed to smolder so that the smoke can be inhaled through the mouth at the other end.

Smokers in Indonesia.

In Indonesia, smoking is a common thing encountered in various places, despite the dangers of smoking and anti-smoking ban has been enacted in various places, but the mortality rate of smokers in Indonesia was still high.
Although the tobacco market in the world weakened, but in Indonesian tobacco market remains strong because most people in Indonesia are active smokers from all walks of age.
Even a teenager aged 10-15 years can be found smoking in Indonesia.
Having done research in Indonesia, in get surprising results that there are 92 million people are passive smokers are 62 million men and 30 million.
Indonesia is the country with smokers ranks 3rd in the world, in addition to china and india.

Smokers boy phenomenon in Indonesia.

A few moments ago at preached a boy who has not reached the age of 4 years has been addicted to cigarettes.
According kak seto as chairman of the National Commission on child protection, "It is psychologically taught something that does not fit the age, he also taught something that endanger their health is smoking"
The toddler can even smoke cigarettes with a shape like a ring.

The side effects of quitting smoking.

Increased Weight.

Many smokers who quit smoking after experiencing an increase in weight (in because the nicotine in the body is reduced), but mostly only increased about 4-5 kg.
The focus was on the sport to maintain the stability of your lungs, it would be better if you start with a simple exercise jogging to increase the oxygen you breathe.

Reduce Stress.

Most people who smoke in because they think of something or want to reduce the stress that they have to inhale cigarette. However, according to scientific studies, for someone who has quit smoking, have fewer stress levels compared to those who continued to smoke.
The foregoing can be proved due to the ex-smoker (former smokers), increase the daily activities that reduce stress, either as breathing techniques and meditation.

Long-term Health

For the ex-smoker's health, recommended for the routine doctor visit what remains when experiencing respiratory disorders or pain / pain in the chest. If the cough phlegm-gray color to the recommended doing lungs check directly to the doctor.

Psychological support

Tobacco dependence is actually a mental and psychological. can be said for a smoker, mental and psychological preparation for quitting, talk with people nearby to help remind and keep you.

What do you get when you stop smoking.

Within 20 Minutes.

Blood pressure and heart rate is back to normal.

Within 12 hours

The amount of carbon monoxide in the blood return to normal.

In bracket 2 weeks

Circulation and lungs increased

In parentheses time 1-9 weeks

Experienced a reduction in coughing and increased oxygen in the blood. lungs increased in the prevention of infection and in the process of cleaning the lungs.

In a 1-year timeframe

The risk of coronary heart disease experienced a deduction as much as half of current smokers.

In a 5-year timeframe

the risk of contraction of the mouth, throat, esopahgus, experienced a reduction by half of current smokers.
The risk of cancer and stroke experienced a reduction, because the lungs can work better in supplying oxygen.

In the timeframe of 10 years

The risk of dying from lung cancer experienced a reduction of half of current smokers. the risk of pancreatic and laryngeal experienced a reduction.

Within 15 years

The risk of developing heart disease equivalent to people who do not smoke.
Thank you for reading this article. Written and posted by Bambang Sunarno. sunarnobamban86@gmail.com
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DatePublished: November 29, 2014 at 20:18

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Atom bomb.

Surely you know the history of the bombing of Hiroshima and Nagasaki who had destroyed both the city and had killed many lives simply by dropping the atomic bomb. Here I am not going to discuss about the bombing, but I will give you information about the history of the invention of the atomic bomb used in the bombing of the city. History to generate power of the atomic bomb turned out very long. Here is some important information about the atomic bomb.
In 1902, Marie and Pierre Curie isolate the radioactive metal called radium

In 1905, Albert Einstein formulated the theory of Special Relativity Theory. According to this theory, the mass can be regarded as another form of energy. According to Einstein, if somehow we can convert mass into energy, it will be possible to "liberate" a large amount of energy. Over the next decade, a major step taken by Ernest Rutherford and Niels Bohr explains the structure of the atomic bomb more appropriate. They say, of a positively charged nucleus and negatively charged electrons revolving around the nucleus. That is the core, the scientists concluded, that must be broken down or "explode" if the atomic bomb will be released.

In 1934, Enrico Fermi Italian destroy heavy atoms with neutrons sprayed on. But he does not realize that he has obtained a nuclear fission.

In December 1938, though, Otto Hahn and Fritz Strassman in Berlin doing similar experiments with uranium and become a world achievement. They have produced nuclear fission, they have split the atom that is 33 years after Einstein said it could be that the mass turned into energy.
On August 2, 1939, Albert Einstein wrote a letter to the President.

On August 2, 1939, Albert Einstein wrote a letter to US President Franklin D. Roosevelt. Over the past four months, he has made the possibility through the work of Joliot in France as well as Fermi and Szilard in America that allows regulate the nuclear reaction in a large mass of uranium. And also this new phenomenon that will lead to the development of the Atomic Bomb. A single atomic bomb of this type, carried by boat or exploded in a port, might very well destroy the whole port together with some of the surrounding area. He urged Roosevelt to start a nuclear program without delay. In one year later Einstein regretted the role he played in the development of such destructive weapons: "I made one big mistake in my life," he told Linus Pauling, another leading scientist, "when I signed the letter to President Roosevelt recommending that atom bombs be made" .

In December 1942 at the University of Chicago, the Italian physicist Enrico Fermi succeeded in producing the first nuclear chain reaction. This is done by setting the natural uranium is distributed in a large pile lumps of pure graphite, a form of carbon. In a nuclear reactor, the graphite moderator served to slow down the neutrons.

In August 1942, during World War II, the United States established the Manhattan Project. The purpose of this project is to develop, build, and test the Atomic Bomb. Many leading American scientists, including physicist Enrico Fermi and J. Robert Oppenheimer and Harold Urey chemistry, associated with the project, which is led by an engineer, US Army, Brigadier General Leslie R. Groves.

On May 31, 1945, sixteen people met in the office of Secretary of War Henry L. Stimson. Sixteen of these people are there to make a decision about the average American weapons have not heard, the atomic bomb. They choose a future target for "The Bomb." What they are talking about is "a new relationship of man with the universe," as said by Stimson. Secretary seems to say, is in the most critical turning point in the entire recorded history.

On July 16, 1945, the first atomic bomb or A-bomb, tested in Alamogordo, New Mexico.

On August 6, 1945, the Enola Gay, the plane America, dropped the first atomic bomb ever used in warfare in Hiroshima, Japan, eventually killing more than 140,000 people. On August 9, 1945, the United States dropped a second atomic bomb, this time in the Japanese city of Nagasaki. Although missed one mile from the target, but killed 75,000 people.

On August 29, 1949, the Soviet Union's first atomic bomb test.

On 1 November, 1952 trial, a full scale successfully carried out by the United States with the fusion-type.

In 1946, the Atomic Energy Commission (AEC), civilian agencies of the US government, established the Atomic Energy Act to manage and regulate the production and use of atomic energy. Among the major programs of the new commission are:
• Production of the physical material of the atomic bomb
• Prevention of accidents
• The study of biology, health, metallurgy and production of atomic power, a study in the production of nuclear aircraft
• Declassification of data on atomic energy.

So great power that can be generated by the atomic bomb, when seen from the history of the atomic bomb used as a powerful weapon in the war, but the nuclear also has a positive side as an example as power generation, medicine, etc.
Thank you for reading this article. Written and posted by Bambang Sunarno. sunarnobamban86@gmail.com
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DatePublished: November 29, 2014 at 19:04

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About Paul Tibbets.

Atomic bombs dropped on Hiroshima and Nagasaki. Kill to save more lives because of the war.

ON 6 and August 9, 1945, the atomic bomb devastated Hiroshima and Nagasaki, Japan. The atomic bomb was carried by the B-29. "B-san aka Mr-B, that Japanese people were forced to call at once appreciate the bomber B-29 being the most famous," writes John Hersey in Hiroshima, when Bombs Dropped. And pilots who menjatuhan atomic bomb "Little Boy" on Hiroshima from a B-29 Enola Gay ibunya- -the name is Paul Tibbets.
Paul's father never supported a pilot because of hate planes and motorcycles. When Paul said he wanted to go fly a plane, his father said, "I've been sending you a school, buy a car, give money to have fun with the girls. If you want to kill yourself, please. I do not care, "said Paul Warfield Tibbets imitating his father Paul Sr., in an interview with The Guardian, August 6, 2002. While his mother, Enola Gay Haggard, simply said," Paul, if you want to fly a plane, you'll be fine. "
Paul Tibbets was born in Quincy, Illinois, on February 23, 1915. His father wanted Paul to become a doctor. But, he was more interested in the military. Pass the Western Military Academy, a private military prep school, in Alton, Illinois, which was founded in 1879 and closed in 1971; Paul went on to the University of Florida in Gainesville. Then he thought to be a surgeon and entered the University of Cincinnati in Ohio for a year and a half, before finally changed his mind again, and joined the corps of the US Air Force. During World War II, Paul mission-critical flight mission until he was given the award for best aviator US Air Force.
In September 1944, after Paul tried to fly the B-29, a man approached him. He conveyed the message that General Uzal Ent, commander of the 2nd Air Force based in Colorado, waiting for him at nine in the morning.
In the office of General Uzal Ent, Paul had to wait several people, including the US Navy Captain William Parsons, with her later flew to Hiroshima, and Dr. Norman Ramsey, a professor of nuclear physics from the University of Columbia, which describes the Manhattan Project that developed the atomic bomb.
Before the task of dropping the atomic bomb, Paul first learn about the ins and outs of his explosives. Dr. Oppenheimmer explain how to escape from the atomic blast and Dr. Norman Ramsey explains the power of the atomic bomb that reaches 20,000 tons of TNT. The pilot maneuvers the aircraft to avoid any atom wave several times done. He chose Wendover Air Base in Utah as a training base. Until the day it arrived.
Base station bombing plans on the island of Tinian in the Northern Mariana Islands. The island was originally under the power of Japan, and then successfully captured the Allies. On this island has built two bases, namely the North and West. North Base B-29 used as a home base. On July 26, 1945, the second atomic bomb Fat-Man and Little Boy brought to this island using the USS Indianapolis. Various information about the given target area, such as weather conditions, "the sixth day of August is the most appropriate day to fly over the island of Honshu," said Paul.
Aircraft B-29 Enola Gay carry atomic bomb Little Boy with a 3 meter long, 71 cm wide, and weighs 4000 kg. Uranium supplied from the giant plant in Oak Ridge, Tennessee during the Manhattan Project. The crew of the B-29 Enola Gay consists of: Paul Tibbets (pilot), Robert A. Lewis (copilot), Ted Van Kirk (navigator), William S Parsons (which activates the bomb before it was dropped), Thomas W. Frebee (interpreter viewfinder / release bomb), Bob Caron (defender behind the plane's tail to keep the possibility of an attack Japan). Right midnight on the sixth day of August, they took off.
At 8:15 pm Japan time, the B-29 has been up to the sky above Hiroshima. From a height of nearly 10 thousand feet they count. Little-Boy was dropped. In one micro-second, the city of Hiroshima was not there. Hundreds of thousands of people died instantly, the rest injured for life, and few have survived.
Rescue maneuvers of the atomic bomb blast wave was conducted. "A bright light meet our plane and plane turning back to look at Hiroshima. The city is hidden behind clouds that terrible, "recalls Paul. Upon returning to the air base at Tinian Island at 3 pm, she was greeted by General Carl Spaatz and give medals Distinguished Service Cross and other crew members received Air Medals.
Not just once, a second atomic bomb was dropped on Nagasaki on August 9, 1945. The results have shaken Japan's imperial expansion and the end of World War II.
Post World War II, the family life of Paul the verge of collapse. He was divorced from his wife, Lucy Wingate in 1955. And remarried with French women, Andrea Quattrehomme. In 1959, he was promoted to Brigadier General and retired on August 31, 1966. Paul died on 1 November 2007 at the age of 92 years.
Japanese people remember the atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki as the most distressing events. Each year they commemorate and pray for the victims, who suffered a lifetime, or the loss of a family member. Until now, this action is still questionable. World sued. America itself quibble atomic bomb had saved the lives that would be lost if the war many continued. Like what is believed Paul and other crew: "Yes, we will kill a lot of people, but we will save many lives. We do not need to attack (Japan).
Thank you for reading this article. Written and posted by Bambang Sunarno. sunarnobamban86@gmail.com
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DatePublished: November 29, 2014 at 15:45

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Nagasaki and Hiroshima Atomic Bomb.

The bombing of Hiroshima and Nagasaki events are dark history of war in this world. Atomic bomb attacks devastated Japanese Sakura country and resulted in the downfall of many victims in both cities. Not only was the effect after the attack is prolonged suffering from generation to generation as a result of chemical radiation is revealed through genetics.

Atomic bombs were dropped in Hiroshima City and Nagasaki occurred on August 6, 1945, which occurred during World War II, which is done by the allies with an excuse to silence the Japanese imperial forces are known to be very heroic, unyielding and loyal to the emperor. The atomic bombs killed as many as 140,000 people in Hiroshima and 80,000 in Nagasaki by the end of 1945.

Six days after the dropping of the atomic bomb on Nagasaki, on August 15, Japan announced that Japan surrendered unconditionally to the Allies, signed the instrument of surrender on September 2, officially ending the Pacific War and World War II. (Germany had signed the surrender on May 7, 1945, ending the European theater.) This makes the Japanese bombing of postwar adopting Three Non-Nuclear Principles, forbidding the country has nuclear weapons.

Atomic bomb dropped on Hiroshima on August 6, 1945 and that was dropped on Nagasaki on August 9, 1945. Why Hiroshima chosen as the first target of the US atomic bomb attack this? Obviously Hiroshima chosen as the first target of attack by the US military careful consideration at that time.

During the second World War, Hiroshima rarely hit by bombings. But the city's status as a military headquarters of Japan, making it an easy target of the opponent. Hiroshima is also known as a major port city in Japan. The reason is what makes this city as a strategic objective of the atomic bomb made in America.

While the reason Nagasaki itself is not the main target of the US. Kokura is a potential target chosen along Kyoto and Niigata. Nagasaki chosen as the successor to the Kyoto as a potential target. Kyoto was chosen because of religious reasons that support the Japanese military pattern.

While the third potential target Niigata, were excluded because of its distance from the Philippine Military Base, where bombers took off for Japan. But in the end the choice fell on Nagasaki targets, because the US military is also crossed Kokura of their target list.

Nagasaki is a city of its shipbuilding industry can be said to be advanced. But this city is not the favorite city to be attacked because it was bombed five times during the last 12 months before the atomic bomb attacks swept. As a result, only Hiroshima and Nagasaki were destroyed by atomic bombs the US.

The bomb bomb dropped from a B-29 Flying Superfortress named Enola Gay (strange name) piloted by Lieutenant Colonel. Paul W. Tibbets, a height of about 9,450 m (31,000 ft).

This weapon exploded at 8:15 am (Japan time) when he reaches a height of 550 meters. To drop this bomb plane is flying pretty high and using google special (special eye protection) anti-radiation, in a documentary that I saw, the bombers have pressure (pressure) the soul is very large because the powerful bomb will drop into the middle of settlements , but they still do it for the sake of the nation task. there is an event that captured a moment there when the bomb was dropped.

"A bright light meets the plane," he writes Tebbits. "We rotate the plane back to look at Hiroshima. The city is hidden behind clouds horrible. Boiling, fluffy mushroom. "After that, while no one spoke. But next, everyone talking. "Look at that! See it! See it ... ..! "Said co-pilot Robert Lewis as he hit shoulder Tibbets. Lewis said he could feel the atomic fission process that occurs when the atomic bomb exploded. It felt like lead. He then turned to writing in a note. "God," he asked himself, "What have we done?"

Up to the present bombing of Hiroshima and Nagasaki City is still a deep wound trauma and perceived Japan and around the World. Through this article we both can see and reflect on how the harmful effects caused by the war. Suffice World War II into a final battle that happened in this earth. Hopefully not the same thing happen again in our time. Thank you for reading this article. Written and posted by Bambang Sunarno. sunarnobamban86@gmail.com
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DatePublished: November 29, 2014 at 15:02

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Lost Ten Tribes.

Ten Tribes of the 'Lost' or the Ten Tribes of Israel that 'Lost' refers to the ten tribes of Israel who came from Northern Kingdom of Israel who are not known to exist again after the conquest by the Assyrians (Assyrian) in the 8th century BC.

Background.

Around 1900 BC, there was a Hebrew named Jacob who is the ancestor of the Israelites. Jacob's name was changed to Israel. Israel had 12 children, Reuben, Simeon, Levi, Judah, Zebulun, Issachar, Dan, Gad, Asher, Naphtali, Joseph, and Benjamin. Their descendants are called with the 12 Tribes of Israel. The 12 Tribes is referred to as "children of Israel".
After they occupied the land of Canaan, the Levites did not get heritage areas because they are a special tribe, the tribe of priests. The tribe of Joseph then divided into two by the children of Joseph, Manasseh and Ephraim (as Joseph got a double blessing of his father, Israel). Thus the land of Canaan was divided into 12 sections by Israel.
The twelve tribes of Israel reached its peak in the reign of King Solomon in the 10th century BC. But after the death of Solomon, the kingdom of Israel split into two, into Northern Kingdom of Israel (the so-called "Kingdom of Israel") with 10 tribes, and the Southern Kingdom of Israel (which is called "the kingdom of Judah") only with the tribe of Judah and Benjamin. Israel royal capital at Samaria and the Kingdom of Judah / Judea its capital in Jerusalem. The word "Jew" is used to refer to the descendants of the southern kingdom, which eventually formed the modern State of Israel, thus referring to the modern Israel.

Ten Tribes of Israel that 'Lost' is derived from the northern kingdom, while the tribes of Judah and Benjamin joined the southern kingdom. In the eighth century BC northern kingdom was conquered by the Assyrians of the Assyrian Empire, and the ten tribes of Israel were kidnapped and forced to go to the Land of Assyria. They never come back again and there is no record of them again. They are called the Ten Tribes of Israel that 'Lost'.
Regarding the tribe of Simeon were not much mentioned and is believed to have been scattered since the death of Jacob, combining multiple sources of this tribe and the ten tribes are 'missing' from the north, but several others combine it with the southern kingdom, and its position in the 'tenth' Tribe replaced by 'Manasseh western 'and' eastern Manasseh '(Manasseh great to have two sections of land, one on the west bank of the Jordan, and one in the east).

12 Tribes of Israel.

According to the Jewish and Christian scriptures, Jacob had 12 sons and one daughter were recorded (Dina) of two wives and two concubines, namely (in the order of birth in brackets):
Leah: Reuben (1), Simeon (2), Levi (3), Judah (4), Issachar (9), Zebulon (10), Dina (P)
Rachel: Joseph (11), Benjamin (12)
Bilhah: And (5), Naphtali (6)
Zilpah: Gad (7), Asher (8)
The twelve boys soon became patriarch of the "twelve tribes of Israel". When Moses, Eleazar, Joshua, and the heads of the tribes of Israel to divide the land of Israel on 12 tribe, the tribe of Levi did not get the part because this tribe devoted to the priesthood. The tribe of Joseph, on the will of Jacob before he died, getting two sections of land through the tribes of Ephraim and Manasseh, who are the descendants of the two sons of Joseph of Asenath, his wife who came from Egypt.
Judah, and the tribe of Benjamin joined to form the Kingdom of Judah / Judea, which is believed to be the forerunner of the Jewish people alive today. Levites who have religious duties did not own the land (only master of the temple area and the rest of the city 6). While other tribes (Reuben, Simeon, Issachar, Zebulun, Dan, Naphtali, Gad, Asher, Ephraim, Manasseh East and West Manasseh) is part of the Northern Kingdom of Israel that will be declared as "The Lost Tribe".

Northern Kingdom of Israel.

After the civil war in the reign of Rehoboam, son of Solomon, 10 tribes break away from the main kingdom and create their own kingdom is the kingdom of northern Israel. 10 The tribe is comprised of 9 tribes (who had land rights) that tribe of Zebulun, Issachar, Asher, Naphtali, Dan, Manasseh, Ephraim, Reuben and Gad, and some members of the tribe of Levi who do not have land rights. Simeon is not mentioned at all in the Bible and many believe that this tribe has been scattered since returning from Egypt.
South Israel or Judah kingdom / Judea, its capital in Jerusalem and led by King Rehoboam. The kingdom has a population of the Tribe of Judah and Benjamin (and also by some members of Levi and Simeon remaining).

Conquest of Foreign Nations.

In the year 721 BC (Samaria) as the capital of the northern kingdom of Israel was invaded by an army of Assyria (Assyrian), led by Shalmaneser V and followed by Sargon II. And one year later defeated and destroyed Samaria. Northern Kingdom of Israel's population consisting of 10 tribes of Israel (Judah and Benjamin not included) exiled and banished to Khorasan, which is now part of the East Iranian and western Afghanistan. These tribes believed by the Jews now been lost to history, because it merges with the nations where they live.
The war continues in the Middle East. Powerful nations clashing with each other for the Middle East region. In the year 603 BC, the Assyrian power ("Assyrian") is replaced by the Babylonians ("Babylon"). In the reign of Babylon, the kingdom of southern Israel or the kingdom of Judah fell, and Jerusalem was destroyed (587/586 BC). After it was taken away in exile in Babylon. 50 years later, 538 BC, the Persian Empire seized control of Babylon. Most of the Tribe of Judah and Benjamin allowed to return to Judea. But the ten tribes of Israel, residents of northern Kingdom of Israel, never mentioning it again as two tribes, so they dubbed the "Ten Tribes (Northern) Israel 'Lost' '.
Josephus writing about the Ten Tribes of Israel that 'Lost'
In the Old Testament 2 Kings 18:11 Written
"The king of Assyria transport people of Israel into exile to Assyria, and put them in Halah, on the Habor, the river of Gozan, and in the Cities of the Medes"
These places are now located in the northern part of Iraq and northwest Iran, called Kurdistan. The Ten Tribes of Israel was originally taken there.
According to the ancient historian Josephus who lived in the first century AD, in which he wrote about the existence of the ten tribes that: "... the ten tribes that were on the Euphrates till now, and which amounts to a very large, that amount can not be estimated."
Josephus wrote that in the first century AD tenth Tribes of Israel to live in a very large number across the Euphrates River. This may mean that some of them scattered to the east of the Euphrates.

Pathans (Pashtun) in Afghanistan and Pakistan.

Pathans or Pashtun regard themselves as the children of Israel, though they are Muslims. Pashtun nation has similarities with the customs of ancient Israel. Pashtun nation is now living in the Afghan-Pakistan border. They are called Afghans or Pishtus in their own language. In Afghanistan, they number approximately six million people, and in Pakistan about seven to eight million and two million more people living like Bedouins. Evidence of interest are some of the names are the same tribes with tribes of Israel such as:
"Tribe Harabni" namely Ruben,
Shinwari tribe is Simeon,
Tribe Levani - Levi,
Tribe Daftani - Naphtali,
Tribe Jaji - Gad,
Ashuri tribes - Asher,
The tribe of Joseph Su, sons of Joseph,
Afridi tribes - Ephraim, and so on.
Pathans or Pashtun claimed to have links with the ancient kingdom of Israel from the tribe of Benjamin and the family of Saul. According to tradition, Saul had a son, named Jeremiah who has a child named Afghana.
According to the Bible, especially the book of 2 Kings, Chronicles Book 1 and Book 2 Chronicles, the ten tribes of Israel exiled to Halah, Havor, river Gozan and Cities Medes. Some similarities with the Pashtun tradition of ancient Israel: have circumcision for boys on the eighth day, patrilineal (Line Mr), using Talith (Cloak Prayer) Tsitsit, marriage (Hupah), custom women (washing in the river), wedding party family mother or father (Yibbum), Great respect for the father, the prohibition of eating the flesh of horses and camels, Shabbat to prepare 12 Hallah bread, turn the candle during the Shabbat, Yom Kippur, cure the disease with the help of the Psalms (Psalms put under the patient, Hebrew names in the villages and the name of Moses, and use the star of David symbol. They live as tribes who are dispersed and have the legal tradition of the Pashtunwali or Pashtun law similar to the law. Pashtun wedding tradition in law, which requires that you men married the widow of his brother who died without offspring, just as ancient Israel (Deuteronomy 25: 5-6). Pashtun tradition also sacrifice a goat-sheep redemption, just like ancient Israel imposes past sins of the whole nation in sheep which were driven into the desert and slaughtered.

Kashmir in northern India.

In the northern part of Kashmir India there are about 5-7 million people. There is a Hebrew name in the valley and in the villages in Kashmir as Har Nevo, Beit Peor, Pisgah, Heshubon. Most researchers believe that Kashmir Nations descent Northern Ten Tribes of Israel that 'Lost' in exile in 722 BC. Their physical appearance is different from most people of India. The tradition they do indicate the origin of the difference. Kashmiris have the feast of the Passover in the spring, when the adjustments are differences moon and the solar calendar, in a way as did the Jews. They are identifying themselves as Bene Israel, Children of Israel. Kashmiri people honor the Sabbath (rest of all kinds of work); circumcising a baby at the age of eight months (in the Bible, Genesis 17:12: 8 days); do not eat fish that no scales and fins (Leviticus 11), and celebrated some other Jewish Feast, but not from after the destruction of the first temple (like Hannukah).
Shin-lung (Bnei Manasseh) around the India-Myanmar border.
In the mountains on both sides of the India-Myanmar border, about 2 million people living Shin-lung. They have a tradition of slaughtering the sacrifice of the tribes of ancient Israel in general, and called themselves "Children of Manasseh" or "Bnei Manasseh". Manasseh said many emerging in poetry and prayer (they called "Oh God of Manasseh"). They have a tradition of stories that say that they are banished to a place that is located in the west where they came from, and then migrated to the east and started to become herders and idolatrous. Their migration continues to the east, reaching the Tibetan-Chinese border, then follow the flow of the Wei River, to enter and reside in Central China around the year 230 BC. Chinese people make them as slaves, so that some of them escaped and lived in the caves of the mountainous area Shin-lung, and live in poverty for two generations. They are also called the cave or mountain people and keep their scriptures. Eventually they began to assimilate with the Chinese people and culture influenced China, until finally they left the caves of the mountains and go to the west, through Thailand, towards Myanmar. After that they traveled without scriptures, and build oral tradition, up until Mandaley River, and towards the mountains Chin. In the 18th century, most of them migrated to Manipur and Mizoram, Northeast India.
They are aware that they are not Chinese although the Chinese language local dialect, and call themselves Lusi which means the Ten Tribes ("Lu" means the Tribe, and "the" means ten). Manasseh traditions include circumcision (now abandoned), blessing ceremony child at the age of 8 days, religious celebrations are similar to Jewish religious holidays, weddings practice law in the continuity of the family name, the name of God as "Yahweh", and maintain poetry which is similar to the story of the Exodus crossing when the Israelites crossed the Red Sea. In every village there is pastor or priest who is always named Aaron (Aaron, brother of Moses and the Jewish First Priest) with hereditary inheritance. One of their tasks is to oversee the village, pray and sacrifice, with air-'breastplate cloak ', sashes and crowns, and always opened the prayer in the name of Manasseh. In case there are people falling ill, the priest is called to bless Patient and sacrifice. Priest would slaughter a sheep or a goat and smeared blood on the ears, back and legs while chanting mantras Patient similar to Leviticus 14:14. In the case of specific diseases, held a special ceremony. A kind of redemption ceremony performed by cutting the wings of birds and feathers spread into the air. In the case of leprosy, the priest slaughtered birds in the open field. For penance, sacrifice a lamb on the altar done as done in the temple (as witnessed by a writer in Myanmar jungle around 1963-1964). Blood sacrifices inscribed at the end of the altar, the meat is eaten. Yom Kippur is celebrated as the day of redemption, once a year as the Jewish tradition. Imam vehicle should not be made of metal, but of clay, cloth, or wood. Practice idolatry and heresy trust with respect to spirits and demons. Believe in reincarnation but trust God in heaven will help in distress.

Qiang (Ch'iang-min) in western China.

People Qiang or Ch'iang-min (about 250 thousand people, 1920) settled in Sichuan Province, western China, in a mountainous area west of the Min, near the Tibetan border [Thomas Torrance "The History, Customs and Religion of the Ch'iang People of West China "(1920) and" China's First Missionaries: Ancient Israelites "(1937)]. They consider themselves as immigrants from the west who came to the place after running for three years and three months. Chinese people regard them as barbarians, and they judge the Chinese people as a pagan (Ch'iang-min believe in only one God and called it 'Yawei' when in trouble). Ch'iang-min practice sacrifice made Imam, the position can only be held by a married man (Leviticus 21: 7,13) and passed down through the generations. Priests wore white robes and turban special. The altar is made of stone not cut with a metal tool (Exodus 20:25), and should not be approached by strangers and "disabled" (Leviticus 21: 17-23). Priests Ch'iang-min using a strap robe, and a stick shaped like a snake (the story of Moses in the desert). After the prayer, the priest burns inside and the flesh of the sacrifice, and took the shoulders, chest, legs and skin, while the meat is distributed to the grantor offerings. When offerings, they raised 12 flags around the altar to keep the tradition that they came from a father who had 12 children. (They tradition as a descendant of Abraham and berleluhur a father to 12 children). Among Ch'iang-min, there is a tradition of blood smeared on the doorstep for the safety and security of home, marriage law, a hood for women, giving the name of the child at the age of 7 days until late evening 40th.

Group Tribe / Other Nations 'indicated' descendants of 10 Tribes of Israel that 'Lost'.

Samaritans in Israel & Palestine
-Bedul Bedouin in Israel, Palestine and Jordan
Kurds in Syria, Iraq, Iran and Turkey
Parthia in Iran
Bukharia in Countries of Central Asia and Kazakhstan
-Afridi Pathans in India & Pakistan
Bene Ephraim in India
Nasranis Kerala (Malabar) in southern India
Tibet
Chinese-Taiwanese in Taiwan
Korea in North Korea & South Korea
Japan
The tribes in the Philippines
Nias in northern Sumatra, Indonesia
Batak-Toba in northern Sumatra, Indonesia
Mentawai in western Sumatra, Indonesia
Minangkabau in western Sumatra, Indonesia
Enggano in southern Sumatra, Indonesia
Sea Dayak or Iban of Borneo (Indonesia, Malaysia and Brunei)
Talaud in northern Sulawesi, Indonesia
Sangihe in northern Sulawesi, Indonesia
Minahasa in North Sulawesi, Indonesia
Mongondow in northern Sulawesi, Indonesia
Gorontalo in northern Sulawesi, Indonesia
Mandar in southern Kalimantan and southern Sulawesi, Indonesia
Toraja in southern Sulawesi, Indonesia
Sumba and other tribes in Flobamora, Indonesia and East Timor
Alef'uru and other tribes in Maluku, Indonesia
Some Melanesian tribes in Papua, Indonesia and Papua New Guinea
Eskimos in Canada and Alaska, USA
American Indians in Canada & USA
Polynesian-Hawaiian in Hawaii, United States
Some tribes in Cameroon
Bilad el-Sudan in Mali and Ghana
Annang in Nigeria
Efik in Nigeria
Ibibio in Nigeria
Ibo (Igbo) in Nigeria
Sefwi (House of Israel) in Ghana
Children of Israel in Senegal
Anglo-Saxon (Anglo-Israelism) that make up the Royal Commonwealth United Kingdom and United States
Ireland
Netherlands
Luxembourg
Gaul in northern France
German (Frankish)
Denmark (Danes)
Sweden (Sami)
Finland (Finn)
Viking in Norway and Iceland
Greece
Aborigines in Australia
Polynesian-Maori in New Zealand
Micronesia-Kiribati in Kiribati
Group Tribe / Other Nations 'indicated' descendant of some 2 South Tribe of Judah that 'Lost' [edit | edit source]
Arab-Jewish in the Countries of the Arab League and the OIC Countries
Persian Jews in Iran
Some tribes in Afghanistan
Some tribes in Kyrgyzstan
Jewish-Bene Israel in India & Pakistan
Jewish-Kaifeng in China
Minahasa-Jews in North Sulawesi, Indonesia
Sumba-Jews in Sumba, East Nusa Tenggara, Indonesia
Cuban-Jewish in Cuba
Jamaican-Jews in Jamaica
Puerto Rico-Jews in Puerto Rico
Barbados-Jews in Barbados
Suriname-Jews in Suriname
Indian-Inka-Jewish (Bnei Moshe) in Peru
Amazon-Jews in South American Countries
Berber-Jews in North Africa Countries
Some tribes in Sudan
Serai in Eritrea
Meroni in Eritrea
Dembia in Ethiopia
Falash Mura (Beit Avraham) in Ethiopia
Falasha (Beta Israel) in Ethiopia & Kenya
Some tribes in Laikipia, Kenya
Abayudaya in Uganda
Bakwa Dishi in Zaire and Congo
Some tribes in Sao Tome & Principe
Timbuktu in Mali
Some tribes in Ivory Coast
Some tribes in Guinea
Some tribes in Cape Verde
Rusape in Zimbabwe
Lemba in Zimbabwe, South Africa and Malawi
Latin-Jewish (Bnei Anousim) in Spain, Portugal, Italy, Vatican, San Marino, Andorra, Monaco, France, Romania, Indonesia, the Philippines, East Timor, Latin American Countries, USA & Australia
San Nicandro in Italy
Donmeh in Turkey
Polish-Jews in Poland
-Jewish Vilna in Lithuania
Subbotniks in Russia

Ten Tribes of Israel that 'Lost' in the Christian view.

Who exactly Ten Tribes of Israel that 'Lost'? Jesus replied: "I was sent only to the lost sheep of the house of Israel." (Matthew 15:24). This means that in a spiritual sense Christians are the Ten Tribes of Israel that 'Lost' from the people on all Parts / nation, not just limited to those who have the gene / Israeli blood.
Thank you for reading this article. Written and posted by Bambang Sunarno. sunarnobambang86@gmail.com
author:
http://schema.org/Personal.
https://plus.google.com/105319704331231770941.
name: Bambang Sunarno.
http://www.primadonablog.blogspot.com/2014/11/lost-ten-tribes.html
DatePublished: 28 November 2014 at 12:02

Tag : Lost Ten Tribes.

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