Art and Style.

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Thank you for watching this video.  Written and posted by Bambang Sunarno.
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DatePublished: February 13, 2014 at 10:48
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Dolphin.

Dolphins are highly intelligent marine mammals, in addition to the natural systems that complement the body is very complex. So many technologies are inspired by dolphins. One example is dolphin skin, which can reduce friction with the water, so the dolphins can swim with little water resistance. It is used by swimmers to design swimsuits that resemble the skin of dolphins.

Dolphins have a system that is used to communicate and receive excitatory called sonar system, this system can avoid objects in front of the dolphin, so to avoid a collision. This technology is then applied in the manufacture of submarine radar. Dolphins are mammals as dolphins are mammals. They live in the sea and rivers throughout the world. The dolphins are whales and dolphins kerebat. There are more than 40 types of dolphins.
Baby dolphins newborn will be brought to the surface by the parent to be able to breathe air. Dolphins need to rise to the surface to breathe to stay alive. Dolphins breathe air through a hole located at the top of its head was clearly. His body is sleek and slim, very suitable for swimming. Parent dolphins to feed the baby with milk that is savory and provide energy for her son to grow up. Each child dolphins always near its mother, so the mother could protect from danger. Dolphins are always keeping in touch with their children to grow larger. Parent dolphins calling their children with special whistles they can identify with.
The dolphins live and work in groups called a herd. They often play together. A dolphin can not sleep well under water. He could drown. Therefore, he was half asleep several times in a day. Dolphins eat squid and fish such as gray mullet. Some dolphins herding a shoal of fish to be easily captured. Dolphins find a way to transmit sound in the water. If the noise on an object, the sound will be reflected back as an echo. Some, due to noise in the sea oil drilling could confuse the dolphins. They will have difficulty in sending and receiving messages. Because dolphins can communicate, so a dolphin called the most intelligent animals, exceeding simpanze.
Humans always interested in the story of a dolphin. The Romans had created a mosaic picture of dolphins around 2,000 years ago. Now, happy man swimming in the sea with intelligent and friendly animals such as dolphins. Dolphins have to be careful of sharks that might attack them at any time. They protect themselves with teeth, sometimes they use the beak as a ramrod. Humans can catch a lot of fish for the dolphins for food. Sometimes, the dolphins caught by fishing nets. They can not inhale at the surface, as a result they sink. When hazardous chemicals dumped into the sea, the waste can poison the food eaten dolphin. Construction of dams on rivers and lakes drying, leaving little room for animals like dolphins to live in Brazil.
Dolphins are mammals classified as intelligent. The dolphins can help people, if dolphins are trained, even their fire circle can be broken through. Sea lions, primates, whales and dogs also includes an intelligent animal. The dolphins were trained to perform a variety of attractions and they can also count, but not wild dolphins can perform a variety of attractions. Today, dolphins and whales are rare, the dolphins and whales should be protected. Dolphins and whales have begun protected throughout the world.

Taxonomy. 

Suborde Odontoceti, toothed whales
Familia Delphinidae, Dolphin Ocean
Genus Delphinus
Long snout dolphins, Delphinus capensis
Proboscis dolphins, Delphinus delphis
The genus Tursiops
Bottle nose dolphin, Tursiops truncatus
Indo-Pacific Bottlenose Dolphin, Tursiops aduncus
Genus Lissodelphis
Northern Rightwhale Dolphin, Lissodelphis borealis
Southern Rightwhale Dolphin, Lissiodelphis peronii
Genus Sotalia
Tucuxi, Sotalia fluviatilis
Genus Sousa
Indo-Pacific Hump-backed Dolphin, Sousa chinensis
Chinese white dolphins (type of China), Sousa chinensis chinensis
Atlantic humpback Dolphin, Sousa teuszii
Genus Stenella
Atlantic Spotted Dolphin, Stenella frontalis
Clymene Dolphin, Stenella Clymene
Pantropical Spotted Dolphin, Stenella attenuata
Spinner Dolphin, Stenella longirostris
Striped dolphins, Stenella coeruleoalba
Genus Steno
Rough-toothed Dolphin, Steno bredanensis
Genus Cephalorynchus
Chilean dolphins, Cephalorhynchus eutropia
Commerson's Dolphin, Cephalorhynchus commersonii
Heaviside's Dolphin, Cephalorhynchus heavisidii
Hector's Dolphin, Cephalorhynchus hectori
Genus Grampus
Risso's Dolphin, Grampus griseus
Genus Lagenodelphis
Fraser's Dolphin, Lagenodelphis hosei
Genus Lagenorhyncus
White-sided Dolphin Atlantic, Lagenorhynchus acutus
Dusky Dolphin, Lagenorhynchus Obscurus
Hourglass Dolphin, Lagenorhynchus cruciger
Dolphin Pacific White-sided, Lagenorhynchus obliquidens
Peale's Dolphin, Lagenorhynchus australis
White muzzle dolphins, Lagenorhynchus albirostris
Genus Orcaella
Australian Snubfin Dolphin, Orcaella heinsohni
Porpoises, Orcaella brevirostris
Genus Peponocephala
Melon-headed Whale, Peponocephala electra
Genus Orcinus
Killer whales, Orcinus orca
Genus Feresa
Pygmy killer whales, Feresa attenuata
Genus Pseudorca
False killer whales, Pseudorca crassidens
Genus Globicephala
Long-finned Pilot Whale, Globicephala melas
Short-finned Pilot Whale, Globicephala macrorhynchus
Familia Platanistoidea, River Dolphins
Genus Inia
Boto (Amazon River Dolphin), Inia geoffrensis
Genus Lipotes
Chinese River Dolphin (Baiji), Lipotes vexillifer
Genus Platanista
Ganges River Dolphin, Platanista gangetica
Indus River Dolphin, Platanista minor
Genus Pontoporia
La Plata Dolphin (Franciscana), Pontoporia blainvillei
Six animals in the family Delphinidae are commonly called "whales". They are sometimes called "blackfish" (black fish):
Melon-headed Whale, Peponocephala electra
Killer whales, Orcinus orca also called Seguni.
Pygmy killer whales, Feresa attenuata
False killer whales, Psudoorca crassidens
Long-finned Pilot Whale, Globicephala melas
Short-finned Pilot Whale, Globicephala macrorhynchus.

Picture; 

Thank you for reading this article. Written and posted by Bambang Sunarno.
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author:
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DatePublished: February 12, 2014 at 21:44
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Did You Know About Fish Manta.

Manta rays (Manta birostris) is one of the biggest species of stingray in the world. The width of the body from the tip of the pectoral fin to fin the other end reaching almost 7 feet (possibly more as there are reports that there is a wide manta body reaches 9.1 meters). Heaviest weights ever measured manta itself around 3 tons.
Manta can be found in tropical oceans around the world - approximately between latitudes 35o north to 35o south latitude. Spreading wide and unique appearance caused this fish has many names ranging from "Pacific manta", "Atlantic manta", "devil fish" to "sea devil". In Indonesia alone, manta rays have various local names such as es necklace, plampangan, and pari buffalo (perhaps because parts of the body like a horn on his head so that he was considered similar to a buffalo).
Manta rays later categorized as "close to a threat" (near threatened) by the IUCN because although the number has not been categorized as endangered, but the estimated future population will shrink until it is threatened with extinction. The population of manta rays are considered in imminent danger due to high fishing activity and increasingly polluted sea conditions, but their low birth rate.

Classification.

Manta put in Myliobatidae family consisting of 40 different species of stingray. Family of stingray is also known as the "eagle rays" (eagle ray) because they do not live on the ocean floor and swim freely so that when they are viewed at a glance like the eagle "flying" in the sea. Myliobatidae family is divided into 4 subfamily and manta rays put in Mobulinae subfamily that also filled by a stingray of the genus Mobula which have a similar appearance manta rays but smaller in size. The name "manta" itself comes from the Spanish language meaning "blanket".
There are 3 species previously considered part of the genus Manta: Manta birostris (Atlantic manta rays), Manta hamiltoni (Pacific manta rays), and Manta highway (Prince Alfred's manta rays). Third manta rays themselves are very similar to each other. Later, after an examination of the examples of their genes, all three species were included in the same species: species birostris Manta.
However, some are saying that there are at least two species of manta: one large and migratory, while the other is smaller and would rather settle.

Anatomy.

Manta has a physical broadly similar to most stingray with wide pectoral fins and a small tail like a whip. Fin width makes her chest look flat. Manta wear fins chest moves by making waves on the section near the back of the head to the body so that when seen, manta rays as if he were flying around in the sea. Manta own tail is shorter than most of the stingray's tail and stingless. Skin manta also shrouded slime layer is much thicker than most stingrays. The mucus layer is suspected nothing to protect vulnerable skin. Manta also has a larger brain size than other stingrays and sharks relatives so that they are considered more intelligent than other relatives.
Characteristic of the manta is a pair of "horns" near his mouth. "Horn" is actually a pair of fins sefala (head) which helps incorporate sea water containing plankton food and can be bent into the mouth. In the mouth there is also a 300 peg-shaped teeth small and almost hidden under the skin. These teeth are not used to eat, but the tooth may be useful when manta mating. Manta also has five pairs of gill slits in the bottom of the body to remove water that enters through the mouth. On the inside there is a gill slit gill filters or disc filters (filter plate) which serves to trap plankton that go along with sea water.
Manta has a variety of colors, ranging from black, blue-gray, brown, to almost white. Color pattern on the body also varies manta where the manta rays found in the eastern Pacific the lower part of his body is predominantly black, while the type of manta rays are found in the western Pacific, the lower part of his body pale color. It is not known what the cause of the coloring function and this varies, but the color varies easier for scientists to distinguish manta from one region to other regions. Another unique thing about the coloring manta is they have some sort of pattern on the shoulders and down her body and these patterns differ in each individual mantas that are considered similar to fingerprints in humans.

Behavior.

Manta rays are animals that generally has a calm behavior. He also showed friendly behavior with the divers so that divers who happened to be nearby can hold and even ride. He is also commonly seen near sea level and around coral reefs. Manta rays can be found in fairly large quantities in areas rich in plankton, manta rays are known but not showing signs of social interaction with each other and form a group.

Food.

Manta is known as one of the big fish that eat plankton (filter feeders). He opened his mouth to eat in a way so that the plankton while swimming in the water that goes into his mouth. He can also use a pair of horn-like fins head to direct plankton that went into his mouth. In this way it is considered passively hunt because he does not chase their prey to eat. Manta is also known to take small animals such as shrimp and juvenile fish.

Reproduction.

In the breeding season, a large number of manta will gather to find a mating partner. Some manta males compete with each other to get the manta female partner. Manta male who managed to get a female manta fins partner will be holding on to use his teeth and clenched his stomach, then begin entering the marriage with his genitals into the female genital opening. The marriage lasted for approximately 90 seconds.
Ovovivipar manta ray is where the eggs hatch while still inside the mother's body. A female manta manta could bring 2 babies at once in the body. The period of "gestation" manta itself is not known for certain, but the possibility can last between 9-12 months. The newly hatched baby manta and out of its mother's body with fins that are still folded condition. Baby manta become active as soon as he developed fins and can immediately begin to swim. A newborn baby manta known to be measuring 1.2 meters wide and weighing 45 kg. Baby manta can grow very fast due within one year, their body width has reached nearly 2 times the width when first born.
Maximum age manta rays themselves are known to reach 20 years.

Jumping from water.

Manta is famous because he can jump out of the water and because of its large size, it always attracts attention while making the leap. There are several theories as to why they jump out of the water. They may do it to escape from predators or to remove parasites that attach to the body. Other theories, manta use it to communicate with each other. Manta is also expected to jump out of the water to show strength when it was looking for a partner.

Interaction with other animals.

Small fish known to be near the manta. One species of marine fish are most commonly known to love being near the manta is a remora fish (Echeneida sp.). This fish is commonly found attached to the underside of a manta wearing some kind of suction on her upper body. Remora got to stick to the mantas advantage because he is protected from predators, and he obtained a "free food" in the form of the parasite that attaches to the skin manta.

Predators.

Marine animals known as manta rays are the main prey of sharks such as tiger sharks (Galeocerdo Cuvier). Manta does not have such a defense tool or the sting of sharp teeth so he relied on his swimming ability to escape from his enemies (including possibly by jumping out of the water). Manta is also known to wear fins chest to hit his attacker.

Gallery;

So, thank you for reading this article. Written and posted by Bambang Sunarno.
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DatePublished: February 12, 2014 at 20:35
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Did You Know About Oil OLIVE.

Already familiar with one type of oil produced from olives (Olea europeae) this. Olive oil is very rich in all of the benefits and can be used by humans ranging from head to toe. This oil can be used for things of beauty, health, for food or dishes, even furniture for home care, for fuel and so forth. This oil is increasingly felt so special because in addition to many advantages and benefits, especially for Muslims things about this particular olive oil on the benefits and suggestions for use have also been listed in the al-Quran and Hadith. So is the case in other faiths, for the Christians, for example, the things about olive oil is also mentioned in scripture. So rich will benefit many people who say or refer to it as "emascair", "king of all the oil", and others.

The origin of the olive oil. 

The art of using olive oil for the health of the body and soul has been started since 6000 years ago. Since 400 BC, Hippocrates, the "father of medicine", has been using olive oil for more than 60 prescription therapy to cure his patients. In the glory days of the Roman Empire and Ancient Egypt, olive oil mixed with spices.
Olive oil produced by the olive fruit (origin of the word "olivia" is a Latin word) is more than just food for the Mediterranean region (Mediterranean), because they also have used it as a medicine, antibiotics, and even reportedly a guarantee of vitality , strength and so on. In addition, the olive tree is also used as a symbol of purity and peace.

Description of olive plants: 

The olive tree can grow to a height of about 15m. But olives are cultivated can be kept high by trimming. Age of the plant is very long, even up to 500 years. But there are also other sources say could reach 1500 years.
These plants include plants robust, easy to take root and sprout, although only drove it to the ground. With the condition, the climate must be appropriate.
Olive leaf is not too large, grow opposite each other. The leaves grow in pairs as if the left and right sides. The bark is rich in tannins. The leaves will be green when the gray old. Leaves will be cyclical turn of the leaves in 2-3 years.
The flowers are small, easy to fall off and beige. Usually hidden among the leaves. Pollination occurs with the help of the wind. Thus the marriage can take place between different flowers of the tree. Therefore not recommended maintaining different types adjacent to the distance.

Olives or by the Latin name Olea europeae. 

(Green when young and turn purple-black when ripe. Fruit is soft and contains a fluid-filled, oval or rounded
Olives have a bitter taste due to component oleuropein and low sugar (2.6 to 6%). Fairly high oil content (12-30%).
Therefore olives can not be eaten immediately. But there are also types of olives are ripe and sweet in the tree becomes, eg Thrubolea varieties of Greek. This sweet process occurs due to fermentation in the fruit.

One example of the way or process of making olive oil at Wadi Food (one olive plantations and mills in Egypt); 

1. The olives are picked from the stems one by one, not by its branches, so that the fruit does not fall to the ground.
2. Process:
a. The fruit must be processed before 48 hours after being picked from the tree.
b. Washed.
c. Milled along with the seeds.
e. Do extortion process (press) during k.l. 45 minutes so that the oil rises to the surface.
f. Oil aspirated with a hose.
3. From olives that have been milled can be separated between oil, water and residue that can be used for animal feed ingredients.
4. Oil samples were taken to the laboratory to be known acidnya levels. When the oil-containing acid is less than 0.5 is classified extra virgin olive oil. However, when more than 0.5 is classified virgin olive oil.
5. Lemon oil is stored in large vats at a temperature of 15 Celsius to time-18derajat packing (cans or bottles). The storage can last for 3 years.
6. Oil put in a vacuum bottle to keep the levels of acid in it. Given the air in the bottle can increase the levels of acid.
 7. Storage:
To maintain the quality of the oil, in olive oil bottles avoid sunlight, as it will damage the clorofile content that will increase the levels of acid in the oil.

How the storage of olive oil. 

Experts suggest that olive oil is not like wine grapes, saved more and more fragrant, it should be used up within the time limit expired. Otherwise it will be susceptible to oxidation and change the scent. Olive oil is a great packaging can be divided, each stored in a small ceramic tubes or glass bottles, olive oil to reduce the chance of contact with the air, store them in a cool room, it can also store it in the refrigerator
High quality olive oil at a low temperature will fog symptoms, but when subjected to high temperatures will again clear and transparent. In general, limit the storage time (shelf life) of olive oil for 2-3 years, but should be used up within 18 months, only the best can maintain its quality

How to properly use olive oil. 

It would be very unfortunate if the oil-rich benefits, we do not get the optimal benefits because of wrong or how to use them is still not quite right. Some suggestions from Laurent Halasz, expert olive oil and olive-paced restaurant owners Fig and Olive so that we can get the maximum benefit from the "liquid gold" is.
Better than butter Laurent suggested using olive oil instead of butter when cooking, especially as a finishing move. According to a very tasty olive oil compared with butter.

Flavors or colors. 

When asked if the taste or color is more important to identify healthy oils, Laurent explained that the health benefits of the oil derived from the level of natural antioxidants, or polyphenols. According to the high polyphenol content can be identified when we tasted it himself. Usually olive oil is bitter, or tasteless is oil that has oxidized and contains antioxidants and low. Do not heat, it is important to not heat the olive oil over its smoke point, fried fat or oil begins to break down, give it a bad taste. Olive oil begin to lose benefits and unique flavor when heated. While the smoke point is 410 º F (210 º C). Find the Extra Virgin Olive oil is the best quality extra virgin produced mostly in Spain. This specification ensures that the oils retain more nutrients and few processed, so it is more pure.
Store in a dark place.
Laurent suggests storing olive oil in a cool and dark place. Quality, health benefits and flavor olive oil deteriorates over time we should also make the oil consumed within 12-18 months.

Provide a calming effect and reduces inflammation. 

Olive oil is an oil that can soothe and reduce the effects of inflammation. Because it can provide a calming effect, this oil can be used to cope with stress. Therefore these oils can also be used for aroma therapy. In addition, oil is easily digestible and able to push the intestinal peristalsis. Olive oil is efficacious overcome wind disturbance in the stomach, heartburn and constipation, as well as help heal the wounds of the abdomen.
Some respiratory diseases, such as cough and sore throat can also be mitigated in the same way.
Strengthen the body's principal organs of Vitamin E in olive oil can strengthen the organs in the body, one muscle. Reduced vitamin E can lead to faster muscle slack. Vitamin E can also help produce red blood cells and protect the function of hormones and fertility. This vitamin can also strengthen the collagen fibers in the skin.
Launched the digestive tract and relieve pain.
Overcoming arthritis.
Overcoming dizziness or headaches.
This oil can repel dizzy like aspirin and buprofen.
Boost immunity.
Either to supplement nutrition in pregnant and lactating mothers.
Increase fertility.
Overcome stomach ulcers
Research by the Spanish Institute de la grasa and the University Hospital of Valme prove that it can cope with olive oil gastroenteritis. In an in-vitro studies it is known that the content of polyphenols in extra virgin olive oil has anti baketri to 8 Heliobacter pylori strains. Three starin them during iniresisten to antibiotics.

H.Pylory. 

The only bacteria in the acidic conditions of the stomach. The bacterial culprit of millions of cases of stomach ulcers and stomach every year. Both can lead to cancer. Research led by Romero Conseption it shows that the high content of polyphenols in olive oil even in the acidic conditions of the stomach for hours. More than half could blend in with the water phase in the stomach. The presence of these polyphenols can stem H.pylory activity which infects the stomach.

Minimize the risk of heart disease. 

The role of olive oil on cardiovascular health is evidenced by the research of EUROLIVE Studio Group.
Research involving 200 healthy men aged 20-60 years. The researchers compared the consumption of virgin olive oil high in polyphenols which olive oil distillates are low polyphenolics, and a combination of both with the polyphenol content was. Each respondent drank one type of olive oil every day for 3 weeks.
Beginning and end of testing, blood tests to measure the respondents their cholesterol levels. The result is pure olive oil consumption increases the number of
high density lipoprotein (HDL), sikolesterol well. That coupled with the ability to reduce the risk of blood clots causing heart disease.
Research shows the polyphenol content is good for heart health.

Coronary vessels into the driveway of blood and oxygen to the heart. 

The presence of bad cholesterol - LDL-causing high amounts of fat attached to the vessel wall. Blood flow and oxygen is blocked, coronary heart attack be. Consumption of olive oil to unclog it.

Minimize the risk of cancer. 

This is consistent with a study conducted by Harold L. Newmark of Strang Cancer Research Laboratory, The Rockefeller University, New York. Harold watched Greek women who consume lots of oil zaitu as 40% of the total energy suppliers have a risk of breast cancer is 1/3 than the same U.S. women consume 40% fat but not from olives. A similar case is found in Spain: high consumption of olive oil to minimize breast cancer. On their initial observations showed that consuming olive oil more than once per day the risk of breast cancer dropped 25%.
From these studies revealed the fact that olive oil suppresses the growth of cancer cells. The ability because olive oil contains squalene. Squalene is a hydrocarbon tripten with good taste and light. Giving 1% squalene for 5 days demonstrated the inhibitory effect of β-hydroxy-β-methylglutaryl-CoA (HMG-CoA).
It makes the availability of farnesyl pyrophosphate (FPP) - which "feed" the cancer cells with the protein supply - is reduced. In the end the malignant cells fail to grow. In other words, act as interferon squalene reducer. That he has the ability to increase the number and activity of cell
natural killer (NK). That's what causes the cancer cells to die.
A study was also conducted at the Universitat Autonoma DeBarcelona, ​​led by Dr. Eduard Escrich, from the study also found that virgin olive oil is believed to guard the body against breast cancer.
Reduce the risk of stroke, high cholesterol and artery disease.
Inhibits blood clots and lowering blood pressure
Against oxidative stress disorder.
Maintaining liver health.
Increasing the concentration of calcium absorption intracelllular.
Prevents colitis. So, thank you for reading this article.
 Written and posted by Bambang Sunarno.  sunarnobambang86@gmail.com
author:
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DatePublished: February 12, 2014 at 18:03
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Tag ; Did You Know About Oil OLIVE, oil olive

Motor Fuel Diesel.

Motor diesel fuel commonly referred to as diesel engines (or engine compression triggers) is a motor fuel combustion that uses the heat of compression to create ignition and burning fuel that has been injected into the combustion chamber. This engine does not use spark plugs like a gasoline engine or gas engine . This machine was found in 1892 by Rudolf Diesel , who received a patent on February 23, 1893 . Diesel wants a machine to be used with a wide variety of fuels including coal dust . He show it to the Exposition Universelle ( World's Fair ) in 1900 using peanut oil ( see biodiesel ) . This machine is then rectified and perfected by Charles F. Kettering .
The diesel engine has the best thermal efficiency compared to internal combustion engines and external combustion others , because it has a very high compression ratio . Low - speed diesel engines ( as in ship engines ) can have a thermal efficiency of more than 50 % .
The diesel engine was developed in two versions -stroke and four -stroke . This machine was originally used as a substitute for the steam engine . Since the 1910s , these machines began to be used for ships and submarines , followed by locomotives , trucks , power plants , and other heavy equipment . In the 1930s , the diesel engine is used to start the car . Since then , the use of diesel engines continues to increase and according to the British Society of Motor Manufacturing and Traders , 50 % of new cars sold in the EU are diesel cars , even in France reaches 70 % .

History .

Diesel engine original made ​​in 1897 , on display in the German Museum in Munich , Germany .
Rudolf Diesel was born in Paris in 1858 as a German expatriate families .
He continued his studies at Munich Polytechnic . After graduation he worked as a refrigerator engineer , but his talents are in designing the machine . Diesel designed many heat engines , including a solar -powered air engine . In 1892 he received a patent from Germany , Switzerland , England , and the United States for his " Method of and Apparatus for Converting Heat into Work " ( Method and Apparatus for Converting Heat into Work ) . In 1893 he found a " slow - combustion engine " that first compress the air , thus raising the temperature to above the flash point , then gradually incorporate the fuel into the combustion chamber . In 1894 and 1895 he made ​​a patent in several countries for the engine he found, first in Spain (No. 16 654 ) , France (No. 243 531 ) and Belgium (No. 113 139 ) in December , 1894, Germany (No. 86 633 ) 1895 , and the United States (No. 608,845 ) in 1898 . He operates his first engine in 1897.
In Augsburg , August 10, 1893 , Rudolf Diesel created the first machine , a single -cylinder 10 - foot ( 3.0 m ) made ​​of iron with a flywheel at its base. Diesel takes 2 years to enhance the engine and in 1896 he demonstrated the other model with a theoretical efficiency of 75 % , very much when compared to the steam engine that is only 10 % . In 1898 , Diesel had become a millionaire . Homemade machine has been used to drive transportation pipelines , electric and water plants , cars , trucks , and boats , and also spread to the mining , oil fields , factories , and transportation between continents .

How does a diesel engine work .

Diagram of a thermodynamic cycle ideal diesel engine . Diesel engine working order sequence of numbers 1-4 in a clockwise direction . In cycle diesel engine , combustion occurs in a fixed pressure and discharge occurs in a fixed volume . Power generated per cycle is the area inside the line cycle .
When air is compressed its temperature will increase (as stated by Charles Law), diesel engines use these properties for the combustion process . Air is sucked into the combustion chamber diesel engine and compressed by a piston that is docked , a much higher compression ratio than gasoline engines . Moments before the piston at Top Dead Point position (TDC) or BTDC  Before Top Dead Center), diesel fuel is injected into the combustion chamber under high pressure through a nozzle that mixes with the hot air of high pressure . The result of this mixing lit and burn rapidly . Spraying fuel into the combustion chamber when the piston started approaching ( very close ) TMA to avoid detonation . Spraying fuel directly into the combustion chamber above the piston is called direct injection ( direct injection ) while spraying fuel into a special chamber that relate directly to the main combustion chamber where the piston is called indirect injection ( indirect injection ) .
This led to a gas explosion in a closed combustion chamber expands rapidly , pushing the piston down and produces a linear force . Connecting rod ( connecting rod ) to channel this movement to the crankshaft and the crankshaft by a linear power was converted into rotary power . Turn the power on the shaft end of the crankshaft used for various purposes .

To improve the ability of diesel engines , generally added components :

* The turbocharger or supercharger to increase the volume of air entering the combustion chamber due to air entering the combustion chamber is driven by a turbine in the turbo / supercharger .
* Intercooler to cool the air that will enter the combustion chamber . Hot air expands in volume and vice versa , then the cooled air that aims to occupy the combustion chamber can be much more .
The diesel engine is hard to live on when the engine in cold conditions . Some machines use a small electronic heater called a spark lit ( spark / glow plug ) in the cylinder to heat the combustion chamber prior to ignition . Others use the heating " resistive grid " in the " intake manifold " to warm the inlet air until the engine reaches operating temperature . After operating the engine fuel combustion in the cylinder effectively heat up the engine .
In very cold weather , diesel fuel thickens and increases the viscosity and forms wax crystals or a gel . It can affect the fuel system from the tank to the nozzle , making ignition engine in cold weather becomes difficult . How common is used to heat the fuel filter and fuel lines electronically .
For the application of an electric generator , an important component of the diesel engine is the governor , which controls the supply of fuel that the engine turns round always desired . If the engine rev down too much power quality issued will decrease so that electrical equipment may not work properly , whereas if the engine rev too high, it can lead to over- voltage that could damage electrical equipment . Modern diesel engines use advanced electronic control to achieve this goal through electronic control module ( ECM ) or electronic control unit ( ECU ) - which is the " computer " in the machine . ECM / ECU receives engine speed signals through sensors and algorithms and calibration look up table stored in the ECM / ECU , it controls the amount of fuel and time through electronic or hydraulic actuators to adjust the engine speed .

Types of diesel engines .

There are two classes of diesel engines : two -stroke and four -stroke .
Usually the number of cylinders in multiples of two , although any number of cylinders can be used for the crankshaft can be balanced to prevent excessive vibration . Inline 6 engines most widely produced in the medium - duty engines for heavy-duty , though the V8 and inline 4 is also widely produced .
The diesel engine works with compressed air high enough , so that the large diesel engines need to be added some more air . Then used supercharger or turbocharger to the intake manifold , with the aim of meeting the needs of compressed air .

Advantages and disadvantages compared with spark - ignition engines .

Fuel efficiency .

S80ME - C7 engine owned MAN diesel engine consumes 155 grams ( 5.5 oz ) per kWh and fuel efficiency of 54.4 % , making it the highest conversion of fuel into power for internal combustion engines as well as any outside ( The efficiency of a combined cycle gas turbine system can exceed 60 % . this means that diesel engines are more efficient than gasoline engines for the same power output , so that more efficient fuel consumption . another example is the Škoda Octavia , where the gasoline engine consumes fuel Template : Convert/L/100km for energy Template : Convert / LinAonDbSon while the diesel engine consumes only Template : Convert/L/100km for power output 105 bhp ( 78 kW ) .
Efficiency of diesel engines is because diesel fuel is denser and more energy content of 15% by volume . Although slightly lower calorific value than gasoline ( diesel 45.3 MJ / kg ( megajoules per kilogram , gasoline 45.8 MJ / kg ) , but due to the higher density , the greater its mass .
In addition , diesel engines are also more efficient because of the higher compression ratio , especially at low speed and idle engine conditions . Unlike gasoline engines , diesel engines do not have the butterfly valve / throttle on the inlet system that shuts down the engine at idle condition . This has led to a loss and decrease the presence of incoming air , thus decreasing the efficiency of gasoline engines . In many uses , such as marine vessels , agricultural , and trains , diesel engines left on idle for hours . Profit-making is widely used in railway locomotives.
Diesel engines in buses , trucks , cars and new diesel engine can achieve maximum efficiency of about 45 % , and is enhanced so as to achieve 55 % . Even so , the average efficiency is not always the same , depending on the condition and use.

Differences diesel and petrol motors: 

Gas is sucked in step motor gasoline is a mixture of fuel and air , while the diesel engine is pure air .
Motor gasoline fuel burned by the spark plugs, while the diesel motor by high-temperature compression.
Motor gasoline spark-ignition engine, while the diesel injector (Nozzel)

Advantages and disadvantages between petrol and diesel motors; 

Excess. 

Vibration motor gasoline is more refined and the same size and capacity of the engine is lighter gasoline

Shortage. 

Motor gasoline not stand working continuously for a long time while the diesel opposite the rugged terrain
Motor gasoline sensitive to high temperatures, especially the ignition system components,
while the diesel motor stand working at high temperatures.
Gasoline motor fuel must be of good quality because it is sensitive to fuel, unlike the diesel engine can use fuel most of the different types and quality.
Both petrol and diesel motors both both work with the 4-stroke and 2-stroke, 4-stroke engine which is the motor that works every single time its fuel combustion piston step requires 4 times or 2 times the rotation of the crankshaft.

So , thank you for reading this article . Written and posted by Bambang Sunarno. 

sunarnobambang86@gmail.com
author:
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name: Bambang Sunarno.
http://primadonablog.blogspot.com/2014/02/motor-fuel-diesel.html
DatePublished: February 12, 2014 at 15:57

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Tag ; Motor Fuel Diesel, diesel motors

Best weapon.

Newest Weapon in the World has ever created and used during World War I and II. Various types of guns / rifles best and most advanced in the world to date, the accuracy and effectiveness to spew bullets.
Some of the best weapons in the world are legendary and still in use today;

AK-47. 

With a production of more than 75 million around the world, the AK-47 (aka, "Kalashnikov") is a legendary firearms that may give the most lethal damage than the whole of any firearm.
Made with the same design with StG.44, AK-47 bullets filled with 7.62 mm and is made of parts assembled. AK-47 is not only easy to produce and cheap, but also easy to maintain and "immune" to conditions that could damage other weapons. The fit is not too good, but the AK-47 replaced it with the ability to release the deadly attack.
Type: Semi or Fully Automatic Assault Rifle
Country of Origin: Soviet Union
Caliber: 7.62 x 39 mm (.30 inch) Cartridge Capacity: 30 rounds Muzzle Velocity: 2,329 feet per second
Rate of Fire: 600 rounds per minute

M16. 

Although it takes time to overcome the problem of congestion during practice rifle fighting in early 1960, the M16 proved reliability passing accuracy, handling, time use, and effectiveness in the war.
M16 rifle satisfying U.S. military officials to develop a lightweight assault rifle to replace the M1 and M14. Its innovative features include a mixture of plastic and lightweight metal, reload system (reloaded) is easy and the use of 5.56mm caliber bullets.

Type: Semi or Fully Automatic Assault Rifle
Country of Origin: United States
Caliber: 5:56 x 45 mm (.223 inch)
Cartridge Capacity: 20-30 rounds
Muzzle Velocity: Approximately 3,281 feet per second
Rate of Fire: 700-950 rounds per minute

Lee-Enfield SMLE. 

UK standard infantry rifle of World War I to the Suez crisis, Lee-Enfield SMLE build a reputation of accuracy, reliability, as well as the number of shots per minute is phenomenal. The magazine carries 10 rounds, the highest number of any gun in 50 years of the early 20th century.
Bolt action was cocked when closing, and the head of the barrel to prevent dust and dirt into the rifle. In the hands of well-trained soldiers, Lee-Enfield could perform what is called a "mad minute" ie, 30 bullets to shoot targets at a distance of 200 meters in one minute. The number of shots that rival modern semi-automatic rifles.
Type: Bolt-Action Rifle
Country of Origin: United Kingdom
Caliber: 7.7 x 56 mm (.30 inch)
Cartridge Capacity: 10 rounds
Muzzle Velocity: approximately 2,438 feet per second
Rate of Fire: 15-20 rounds per minute

M1 Garand.

Adopted by the NII in the U.S. armed forces in 1936, the M1 Garand rifle proved to be a formidable 5 years later. General Patton said at the end of World War II M1 Garand is the most powerful war machines ever created.
Although there is a bit flawed, no doubt the M1 Garand was the first semi-automatic rifle successful M1 Garand and accuracy to dominate the battlefield. More than 6 million rifles made at that time and was stopped at the end of its term in 1960.
Type: Semiautomatic Rifle
Country of Origin: United States
Caliber: 7.62 x 63 mm (.30-06 inch)
Cartridge Capacity: 8 rounds
Muzzle Velocity: Approximately 2,838 feet per second
Rate of Fire: 30 rounds per minute

FN FAL.

Inspired by StG.44, Belgian weapons factory, Fabrique Nationale (FN) FAL develop the same bullet with StG.44. But when NATO issued a standard 7.62 mm bullet needs, FN remodel design and create fillable rifle bullets and a lot stronger.
FN FAL soon became a classic weapon during the cold war, used by 50 countries despite difficult FAL fired when using full auto mode. This rifle gave good service to the Australian Army in the Vietnam war, the Israeli army during the war and used 6 days and by the UK and Argentina in the Falklands war.
Type: Semi or Fully Automatic Rifle
Country of Origin: Belgium Caliber: 7.62 x 51 mm (.30 inch) Cartridge Capacity: 20 rounds
Muzzle Velocity: Approximately 2,700 feet per second
Rate of Fire: 650-700 rounds per minute

Mauser K98k Carbine.

First produced in the late 19th century, the Mauser 98 is a perfect combination of innovation rifle held in the late 19th century: smokeless gunpowder, can be filled with magazines, and especially, the "bolt action" which became the basis of a hunting rifle on today.
The model originally used during World War 1 and produce great effects, but when Germany began re-arming in the 1930's, 98 got an upgrade that rifle made lighter and more easily targeted. Although it is inevitable that these weapons were defeated by an automatic rifle, shotgun is the best weapon to survive as all time.
Type: Bolt-Action Rifle
Country of Origin: Germany
Caliber: 7.92 x 57 mm (.30 inch)
Cartridge Capacity: 5 rounds
Muzzle Velocity: approximately 2.822 feet per second
Rate of Fire: 10-15 rounds per minute

Steyr AUG. 

Looking for more similar weapons in science fiction movies, "disabled" the most serious of the Steyr AUG is a form After scaring potential buyers introduced in 1977. In the configuration of "Bull-pup" radical, almost all of the system is behind the trigger, and the result is a weapon that is concise and easy to use.

Type: Semi or Fully Automatic Bull-Pup Assault Rifle
Country of Origin: Austria
Caliber: 5:56 x 45 mm (.22 inch)
Cartridge Capacity: 30 and 42 rounds
Muzzle Velocity: Approximately 3,084 feet per second
Rate of Fire: 650 rounds per minute

1903 Springfield.

Poor performance on the Norwegian Krag-Jorgensen rifle used in the U.S. Army Spanish American war-making weapons designers looking for more standard infantry weapon. They "borrowed" German rifle, 7mm Mauser, add a few modifications, and create a rifle that has a magazine, which is a phenomenal increase accuracy.

1903 quickly gained a reputation as an accurate firearms and powerful - the war in the woods Belleau in 1918, U.S. Marines armed with 1903 Springfield cut the enemy counterattack from a distance of 700-800 yards. This rifle continues to be used in World War II, the Korean War, even as a sniper rifle in the Vietnam war.
Type: Bolt-Action Rifle
Country of Origin: United States
Caliber: 7.62 x 63 mm (.30-06 inch)
Cartridge Capacity: 5 rounds
Muzzle Velocity: Approximately 2,700 feet per second
Rate of Fire: 10 rounds per minute

44/STG Sturmgewehr 44. 

Germany had long been at war with Russia when it became clear that German infantry armed with "bolt action Mausers" did not get a good position in the battle against Russian automatic weapons.
In response, the German arms developers come up with a revolutionary new weapon, the so-called "assault rifle / assault rifle (a direct translation of the word Sturmgewehr). The key to success lies in the weapon 7.92 mm bullet that enables automatic and effective shot. Soldiers could also carry more ammunition.
Even if his presence was too late to turn things around Germany that have been lost, but this weapon is a new innovation in its day.
Type: Semi or Fully Automatic Assault Rifle
Country of Origin: Germany
Caliber: 7.92 x 33 mm
Cartridge Capacity: 30 rounds
Muzzle Velocity: Approximately 2,133 feet per second
Rate of Fire: 500 rounds per minute

M14.

At the end of World War II, the American infantry platoon carrying 4 different weapons and also 4 different types of ammo-armed U.S. .Angkatan decided to develop a weapon that can perform multiple tasks. The result is the M14.
First used in 1957, the new weapon is accurate has "stopping power" is good with NATO standard 7.62mm bullets. used on a large scale in Vietnam, the soldiers liked the power and accuracy but is problematic with heavy weapons and ammunition. Before long, this gun was replaced with a lighter M16. But some still wear the forefront, especially for the sniper rifle.
Type: Semi or Fully Automatic Rifle
Caliber: 7.62 x 51 mm (.30 inch)
Muzzle Velocity: Approximately 2,799 feet per second
Rate of Fire: 700-750 rounds per minute.
So, thank you for reading this article. Written and posted by Bambang Sunarno.
sunarnobambang86@gmail.com
author:
http://schema.org/Personal.
https://plus.google.com/105319704331231770941.
name: Bambang Sunarno.
http://primadonablog.blogspot.com/2014/02/best-weapon.html
DatePublished: February 12, 2014 at 15:07
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Tag ; Best weapon.

Puppet show.

Many thought that the art of puppet show originated from India. However, the introduction of the book puppet show prototype in West Java, R. Gunawan Djajakusumah dispute this. According to his original puppet is developed culture of Indonesian society. It may be inside there acculturation with other cultural influences.
Puppet comes from the words "wad an hyang". That is ancestral. But there is also the income is from the word "boyangan", those with incomes that puppets are from India, seems to see the story of the origin of the story that is taking comes from the Ramayana and Mahabharata Hindu scriptures, but subsequent stories were modified and adapted to Javanese culture.
The presence of a puppet can not be separated from the puppet is a puppet for the development of puppet. However, Salmun (1986) mentions that in the year 1583 AD Sunan Kudus make puppets out of wood which was then called the puppet show to be staged during the day. Correspondingly Ismunandar (1988) mentions that in the early 16th century Sunan Kudus make puppet prototype building number 7 pieces with interesting interesting story accompanied by gamelan (music) salendro. The show was performed at noon. This puppet does not require color. The shape resembles a doll made of wood, instead of leather as well as leather puppets. So like a puppet therefore referred to as a puppet show.
At first the puppet show is told in the story banner and puppet puppet show called aristocrat. It is said that this puppet show since Queen Cicin Panembahan Sunan Gunungjati (1540-1640). There Cirebon area called papak puppet or puppet crew cut because the shape of his head flat. Prince Girilaya pda era (1650-1662) smacking puppet comes with a story taken from the chronicle and the history of the land of Java. The play-time lokn brought it revolves around the spread of Islam. Furthermore, puppet show with the play of the Ramayana and Mahabharata (prototype puppet) who was born in 1840 (Sumatri, 1988).
Nativity puppet show initiated by Dalem Karangayar (Wiranta Koesoemah III) at the end of his term. At that time Dalem ordered Ki Darman (handyman painting puppet from Tegal) living in Cibiru Ujungberung to make puppets out of wood. Puppet who made the original form of flat-shaped and patterned on the puppet.
However, on further developments at the instigation of In Ki Darman make the puppet show is not much different from the puppet show now. In the Priangan itself known in the early 19th century. Introduction to the Sundanese people puppet is possible since the opening of Daendels highway that connects coastal areas with mountainous Priangan. Originally puppet show in Priangan using the Java language, but after a clever puppet Sundanese language used is the language.
Puppet made of Albasiah or lame. How to make it is to whittle and carve it, so as to resemble the desired shape. To color and draw eyes, eyebrows, lips and head puppet motif, used paint duko. This Cat puppet becomes brighter. Staining puppet is an important part because it can produce a wide range of character figures. The basic colors used in the puppet there 4 are: red, white, prada, and black.
Puppet show as an art does not only contain the aesthetic value alone, but includes the whole range of values ​​contained in the supporting community. The values ​​were socialized by the artists and artists who developed a code of conduct puppetry puppetry. Code of Conduct puppetry is called "Sapta please honor the artists of West Java puppetry artist". The formulation of a code of conduct is the result of deliberation puppetry artists puppetry artist on December 28, 1964 in London Ferbuari.

Gallery  ;

So, thank you for reading this article. Written and posted by Bambang Sunarno.
sunarnobambang86@gmail.com
author:
http://schema.org/Personal.
https://plus.google.com/105319704331231770941.
name: Bambang Sunarno.
http://primadonablog.blogspot.com/2014/02/puppet-show.html
DatePublished: February 12, 2014 at 13:56
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Tag ; Wayang golek.