Interesting Facts About Iran.

* In the Persian language, the term Iran has the meaning "Land of the Aryans".
* In 2002, Iran's police chief announced that Google is intelligence tools. The Iranian government also wants to create a "national Internet" that is supervised by the state.
* In Iran, couples who want to request a marriage license is required to listen to an hour briefing about contraception.
* The capital of Iran and the largest city in Iran, Tehran, has the worst air pollution levels in the world. There are an estimated 27 people die every day as a result of air pollution that cause disease.

* Iran first joined the Olympics was in 1948 and send athletes-athletes to every Summer Olympics since then, except in 1980 and 1984. Iran also participated in the Winter Olympics in 1956.
* Approximately 14.2% of people are obese Iran, making Iran as ranked 41st in the world obesity. Residents of American Samoa is the most 75% of the population suffer from obesity. America was ranked 6th in the world, with 33.9% of the population are obese.
* The official name of Iran is the Islamic Republic of Iran. Iran became a republic of Iran in 1979 when the monarchy fell and religious leaders take political power under the leadership of Ayatollah Khomeini.
* Iranian state flag for the current use since 1980 and has three equal horizontal bands of green, white, and red. Green is the color of Islam and symbolizes growth, honesty and peace menyimbulkan white, and red symbolizes courage and martyrdom. In the middle of the white band the words "God" and reading La Ilaha Illa Allah (there is no god but Allah) with a tulip shape. Among the edges in green and red ribbons there are 22 posts of Allah Akbar (God is great).
* In 1953, the CIA engaged in a secret operation coded Operation Ajax to overthrow Masaddegh, the Iranian government is democratically elected. Then Shah pays America with 40% in the Iranian oil industry. When the Iranian people know the role of America, they are not going to believe again to America for the following years.
* In 1979 a group of Islamic students and militants stormed the U.S. embassy in Tehran. In support of the Iranian revolution, they demanded that the U.S. turn over the Shah Pahlavi, who died from cancer and medical care in America. After 444 days, just one minute after president Ronald Reagan sworn in kantonya say, the hostages were released.

* During the Iran-Iraq war, America officially support Iraq and to press other countries to stop selling arms to Iran. But then America itself secretly selling arms to Iran. American actions into the scandal called Iran-gate, or the Iran-Contra scandal.
* Nearly half of Iran's hot desert climate. Iran received less than 4 inches of rain each year.
* There is only one river in Iran, the Karun river, which can be crossed by boat and only for short distances.

* Persian Gulf holds 60% of world oil reserves. Iran has oil reserves of 125 billion barrels, or 10% of total world oil reserves. Iran siphoning nearly 4 million barrels of oil each day.
* Iran controls 50% of the Caspian Sea caviar market. Price of fish eggs could reach $ 160 per ounce. Beluga sturgeon swim in the lake at the time of the dinosaurs and sturgeon can live up to 100 years and are now extinct. Environmentalists claim that a complete ban on fish eggs will help these ancient animals.
* Iran is one of the oldest civilizations in the world, which has been around since 4000 BC.

* Approximately 70% of Iran's population under the age of 30 years.
* After the Shah of Iran was deposed in 1979, Iran back to the Islamic legal system. The woman is legally mentally and legally not considered equal to men. Children are considered as "men of substance" and just born by a woman's body. In the case of divorce, the woman lost all custody of her child.
* Many young girls in Iran get married after menstruation.
* In Iran, a young girl who works as an aide often required to submit medical documents to determine whether her hymen is still intact. In Iran, men who are not married would stay with family who gave birth and is regarded as a na-mard (not men).
* Organization of Iran offers $ 3 million prize for anyone who could kill Salman Rushdie, author of the novel The Satanic Verses. The book illustrates that the Quranic verses that may not truly revelation of God and the devil disguises himself to give false ideas to the Prophet Muhammad.
* Since ancient times, people have used Iranian water supply system called Qanat (or Kanat). How the system works by collecting the water and move it through the underground tunnel to the place where the people need it.

* Most homes in Iran do not have a table and chairs. Iranian people prefer to sit on a pillow on the floor to enjoy the food.
* The Iranian nation has been weaving rugs for over 2500 years. When creating a tapestry, the Iranian weavers often deliberately make mistakes. They would like to express his belief that "only God is perfect". After oil, Iran's second largest export commodity is carpet.
* The capital of Iran is Tehran, which has the meaning of "hot slope" and nearly 12 million people live there.
* If a girl in Iran getting abuse and sexual harassment, then the error imposed on the girl's mother, because he could not keep his daughter, rather than imposed on violators.
* If there is a woman who is raped in Iran, then the police power to force her to marry him, with or without the consent of the woman is raped, although she can be divorced soon after marriage. In Iran, the divorced women preferred to marry than women who do not marry because her hymen was broken.
* In Iran, there is no legal category for domestic violence because a woman is her husband's wealth. If there are signs of abuse, the male members of her family could threaten her husband, and it is not the task of the police.
* American magazine such as Playboy and Penthouse are widely available and often there in the houses during the Shah's regime. Although Khomeini prohibit pornography and nude images gamar, but there is still a pornographic media. In 1993, Iran's parliament approved a law which states that "the main organizer" of pornography will face the death penalty.
* In Iran, women over the age of nine years of compulsory wearing of the hijab in public spaces. The law does not allow women to wear religious clothing in the bath if there are men.
* Famous figures who bleed Iranian-Americans include Dara Khosrowshahi, president CEO of Expedia Inc.; Omir Kordestani, senior president of the founders of Google; Isaac Larian, an entrepreneur Bratz dolls; David Merage, an entrepreneur Hot Pocket; Piere Omidyar, founder of eBay; Christiane Amanpour, a news presenter, and Matta Ghaffari, an Olympic silver medalist.

* FIFA banned the hijab in 2007, which banned the Iranian women's football team to play in the qualifying round of the 2012 Olympics.
Persian Cats are the oldest in the world. This cat comes from the Iranian plateau where the soft long fur to protect them from the cold. Italian traders brought these cats to Europe in the 17th century, in which the Persian cat become a status symbol remarkable.
* Medes is derived from Aryan tribe and the first time unites Iran in the 6th century BC. One tribe, the Magi, is a very strong Zoroastrian priest. The most famous Magi Three Wise Man from the Christian nativity story who brought gifts to the newborn Christ. Italian explorers 13th century, Marco Polo claimed to have visited the tomb of the three Wise Men are in the area now known as Tehran, capital of Iran.

* The U.S. State Department called Iran along with the Democratic Republic of Congo, North Korea, and Saudi Arabia as a center for human trafficking. The Iranian government lack of effort to prevent sexual trafficking. Women are sold frequently tortured and put to death for violating Iran's standard of manners rather than punishing people who commit trafficking.
* Iran has experienced the highest urban growth rate in the world, jumped from 27% to 60% between 1950 and 2002. By 2030, 80% of the population will be city.
* In recent years, child prostitution in Iran increased by 635%. In Tehran alone an estimated 84,000 women and girls fall in the world of prostitution. Thousands of women sold to France, Germany, and England.
* Sigheh, or brief marriage allowed under Sharia law in some Shiite sect. They can be married for an hour or a few years depending on the deal. Some times they are used to meet the satisfaction of traveling men who visited the holy places that are far from their families.
* Iran is becoming a major travel route for crossing vessel heorin carrier Southwest Asia to Europe. More than 3600 people were killed in Iran 25 years ago because the war with smugglers heorin.
* Although homosexuality is banned in Iran, but the Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini decided that the people were allowed hermaphrodite sex change operations in Iran. Since 2008, Iran initiated more sex change operations than any other country in the world and become the second country after Thailand. The government even gave financial assistance.
* Iran nicknamed "nose job capital of the world", such as the Western nose is a nose shape that is desired by young women of Iran.
* Iran is a manufacturer of fish eggs, pistachios, and saffron the world's largest.
* The chief figure of the famous Gospel hidden in Iran is Esther, Daniel, Cyrus the Great, Darius the Great, and St.. Thaddaeus.
* Iran is the only country that has a condom factory in the Middle East.
* Iran has one million more refugees, more than any other country in the world. Most refugees are from Afghanistan or Iraqi Kurds. As a result, Iran gained a lot of labor with low wages.
* Iran has to have the highest rate of opium addiction in the world.
* Because traditional Iranian wedding was very expensive, the government will finance mass weddings to reduce costs and mendorongkaum Iranian youth to get married.
* In 2007, Iran produced the largest handmade carpet in the world for the mosque in the United Arab Emirates. The extent size of a football field.
* Polo is a game that has been played in Iran since the beginning of the 6th century BC, mainly as training for cavalry.
* Iran is the 18th largest country in the world, with a total area of ​​1,648,195 km. Slightly smaller than Alaska.
* In 2003, Iran claimed that it had been 18 years he runs the nuclear program clandestinely by getting help from Russia. President Ahmadinejad says its nuclear ambitions are for peaceful purposes, and Iran has an "inalienable right" to produce nuclear fuel.

* The poem got glorious position in the Iranian culture. All the people of Iran can recite lines of poetry of famous Persian poetry, such as the famous poem entitled Iran poem Shahnameh or The King.
* Monument Shah-en-Shah founded in 1971 to commemorate the 2500th anniversary of the Persian emperor. The name was changed into Azadi monument, which means "freedom" of the Farsi language.
* Law of Iran ordered the woman to be a housewife. If they want to work outside the home, they got permission from her husband. The government also separate schools by sex, and at the college level, there are several courses that may not be learned by women. On a city bus between men and women there are dividing, and women should not leave the house except with her husband or his family members. But unlike the women of Saudi Arabia, the Iranian women can drive and give the right to vote in elections.
* The first day of spring in Iran held a party. Women preparing for a big dinner party and the mothers gave a hard boiled egg to each child to eat. According to Persian ritual, tables laid out along with seven objects, each of which begins with the letter "s" in the Farsi language, such as sib (apple), sabze (green grass), serkey (vinegar), senjed (berry fruits), samanoo ( milled wheat), sekke (gold), and sir (garlic).
* Women in Iran following the rules of glutinous dress called hijab. Penalties for violating it is whipped, though not always done consistently.
* Polygamy in Iran is perfectly legal, and men can have up to four wives. If you are married, a woman can no longer attend school. Marriage age woman is now 13 years old, from the original 9 years after the Revolution. Boys can marry at age 15, the legal age in Iran to be able to give the right to vote in elections.
* Persian culture was famous for his poems are beautiful, luxurious tapestries and lush gardens. Apparently, the English term "garden" is derived from the Persian term meaning "closed garden".
* The most popular sports in Iran is football. The national team has won the Asian Cup three times and played in three finals Word Cup competition.
* Persian language most widely spoken in Iran (61%) followed by Azeri language (16%), Kurdish (10%), language Lur (6%), Baloch language (2%), Arabic (2%), tribal languages Turkmen and Turkic (2%) and other languages ​​(1%).
* Islam is the majority religion of Iran (98%): 89% Shia and Sunni 9%. And the rest of the religion Zoroastrianism, Jewish, Christian, and Baha'i (2%).
* Iranian population in 2012 was 78,868,711, making Iran the 18th highest population in the world
* An earthquake in December 2003 has hit the southeastern Iranian city, the city of Bam, killing more than 30,000 people.
* In Iran, yogurt called "Milk Persia", and many Iranians regard as a miraculous food yogurt. Yogurt is used to treat ulcers, restore the skin due to sun exposure, and even to prolong life. Many people use yogurt as a face mask.
IMPORTANT YEARS HISTORY OF IRAN
 2000 BC            Central Asia migrated to Iran
530-330 BC       Cyrus the Great founded the Persian empire
330 BC              Alexander the Great conquered Persia
323 BC              Alexander died and one of his generals to form a Seleucid                                     Dynasty
250 BC             The invaders Parthian empire build Partian (or Arcasid)
224 AD             Sassanid Persian empire established the second
637 AD             Arabs invaded Persia and Islam became the state religion
1051-1220        Seljuk ruling.
1258                 Mongol invaders Khanid dynasty-II.  Mongol dynasty fell in and                              continued the succession of small dynasties.
1335                 Mongol dynasty fell and continued change of dynasty rulesmall                               dynasty

1501-1722       Safavid Persian Empire ruled the Third 

1796-1925       Qajar ruling
1926                Reza Khan established the Pahlavi dynasty
1935                Renamed Persia Iran
1941                British and Soviets invaded and deposed Reza Khan succeeded                             by his son.
1979                Islamic Revolution and Ayatollah Khomeini to power
1980                Iran became the Islamic Republic Iran-Iraq War 1980-1988
                        Ayatollah Khomeini died in 1989
1997                Mohammad Khatami was elected president
2002                U.S. President George W. Bush labeled Islam as part of the  
                        "axis of evil"  Mahmoud Ahmadinejad became president in 2005.
Thank you for reading this article. Written and posted by Bambang Sunarno. sunarnobambang86@gmail.com
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Interesting facts about India.

* Great India is the third country, but with a population of 1166079217 India, the second most populous country in the world has become. India, with an area of ​​1.27 million square miles, is the seventh largest in the world.
* India is the largest democracy in the world.
* Kumb Mela (festival jug or Court) held every 12 years in India is a major Hindu festival. In 2001, the largest collection in the world's 60 million people took part in the record-breaking. Satellite photographed from the air by a set of people.

Nil.

Many Indians use toilet paper in his left hand disgusting. As a result, the left hand is considered unclean and never used to eat.
* Elements (fire, earth, water, air) to prevent pollution, the followers of Zoroastrianism in India died, and not vultures for food "Towers of Silence", which has been called the corpse in building People do not have to bury. Shin bone after they are inserted into the well.
* Outside India Indian currency (rupee) carrying illegal.
* India 28 904 per year with a number of violations of Russia, which with 32 719 cases has led the world in terms of crime.
* The highest abortion rate in the world is India.
* More than one million Indians are millionaires, most Indians still live on less than two dollars per day. An estimated 35% of India's population lives below the poverty line.
* Cows can freely roam the streets of India. Cow Hindu symbol of luck, the former is considered holy and often set. Like a mother cow gives milk cow is regarded as one of the seven human mother.

Cows roaming the streets.

* Dance art in India is the most developed and all temple worship at the temple to be part of the union. This dance is full of special expressive hand gestures.
* Rabies is endemic in India. Also, "Delhi Belly" or diarrhea due to contaminated drinking water is normal. In India
Most wives he considers unfair not to call her name loudly. He will call, when the wife as "G" or "look here" or "halo" or even with the father of your children will use the phone as much direct instruction.
* Widows in India are considered poor. In rural areas, the old woman "who had taken her husband" could be called a widow. Some conservative families, widows are not allowed to approach the newlyweds or go to social gatherings.
* India is the birthplace of the game of chess. The word "chess" elephant possibility, horses, chariots and soldiers "four forces" Sanskrit which means Chaturanga, comes from.
Saffron for courage and sacrifice, white for truth and peace, and faith, fertility, and for modesty Blue:
* Indian flag has horizontal bands of color. White ribbon badge in the center circle of the wheel, but India circular wheel space, freedom, Budddhis Dharma Chakra, or wheel of life gained.
* The Khajuraho temples famous for erotic sculptures and tourists in India is one of the most interesting performances. Scholars still sometimes mating of animals that includes the purpose of a clear illustration debate.

Khajuraho temples famous for erotic sculptures and tourists in India is one of the most interesting performances.

* Cotton is the oldest in the world spinning and weaving in India. Roman Emperor, they "wind weaving said that India would wear soft cotton. Mogul emperor" fabric "Morning Dew" woven fabric called running water
* Ancient and Medieval India, suttees widow woman sacrificing herself in her husband's funeral is common.
* Himalayas in northern India is a "residence", which means "ice" and Hima Alaya derived from Sanskrit. The extent of the Himalayas 1,500 miles long and 2.5 centimeters higher per year. Many ancient India the size of a mountain monastery stands like a hug.

Located in the northern Himalayas "residence", which means "ice" and Hima Alaya derived from Sanskrit.

* India red beans and peas, such as the world's largest producer of dry beans. India is the largest exporter of bananas in the world after Brazil.
The color of the fabric layers of social classes in India and is seen as an important signal. A woman he divided his hair with a comb, depending on the genre would be seen as a whore or saint.
* 1,50,000 post offices, India is the largest postal network in the world. However, it is surprising that only 30 miles in a letter within two weeks for delivery.
* In India, a person's ear, symbolizing repentance or integrity of the holding.
* Bengal tiger is the national animal of India. Bengal tigers everywhere in the beginning, but now fewer than 4,000 wild tigers left.
* India occupies a respectable position in the international world and in America. For example, Sun Microsystems (Vinod Khosla) Pentium chip (Vinod Dahm), Hotmail founder / producer (Sabir Bhatia), and General Manager of Hewlett-Packard / HP (Rajiv Gupta), the founder of the creator of all Indians.
* Macedonian Alexander the Great (356-323 BC), the first contact with the West brought to India is one of the important leaders. After his death, the relationship between Europe and the former Portuguese explorers, VACO da Gama (1460-1524) in 1498, Calicut, India, will not be restored until landing.
* The British, 1858-1947 British law last year (it is present in India since 1700, though). British influence Indian architecture, education, transportation, and politically visible. Many major famine in India in India is not with the laws of England.
* All major world religions are present in India. Hinduism, Buddhism, Jainism and Sikhism originated in India.
* Nearly 80% of India's population is Hindu. Islam is the largest minority in India and accounts for about 13% of the country's population. In fact, India, Indonesia and Pakistan, the third-largest Muslim population in the world.
* India ("dream town" known as) the world's largest film industry based in Mumbai. Bollywood letter B in Bombay, Mumbai is derived the name of the founder. Almost all the nuances of Bollywood film music.

Bollywood filmmaking.

* Mumbai (Bombay) in India's largest city with a population of 1.5 million is. In 1661, British engineers in the region united in all seven native Bombay roads that cross the swamp.
* Mohandas Gandhi (1869-1948), Mahatma, an ancient Indian language of Sanskrit, "great soul", which means the world is known as honor. He calmly liberate India from British rule and civil disobedience devoted his life based on his campaign. His birthday became a national holiday on October 2. He died in 1948.
* The lotus flower is considered sacred by Hindus and Buddhists. Baha'i House of Worship religion du Delhi that come with large marble 27 "petals" shaped like a lotus flower with "Lotus Temple" is known as.

Banyan or Indian fig tree is considered a symbol of immortality and many Indian myths and legends have been told.

* Banyan or Indian fig tree is considered a symbol of immortality and many Indian myths and legends have been told. Plants self-renewal is the national tree of India.

Shady trees.

* Marigold flowers are used as decorations at Hindu weddings and is a symbol of luck and happiness.
* India's official name is the Republic of India. The name "India", "river", which means in Sanskrit, the Indus, the Indus River comes from comes from. According to the official name of the legendary king of India in the epic Mahabharata, the Indian Sanskrit.
* Introduced by England, cricket is the most popular sport in India. Affordable considered a national sport, and in 1928, the Indian field hockey team won the Olympic gold medal proudly.
* In India, calculus, trigonometry, and made significant contributions to algebra. Decimal System 100 BC Found in India. The concept of zero as a number donated by India
* India's national fruit is common. India's national bird is the peacock, which was originally set for food.
* Historians first reported plastic surgery comes from the texts of ancient India Sanskrit agree.
* Indian languages ​​and English is the official language of India. The government also other languages ​​(Assamese, Bengali, Gujarati, Nepali, Manipuri, Konkani, Kannada, Kashmiri, Malayalam, Marathi, Oriya, Punjabi, Sanskrit, Sindhi, Telugu and Urdu) admits. In addition to these languages, approximately 1,652 dialects spoken in the country.
* Most herder groups in rural areas dependent on dairies and the largest milk producer in the world as a country making India.
* India as far as 19 million miles in the third largest road network in the world. India provides the world with 16 million employees, the largest railway networks in the real world is the second largest civilian transport.
* River in India in fairy tales and popular culture play an important role. Bring water to rivers and dry land worshiped as the god of the river. Especially bathing in the Ganges is to remove sins. Typical deployment of the ashes of a loved one is in the Ganges.
* Raziya Sulatana (1205-1240)), India's first female leader. He said he was killed before he ruled only three years, although it was considered a great leader.

Warlords.

Most Indians, foot scrubs, and face before eating. Using the right hand to the humble food, and women eat after everyone finished eating. Wasting food is a sin.
* India during the Vedic times, the horse became victims of the sovereignty of the king.
* Tomb of the traditional clothes of black, not white. Widows or unmarried women often colored wedding dress white designed to distinguish
The whole of India is using the time zone.
* India's Independence Day August 15, 1947, the country was divided into India and Pakistan. Division moved 1.27 million people and resulted in the deaths of hundreds of thousands to millions.
* Famous Indian writer Salman Rushdie for his book The God of Small Things (1997) with his novel The Satanic Verses (1988), the novel titled appropriate Boy (1993) with Vikram Seth and Arundhati Roy entitled.
Summer, autumn, winter, spring, summer wind, and the winter wind:
* India's six seasons.
* India is the world's largest producer of tea, and tea (tea) is the most popular beverage.
* Taj Mahal ("palace crowned"), beloved wife Mumtaz Mahal (1593 to 1631), the Mughal emperor Shah Jahan (1592 to 1666) was created by. Its construction is complicated because of the beauty of the architecture, "embroidery marble" is said. Taj Mahal 22,000 workers demonstrated for 22 years.

Taj Mahal ("palace crowned").

* The first and largest civilization in ancient India around 3000 - Indus (Pakistan) Valley BC Developed around. Called Indus Valley Civilization, any empire, including Egypt and Mesopotamia, the greater the early Empire.
* After the great Indus civilization collapsed in 2000 BC, a group of Indo - European tribes called Arya ("greatness") northwest India during the Vedic period and called the master of the trip. A combination of thought and religion, the Hindu Aryan Indus valley formed the basis of religion, and the gods Shiva, Kali, and Brahma comes from Aryan civilization. Even before the Aryan Vedas, the sacred Hindu texts recorded, and on the basis of ethnicity and caste occupation began.
He said that it is too big "ocean" to solve the mystery partly because * Alexander the Great invaded India, sustainable sea flows across the country. He reached the sea to reach your goal to move him to the god Poseidon offered a bull.
* In many respects, especially about 330 BC After the fall of Alexander the Great in the depiction of the gods of India, the impact on Greek sculpture. In fact, immediately after the Indian God come to Greece and then display the specific size of India.
* Chandragupta Maurya (340-290 BC), founded the Mauryan empire, the leader in India (321-185 BC) on the back of his horse was brought by a group of women.
* Free yesterday, the leader of India, Jawaharlal Nehru (1889-1964) Mod movement in the West is increasingly becoming an important conversation mode, with a single-breasted jacket, different appearances, appeared in Vogue magazine. By using the name of Nehru jacket, a popular Indian politician musical group The Beatles and Johnny Carson (1925-2005) and worn by celebrities like Sammy Davis Jr. coat. (1925-1990).
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History kingdoms in Indonesia.

Kingdoms in Indonesia Indonesia is the first developing in Hindu and Buddhist kingdoms while the economic system that is in use at the time it is trading, so the relationship with neighboring countries and further afield as India, China and the Middle East region can be established.
At the time of the kingdom growing Hinduism was the first to enter Indonesia with less is expected in early AD Tarikh and continues to grow until the Islamic kingdoms emerged. Here's a list of kingdoms in Indonesia.

Kutai kingdom. 

Kutai kingdom is the oldest Hindu kingdoms in global, this kingdom was founded in 400 AD, on the banks of the Mahakam River, East Kalimantan.
The kings who ruled is:
* Kudungga (king pertartama).
* Aswamarman.
* Mulawarman.

Tarumanegara kingdom. 

Kingdom of Tarumanegara a Hindu kingdom, founded in 450 AD, in West Java. Pernawarman is the reigning king.

Kaling kingdom. 

Kaling kingdom was established in the year 674 in Jepara, Central Java. Queen is the reigning king Sima. Famous pastor is lhanabhadra.

Kingdom of Srivijaya. 

Srivijaya kingdom was established in the 7th century in Sunmatra (Buddhist kingdom). The kings who ruled is:
* Sri Jayanaga.
* Balaputradewa.
* Sri Sangrawijayatunggawarman.
Famous Buddhist teacher who is Sakyakirti
The causes of the collapse of Sriwijaya, among others:
* Attacks king Colamandaladari India.
* Attack the King Kertanegara of Singasari.

Malay kingdom. 

Malay kingdom stood almost simultaneously with the Kingdom of Srivijaya, but in 692 it was ruled Srivijaya empire.

Hindu Mataram kingdom. 

Hindu Mataram kingdom in Central Java stand with capital Medang Kamulan.
The kings who ruled is:
* Sarna
* Sanaya who holds Raka Queen Sanjaya of Mataram.
* Rakai Panangkara, which holds Mahraja Dyah Sri Sailendra Pancapana Rakai Panangkarana
After the reign of Rakai Panagkaran, Mataram split into two. As Buddhists, religious affiliation Hinsu. Buddhist dynasty in Central Java, South, ruling Hindu Syailendara around Dieng mountains. In the reign of Rakai Pikatan, Mataram reunited
Subsequent kings are:
* Belitung who holds Rakai Watukara.
* Daksha.
* Tulodong
* Wawa
* MPU Spoon.

Isyana royal dynasty. 

Spoon MPU seat of government moved to East Java dynasty in 929, then form a new dynasty, the House of Isyana.
The kings who ruled:
* MPU Spoon, Hino degree Rake Maharaj Sri Isyana Wikramadharmotunggadewa.
* Sri Isyanatunggawijaya
* Makutawangsawardhana.
* Darmawangsa, titled Sri Darmawangsa True Anantawikramatunggadewa.
* Airlangga, the title of Maharaja Sri Sri Lokeswara Dharmawangsa Rake Halu Anantawikramatunggadewa Airlangga.
In 1401 Kahuripan kingdom divided into two 2 (division of tasks submitted to the MPU Bharada), namely:
* Janggala or Singasari, with capital Kahuripan.
* Panjalu or Kediri, with its capital at Daha.

Kediri kingdom. 

Janggala kingdom on orders by King Mapanji Garakasan. Kediri kingdom in order by the king Sri Samarawijaya.
Usurper between Jenggala and kediri lasted until tahun1520. Furthermore, for more than half a century the two kingdoms is not mentioned again in history.
117 years of royal was performed again with the king:
* Sri Sri Maharaja Rakai Sirikan Kameswara.
* Jaya-aged, styled Sri Maharaja Sang Mapanji jaya Jayabaya
At that time, the book Baharata Yudha in sedihdan composed by MPU MPU proceed Panuluh (MPU Sedah leave before his book was completed)
* MPU Penuluh also wrote books and Gatutkacasraya Hariwangsa.
* Sri Aryeswara.
* Kameswara, styled Sri Maharaja Sri Kameswara Triwikramawarata.
Famous poets of the period are:
* MPU Tanakung, his Werasancaya and Lubdaka.
* MPU Darmaja, his Smaradhahana.
Kediri kingdom collapsed in 1222, because it was conquered by Ken Arok.

Kingdom of Bali. 

A. Kings Wangsa Warmadewa.

One of the famous dynasty that ruled in Bali is Warmadewa dynasty.
King is famous:
* Tri Candrabhaysingka Warmadewa.
* Udayana, titled Dhamodayana Warmadewa.

Udayana, rotating three persons, namely:
* Airlangga, who became King Dharmawangsa-law, and later became king Kahuripan (royal dynasty Isyana).
* Marataka, which replaces Udayana (but not famous).
* Children Wungsu, which replaces Marataka throne in 1049.
* From the Children Wungsu administration left behind 28 short inscriptions, which among other things found in the cave Gajah, Gunung Kawi (Siring), Mount Writing, and Sangit.

B. Other Kings in Bali.

After Warmadewa dynasty rule, the island of Bali in order by other kings alternated, and the famous among them:
* Jayasakti, have codes of law that is uttara Widhi Balawan and Rajawacana (1133-1150).
* Jayapangus, using the book of the law Manawasasa nadharma (117-1181).
* Know 1284 Bali conquered by the Kingdom of the Lion-sari Kertanegara.

Singasari kingdom. 

Ken Arok history and government as well as the kings Singasari contained in the book, and country Pararaton Kertagama. The kings who ruled is:

1) Ken Arok.
Ken Arok became king after killing Tumapel Singasari Ametung and conquered the kingdom of Kediri in 1222 in Ganter. Ken Arok as the founder and first king of Sri Singasari who holds the antler Rajasa Amurwabhumi, then the offspring known as Rajasa dynasty.
2) Anusapati (child Ametung - Ken Dedes).
Anusapati became king after killing Ken Arok (his stepfather), by having a foundation of (slave).
3) Tohjaya (son of Ken Arok - Ken Umang).
Tohjaya became king after killing Anusapati. In 1248 launched a rebellion raised by:
* Ranggawuni (child Anusapati).
* Mahisa Campaka (child or grandchild Mahisa Wongaleleng Ken Arok and Ken Dedes)
4) Ranggawuni.
Sri Jaya holds Wisnuwardhana 1248-1268. Wisnuwardhana Singasari ruled together as Queen Anggabaya Mahisa Cempaka, the top official in charge of tackling the dangers that threaten the kingdom, Narasinghamurti title.
5) Kertanegara.
Degree Srimaharajadhiraja Sri mammal (1269 - I292), is the largest Singasari king. Pamalayu expedition sent in 1275.
Conquered areas that include Bali, Pahang, Sundanese, Bakulapura (Southwest Kalimantan) and Desert (Maluku) and held friendly relations with Jaya Singawarman - King of Campa. In 1292 conquered by Jayakatwang of Kediri.

Majapahit Kingdom. 

1) Kertarajasa, Jayawardhana (1292-1309).
Founded by Raden Wijaya (Ox-Tal child or grandchild Mahisa Campaka) in 1292 after Kublai Khan's armies deceive and China are intent on punishing the Javanese king insult tela envoy Meng Ki ie during the reign Kertanegara in Singasari.
Because Kertanegara been destroyed by Jayakatwag of Kediri, then destroy the armies of Kublai Khan Kediri, The above strategy Raden Wijaya further helped by Arya Wiraraja, the Chinese army could be destroyed by Raden Wijaya. Finally Raden Wijaya became the first king of Majapahit with a degree Kertarejasa Jayawardhana. Raden Wijaya marry Kertanegara 4 daughters, namely:
* Tribuana, as consort.
* Gayatri. which then lowers the kings of Majapahit.
* Narendraduhita.
* Prajnaparamita.
Kertarajasa King died in 1309, leaving three sons:
* Jayanegara (from empress).
* Sri Gitarya (Gayatri) then becomes Bhre Kahuripan
* Dyah Wiyat (Gayatri) then becomes Bhre Daha.
2) Sri Jayanegara (1309-1329).
Jayanegara replacing his father with the title Sri Jayanegara. In the reign of rebellion arises, namely
* Rebellion Ranggalawe of Tuban.
* Revolt Sora, in the year 1311.
* Revolt Nambi, in the year 1316.
* Revolt Kuti, in the year 1319. lbukota successfully occupied and the king of Majapahit
Jayanegara Bedander fled to the village escorted by 15 guards loyal (Bhayangkari troops) under the command of Gajah Mada. Top venture capital Gajah Mada can be taken again, and again Jayanegara throne, For his services was made duke of Gajah Mada Kahuripan and then Kediri.
In the reign of King Jayanegara using Minadwaya emblem (two fish)
3) TribhuwanaTunggadewi (1328 -1350).
Jayanegara died leaving no son, then Gayatri or Rajapatni entitled to become king. Because of Gayatri has been a nun (Buddhist priest), then delegated to Sri Gitarya, Bhre Kahuripan who holds Tribuwanatunggadewi Jayawisnuwardhana.
Sadeng rebellion arises, which can be quenched by Gajah Mada, for his services in 1331 Gajah Mada was appointed prime minister, saying that at the time of his inauguration Palapa Oath. 1350 Gayatri or Rajapatni died, representing Tribuwana hand over power to his son was named, Hayam Wuruk.
4) Rajasanegara (1350 -1391).
Hayam Wuruk ascended the throne at the age of 16 years, holds Rajasanegara, is the greatest king in the history of the Gajah Mada of Majapahit as Mahapatih. He ruled over the entire archipelago, even still with Tumasik (Singapore) and the Malay Peninsula.
Well-known literary works include:
* Negarakertagama work prapanca MPU.
* Sutasoma or Parusadashanta and Arjunawijaya Tantular MPU works.
Gajah Mada's death in 1364, his position is replaced by four ministers. Hayam Wuruk Died in 1389.
5) Wikramawardhana (1389-1429).
Hayam Wuruk with the queen just mempuyai a daughter who subsequently ruled that Kusumawardhani Wikramawudhana with her husband who was her cousin. Bhre Wirabumi, children of concubines were given the power to rule Blambangan area, was not satisfied, and feel more entitled to the throne of Majapahit.
Year 1401 - 1406 civil war broke out between Bhre Wirabumi and Wikramawardhana. Bhre Wirabumi fall (War Paregreg). Wikramawurdhana died in 1429, the Majapahit empire had become smaller as a result of the region melepaskau themselves one by one.
Lord King Girindrawardhana 1478 king of Majapahit king of Daha seize Kertabumi (the last king of Majapahit).

Kingdom of Samudra Pasai. 

Pasai Ocean archipelago is the first Islamic empire. It is in North Aceh (now entering Lhoksumawe District) stand 13th century. King-king is:
* Sultan Malik al Saleh.tahun 635 Hijri or AD L297
* Sultan Muhammad Malik al Tathir Sulatan degree.

Demak Kingdom. 

1) Raden Patah (± 1500 -1518).
In early 1500 a Demak regent who converted to Islam, namely Raden Patah escape from Majapahit. Helped establish the scholars Raden Patah of Demak Kingdom.

Demak subsequently developed into the center of the development of Islam. In 1511 Demak relationship with disconnected because Malacca Malacca Portuguese controlled. In 1513 a fleet under the command of Pati Unus Demak attacked Malacca but failed.
2) Pati Unus (1518 - l 521).
Pati Unus known as prince sabrang Lor, only three years to become king.
3) Trenggana Sultan (1521-1546).
Sultan Trenggana is law Pati Unus. In 1522 believe a scholar of Pasai (Faletehan) to lead the fleet Demak seize Banten, Sunda Kelapa, and Cirebon from Padjadjaran.
Trenggana Sultan died in 1546 in his quest to conquer Pasuruan. After a power struggle that arises between Sunan Prawata (eldest son of Sultan Trenggana) with Prince Sekar (brother of Sultan Trenggana). Sunan Prawata ascended the throne after killing the Prince Sekar, Sunan Prawata shortly afterwards killed by Arya Penangsang (son Prince Sekar).

Pajang kingdom. 

Jake Tingkir (Sultan Trenggana law), managed to destroy the Aryan Penangsang the help Kyai Ageng archery. Jake holds the throne Tingkir Adiwijaya and move the center of the kingdom of Demak to Display.
Display kingdom is not of long standing. After the death of Sultan Adiwijaya a power struggle. Arya Pangiri (son of Sunan Prawata) try to grab at Prince Benawa abort (son of Sultan Adiwijaya) assisted Sutawijaya (son of Kyai Ageng archery).
Prince Benawaa felt unable to replace handanya father, then handed power to Sutawijaya, who then moved the seat of government to Mataram.
Islamic Mataram Kingdom.
Panambahan Sutawijaya known as Senapati. Panembahan Senapati died in 1601.

Kingdom of Banten. 

After seizing Faletehan Banten, Sunda Kelapa, and Cirebon, then he is mastered. Because in the power struggles arise Demak in 1522 Faletehan handed to his son Hasanuddin Banten Banten as the first king and Faletehan focused on Islam in Gunung Jati, Cirebon.
Other kings are:
* Joseph Prince (1570)
* Maulana Muhammad (9 years old), died in 1596 in his attempt to attack Palembang.
* Abdulmufakir (5 years old), controlled by the government Mangkubumi Jayanegara.

Kingdom of Malacca. 

Kingdom of Malacca is not located in the archipelago. King-king is:
* Paramisora, escape of Majapahit, who have entered Islam, which has changed the name of Sultan Iskandar Shah.
* Mansour Sultan Shah.
* Sultan Mahmud Shah.
* Year 1511. Malacca fell to the Portuguese.

Kingdom of Aceh. 

In the early 16th century was a small kingdom, under the rule of Pedir.
King-king is:
* Sultan Ibrahim. Aceh break away from the Kingdom Pedir. Aceh more advanced because of Malacca controlled by the Portuguese, so the Arab and Muslim traders from Gujarat divert trade to Aceh.
* Sultan Iskandar Muda (1607-1639). On reaching the summit ketayaannya Aceh administration.

Kingdom of Ternate. 

Standing roughly 13 century. Being the 14th century Ternate Islamic kingdom. The Reign of Sultan Ternate Baabullah Reaching their peak. In 1575 Sultan Baabullah Dispelling Portuguese From the Moluccas. The degree-Pertuan Baabullah on 72 islands, expanding its territory to the Philippines.

Tidore kingdom. 

An Islamic empire in the Moluccas. Had played off by the Portuguese and Spanish, to be at odds with the kingdom of Ternate, but turned back together even expel the Portuguese from the Moluccas.
Famous king was Sultan Nurku, indomitable fighting to repel the Netherlands. Its territory covers Halmahera. Seram, Kai, and, to Papua.

Makasar kingdom. 

In the 16th century in South Sulawesi, there are two kingdoms, namely Goa and Tailo. Both kingdoms were united under the name of Goa-Tailo, or Napier with sombaopu the capital, as the first Islamic kingdom in Sulawesi.
King-king is:
* King of Goa Daeng Manribia with the title of Sultan Alaudin. Mangkubuninya is king Tailo Karaeng Matoaya title of Sultan Abdullah.
* Sultan Hasanuddin, reaching the height of glory reign

Banjar kingdom. 

With the help of Demak Kingdom, 76th century kingdom of Banjar in South Kalimantan conquer Daha (a kingdom in the interior of Borneo) is a question of the Islamic empire, with its king Raden Ocean Has Changed Name to Islam Sultan Suryanullah. Thank you for reading this article.
Written and posted by Bambang Sunarno.  sunarnobambang86@gmail.com
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http://primadonablog.blogspot.com/2014/02/history-kingdoms-in-indonesia.html
DatePublished: February 28, 2014 at 12:12
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Religious Affairs official corruption.

Investigation of alleged corruption in the procurement and catering lodge on the implementation of the 2012-2013 pilgrimage only to pave the way so that the KPK could expose corruption is greater. The case is a candidate member of deposit funds pilgrims reached Rp 50 trillion and has never been clear. 
Commission has won a number of evidence about the use of deposit funds candidates for the pilgrims by the Ministry of Religious Affairs officials of alleged corruption. 
This is partly a deposit of candidates for the use of funds to finance pilgrims wives of top-level officials in the Ministry of Religious Affairs. 
About the extent to which the organization of the Hajj corruption investigation, the KPK spokesman Johan Budi said only that the Commission continues to explore allegations of corruption. 
"In the not too distant future there will be a demand for more information," Johan said in Jakarta, Wednesday (26/2). 
However, this time, the investigation is focusing on hajj procurement of goods and services in organizing Hajj 2012-2013. 
"The point is that the investigation of the hajj 2012-2013 relating to the implementation of goods and services. Could lodge, can transport, catering can, "he said. 
Price bubble 
According to researchers Indonesia Corruption Watch, Ade Irawan, one of the findings in the audit of the Audit Board of the implementation of the Hajj is any indication of the price inflation of catering to pilgrims. 
Catering also become a target for hunters rents in the House because of its value quite tempting. 
The same thing happened in procuring lodgings for pilgrims while in Saudi Arabia. There are indications in the procurement price game Hajj dormitory worth more than Rp 100 billion. They were allegedly involved, among others, officials at the Ministry of Religious Affairs with legislators to discuss the procurement budget lodgings join this pilgrimage. 
Ade justify foreign exchange game in the procurement of goods and services on the organization of the Hajj became one mode of corruption. 
"There are two game in the procurement of goods and services such as hostels and catering. First through foreign exchange, which both mark up the value of the procurement, "said Ade. 
The contract value is calculated with the exchange rate of the currency of Saudi Arabia, the Saudi riyal. In the investigation the Commission found indications that rate games were allegedly carried out a number of relevant officials of the Ministry of Religious Affairs.
Allegations of corruption mode is done through foreign exchange differences riyals dollars that do not comply with the conditions on the ground. Rupiah against the riyal deliberately weakened from exchange rate that should apply in the currency market. Such modes allegedly known by a number of members of Parliament who come to enjoy the advantages of undue foreign exchange in procuring lodgings Hajj. 
Not only that mode of corruption. Commission also found the allegation of inflation of prices in the procurement of the Hajj dormitory. Value of the procurement contract Hajj dormitory allegedly unnatural. 
Based on information collected, procurement and catering lodge is also suspected of corruption involving members of the House of Representatives. Even one political party officials close to the Ministry of Religious allegedly involved in procuring catering pilgrims. 
Thank you for reading this article. Written and posted by Bambang Sunarno. sunarnobambang86@gmail.com
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DatePublished: February 28, 2014 at 10:39

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MUI never reported income.

Members of the House of Representatives Commission VIII, Hasrul Anwar, say, the Indonesian Ulema Council ( MUI ) never reported the income giving halal certification . In fact , revenue from the provision of halal certification in the pockets of the MUI and not transferred to the state treasury through non-tax revenues ( non-tax revenues ) .
"There is no (report), has never been reported. Dan (revenue) to bag the MUI," said Hasrul Parliament Complex in Senayan, Jakarta, Thursday (02/27/2014).
Hasrul explained , revenue from the provision of halal certification should be tightly controlled and put into state coffers . This is one of the spirit of the draft Law on Halal Product Guarantee that is being held in the Commission VIII .
Currently , Hasrul said , there is no official rates to obtain halal certification from MUI . The applicant for certification was only required to bear all the requirements for granting certification process carried out , such as the cost of accommodation , transportation , and others .
"When the bill is passed , all the income will be certified in the state treasury , " he concluded .
As reported , the problem of giving halal certification is still reaping the spotlight . Halal Product Warranty bill proposed at the initiative of the House of Representatives since 2006, has not completed its discussion until the end of the assignment period 2009-2014 .
In addition to regulating the tariff and non-tax revenues , the bill would also regulate the institutions that will provide halal certification . Proposals regarding institutions that create internal debates at the Commission VIII and with the government and ultimately the bill never passed into law .
Thank you for reading this article. Written and posted by Bambang Sunarno. sunarnobambang86@gmail.com
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DatePublished: February 28, 2014 at 10:20

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The title of Professor.

Education and Culture Minister Muhammad Nuh said , the title of professor are pinned to dangdut Rhoma Irama equalization should be tested first in the country . If it turns out not to be valid Rhoma degree , according to Noah , could have been sentenced Rhoma accordance with Law No. 20 Year 2003 on National Education System (Education ) .
" So that would be if he was graduated abroad , not necessarily we admit . There should be a name equalization . We'll see if it has been accredited institution , the curriculum , only if already qualified , we set it equal , " Noah said when met at Bidakara , Jakarta , Thursday ( 27/02/2014 ) .
Noah said he did not know anything about Rhoma obtained the title of professor . He also questioned the title because typically , a professor still teaches and has research work recognized .
" It's usually when in Indonesia . If outside , I do not know . But usually a great teacher is one who teaches . This general rule everywhere for a great teacher . He has papers and has research , "said Noah .
What impact, if carelessly pinned academic degree ? " Yes there are sanctions , trying to read in the Education Law , " said Noah .
Rules on the use of criminal sanctions are not appropriate academic degree is governed by Article 68 of Law No. 20 Year 2003 on National Education System . In verse two and four aforementioned article stated , " Any person who uses a diploma , a certificate of competence , academic degree , professional , and / or vocational education units obtained from ineligible shall be punished with imprisonment of five years and / or criminal maximum fine of Rp 500,000,000.00 ( five hundred million rupiah ) . "
In the fourth paragraph of Article 68 stated , "Everyone who acquire and / or use the designation professor who does not comply with Article 23 Paragraph ( 1 ) and / or paragraph ( 2 ) shall be punished with imprisonment of five years and / or fined maximum of Rp 500,000,000.00 ( five hundred million rupiah ) . "
As reported , billboards and banners illustrated Rhoma Irama in the Western Cape Street Raya , South Jakarta , was invited talks . Because these billboards that read " President Prof Together We Rhoma Irama " .
Rhoma admitted he was more than happy if just written Rhoma Irama without using his title . According to him , the addition of a professor that is the initiative of a team of supporters .
Presidential candidate from PKB was claimed the title of professor from the American University of Hawaii in 2005 . At that time, there were three professors who came to Taman Mini Indonesia Indah . The award , called Rhoma , because he was regarded as a great teacher in Indonesian dangdut music .
" Those who give the title because they assess Rhoma is professor of music , so given the title of Professor in Music , " Rhoma said .
Thank you for reading this article. Written and posted by Bambang Sunarno. sunarnobambang86@gmail.com
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DatePublished: February 28, 2014 at 10:03

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The Roman Empire.

The Roman Empire (Latin: Imperium Romanum IMPERIVM ROMANVM or) is a political entity that once in power in Italy today with Rome as the center of government. Although the city of Rome was founded in 753 BC, it took 500 years for the Roman government to affirm its power to pass through the Italian peninsula.
In the process of expanding its power, the Roman clashed with Carthage (government established in 814 BC by the Phoenicians). As a result, they fought in a war called Punic War (264-241 BC). The war ended with the capture of the city of Carthage by the Romans in 146 BC, which marked the beginning of the dominance of the Roman government in Europe, which continued to rule with supreme power over the next six centuries.

The dissolution of the Roman Republic (50 BC). 

Julius Caesar is remembered as the most perfect Roman emperor (although Rome was still a republic office of the emperor during his lifetime and has not established until he died). He ruled the Roman Republic a few years after the conquest of Gaul in force last alesia hill, until his tragic death in the Senate in 44 BC trial.
Julius Caesar owned power acquired while he was serving as a member of the triumvirate (a governing board consisting of the triad, when it: Caesar, Crassus and Pompei) as a military leader. It was then that he started a plan to seize vast areas in northern Europe dominated the Gauls with the support of her best friend, Pompei (106-48 BC).
Since the defeat of Carthage, about a century before Caesar's birth, the Republic of Rome was filled with civil war, rebellion military power, corruption, and the dissatisfaction of the board of the Senate as the center of government. A chaotic political conditions in a powerful republic in the middle of the sea. With the establishment of the triumvirate, some problems can be handled, although Caesar realized that the republican system has been improperly maintained.
In the hands of Julius Caesar the Roman nation began to realize his dream to strike northeast and northern Europe. He urged the Roman border to mainland UK (Brittania) so that more than half of the European continent under the control of the Roman Republic. However Caesar victory was considered a threat to the republic by some members of the Senate, even Pompei supporting the Senate against Caesar. The situation is forcing Caesar to commit coup and ignoring the law of the republic's government. From the north, Caesar with his army attacked and captured the city of Rome from the hands of the Senate, defeating Pompei and chased her to Egypt (where he got only one remains due to head Pompei committed murder conspiracy in Egypt, it is very regrettable by Caesar). Make it as a victory of Julius Caesar Roman ruler with absolute power. He continued to rule until killed by a group of people who still support the republic in 44 BC.
Julius Caesar of Rome changed the course of history - and of course, the history of Europe. In Rome itself, he overthrew the republican government (despite having to do a coup and fought with his comrades in arms, Pompeius magnus) and created the office of the fact is that according to an emperor, who made an official office by his nephew Octavian (63 BC-14 AD) when he came to power after the death of his uncle. When the new Caesar began to reign, Rome was the main ruler in the Mediterranean. At the time of his death, Rome also became the first government in the European superpower-or perhaps all over the world (with the exception of the Persians under Cyrus and Macedonia under Alexander).

The birth of the Roman Empire (30 BC). 

Emperor Augustus, the first emperor and founder of the Roman Empire
After Julius Caesar died, he was succeeded by his nephew named Octavian. But not only a big office, big issues also helped inherited his uncle, besides getting a lot of resistance from his rivals, Octavian also must dismantle scandal caesarean murder committed by a syndicate led by Gaius Cassius conspiracy and Mark Yunius Brutus. Therefore, he agreed to lead a triumvirate (a governing board consisting of the triad) together Marcus Lepidus (? -13 BC) and Marcus Antonius (83-30 BC).
But once again, this triumvirate of government is not quite successful, giving rise to many problems including Mark Antony's love story with the Egyptian queen Cleopatra in the future. Cleopatra itself was the last leader of the last dynasty of Egypt (Ptolemy), a queen who in the past have also been scandalous romance with Caesar. We leave first Cleopatra, Julius Caesar after the killers were caught and destroyed, triumvirate agreed to share power geographically, with Octavian in Europe, Africa and Lepidus in Antony of Egypt.
In Egypt, Mark Antony began his reign in the cosmopolitan city of Alexandria, that's where he met Cleopatra (69-30 BC) which later he married (although it is probable the two had met when Caesar was alive). Slowly but surely, friend of Julius Caesar's arms start moving party. He sets his three sons as his successor, and often times he presented his wife with expensive objects, even a rumor arose that he will award the city of Rome (which is controlled by Octavianus) to Cleopatra, as a gift.
When the rumor spread and heard by Octavian, he became furious and declared war against Anthony. Both sides face to face in the Battle of Actium in 31 BC In. In the battle, forces and urged Anthony successfully defeated (Anthony and Cleopatra then end their lives by suicide in 30 BC). Octavian declared himself as a Roman emperor with new titles, including Imperator and Emperor Augustus (Augustus Caesar). With this declaration, the Roman Empire, the peak of political domination that was built during the 7th century, the official stand. Precisely in 27 BC.

Year four emperors (69 AD). 

After Emperor Nero committed suicide in AD 68, a civil war erupted in the Roman Empire (the first civil war since Antony's death in 30 BC), a period also known as the Year four Emperor (Year of the four emperors). Between June 68 to December 69, Roman Emperor changed up to 3 times in one year (Nero replaced Galba, Otho replaced Galba, Otho Vitellius replaced, replaced Vitellius Vespasian, first ruler of the Flavian dynasty). This civil war period itself is considered to be the beginning of a black record in the history of the Roman Empire, because he has incurred huge implications on the political and military stability of Rome at that time.

Crisis In the 3rd century (253-284). 

After Augustus declared an end to the civil war in the 1st century BC, the Roman Empire experienced a period in which the expansion of the region, peace, and economic kemakmurah felt all over the Empire (Pax Romana). But in the third century, the Empire faced with a crisis in which the nation attacks bars, civil war, and hyperinflation occurs at the same time and continuously, which almost caused the collapse of the Roman Empire.
One caused this mess in the absence of a clear system governing the succession (succesion) since Augustus died without a successor appointed Empire (normally, power will be transferred to the child emperor, but at that time Augustus had no children). This causes chaos at the turn of the empire in the 1st century and 2nd, but usually the turmoil did not last long.
In the 3rd century, the peak of the empire led at least 25 years of Emperor between 235-284 (commonly called Emperor-Military (Soldier-Emperor). Emperor Most of these 25 have been killed or been killed in the conflict this century 3. Periods This is considered expired after Diocletian ruling.

The spread of Christianity in the Roman. 

Approximately three centuries after the death of Emperor Augustus (died in 14 AD), in the form of imperial Rome has grown rapidly. With a vast territory and invincible military power, the Roman Empire became the largest empire in the known world at that time, a period commonly known as the Pax Romana, where ever materialized.
At this time, Christianity began to grow and flourish in Rome. Unlike previous religions, which is passed from generation to generation as cultural characteristics of a nation, Christianity is actively convert those who do not believe. Christianity originated from the Middle East and spread to Greece and Egypt. The Christian missionaries, especially disciples of Jesus, Peter (? -67 AD), pioneer of the spread of Christianity, together Saul of Tarsus (5-67 AD), now known as Paul, preaching the new religion throughout the Empire and even as far as Rome.
At first, the arrival of this new religion could be tolerated by the Romans. But on further development, the Romans began to worry about the spread of Christianity so quickly. They are worried about this religion will split the unity of the Romans. So began the massacre of the people who embraced Christianity. They were killed, persecuted or be fed lion in a circus ring. Nevertheless, underground movements remain active Christians proselytize, they make Rome as the center of their movement.
Until one day, this situation changed when Constantine (280-337 AD), who embraced Christianity, in power. Under his leadership, which initially opposed the religion, began to be accepted and even developed. In fact, he had become a mediator in a serious dispute about the doctrine between western and eastern groups in the Church. He invited the bishops representing both groups to attend a Council of Nicea in 325 AD. There differences between them resolved. The Nicene Creed, the manuscript was made at the conference, establish Christian beliefs are fundamental to both groups agreed.
Furthermore, Constantine took a number of steps to save Christians from destruction, either as a result of external or internal strife persecution. It also establishes Christianity as the state religion of the Roman Empire across government.
That's because his services, the religion began to spread even become dominant in the rest of Europe (because when it was, the Romans controlled almost the entire continent of Europe).

The division of the Roman Empire (395). 

Single division of the Roman Empire into two (Western Roman Empire and the Eastern Roman Empire) occurred about 395 years after the death of Thedosius I. The division of power is carried out through a series of interrelated events.

Regional division by Diocletian (305). 

When the Roman Emperor, Diocletian began experiencing serious difficulties in running the government over a vast area, the difficulty of which;
* The area is too wide resulting in coordination with other regional centers are blocked, it took many months for an edict or law of the seat of government samapai to remote areas.
* The area is too wide it also results in lower supervision and custody of another nation attacks such as the Goths, Visigoths, Vandals and the Franks.
Diocletian saw that the Roman Empire would not survive if it is led by the government alone, so he divided the empire into two at around the eastern Italian regions (see), and called its leader with the title of Augustus
* The Western Roman Empire by Diocletian as Augustus for the Western Region
* Eastern Roman Empire with Maximian, Diocletian's best friend, as Augustus region East Region
However, at the time of the Roman Empire remains a single Empire, splitting into the Western Roman Empire and the Eastern Roman Empire occurred during the leadership Theodisius I.

Tetrachy (Four Leader) (285-324). 

After the Roman Empire divided into two regions. In each of the 293 young emperor Augustus chose called Caesar (distinguishing between Emperor (Emperor) with Caesar) as a maid and as successor administrative affairs of the Empire if they die; become Caesar Galerius and Constantius Chlorus under Dioclotian under Maximian. This constitution is called Tetrachy in the science of modern government.
At first, the system is quite successful in preventing the destruction of the Roman Empire. The decrease in power was held peacefully. Every Caesar, from the west or east, replacing each Augustus Caesar and raised New; raised his nephew Maximinus Galerius, and Constantius Flavius ​​Valerius Severus raised as his Caesar. But the situation changed when Constantius Chlorus died on July 25, 306. Constantius troops in Eboracum immediately raised area Constantine, son of Constantius, as Augustus. And in August the same year, also decided to appoint Galerius became Augustus Severus.
When dissatisfaction is rampant, Roma faced with a revolution that menginkan Maxentius Maximian child, became Augustus (eventually he became Augustus on October 28, 306). Unlike the others, the appointment of Maxentius was supported by the Praetorian troops. This led Empire has 5 leaders: Four Augustus (Galerius, Constantine, Severus and Maxentius) and a Caesar (Maximinus)
And in the year 307, Maximian also proclaimed himself as Augustus, next door to his son Maxentius (so in total, there are 6 people in the Roman Empire Augustus, namely: Maximinus, Maximian, Maxitius, Galerius, Constantine and Severus). However this is not approved by Galerius and Severus, giving rise to a civil war in the Italian regions. Finally, Serverus killed at the hands of Maxentius on September 16, 307. Both (Maximinus and Maxentius) was trying to lure Constantine to cooperate with how to match with Fausta Constantine, son Maxentius Maximian well as older sibling.
Things are complicated when Domitius Alexander, Vicarius (sort of governor) of the province of Africa self-proclaimed Augustus in 308. Seeing this development, it was held, which was attended by Congress Carnuntum Diocletian, Maximian, and Galerius.

The Congress resulted in the decision include: 

* Galerius became Augustus in the Eastern Roman Empire
* Maximinus became Caesar in the Eastern Roman Empire
* Maximian Fired
* Maxentius is not recognized, leadership is considered illegal
* Constantine gained recognition, but his position became Caesar scaled in the Western Roman Empire.
* Replaces Maximian Licinius Augustus in the Roman Empire as the Western Conference.
But the problem persists. Maximinus demanded that his title as Augustus returned. Finally, he proclaimed himself back as Augustus on May 1, 310. Followed by Maximian that memproklamairkan himself, for the third time, becoming Augustus. But he (Maximian) was killed by his own law, Constantine, in July 310. At the end of the year 310, the Roman Empire is still led by 4 official Augustus (Galerius, Maximinus, Constantine and Licinius) and an illegal Augustus (Maxentius)
Galerius died in May 311 leaving Maximinus sole ruler of the Roman Empire as the Eastern Conference. At the same time, Maxentius declared war on Constantine, who had killed his father (Maxentius Maximian is the biological father). But it backfired war for himself. He was killed in a battle against Constantine, Battle of the Milvian Bridge, on October 28, 312.
Due to the death of Maxentius, Augusti (the plural of Augustus) only trace 3; Maximinus, Constantine and Licinius. Licinius later married Constantia, sister of Constantine, to tie friendship with Constantine.
In August 313, Maximinus was killed in the area of ​​Tarsus, Cilicia. Remaining Augusti (Licius and Constantine) finally agreed to split the two regions of the Roman Empire, as was done by Diocletian; Constantine in the Western Roman Empire, and Lucius in the Eastern Roman Empire.
This power sharing lasted for ten years. Until the year 324, a battle between the two remaining Augusti happen. The war ended with the defeat of Lucius, making Constantine as sole ruler in the entire Roman Empire.
Then Constantine decided that almost destroyed the Empire, requiring new capital as the center of government. He decided to move the seat of government to the ancient city of Byzantium and changed its name to Nova Roma (but later, the city was known as Constantinople, the city of Constantine). Constantineople continues to be a center of the glorious reign of Constantine until his death on May 22, 337.

Theodosius I, Last Emperor (395). 

In 392, Valentinian died in Vienne. I Theodosius succeeded him, ruling the entire Roman Empire.
Theodosius had two sons (Arcadius and Honorius) and a daughter, Pulcheria, from his first wife, Aelia Flacilla. Daughter and his first wife later died in the year 385. From his second wife, Galla, he got a daughter, Galla Placidia, the mother of Valentinian III, a person who later became Emperor of the Western Roman Empire.
After his death in 395, her power is divided to two Arcadius and Honorius; Arcadius became ruler of the Eastern Roman Empire, with its capital of Constantinople, and Honorius became ruler in the West, with its capital Milan. This division is considered as the end of the Roman Empire Single.

Battle of Adrianople (378). 

Battle of Adrianople (August 9, 378) was a battle between a Roman army led by Emperor Valens and Germanic tribes (Germanic Tribes, mostly from the tribe of Visigoths and Ostrogoths) led by Fritigern. Battle of Adrianople occurred in the area and ended with a crushing defeat of the Roman Empire. This battle resulted in the death of the Emperor Valens. Thank you for reading this article.
Written and posted by Bambang Sunarno.  sunarnobambang86@gmail.com
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DatePublished: February 27, 2014 at 19:29
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Tag : The Roman Empire.