Habitat and Population Tapir.

 Maybe some people acquainted with this one animal, Tapir. 
Tapir is a native of Sumatra and animals can be found in Thailand, Malaysia. Besides Asia, these animals can also be found in South America and Central America. The existence of this animal population is estimated to have been reduced.
In Asia, the most large animals compared Tapir in Central and South America. These animals reach 1 meter high with a weight of 500 kilograms. Animals of Asia's habitat is very much, from the forest to the mountains. Usually males larger than females.

The main food of these animals are grass, leaf buds, and fruits of plants that are in their habitat. Continuity is very old animals approximately 25-30 years. Newborn tapir is usually the color is very different from the adult. Spawned a new skin color brown with a slight reddish texture of white dots on parts of his body.

Tapir of Sumatra. 

Sumatran tapir are solitary animals. These animals are always surf the big track as his territory. Animals of Sumatra is usually looking for food in the form of bulbs and grasses. In addition, these animals move very slowly, but when he feels threatened by another animal, this animal can run fast despite the large body. These animals can defend themselves with sharp teeth and strong jaws when biting.

 In the Malay language, Tapir known as Rhino Tampong, Cipan, tapir, rhino magpie, Seladang, Gindol, Horse Arau or Teronok.
Endangered because their habitat has been lost, and mostly, it is the habitat to plantations in Sumatra. This animal is a kind of animal herbifora. These animals are eating grass and leaves in the forest.
The distinctive feature of these animals is a bit like a long nose elephant's trunk. Each walk is always a sure sign of him on the ground.
Sumatra is a typical animal body is black and white. The front of the body is black, while the rear part of the body is white. Maybe if any, visible, these animals are very unique.
In addition, these animals toes has a characteristic. On the front foot has four fingers and three fingers back legs. The soles of his feet are almost similar to the Sumatran rhinoceros foot.
Footprints of an adult length of approximately 220 mm and a width of 240 mm and 127-220 mm hind legs almost to a length of about 113-180 mm. With shorter front legs and a great body, this animal can run fast and can swim long enough.
Young Tapir is generally different from the adult. Young Tapir brownish color. With a whitish color bind her. Young Tapir skin will turn into darker after the age of 4-7 months. Round shape with a very short tail.
Lately, the population is greatly reduced. These animals are endangered due to logging-deforestation by humans so that deforestation causes floods. Animal habitats in the forest too much to die.
In the Malay language, Tapir known as Rhino Tampong, Cipan, tapir, rhino magpie, Seladang, Gindol, Horse Arau or Teronok.
Animal populations are commonly referred to as the tapir can be reduced deforestation caused by irresponsible so many animal populations are extinct in Indonesian. Therefore, we should preserve the forest in order to look beautiful forest with the animals in the forest, and the growth of the animals that exist around the forest is greatly increased.
Wildlife designated as an important area for the protection of endangered animals are unique. Not only famous animals are protected as elephants, rhinos and tigers, but also one of the tapir animal protected species because its extinction.
These animals growing up along the 1.8 to 2.4 m and 8 feet, with 90 to 107 cm tall, weighing 250 to 320 kg, even they can weigh 500 kg. Female Sumatran tapir is usually larger than males. As with other types, short fat tails and long, flexible proboscis. In front of each leg there are four nails on each hind legs and three nails. Sense of vision is rather poor animal, but sharp senses of hearing and smell.

Asian tapir. 

Four species that exist in this world is one of the four tapir in the world. The body of this animal is very large. These animals are also protected animals. These animals can also be found in Indonesia, Myanmar, Malaysia, and Thailand.
The scientific name of this animal is "Tapirus indicus" and in Sumatra commonly called tapir, tapir, horse ayer, gindol, cipan, and much more pr. In a foreign language is also called the Malayan tapir, tapir Indian, asian tapir, and Malay tapir.

Unique facts of this animal are as follows. 

Black and white pattern on these animals is believed to be useful for camouflage. Other animals may have guessed a large rock rather than the tapir prey while lying down or sleeping.
Newborn tapir looks very different than adults. Skin color interspersed with reddish brown stripes and white dots may be a good camouflage from predators.
These animals are excellent swimmers and can stay in the water for a couple of minutes to avoid predators.

These animals are able to climb steep cliffs with agile. 

This animal marking its territory with urine area. 

If you look at the shape of a long snout, the animal may be considered closely related to pigs, but these animals are related to horses and rhinos.

Tapir - Animal Species. 

For these animals, something that most major threats in their habitat is the presence of logging and forest fires that create habitat slightly reduced due to habitat land into oil palm plantations. The animal was eventually given protection by the government and protected by Indonesian.
In addition to the unique animals, tapir species are also found in so many other countries because only four states that have this animal habitats. Therefore, we must preserve the animals of this order to the preservation of endangered animal populations thrive and multiply.
Wildlife Dolok Surungan designated a conservation area and as one of the important areas of protection of these animals with the Decree of the Minister of Forestry. 43/Kpts/Um/1974. Although not 'as famous' tiger, introspective, rhinoceros, or elephant, but these animals remains one of the protected animals Indonesian pride.
With the status in the 2008 IUCN red list of species categorized as Endangered (same as the Sumatran tiger), in fact very ample reason for us all to take a more serious concern for the protection of tapir.
With the protection of the Ministry of Forestry, the animals are expected to exist in Indonesia are protected and kept in mind. The animals in Indonesia is very diverse and very many and too bad if animals in Indonesia is less attention. By protecting animals in Indonesia, we can make Indonesia as a tourist attraction that has a wide range of animals.
In addition to the diverse animals in Indonesia, tour visitors will marvel at the beauty of animals that exist in Indonesia.
Therefore, consider the survival of animals in the forest. Keep forests properly so as not exposed to erosion and damage the environment the animals in the forest. Do not cut down forests to avoid carelessly causing flooding.

Mystery Sumatran Tapir Population.

Nose and upper lip fused and grow lengthwise. His eyes were like dewy small. The tip of the ear covered with white fuzz. Having a body length from head to tail approximately 1.8 to 2.5 meters. With a height of 0.9 to 1.1 meters. Shoulder height of 90-105 centimeters. This animal called a tapir.
For reproduction, gestation period 390 days to 403 days. Number of children per birth is only one tail. Old parenting or caring for children approximately 6-8 months. Could life span of more than 30 years.
Tapirs live in the forests outside of protected areas, particularly in central Sumatra island. Noted several locations indicate the presence of this species are the Teso Nilo Forest Area.
The front legs of these animals have 4 nails. While three nails on the hind legs. This nail helps to run on muddy and soft ground. Tapir also have variations in eye color (brown) or appear bluish.
Based on the results of Forest Ecosystem Protection (PEH) KSDA Great Hall County, Tapir is a good climber, Tapir can climb fairly steep slope with relative ease. At the time threatened to climb at an amazing speed. Several types of existing Tapir, has more in common with each other than the difference.
As the Asian Tapir, Sumatran Tapir can be easily identified as a white bandage on his body which is helpful in camouflage against predators in the jungle. Back, head, and snout harder than other body parts. It is estimated that the animals themselves are thought to protect against canine predators.
Not unlike the Asian Tapir, Sumatran Tapir is actually not a true nocturnal animals. Tapir known to be active in the morning and includes home ranges quite widely in search of food. Often ranges overlap with another individual Tapir.
Trail and travel area is characterized by urine that is spread on a shrub and bushes. At the time of running, Tapir head pointing downwards. How to communicate with her is like a whistling sound.
All kinds of tapirs have similar body shape and good basic course but flexible elongated nose. Tapir prefer a climate that tends to wet and always lived near the water source. Although it can sometimes be found in forests that tend to dry climates.
Her skin was supple and well known as animal with the ability to swim and a nice hike, and rummage through the soil in search of food and tend to eat more in the morning before sunrise or even the evening after sunset. Generally Tapir sleep at midnight, however it is not a permanent behavior. Tapir may be active in the morning or afternoon.
According to him, tapirs do not make nests. However, it is known always make certain resting place in the woods. Tapir sometimes likes to hide among shrubs or trees to kiss the arrival of other animals or humans.
Bathing in the river often becomes the playground every day. Do it to keep body moisture. Tapir also tend to use the rest area repeatedly.
Baby Tapir has a good swimming ability, even in the early days of the birth. Position when the male parent caring for the child is not always in the front or in the back, but few case studies show that male and female parent always be near the baby. In order to teach the baby to survive in the woods.
Regarding how long it took care of her mother Tapir and Tapir how far children split with its parent as an adult, is still an unsolved mystery.
Territorially, Tapir territorial males have a wider area than females. Although Tapir called solitary animals, but based on a recent survey showed that the animals can live in pairs. Tapir also have hearing, smell sharp and strong.
The animals also tend brave fight with a predator. By ramming and ready to fight predators bite Tapir Tiger and Leopard. If the feeling of urgency in the fight, Tapir will run into the water to save themselves.
While in search of food, the animal is always selective. The young leaves and shoots of trees or shrubs favorite food. Some plant species are eaten Tapir among others, Tampui, Mahang, Simantau, Jengkol, jackfruit and other plants of the family Apocinaceae gummy and Rubiaceae.
Tapir behavior is always shy and likes to hide when the smell or hear the arrival of humans and other animals, is a factor of its own difficulties to know or population census of the animals.
Difficulties is what makes the challenge to the researchers, observers and management of the protected species to unravel the mysteries of the population and their role in forest ecosystems Riau.
Regarding the number of tapirs in the wild is still shrouded in a veil that has not been revealed. Moreover role in ecosystems of lowland forest in Riau is not known with certainty. Existence, the population and its role in nature is still a mystery today.
This then reinforced with the publication of Law No. 5 of 1990, on the Conservation of Natural Resources and Ecosystems are also stipulated in Government Regulation No. 7 of 1999, on the Preservation of Wild Flora and Fauna.
In the datalist IUCN Redbook, Tapir including rare category. From the Opera is in the Ministry of Forestry of Indonesia, the four tapir species known to still exist to this day and they have a close kinship. The species is the Asian Tapir (Tapirus indicus) that live in the forests of Southeast Asia.
While the three other species inhabit the Americas. Baird's Tapir (Tapirus bairdi) are known to live in Mexico and Central America. Currently also found that animals living nearly the entire northern region of Colombia.
Asian tapir is the largest type. Has the most supple skin and strong among the types of existing Tapir. Their range includes Myanmar (Burma), Laos, Cambodia, Vietnam, Malaysia, Indonesia, and Thailand. Average weight of an adult Asian Tapir is approximately 363 pounds. The current whereabouts are most threatened.
At first prediction of the Asian Tapir population decline is due to predation by tigers or leopards. However, it is known that the skin is thick and chewy Tapir and able to fight with predators, it is estimated that only children Tapir Tapir or very old or sick or handicapped who can prey.
Everything is still a big question mark that needs an answer through its own research. '' To be sure encroachment, habitat destruction and poaching are the main enemy elephants, tigers, tapirs, and other rare animals at this time.

Four species of tapir that Survived.

Tapir species is the Asian Tapir (Tapirus indicus) that live in the forests of Southeast Asia. While the three other species inhabit the Americas. Baird's Tapir (Tapirus bairdi) are known to live in Mexico and Central America.
While in Colombia is now almost the entire northern region tapirs live in the forest. Besides the Brazilian Tapir inhabit lowland rainforest of South America. The latter type is the Tapir Mountain is indeed living in the forests of northern mountains in the Andes mountains of Colombia and Ecuador.
In prehistoric times, according to research results, tapirs inhabited Europe, South America, North America, South East Asia, including China.
 Unfortunately, no information was obtained about the presence in Africa, Australia or Antarctica. Tapir ancestors not seen any real difference in the types of Tapir today.
Likewise, the characteristic form of nose does not grow increasingly long until today. Tapir known ancestors migrated from Central America to North America, crossing the Panama about 2-3 million years ago.
All children Tapir has transverse lines and bright spots on the skin, It is as a means of camouflage. Animal glance it looks similar to one another. However, there are differences in each type of Tapir.
The average weight of children Tapir about 15-25 pounds, equivalent to 6.8 pounds-11, 3 pounds. So, thank you for reading this article. Written and posted by Bambang Sunarno. sunarnobambang86@gmail.com
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DatePublished : March 27, 2014 at 20.04
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Did You Know About Janis Joplin.

Janis Lyn Joplin was born Name.
Born January 19, 1943
Port Arthur, Texas, United States
Died October 4, 1970 (age 27)
Los Angeles, California, United States
Genre of blues-rock, psychedelic rock, acid rock, hard rock
Work singer, songwriter, arranger
Instruments vocals, guitar
Years active 1963-1970
Label Columbia
Janis Lyn Joplin (born in Port Arthur, January 19, 1943 - died in Los Angeles, October 4, 1970 at the age of 27 years) is a singer songwriter and arranger origin of Port Arthur, Texas, United States. He reached the pinnacle of success in the late 1960s as a solo singer after singing with Big Brother and the Holding Company. In 2004, Rolling Stone magazine placed it at number 46 in the list of the 100 Greatest Artists of All Time. Joplin died of an overdose in Los Angeles. Joplin has a mezzo-soprano voice.

Career. 

Childhood. 

Janis Joplin was born to a mother named Dorothy East (1913-1998) and father named Seth Joplin (1910-1987). His father was an engineer at Texaco employee while her mother is a business administration in college. Janis has two younger siblings, Michael and Laura. Both parents felt Janis always want more attention than her siblings. Joplin mother said, "He's not happy unless noted. If only considered mediocre is not enough."
As a teenager, she befriended a group of thugs. One of her friends has an album of blues musicians Bessie Smith and Leadbelly. Both of these blues artists will be an inspiration to Joplin to be a singer. Joplin began singing in the local choir and began listening to blues singers such as Odetta and Big Mama Thornton.
At school, she enjoys painting, and began singing blues and folk rhythm with his friends. He hardly have any friends at Thomas Jefferson High School. Joplin once said, "I was once a child who clumsy. I love to read and paint. I do not hate black people." As a teenager, he was overweight and was born with sensitive skin. Friends in high school and called him often playing tricks with words that are not polite.
Joplin graduated high school in 1960, and had a summer course at Lamar State College of Technology in Beaumont, Texas before transferring to the University of Texas at Austin but not until the end. In 1962, the campus newspaper ran a story about Janis Joplin entitled She Dares To Be Different.

Early career. 

As a rebel, his idol is blues singer female and poems written by Beat Generation literary era. December 1962, when in the house of a friend, Janis Joplin recorded the first song, "What Good Can Drinkin 'Do" on a cassette tape. He moved from Texas in 1963, and lived in North Beach before moving to the Haight-Ashbury. In 1964, guitarist Jorma Kaukonen and Joplin (later a member of Jefferson Airplane) recorded several blues standards. Both are accompanied by Margareta Kaukonen using typewriters as percussion. The recording sessions produced 6 songs: "Typewriter Talk," "Trouble In Mind," "Kansas City Blues," "Hesitation Blues," "Nobody Knows You When You're Down And Out," "Daddy, Daddy, Daddy" , and "Long Black Train Blues". The sixth song will be released as the bootleg album The Typewriter Tape.
Since about the year 1964, his penchant towards drugs and is increasingly becoming known as a heroin user. Throughout his career, he was known as a heavy drinker. His favorite beverage was Southern Comfort.

Janis Joplin: The Queen of Rock Music. 

On January 19, 2013, Janis Joplin reached the age of 70 years. We celebrated his birthday with a distinctive voice to listen again.
Janis Joplin was a singer with an amazing voice and was dubbed the queen of rock n 'roll first. He is a charismatic figure, and pave the way for other female singers in rock music to thrive.
In the mid 1960s, San Francisco is a cultural mecca in the music competition. There are many kinds of raises superstar Jimi Hendrix, The Grateful Dead and Santana. However Joplin along with other female singers has raised many doubts whether they can play music like other male musicians.
Singer-songwriter Tracy Nelson admitted that the 1966 period was very difficult for female musicians.
"Many say to me, Why do you want to do this?
It's not a business for women. "Why are you not at home alone and find a man?" Nelson said.
And in the same year Janis Joplin tried to break through a paternalistic culture (social systems that prioritize men) in San Francisco.
"I have to follow Janis Joplin, and I stood out there listening, and I just thought," man is a force of nature, "said Nelson.
Joplin was like a group called Big Brother and The Holding Company, which is virtually unknown outside of San Francisco at the time.
Then they played the Monterey Pop Festival in June 1967.
Among the 1,200 journalists covering the festival is the music critic Robert Christgau, who later wrote for Esquire magazine.
"I remember her playing in the sun," he said, "and everyone was really not only happy but kind of flabbergasted at how intense it is."
"I remember playing in the sun," he said, "and everyone was really happy, but not just as dumbfounded."
Like most white musicians at the time, Joplin trying to sing like a black blues musician. Christgau says that this actually does not look convincing. On the other hand, he blew the audience with emotion emotional voice.

Fall In Love With The Blues. 

He grew up in Port Arthur, Texas, singing as featured vocalist in the church choir. When he left for college in 1960, his models are folkies like Joan Baez and singer Judy Collins. Initially, Joplin tried to imitate their style. But the young singer can not be trusted as a folkie, according to Alice Echols, Joplin biographer called Scars of Sweet Paradise.
Joplin grow and thrive in Texas. He was born is not the same as the 1950s the typical young woman. He was fat and had bad skin.
In an appearance in 1970 on The Dick Cavett Show, she spoke about the bitterness of his teenage years. Classmates were laughing at him and out of the classroom.
Not surprisingly, Joplin found an outlet in the blues - especially in artists such as Bessie Smith, Lead Belly, and Big Mama Thornton. As he says in the Cavett show, singing is the only way he could express how he felt.
"Playing is just about feeling," said Joplin. "It is not always about suffering, it is not about happiness.'s Just about letting yourself feel all the things you already have in you, but trying to get rid of because they do not make for polite conversation.'s The only the reason I sing cause I get up there and just let everything out "

Authenticity lost America. 

Unfortunately, many artists from the 60's which mimic the habit of taking drugs. In early October 1970 - a little more than three years since he made ​​a hit, Joplin made ​​an album with his new band. One night, he returned to Los Angeles, he was found dead in his room the next day. Tracy Nelson recalled by the news.

"I was a bit upset, because he was out of it," said Nelson. "He's really starting to be really serious musician and singer He's playing with a really good musician. Yet he did something so stupid."

In the winter, a record label Joplin, Pearl, released his latest album titled "Me and Bobby McGee" topped the charts. Many critics said it was the best album Joplin. She has begun to take more control of his voice, and is the best rock singer.
"Janis Joplin was a Native American," he said. "No one could approach her singing voice because there was something in his voice that can not be replicated."
So, thank you for reading this article. Written and posted by Bambang Sunarno.
sunarnobambang86@gmail.com
author :
http://schema.org/Personal.
https://plus.google.com/+BambangSunarnoKatang.
name : bambang sunarno.
http://www.primadonablog.blogspot.com/2014/03/did-you-know-about-janis-joplin.html
DatePublished : March 27, 2014 at 16.34
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Tag : Did You Know About Janis Joplin.

Process Mining Coal Mining Methods Open .

Resulting in environmental damage.

Coal is one of fossil fuels . General understanding is combustible sedimentary rock , formed from organic sediments , primarily plant debris and coal are formed through the process of becoming . The main elements consist of carbon , hydrogen and oxygen . Coal is also an organic rock that has physical properties and chemical complex which can be found in various forms . The elemental analysis gave the empirical formula of a formula such as : C137H97O9NS for bituminous and anthracite C240H90O4NS for .

Coal formation began in the Carboniferous Period ( Period Formation of Carbon or coal) - known as the first coal age - which spanned 360 million to 290 million years ago . Quality of each coal deposit is determined by the temperature and pressure as well as the formation of a long time , which is referred to as ' organic maturity ' . The process initially peat transformed into lignite ( brown coal ) or ' brown coal ( brown coal ) ' - This is the type of coal with low organic maturity . Compared with other types of coal , lignite is quite soft and the color varies from dark black to brown.

Influenced by temperature and pressure continuously for millions of years , a young coal which changes gradually add organic maturity and change lignite coal into ' sub - bituminous ' .

Chemical and physical changes continued until coal becomes harder and more black color and form ' bitumen ' or ' anthracite ' . Under the right conditions , an increase in the higher organic maturity continued until forming anthracite .

In the mining business , the important thing is to choose the method best suited to the characteristics ( nature , geology , environmental ) of sediment that will be mined . The method ought technically viable , economical , low cost and generate maximum profits .

Mine Activity Open .

Rock surface consisting of soil and rock were first separated with explosives . The rocks are then transported to the surface using a pulley puller or by shovel and truck . Once the coal seam is visible, the coal seam is excavated and then solved systematically mined in the form of lines . The coal is then loaded on to large trucks or conveyors for transport to the coal processing plant or directly to where the coal will be used .

Open pit is one of two known mining systems , namely open and Mine Underground Mine , where any activity or mining activities performed on or relatively near the surface of the earth and work in direct contact with the outside world .

Mining the open pit itself is done with several stages of work :

a. the documents, necessary permits for mining activities , deforestation ( land clearing ) ,

b . overburden stripping ( stripping of overburden ) ,

c . mining ( exploitation ) , loading ( loading ) , transportation ( hauling ) , and the processing and marketing .

Grouping Mine open pit mine Open In principle can be classified into four 

groups :

a. Openpit / Openmine / Opencut / Opencast

Is applied to the open pit mining ore ( seeds ) . For example, nickel , copper , and others .

b . StripMine .

Implementation of specific sludge horizontal / sub-horizontal, especially for coal, may also precipitate the salt flat . Examples in Tanjung Enim coal mine .

c . Quarry .

Is applied to the open pit mineral deposits of industrial ( industrial minerals ) . Examples marble mine in the Great Tulung .

d . Alluvial mining .

It can be said as " placer Mining " or in Australia called " Beach - mine " is a way for mining of placer or alluvial sediments . Examples Cassiterite mine in Bangka , Belitung and surrounding areas .

Confederation B. In Mining Operations .

Broadly speaking , the factors that affect the sustainability of the mining activities are divided into two categories , namely technical factors and economic factors .

1. Technically studies .

Elements of technical elements that need attention in the implementation of activities of a mining project work activities include :

a. General conditions where the project is implemented .

Conditions The conditions under which the work is to be considered include the condition of geology , topography , climate and social culture . The general state of absolute calculated in order to determine the time scheduling and the main activities once set effective labor efficiency of work of the project implementation.

b . Means equipment working equipment .

Types of equipment and tools adapted to the working conditions , employment intentions , production capacity , and effectiveness of work desired .

How procurement accounted for by age and effectiveness of production and availability of working capital which is owned .

c . Implementation Methods of work

In this project implementation activities carried out by blasting demolition material . The method chosen considering the type of material which have the force is high enough , the fraction of loose material that production targets have been determined .

2. In Economic Assessment .

The study was intended to determine the economically mining project benefited or not . In calculating the cash flow note several factors that influence the economic situation .

The things to consider are:

1 . Value ( value) rather than per unit weight of mineral deposits ( P ) . and is usually expressed by ( $ / ton ) or ( USD / tonne )

2 . The cost of production ( C ) , which costs necessary to get the product out the cost of stripping .

3 . The cost of stripping of overburden ( Cob ) ,

4 . Cut Off Grade , will determine the boundaries of reserves that determines the final form of mining . Open pit mine - also called surface - only has economic value if the coal seam is located close to the soil surface . Open pit methods also provide greater benefit than an underground mine , because all layers of coal can be exploited ( 90 % or more of the coal can be taken ) . Large open pit which may include areas for kilometers square and use a lot of great tools, including dragline ( pulley puller ) , which move the rock surface , a power shovel
( hydraulic shovel ) , large trucks hauling rock and coal surface , bucket wheel excavator ( digger scoop car ) , and a conveyor belt .

Mining Activity In Mining Open

a .. Preparation Phase

Activities - activities carried out at the beginning of the process of extraction or mining of minerals consists of the preparation phase ( pre- mining ) , activities include :

1 . Making Tracks Road .

Causeway acts as a passage of equipment - heavy equipment to the mine site , then developed as a haul road material from the front to the location of mining crushing plant . Used - roading wear it with Bulldozer that will be used as well as the stripping of overburden .

2 . Land cleanup .

This work was done before the stage starts stripping overburden . This work includes clearing and collection of trees that grow on the surface of the area to be mined with the aim to clean up the mine area so that mining can be done easily without having to interfere with the disruption of existing vegetation mining area . Cleaning activity is done by using the Bulldozer .

Cleaning is done on the area to be mined which has a thickness of several meters of overburden using bulldozers and carried out in stages in accordance with overburden stripping . In clearing , tree pushed towards the bottom of the slope to be collected , where further handling submitted to the local population .

3 . Stripping Closing .

Overburden disposal is intended to clean limestone deposits that will be extracted from all sorts of impurities that covers a surface , so that it will facilitate the work of excavation while also results would be relatively clean .

Overburden in the project area consists of two types of top soil and overburden layers so that the layers do the first layer of top soil and placed in a certain area for reclamation purposes later . After the top soil layer peeling , then performed stripping the overburden layer and then pushed and placed in certain areas and some are used as pavers .

Stripping activities carried out in stages by using bulldozers , where the early stages of stripping done to prepare for the first stage and subsequent stripping can be done simultaneously with the production phase , so that the pattern is applied and a parallel series which aims to :

a. Save investment and the cost of preparation

b . Avoid fouling of limestone deposits of overburden , thus simplifying the excavation work .

c . Avoid the danger of avalanches and wind .

Preparation of Mining Equipment

Mining will be carried out using mechanical equipment focused . The tool used is needed to support the mining operations , namely :

a. Bulldozer , which is used for land clearing and overburden stripping .

b . Loader , which is used to load chunks of limestone and above the result of the demolition of conveyance .

c . Truck , which is used as a means of conveyance mining results to the factory front crushing / grinding .

d . Crushing Plant , which is a processing unit that serves as a means of preparation of limestone mining front in order to obtain the desired grain size by the market .

e . Power Plant , serves as a source of electricity that will be used as lighting , for processing tool and move tool - a tool that works in a factory .

f . Water pumps , used to pump water or take in order to meet the needs of equipment and employees .

Preparation Crushing Plant

The crushing mill should be made wide enough to accommodate the material mined before crushing process .

a. Site Selection crushing and Stock Pile .

Site selection is usually based on a slightly sloping topography of the area . Location selected plant areas that are relatively flat and devoid of vegetation so it just needs to work flattening process or as needed. and close to existing infrastructure such as roads , and lighting .

b . Installation of Equipment at Factory crusher

For placement of crusher machines needed foundation strong enough to survive long enough to suit your project organized and foundation construction problems in borongkan to the contractor with the crusher machine supplier as a consultant .

c . Location of Office

Central office facilities are used as the setting and implementation of mining activities and planned work in areas that are easily accessible and close to the entrance . The building is made permanent as it is used in a very long period of time in accordance with the life of the project .

d . Treatment Center Equipment

In the smooth operation of the equipment needed - equipment is always in good shape and ready to use. For it is needed as a means of care equipment
(spare parts ) , in order to care for equipment or machinery - used machines that can be done on a regular basis both in the type of care that is lightweight and replacement spare parts .

e . lighting

Means lighting intended to provide lighting around buildings , roads , and particularly in the work of supporting activities . The power source for the lighting does not become one with electricity for the factory , so it 's special lighting facilities required for a generator .

f . Water Source .

Water is a source of vital means for a project that involves a lot of labor . Besides, water is used as the daily needs - day , water is also used in mining activities obtained from groundwater by drilling .

g . Supporting Infrastructure

The meaning here is another infrastructure facilities used for public interest which is also used by the company can also be used by local people so as to have a positive impact on people's lives around . Other infrastructure includes exercise advice , suggestions of places of worship , clinics , power house , and a security post .

Mining Operation

The main purpose of mining activity is taking sediment from the parent rock , making it easy to transport and process the next process further .

After the operation is complete mining preparation and overburden stripping on the top of the limestone reserves materialize ( the direction of contour mining advances top to bottom ) . Then it can begin mining operations .

Mining activities are divided into three activities , namely the dismantling , loading and transporting . The details of the three activities are:

1. Demolition.

Demolition is to separate the activities of mineral deposition with host rock performed after stripping overburden limestone deposition is completed . Demolition can be done by using blasting , mechanical equipment and non- mechanical equipment .

For demolition activities limestones which are then carried out using the drilling blasting . after rocks and then evicted detonated using a bulldozer , which is then collected at the edge of the curb mining or mine each block . Many limestones are dismantled each block are not the same , depending on the quality requirements demanded by consumers .

2 . loading

Loading is an activity that is performed to insert or fill material or mineral deposition results in a conveyance demolition . Loading activities conducted after the eviction activities , loading and unloading is done by using the tool Wheel Loader and loaded into the conveyance .

Loading activities aiming to move into the limestone results demolition conveyance . Freight carried by cycle system , meaning that the truck had been loaded directly without having to wait for the truck left the others and after unloading directly back to the mine site to be loaded back

3 . transport

Transportation is the activity undertaken to transport or carry materials or precipitate minerals from the mining front was taken to mills for further processing.

Transportation activities using Dump Truck which is then taken to a place to do the crushing processing (crushing ) , the number of trucks that will be used depending on the amount of material limestone blasting results to be transported .

Did you know that Deadly Coal ?

Coal as a fuel has been used since centuries ago.

Initially , coal changed the history of the modern world by encouraging the Industrial Revolution in Britain , since the coal did not stop changing the face of the world with a variety of trail damage left behind .

Throughout coal utilization cycle cause irreparable damage to the earth and the people in it . The life cycle of coal from underground to the toxic waste that it generates , usually referred to as the chain of ownership . The ownership chain has three main chain-mining, burning, to waste disposal. Each part of the chain , causing destructive force that must be borne by the earth and human beings in it .

Coal mining .

Coal mining resulted in widespread deforestation , soil erosion , loss of water resources , air pollution , and the destruction of social integrity of communities living near mining sites . Large -scale coal mining eroded soil , lowering the water level , and generate millions of tons of toxic waste , as well as displacing indigenous people from his life from generation to generation throughout the decades and even hundreds of years .

Environmental damage that occurred on the island of Borneo , this time , is a fact of life and irrefutable empirical evidence that the enormity of the damage caused by coal mining .

The burning of coal and the greatest threat to our climate .

Burning coal leaves a trail of damage that is not less terrible . Large amounts of water in the operation of the plant resulted in the scarcity of water in many places. Toxic pollutants out of power plant smokestacks threaten public health and the environment . Fine particles of coal dust is a major cause of acute respiratory illness , mercury destroyer neurodevelopmental children under five and the fetus in the womb of pregnant women who live near the plant . And last but not least important , the burning of coal in power plant is a major source of greenhouse gases causing climate change such as carbon dioxide , sulfur dioxide , nitrogen dioxide , and methane that worsen our climate conditions .

Abandoned coal mining and coal combustion waste

Trail of destruction left by coal combustion does not stop at the moment . At the end of the chain of ownership , there is an abandoned coal mine after being exploited depleted , coal combustion waste , and natural stretch of the damaged without ever going to be back to normal .

Abandoned mining post- exploited depleted , leaving a myriad of problems for the environment and surrounding communities . Giant holes , acid mine drainage , and soil erosion is only part of the problem . Overlay is broken nature is a permanent condition that will never be recovered , no matter how hard the work done to restore it .

Highly toxic coal combustion waste , and harm public health , copper , cadmium and arsenic are some of the toxic substances from the waste generated , each of which triggers poisoning , kidney failure , and cancer .

Each chain in coal utilization cycle donate the damages caused by the dirty energy - each in its own way . This damage is real and deadly .

There should be an attempt to get out of this dirty energy dependence, deadly coal .

So , thank you for reading this article . Written and posted by Bambang Sunarno. 

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DatePublished : March 27, 2014 at 15.57

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Did You Know About Natural Gas.

Natural gas is often also referred to as the Earth gas or marsh gas, is a gaseous fossil fuel consisting primarily of methane CH4). He can be found in oil fields, gas fields of Earth and also coal mines. When the gas is rich in methane produced by anaerobic bacterial decomposition of organic materials other than fossil, then it is called biogas. Sources of biogas can be found in marshes, rubbish dumps, as well as human waste and animal shelters.

Chemical composition. 

The main component in natural gas is methane (CH4), which is the shortest chain hydrocarbon molecules and lightest. Natural gas molecules also contain heavier hydrocarbons such as ethane (C2H6), propane (C3H8) and butane (C4H10), as well as gases that contain sulfur (sulfur). Natural gas is also a major source of helium gas source.
Methane is a greenhouse gas that can create global warming when released into the atmosphere, and is generally regarded as a pollutant rather than a source of useful energy. However, methane in the atmosphere reacts with ozone, producing carbon dioxide and water, so that the greenhouse effect of methane released into the air is relatively only lasted a moment. Sources of methane derived from living things mostly from termites, animal (mammal) and agriculture (estimated emission levels around 15, 75 and 100 million tonnes per year respectively).

Component%
Methane (CH4) 80-95
Ethane (C2H6) 5-15
Propane (C3H8) and butane (C4H10) <5
Nitrogen, helium, carbon dioxide (CO2), hydrogen sulfide (H2S), and water can also be contained in natural gas. Mercury can also be found in small quantities. The composition of natural gas varies with the source of the gas fields.

A mixture of hydrogen sulfide and organosulfur are contaminants (impurities) from the gas main to be separated. Gas with a significant amount of sulfur impurities called sour gas and often referred to as "acid gas (sour gas)". Natural gas that has been processed and will be sold is tasteless and odorless. However, before the gas is distributed to end users, the gas generally given odor by adding thiol, in order to be detected in the event of a gas leak. Natural gas that has been processed in itself is not harmful, but without the process of natural gas can cause respiratory strangled because it can reduce the oxygen content in the air at levels that may be harmful.
Natural gas can be dangerous because it is highly flammable and explosive. Natural gas is lighter than air, so it tends to be easily dispersed in the atmosphere. But when he is in a confined space, such as in the home, the gas concentration can reach the point of explosive mixture, which if ignited a fire, may cause an explosion that can destroy buildings. Dangerous methane content in the air is between 5% to 15%.
Explosion for compressed natural gas in vehicles, generally do not worry because it is lighter, and the concentration outside the range of 5-15%, which can cause an explosion.

Energy content. 

Combustion of one cubic meter of natural gas commercially produce 38 MJ (10.6 kWh).

The storage and transportation of natural gas. 

Natural gas storage method is done with the "Natural Gas Underground Storage", which is a giant room in the basement which is commonly known as "salt dome" the domes that occur from underground reservoirs of natural gas resources that have been depleted. It is very appropriate for 4 seasons country. In the summer when gas consumption for heating is much reduced (low demand), natural gas is injected through the gas compressors into the vault in the ground. In the winter, where there is a very significant needs, natural gas stored in underground vaults issued for distribution to consumers in need. For companies (operators) natural gas provider, this method is very helpful to maintain the operational stability of the supply of natural gas through a natural gas pipeline.

Basically the natural gas transportation system include: 

Transport through the duct pipe.
Transportation in the form of Liquefied Natural Gas (LNG) tankers with LNG for long distance transportation.
Transportation in the form of Compressed Natural Gas (CNG), both on the mainland by road tanker and the tanker at sea CNG, for close and medium distance (inter-island).
In Indonesia, the Downstream Oil and Gas Regulatory Agency (BPH Migas Downstream) has prepared a Master Plan "Parent Network Systems Integrated National Gas Transmission". In the not too distant future natural gas pipeline system would stretch from Nang roe connect connect-Sumatra Aceh Darussalam North-Central Sumatra, South Sumatra-Java-Sulawesi and Borneo. Currently in Indonesia gas pipelines owned by Pertamina and PGN and still localized separately in certain areas, for example in North Sumatra, Central Sumatra, South Sumatra, West Java, East Java and East Kalimantan.
LNG carriers can be used for transporting liquefied natural gas (liquefied natural gas, LNG) across oceans, while tank trucks can carry liquefied natural gas or compressed natural gas (compressed natural gas, CNG) in close proximity. They can transporting natural gas directly to end-users or to distribution points such as pipelines for further transport. It still requires a large cost for additional facilities for liquefaction or compression at the point of production and decompression at the point of end-users or to the pipeline.

Natural Gas Utilization. 

Broadly speaking, the use of natural gas were divided into 3 groups:
Natural gas as a fuel, such as power plant fuel gas / vapor, light industry fuel, medium and heavy, automotive fuel (CNG / NGV), as a city gas for household, restaurant and so on.
Natural gas as a raw material, such as plant fertilizer raw materials, petrochemicals, methanol, plastics raw materials (LDPE = low density polyethylene, LLDPE = linear low density polyethylene, HDPE = high-density polyethylen, PE = poly ethylene, poly vinyl chloride PVC = , C3 and C4 it to LPG, its CO2 for soft drinks, ice cleaning, food preservatives, artificial rain, industrial iron castings, welding and light a fire extinguishing agent.
Natural gas as an energy commodity for export, the Liquefied Natural Gas (LNG.
Cutting-edge technology has also been able to utilize natural gas for air conditioner (AC = air conditioning), as used in the Bangkok airport, Thailand and several college buildings in Australia.

Natural gas in Indonesia. 

Utilization of natural gas in Indonesia started in the 1960s in which the natural gas production from natural gas fields in the Hall of PT Stanvac Indonesia, South Sumatra sent through the gas pipe to the fertilizer plant Pusri IA, PT Fertilizer Sriwidjaja in Palembang. The development of natural gas utilization in Indonesia increased considerably since 1974, where Pertamina began supplying natural gas via pipeline from natural gas fields in Prabumulih, South Sumatra to plant fertilizer Pusri II, III and Pusri Pusri IV in Palembang. Because it was too old and inefficient, in 1993 Pusri IA closed, and replaced by IB Pusri built by the sons of the Indonesian nation itself. At that time Pusri IB is the most modern fertilizer plant in Asia, because it uses high technology. In West Java, at the same time, 1974, Pertamina also supplying natural gas via pipeline from natural gas fields off the coast (off shore) sea area of ​​Java and Cirebon to fertilizer plants and medium and heavy industries in the region of West Java and Banten, Cilegon . Natural gas pipeline that stretches from Cirebon region towards Cilegon, Banten, among other natural gas supply to the cement plants, fertilizer factories, ceramic factories, steel mills and power plants and steam gas.
In addition to domestic consumption, natural gas in Indonesia also exported in the form of LNG (Liquefied Natural Gas)
One of the largest natural gas producing regions in Indonesia is Nanggroe Aceh Darussalam. Natural gas resources of the region Lhokseumawe managed by PT Arun NGL Company. Natural gas has been produced since 1979 and exported to Japan and South Korea. Also in Krueng Geukuh, Nanggroe Aceh Baroh (of the district) also contained PT Iskandar Muda fertilizer urea fertilizer plant, the raw material of natural gas.

The world's gas reserves. 

Total reserves of the world (which has been confirmed) was 6.112 trillion square feet. List of top 20 countries with the largest gas reserves in units of square feet trillion (trillion cu ft) are:

Russia = 1,680
Iran = 971
Qatar = 911
Saudi Arabia = 241
United Arab Emirates = 214
United States = 193
Nigeria = 185
Algeria = 161
Venezuela = 151
Iraq = 112
Indonesian = 98
Norway = 84
Malaysia = 75
Turkmenistan = 71
Uzbekistan = 66
Kazakhstan = 65
Netherlands = 62
Egypt = 59
Canada = 57
Kuwait = 56
Total reserves above 20 countries is 5.510 trillion square feet and the total reserves in countries outside the top 20 in the above is 602 trillion square feet.
List of the largest gas fields in units (* 109 m³);
Asalouyeh, South Pars Gas Field (10000-15000)
Urengoy gas field (10000)
Shtokman field (3200)
Karachaganak field, Kazakhstan (1800)
Slochteren (1500)
Troll (1325)
Greater Gorgon (1100)
Shah Deniz gas field (800)
Tangguh gas field, Indonesia (500)
Sakhalin-I (485)
Ormen Lange (400)
Jonah Field (300)
Snøhvit (140)
Barnett Shale (60-900)
Maui gas field (?)

Liquefied natural gas. 

LNG (Liquefied natural gas, LNG) is natural gas that has been processed to remove impurities and heavy hydrocarbons and then condensed into a liquid by cooling at atmospheric press about -160 ° Celsius. LNG is transported using vehicles specially designed and placed in a specially designed tank well. LNG has a content of about 1/640 of natural gas at standard temperature and pressure, making it more efficient to be transported long distances where pipelines do not exist. When moving natural gas by pipelines is not possible or economical, it can be transported by LNG vehicles, where most of the tank is the type of membrane or "moss".

LNG basic facts. 

LNG offers an energy density comparable to petrol and diesel fuels and produces less pollution, but the relatively high production cost and storage requirements that use expensive cryogenic tanks have prevented its use in commercial applications.
Conditions required to condense natural gas depend on the composition of the gas itself, the market will accept and process used, but generally use a temperature of about 120 and -170 degrees Celsius (pure methane into a liquid at a temperature of -161.6 C) with pressures between 101 and 6000 [kilopascals | kPa]] (14.7 and 870 lbf / in ²). high-pressure natural gas that has been obtained then lowered the pressure for storage and shipping.
The density of LNG is approximately 0.41 to 0.5 kg / L, depending on temperature, pressure, and composition. In comparison, water has a density of 1.0 kg / L.
LNG is derived from natural gas which is a mixture of several different gases that do not have a specific heat value. Heat value depends on the source of gas used and the process used to dilute the gas. LNG highest heat value ranging from about 24MJ / L at a temperature of -164 degrees Celsius and lows 21ML / L.
In 1964 Britain and France were the LNG buyers in the world's first LNG trade from Algeria, witnessing a new era of energy. Because most of the LNG plant is located in the "remote" that does not have a pipeline, the cost of maintenance and transport of LNG is very large so that development slowed in the last half century.
Construction of the LNG plant to cost U.S. $ 1-3 billion, the U.S. receiving terminal cost $ 0.5-1 billion, and U.S. $ 0.2-0.3 LNG carriers billion. Compared with the crude oil, natural gas market small but mature. The commercial development of LNG is a style called niai chain, which means LNG supplier first down and then make sure the buyer signed the agreement of 20-25 years with a tight and gas reward structures.

LNG trade. 

LNG trade is largely done by long-term contracts of 20 years or more. However, today there has been a medium-term contracts of 3 to 10 years. In 2004, the volume of medium and long-term contracts reached 138.79 MT, where Asia has a significant portion of the contract.
A small portion of LNG traded on the spot market. In 2003, the volume of LNG traded in the spot market reached 14.8 Bcm (10.8 MT). Although it only reached 8.7% of total LNG trade, with the magnitude of the expansion of production capacity and a more effective use of the capacity, it is possible that the spot trading of LNG will increase rapidly.
LNG pricing is different each region. In Asia, the price is generally associated with the JCC (Japan Crude Oil), which is the price of Cost, Insurance, Freight (CIF) of crude oil average Japanese. In Europe, the price of imported LNG is usually associated with petroleum products and the price of Brent crude oil. In Europe, the price of LNG is also competitive with the price of gas pipelines. In the United States, prices are determined by supply and demand based on various natural gas trading hubs like Henry hub (dot located in Louisiana where 17 gas pipeline to meet, thus creating a competitive reference point) plus a differential factor of geography. So, thank you for reading this article. Written and posted by Bambang Sunarno.  sunarnobambang86@gmail.com
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DatePublished : March 26, 2014 at 18.11
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Sea of Mines.

Tubes above mine called Hertz horns , are part of the detonation mechanism .
Sea mines are explosive device placed in water to destroy ships or submarines . Unlike explosives , placed sea mines and wait until triggered to be blown up by enemy ships approaching . Sea mines can be used offensively by placing it near enemy ships or lock it in a port , or defensively to make some sort of safe area to protect ships friends .
Sea mines can be deployed from ships , submarines , aircraft or individually from the port . The price of a sea mine varies from cheap revolves around a thousand dollars to a sophisticated type which cost millions of dollars that comes with a number of sensors and can shoot warheads with rocket or torpedo .

Flexibility and the cost factors make sea mines a favorite weapon in a war that is not balanced . Production and distribution costs generally range between 10 % and 0.5 % of the cost for its removal . Some minefields former World War II still exist due to too broad an area spreading and high costs for safekeeping - and theoretically some sea mines can remain active for hundreds of years .
International law requires each state to announce when they are going to put mine in a region in order to avoid civilian ships that area . The warning does not have to detail ; during World War II, the United Kingdom said they had cast mines in the English Channel , North Sea and the beaches in France .

Minesweeper .

Minesweeper is a small sea warship designed to counter the threat posed by naval mines . Minesweeper generally detect then neutralize mines before other marine operations . Minesweeper with goals and tasks in particular started to be built during the first World War I , with the advent of class minesweeper Flower ( Flower - class minesweeping sloop ) .

Operations and requirements .

Minesweepers equipped with a " mechanical sweeper " ( mechanical sweeper ) or " sweeper influencers " ( influence sweeper ) to make the mines explode . Modern minesweeper is designed to reduce the possibility of the passage of the ship would blow up the mine itself. He built soundproof to reduce the acoustic trace , and bilge are often constructed using wood , glass reinforced plastic ( glass-reinforced plastic or GRP ) , ferrous metal , or through a process of magnetic footprint reduction ( degaussed ) .
Mechanical sweeper is a tool designed to cut the tether cable on the seabed mines, and wherever possible to help move signaled the determination of the location and subsequent neutralization . The tool is pulled behind the sweeper minesweeper , and use a crane ( eg Oropesa , paravane ) to maintain the depth and position desired sweeping . Influencers Sweeper is a tool that mimicked an acoustic or mechanical trace a particular kind of vessel , causing the mine to explode . These tools are often also in tow , and generally in the form of magnetic or acoustic generator .
There are two modes to operate the sweeper influencers : MSM ( mine setting mode , the mode setting mine ) and TSM (target setting mode / target simulation mode , the mode setting / simulating the target ) . MSM sweeping is based on the knowledge of certain types of mines , and produces output that is required for the mine detonates . If the knowledge is not there , then the TSM reproduce the effect of traces of hostile ships that will transit through the area that will be passed. TSM thus clearing mines directed at the ship even without knowledge of the use of mines . However , mines directed at other types of ships may remain active .
Minesweeper differs from mine hunter ships ; actively detect and neutralize mines.
In many cases , minesweepers into mine hunters complement to ship ; although it remains dependent on the operations and operating environment . A minesweeper is typically more suitable for cleaning open water area , with a large number of mines . Both types of ships are collectively called mine countermeasures vessel ( MCMV or mine countermeasures vessel ) , a term also applied to a vessel that has a combination of both roles . HMS Wilton was the first ship of this type , as well as the first warship constructed from glass reinforced plastic ( GRP ) .

Famous minesweeper .

HNLMS Abraham Crijnssen - famous for escape from Surabaya in 1942 disguised as a tropical island .
HMS Bronington - formerly led by Prince Charles , Prince of Wales
Calypso - research vessel of Jacques - Yves Cousteau owned ; former British Navy ship classes BYMS J826
USS Hazard - museum ship at Omaha , Nebraska
HMS Wilton - the ship 's first combined MCMV and the first warship constructed from GRP

Vickers Wellington DWI L4374 .

The Vickers Wellington was called on to carry out many tasks versatile in its existence , but probably none more unusual that the DWI Carried roomates that designation . This Stood for Directional Wireless Installation , which was intentionally misleading ; the role of these converted Wellington Mk Is was to find and explode the German magnetic mines that were a a considerable danger to Allied shipping from the outset of World War II .
The first DWI Wellington Mk I , P2518 , was flown in December , 1939, having its turrets replaced by fairings and carrying a 48ft diameter circular coil made ​​from aluminum alloy strip . This was energized by a current generated by an internally mounted Ford V8 car engine , and when successful the caused the mine to explode after the aircraft had overflown it . P5218 was issued to No.l GRU ( General Reconnaissance Unit ) and Carried out its first successful operation from Manston on 8 January 1940. Three further DWI Wellington Mk I conversions ( Vickers type 418 ) were Carried out , and all four were later upgraded to Mk II standard DWI Wellington (type 419 ) with the installation of a DH Gypsy Six engines generating capacity to provide more . Generally sweeps were Carried out by a formation of three DWI aircraft , and on 10 May 1940 this technique was used to enable a safe naval evacuation by the Dutch Royal family . Shortly after this No.l GRU was posted to the Middle East . No.l GRU based at Ismalia were there , with their operations Carried out over the harbor of Alexandria , and the Suez Canal in particular , as the Allied armies and advances along the coast the Harbours of Tobruk and Benghazi . At least eleven further conversions to Wellington DWI Mk II standards were made ​​, one of these being L4374 , built at Weybridge in July 1939 as a Mk I. Others were converted in the field in the Middle East. So, thank you for reading this article.  Written and posted by Bambang Sunarno. sunarnobambang86@gmail.com
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DatePublished: March 25, 2014 at 16:25

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Cloning Development of Science.

What is a Science? 

                     Science is part of the classified knowledge, ter-systems, and scalable and can be verified empirically. Overall knowledge is knowledge that has not been arranged, both on the physical and the metaphysical. So it can be concluded that Science is a business man who wants to investigate something of meaning and nature of life in this world.
                Developments in science today has been very rapid. Various discoveries were found to help all purposes of life.
Science has also made changes to a more advanced age and better than ever. Every time humans have activity, which is a way for them to discover something new. Many vying for new discoveries, which they own the copyright to. This is because if a person has had the ability to find new discoveries, which have not been there then he will get an award for supporting life. Science enables humans to grasp the world very easily.
              Implementation science is a lot, for example "CLONING". What is cloning? Cloning is the process of generating the individuals of the same species (populations) are genetically identical. Cloning is the result of human thought which is very unusual, because it is through a very complicated process.

The process of cloning in animals can be described as follows:

* Preparing stem cells: an initial cell which will grow into various cells of the body. These cells taken from living beings to be cloned.
* Stem cells are cells that contain a nucleus taken genetic information is then separated from the cells.
* Preparing the egg cell: a cell taken from the female then essentially separated.
* The core cell of stem cells implanted into the egg
* The egg cell is triggered to occur division and growth. After dividing (day two) into embryonic cells.
* Embryo cells continue to divide (called a blastocyst) began to separate (fifth day) and ready to be implanted into the uterus.
* The embryo grows into a baby in the womb with exactly the same genetic code with donor stem cells.
 Cloning benefits.

> Can produce offspring that have desirable or superior properties.
> Can provide opportunities for sterile couples to have children.

Cloning is often applied in many fields, for example in the field of beef cattle / goat meat, in agriculture by applying tissue culture systems that make new plants have the same properties as the parent who is superior. Lots of controversy on cloning, which states that human beings create other living things that make her claim to be God. However, knowledge of the principle of cloning is very useful in many ways. That man can do is to apply the knowledge that God has given, and can apply to for the benefit of himself. Because only God who created all things and beings in this universe nothing can be against Him.

CLONING history. 

            Cloning as a non-sexual reproduction procedures have been successfully performed since 1952 by Briggs and King, and perfected in Oxford by Sir John Gurdon years 1962-1966.
            Cloning could be a clone of cells, which is a group of cells that are identical genetic traits, all derived from a single cell, and gene or molecular clones, which is a group of genes that are identical copies of the replicated from one gene that is inserted into the host cell.

1. process of cloning

Cell cloning is a technique to produce copies of living things by using the genetic material of the cell creation itself.
Dr. Ian Wilmut and 1997 colleagues from Roslin Institute in Edinburgh, UK, clone sheep from mammary epithelial cells (breast cells) other sheep. Wilmut first took mammary epithelial cells types Finn Dorset sheep was six years old who are pregnant. Then the udder cells were cultured in a petri dish with a limited food source. Starvation the cells stop growing or turn off the activity of genes. Meanwhile they also take the unfertilized egg cells of the type Blackface ewe. Egg nucleus can split into adult sheep after it was taken fertilized, the egg cell is now empty, only containing organelles and plasma cells alone.
Furthermore, the two cells were brought closer to each other. Shock of electricity makes it joins the two cells like two soap bubbles. Second electricity shock mimics the natural energy that arises when an egg is fertilized by sperm, so the egg with the new nucleus that was fertilized. Electricity shock that has changed the egg with the new nucleus seemed to be embryonic cells. Approximately six days later, cells were mock injected embryos into the uterus other Blackface ewe which then contained. After over 148 days containing surrogate mother gave birth to a lamb, a sheep weighing 6.6 kilograms cute are genetically exactly the type of Finn Dorset sheep owners udder cell nucleus.

2. Eukaryotic cells. 

Eukaryotic taxonomically grouped into four kingdoms, each animal (Animalia), plant (Plantae), mushrooms (fungi), and protists, which consists of algae and protozoa. One feature of eukaryotic cells is the presence of subcellular organelles with metabolic functions that have been specialized. Each organelle is wrapped in a membrane. Eukaryotic cells are generally larger than prokaryotic cells. Diameter ranging from 10 to 100 lm. As well as prokaryotic cells, eukaryotic cells enveloped by the plasma membrane. In plants and most fungi and protists are also strong in the cell wall outside the plasma membrane. In the cytoplasm of eukaryotic cells and organelles other than ribosomes are also found the presence of protein fibers called the cytoskeleton. Fibers which mainly serves to regulate cell shape and movement is composed of microtubules (composed of tubulin) and microfilaments (composed of actin).

Types CLONING. 

3 types of cloning known biology: 

1. Cloning DNA level 

Cloning is done on the DNA strands to obtain identical DNA strands, which then uses bacterial plasmids produce molecules with the same genetic trait for the purpose of making monoclonal antibodies for diagnostic purposes, the manufacture of vaccines and so on.

2. Cloning for therapeutic efforts. 

Cloning is intended to produce sitem cell (stem cell). Openness cell is in "harvest" from cloned human embryos that produce, but not developed into a new creature.

3. Cloning for Reproduction. 

It is very intriguing to scientists to "create" creatures using cloning technology. Mature eggs were discarded cell nucleus, which is then injected into the somatic cell nucleus, so that the cells are then formed strived to grow produce new creatures. This is similar to vegetative reproduction, without going through the process of egg fertilization by the male germ

TYPES OF CLONING. 

1. Cloning In Plants 

Another name of cloning in plants is tissue culture, which is a technique for isolating cells, protoplasm, tissues, and organs and regenerate the section on nutrition containing plant growth regulators in aseptic conditions, so that these parts can multiply and regenerate be a perfect plant back.
There are two basic theories were influential in tissue culture. The first is the theory that the cells of a multicellular organism wherever it is located, is virtually identical to cells derived from a single zygote because these cells. The second is the theory or cell totipotensi Total Genetic Potential. That is, each cell has the genetic potential is able to reproduce themselves and differentiate into a complete plant.

In tissue culture there are several factors that affect the regeneration of the plant, namely: 

1. Form of regeneration in vitro culture, such as adventitious shoots or somatic embryos its
2. Explants, which is part of the plant that is used as a starting material for the plants multiply. What is important in these explants are varieties of factors, age, and sex. Ekspan part is often the young shoots, cotyledons, embryo, and so on.
3. Growing medium, as in the composition of the growth media contained inorganic salts, growth regulators, and the physical form of media.
4. Plant growth regulators. Factors to consider in the use of these substances is the concentration, sequence and use induction period in a particular culture.
Growing environmental regeneration of plants that can mempengruhi including temperature, length of exposure, the intensity of radiation, beam quality, and size.

2. In animal cloning. 

Animal cloning is a process in which the whole animal organism is formed from a single cell taken from the parent organism and form a new individual is genetically identical. That is, this is a duplicate of cloned animals are exactly the same in terms of both the nature and appearance as its parent, due to the similarity of DNA.
In nature, cloning could actually happen. Asexual reproduction in some types of organisms and the discovery of the emergence of twins in one egg cell is also what is called cloning. With advances in biotechnology now, it is not impossible to create more on cloning in animals.
The first time scientists have tried to establish cell cloning in animals is not successful for many years. The first success was achieved by the scientists when they successfully cloned a tadpole of frog embryonic cells in the adult body. However, the tadpoles never managed to grow into adult frogs. Then, by using nuclear transfer was in embryonic cells, the scientists began doing research on animal cloning mammals. But once again, these animals never reached a long life.
The first successful cloning could reproduce is tested and a sheep called Dolly. Dolly was found by Ian Wilmut and his colleagues in Scotland in 1997. But not the same as the previous trials cloning using embryonic cells, cloning dolly using cells from adult sheep. Because the adult sheep cells are considered old, then, dolly was so short-lived, though not as short as the result of cloning other animals using embryonic cells.
Today, scientists have successfully cloned many animals such as rats, cats, horses, pigs, dogs, deer, and so on from embryonic cells and non-embryonic cells, depending on the purpose of cloning. If, it is expected that cloned animals can reproduce, it is used non-embryonic cells, whereas if the cloned animals are not expected to be able to reproduce, then the use of embryonic cells.
The process of cloning animals through the following stages, ie extracting the DNA from the nucleus of a cell embryos are then implanted in the egg before the core has been removed. Sometimes this process is stimulated by human use of tools and chemicals. The fertilized egg is then put back into the body of its host animal cells and form an identical nature.
Some scientists make the results of animal clones that can not reproduce as food. But recently, it was reported that cloned animals, unfit for consumption as human food although there is no definitive evidence to that effect. Further research on this subject is still underway.

3. At Human Cloning. 

After the success of mammal cloning technology, it is now only a matter of time, the onset of the news reported the birth of a cloned human. For instance the "Eve", which reportedly was first cloned baby girl, but the truth of the story remains uncertain. There's more news about the cloned requests from gay couples from the Netherlands. However, concrete evidence about the results of his clone humans did not exist.
Some sources say, the researchers reasoned that it violated personal privacy concerns of donors if the gene is widely reported. Possibly, concealment news like this is done, because there are many controversies as well as the pros and cons that happen in the community about human cloning in violation of nature and nature is not in accordance with the ethics of the religion professed.
The process of cloning in humans, does not really have much difference with IVF or in vitro fertilization. In this process, the husband's sperm is mixed into the eggs of the wife with the process in vitro in the glass tube.
After the sperm grows into an embryo, the embryo is implanted back into the mother's body, or other women who become 'mother overlap'. Babies born biologically a man and wife had children, although born from the womb of another woman.

Human cloning process can be described simply as follows: 

1. Preparing stem cells: an initial cell which will grow into various cells of the body. These cells taken from a human to be cloned.
2. Stem cells taken cell nucleus containing the genetic information is then separated from the cells.
3. Preparing the egg cell: a cell taken from female volunteers then essentially separated.
4. Cell nuclei from stem cells implanted into the egg
5. Egg cell is triggered to occur division and growth. After dividing (day two) into embryonic cells.
6. Embryonic cells that continue to divide (called a blastocyst) began to separate (fifth day) and ready to be implanted into the uterus.
7. The embryo grows into a baby in the womb with exactly the same genetic code with donor stem cells.

BENEFITS OF CLONING. 

1. For the development of science. 

The benefits of cloning, especially in the context of the development of biology, particularly reproductive-embryology and differentiation.

2. To develop and multiply quality seeds. 

As we have seen, in cattle embryo transfer has been done. Something similar can of course also be done on other animals, such as sheep, goats and others. In this case if the nucleus of the donor cell is taken from the seeds, then the members of the clone will have the superior properties. The superior properties can be improved further, when combined with transgenic techniques. In this case the zygote nucleus is inserted into a desired gene, so that members of his clones will have additional genes are superior.

3. For diagnostic and therapeutic purposes. 

For example, if a married couple is expected to decrease genetic disease thalassemia major. Previously the couple not to have children is recommended. Now they can be encouraged to undergo gene therapy with the first made at the level of blastomere clones. If it turns out one of the blastomeres clones containing gene abnormalities that lead to thalassemia major, then it is advisable to perform gene therapy on the other blastomeres, before it developed into a blastocyst.
Another example is the principal cell culturing (stem cells) in vitro, forming an organ or tissue to replace damaged organs or tissue.

4. Helping or curing infertile couples to have a derivative. 

Benefits that are not less important is that human cloning can help / cure infertile couples to have a derivative. Medically infertility can be classified as a disease, while it is psychologically devastating condition, or frustrating. One is to use the help of in vitro fertilization techniques. (IVF = in vitro fertilization). However, IVF can not help all infertile couples. For example, for a mother who can not produce eggs or a man who can not produce sperm, IVF will not help.
In this connection, the cloning technique is revolutionary as infertility treatment, because the patient does not need to produce sperm or eggs. They only require a somatic cell taken from anywhere, enabling them had already containing genes derived from his or her spouse.

CLONING DAMAGES. 

Human cloning would eliminate the lineage.
Cloning women will not have a father.
Complicate the implementation of the laws of Personality '. Like, legal marriage, lineage, living, inheritance, relationships kemahraman, relationship 'residuary, and others.
1. Human cloning would eliminate the lineage.
2. Cloning women will not have a father.
3. Difficult for law-enforcement of Islamic rules '. Such as, legal marriage, lineage, income, inheritance, kemahraman relationship, relationship' residuary, and others.
4. Treats people as objects.

B. ADVICE 

The person doing the cloning should be done by the husband and wife are legitimate , which simply can not have offspring . By doing cloning . Before doing cloning couples should consult with your doctor first .

So, thank you for reading this article. Written and posted by Bambang Sunarno.

sunarnobambang86@gmail.com
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http://schema.org/Personal.
https://plus.google.com/105319704331231770941.
name: Bambang Sunarno.
http://primadonablog.blogspot.com/2014/03/cloning-development-of-science.html
DatePublished: March 25, 2014 at 14:48
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Tag : Cloning Development of Science.