Puppet history.

PUPPET one peak arts and culture of Indonesia's most prominent among many other cultural works. Culture puppets include acting, singing, music, speech arts, literary arts, painting, sculpture, and art is also symbolic. Puppet culture, which continues to evolve over time, is also a lighting media, propaganda, education, entertainment, philosophical understanding, as well as entertainment.
According to research by historians of culture, culture is a culture of wayang native to Indonesia, particularly in Java. The existence puppet centuries before the Hindu religion entering into Java. Although a popular puppet story in today's society is an adaptation of Indian literature, the Ramayana and Mahabharata. The second story was the puppet master undergo much alteration and additions to adapt them to the original philosophy of Indonesia.
Redefining the concept of philosophy is also about the philosophical view of the Java community to the position of the gods in the puppet. The gods in the puppet is no longer something that is free from wrong, but like the other God's creatures, sometimes acting wrong, and it could be a blunder. The presence of puppet characters created intentionally punakawan dalam_ the humanists Indonesian (Javanese cultural exact) to reinforce the concept of philosophy that in this world there is no creature that is really good, and really nasty. Each creature is always bearing elements of good and evil.
In his dissertation titled Bijdrage tot de Kennis van het Javaansche Tooneel (1897), Dutch cultural historian Dr. GA.J. Hazeau indicates his belief that the puppet is a native Java performance. Understanding puppet in the dissertation of Dr.. Hazeau it is walulang inukir (carved leather) and seen its shadow on the screen. Thus, the question of course is a puppet Puppet as we know it today.

Origin.

Regarding the origins of this puppet, in the world there are two opinions. First, the idea that puppets originated and was first born on the island of Java, precisely in East Java. This opinion besides embraced and advanced by researchers and experts in the nation of Indonesia, is also the result of research scholars of the West. Among Western scholars belonging to this group, is Hazeau, Brandes, Kats, Rentse, and Kruyt.
The reason they are strong enough. Among other things, that the art of puppet is very closely related to socio-cultural and religious state of the Indonesian people, especially the Javanese. Panakawan, the most important figures in the puppet, that Semar, Gareng, Petruk, Bagong, there is only the Indonesian wayang, and not in other countries. In addition, names and technical terms puppet, all derived from the Javanese (Kuna), and no other language.
Meanwhile, a second opinion suspected puppets from India, brought together by the Hindu religion to Indonesia. They include Pischel, Hidding, Krom, Poensen, Goslings, and Rassers. Most of this second group is the British scholar, the European country that once colonized India.
However, since the 1950s, the books seemed to have agreed that the puppet puppet is derived from Java, and in no way are imported from other countries.
Puppet culture in Indonesia is estimated to have been born at least in the reign of King Airlangga, king Kahuripan (976 -1012), ie, when the kingdom in East Java that was prosperous prosperous. Literary works are the subject of puppet stories have been written by the poets of Indonesia, since the X. century Among other things, the draft language literature Kakawin Book of Old Javanese Ramayana written during the reign of King Dyah Balitung (989-910), which is the composition of the Book of the Ramayana written by Indian poet Valmiki. Furthermore, the Javanese poet no longer just translating the Ramayana and Mahabharata into Old Javanese language, but compose and retelling the Java philosophy by incorporating into it. For example, the work of master Kanwa Arjunawiwaha Kakawin, which is a composition that is orphaned on the Book of Mahabharata. Another more obvious composition difference derigan Indian version of the original story, is the work of master Kakawin Baratayuda Sedah and master Panuluh. This masterpiece is done during the reign of King Jayabaya, king of Kediri (1130-1160).
Puppet as a performance and spectacle had already started there since the reign of King Airlangga. Some inscriptions were made at that time, among others already mentioned the words "mawayang 'and` aringgit' which means that the puppet show.
Regarding the birth culture puppets, Ir. Sri Mulyono in his symbolism and mysticism in the Puppet (1979), estimates that the puppet has existed since Neolithic times, that is approximately 1,500 years before Christ. His opinion was based on the writings of Robert von Heine-Geldern Ph.. D, Prehistoric Research in the Netherland Indies (1945) and Prof. writing. K.A.H. Hidding in Indonesian Encyclopedia page 987.
The word `puppet 'probably derived from the word` wewayangan', which means shadow. This conjecture is consistent with the fact the Wayang Kulit performances that uses color, a piece of cloth, as a barrier between the puppeteer who plays the puppet, and the audience behind the curtain. Spectators only witness puppet movements through the shadows that fall on the screen. At that time puppet performances accompanied only by a simple set of gamelan consist of saron, he argued (a type of flute), and kemanak. Other types of gamelan and singer at that time thought to not exist.
To further promote the culture of puppets, since the early days of the Majapahit Kingdom introduced another puppet story that is not orphaned in the Book of the Ramayana and Mahabharata. Since then Panji stories; namely the story of the ancestral kings of Majapahit, was introduced as one form another puppet. Panji stories are then more widely used for Wayang Beber.
Popularize the tradition of puppet story also forwarded by some Islamic scholars, among them by the Wali Sanga. They began mewayangkan story of the king of Majapahit, among Damarwulan story.
Introduction of Islam to Indonesia since the 15th century was also a big influence on the culture of puppets, especially the religious concept of the philosophy of the puppet. In the early 15th century, the age of the kingdom of Demak, began to use specially shaped oil lamps called blencong on Wayang Kulit performances.
Since the days of Kartasura, composing wayang Ramayana and Mahabharata orphaned at getting away from the original. Since the days that people recognize genealogy enthusiasts puppet puppet characters, including gods figure, which originated from the Prophet Adam. The genealogy continues to come to the kings of Java. And furthermore, becoming known existence of puppet stories grip anyway. appropriate standards of the story, and the story lines beyond puppet carangan standard. Additionally there's more drama called splinter, which was too far out of the story grip.
Indeed, because the strength of puppet art is rooted in the culture of Indonesia, so there was some confusion between the wayang stories, legends, and history. If the Indians think that the story of Mahabharata and Ramayana actually occurred in the country, regarded Javanese wayang story actually happened in the island of Java.
And in the area of ​​Kulon Progo itself puppet is still very interested by all circles. Not only by parents, but also teenagers and even young children have also been used to see the puppet show. Besides, the puppet also commonly used in certain events in the area of ​​Kulon Progo, both in urban areas or in rural areas Wates in Kulon Progo.

DEFINITIONS PUPPET. 

In the Java language, the word wayang means "shadow". If the terms of the philosophical meaning, "puppet" can be interpreted as a shadow or a reflection of the existing properties of the human soul. The properties in question include such insolence character, virtues, greedy, and so forth.
The play is performed by a puppeteer who is assisted by several gamelan players and one or two people waranggana as vocalist. Mastermind function here is to set the course of the show as a whole. Mastermind leads all performances for the yield component stories presented in the groove.

Variety Puppet.

Regarding the type of puppet that is recognized by the Java community, it turns out there are several types of puppets, include; Wayang Kulit (purwa), klithik Puppet, Marionette Puppet, Wayang Beber, Puppet and Puppet Suket.

Wayang Kulit. 

As the name implies, shadow puppets made from animal skins (such as buffalo, oxen, or goats). Puppet is used to demonstrate the play-play or story from Chronicle purwa, namely the Mahabharata and Ramayana. Therefore puppet called by the name Purwa. Until now puppet show, as well as a means of entertainment, is also one part of the traditional ceremonies, such as: clean village, ruwatan and others.

Puppet klithik 

Klithik puppets made of wood with two-dimensional (flat) which is nearing puppet form. There are similarities between the klithik puppet shadow play, namely the gamelan, vocalist, the language used in the dialogue, design flooring, lighting equipment used in the show and others. Nevertheless, we encounter many differences.
Klithik puppet show generally only serves as a common spectacle sometimes inserted therein enlightened government (for extension development). To that end, the puppet klithik sometimes called by the name puppet torches. Setting the stage a little bit different with shadow puppets. Puppet klithik though the floor design in the form of a straight line, but do not use the screen. To stick puppet, used bamboo perforated.

Puppet show 

As is the case with klithik puppet, puppet show is also made of wood. But the puppet show has three dimensions (like a puppet). Marionette Puppet is more realistic than the puppet and puppet klithik. Because, besides its shape resembles the shape of a human body, puppet also comes with costumes made of fabric. Puppet show in addition to the usual spectacle, is still often performed as a ceremonial village clean. The play that was exhibited comes from the Chronicle Menak, namely the history of Arabia before the birth of Prophet Muhammad

Wayang Beber.

Wayang Beber is the art of puppet that appeared and developed in Java. Named for a puppet Beber sheets (beberan) are shaped into characters in wayang story, both the Mahabharata and Ramayana.
It is said by the Wali Songo (propagator of Islam in Java), including the Sunan Kalidjaga, this modified Beber puppet shadow play with the shapes into forms that are now known ornamental. Because Islam forbids images form living beings (humans, animals) as well as sculptures and given additional figures that do not exist in baboons wayang (puppet with original figures of India), which are Semar and his sons (Punakawan) and Heritage Hyang Kalimasada.

Gallery; 

So, thank you for reading this article.  Written and posted by Bambang Sunarno.
sunarnobambang86@gmail.com
author:
http://schema.org/Personal.
https://plus.google.com/105319704331231770941.
name: Bambang Sunarno.
http://primadonablog.blogspot.com/2014/02/puppet-history.html
DatePublished: February 12, 2014 at 12:55
7MHPNPADAEFW
Tag ; Puppet history, wayang kulit, wayang.

Did You Know About Gold Mine.

Gold mines in Indonesia and How The waste processing.
Indonesia has a wide range of minerals contained in the various regions. Petroleum, natural gas, gold, coal, iron ore, and asphalt are the types of materials owned by the Indonesian mines. One type of material that is pretty much mine and spread availability in Indonesia is gold. Gold is one type of mineral that has a very high economic value. Gold is almost marketed and traded in almost all mineral trading markets around the world. The investment value of gold increases every trade gold occurs in large enough quantities. In fact, if seen further, gold in the form of foreign exchange contributed greatly to the gold exporting countries.
Gold is not in the ground deep enough layer of the earth's surface or the surface of the soil. It could be said that this type of mining is located on the surface of the soil, watersheds containing mineral deposits, even in an area downstream end of the river water flow direction may be a gathering place for the direction of the flow of several rivers that carry sediments minerals. Gold is a mineral that has many benefits. This mineral can be used as an introduction conductor of heat in some kind of electronic device. However, the main utility of gold is as a form of necklace jewelry, gold, rings, and so forth. So, in outline, gold has many benefits to human life.
To get the gold which is located at ground level or are located in the watershed is not too difficult. His search using only simple tools. Search techniques and the processing of waste is very simple. However, to get the gold in soil layers with a certain depth, prospecting should be used technological tools and search techniques are quite difficult. Survey location is one of the initial activities needed to determine the amount of available gold, gold position or location, and depth of gold from the ground. Areas that have a lot of availability of gold of course should be the basis or source of waste processing search results and gold exploration. Regions is then a gold mining areas which may be nature and the environment can be damaged due to the gold mining activities.
The gold processing in addition to advantageous also can give some negative effects. In addition to excessive nature exploration, gold mining and processing of gold will produce waste that can pollute the environment. The case of waste pollution due to gold mining occurred in the waters of one Buyat Beach. Allegations of heavy metal pollution in coastal waters Buyat as solid waste disposal (tailings) should not be the case, if the waste before disposal processing performed first. Waste treatment aims to reduce the levels to a minimum if possible even totally eliminate toxic substances contained in the waste before the waste is disposed. Although the rules and procedures for the disposal of toxic waste have been set by the Government in this case the Ministry of Environment, but in practice the field, there are still many pollution due to industrial waste. Perhaps the lack of supervisory personnel in addition to the sewage treatment process usually requires a considerable cost. Heavy metal is a metal that is large relative atomic mass, group these metals have a very important role in industrial example: Cadmium Cd batery used for materials that can be recharged. Chromium Cr for brilliant color giver or verkrom in tooling of metal. Cobalt Co to strong magnetic material on the loudspeaker or microphone. Cu for copper electrical wire. Ni nickel for stainless steel or stainless steel. Lead Pb for materials or Accu battery on the car. Zinc Zn coatings for cans. Mercury Hg dissolves the gold so much used to separate gold from a mixture with the ground, and the thermometer fillers and many more uses heavy metals that I may not mention all of them here. Just a pity so many potential uses in addition, heavy metals group is highly toxic eg Hg, Cd and Pb Cr and others. Plus accumulative nature in the human body, which after these heavy metals into the human body, usually through contaminated food heavy metals. These heavy metals can not be removed again by the body so that the longer the amount will increase. If the new numbers have been fairly large negative effect on health is beginning to look, usually these heavy metals accumulate in the brain, nerve, heart, liver, kidneys that can cause damage to the tissues they occupy. The spread of heavy metals in the soil, or air peraian through various things, for example, direct disposal of industrial wastes, either solid or liquid wastes, but can also be through the air as much as any industry that burns waste and dispose of combustion products into the air without any treatment first. Many people assume that by burning the toxic waste will be lost, when in fact we are just moving and spreading the toxic waste into the air. Pollution in this way is more dangerous because the air is more dynamic so that the resulting impact will also be more extensive and far more difficult to clean the air.
Waste processing technology with Phytoremediasi system, using plants as a means of processing contaminants. In solid or liquid waste to be processed, planted with certain crops can absorb, accumulate, degrade certain pollutants contained in the waste. Many terms are given in the system in accordance with the mechanisms involved in the process. For example: Phytostabilization, ie pollutants in the soil stabilized by the influence of the plant, Phytostimulation: destruction of pollutants stimulate plant roots with the aid of rhizosphere bacteria, Phytodegradation, which degrade plant pollutants with or without saving it on the leaves, stems or roots for a while, Phytoextraction, namely pollutants accumulate in the tissues of plants, especially leaves, Phytovolatilization, ie pollutants by plants is converted into volatile compounds that can be released into the air, and Rhizofiltration, the pollutants are taken out of the water by the roots of plants in hydroponic systems.
The process of remediation of pollutants from soil or water occurs because certain plants can release substances that carriers usually a chelating compounds, proteins, glucosides that serve specific binding pollutants are then collected in the plant tissue, for example on the leaves or roots. The advantages of such phytoremediasi system is low cost and can be done there, but the drawback is that it takes such a long and fertilizer required to maintain the fertility of crops, root crops are usually short so it can not reach the deep soil. The thing to remember is that once harvested, the plants are likely to still contain toxic pollutants must be addressed. So, thank you for reading this article.
Written and posted by Bambang Sunarno. sunarnobambang86@gmail.com
author:
http://schema.org/Personal.
https://plus.google.com/105319704331231770941.
name: Bambang Sunarno.
http://primadonablog.blogspot.com/2014/02/did-you-know-about-gold-mine.html
DatePublished: February 12, 2014 at 11:54
7MHPNPADAEFW
Tag ; Gold Mine.

Fossil.

Fossil (Latin: fossa which means "dug out of the ground") is the remains or traces of living things to stone or mineral. To be fossilized, the remains of animals or plants should be immediately covered with sediment. By distinguished experts several kinds of fossils. There's the usual stone fossils, fossils formed in amber, fossil tar, as it is formed in the La Brea tar wells in California. Animal or plant that was thought to be extinct but there was still called living fossils. The most common fossil skeleton is left as shells, teeth and bones. Fossils of soft tissues are rare. The study of fossils is paleontology, which is also a branch of science that embraced archeology.
Fossilization.
Fossilization is the process of accumulation of the remains of animals or plants that accumulate in sediments or sediments that undergo preservation either as a whole, in part or trace amounts. There are several requirements the pemfosilan among other things:
1. The organism has a hard body parts
2. Experiencing preservation
3. Free from spoilage bacteria
4. Occurs naturally
5. Contain high levels of oxygen in small amounts
6. Age more than 10,000 years ago.

Living fossils. 

The term "living fossil" is a term used of a living species that resembles a species known only from fossils. Some living fossils include fish coelacanth and ginkgo trees. Living fossils can also refer to a living species that do not have any other close species or a small group of close species that do not have other close species. An example of this last criterion is nautilus.

Place of fossil discoveries. 

Most fossils are found in sedimentary rocks (sediments) whose surface is open. Rock that contains many fossils called fosiliferus. Types of fossils contained in the rocks depending on the type of environment in which sedimentary scientifically sedimented. Marine sediments, of coastline and shallow seas, usually contains the most fossils.

The process of fossil formation. 

Fossils are formed from the process of the destruction of relics of once-living organisms. This often happens when a plant or animal is buried in an oxygen-free environment. Rare fossil preserved in its original form. In some cases, the mineral content change chemically or their remnants dissolved all so replaced with mold.

Utilization of fossils. 

Fossil is important to understand the history of the earth's sedimentary rocks. Subdivision of geologic time and compatibility with rock layers depending on the fossil. Organisms change with the passage of time and these changes are used to mark a period of time. For example, rocks containing fossil graptolites must be dated from the Paleozoic era. Geographic spread of fossils allow geologists to match the composition of rocks from other parts of the world.

Gallery  ;

Thank you for reading this article. Written and posted by Bambang Sunarno.
sunarnobambang86@gmail.com
author:
http://schema.org/Personal.
https://plus.google.com/105319704331231770941.
name: Bambang Sunarno.
http://primadonablog.blogspot.com/2014/02/fossil.html
DatePublished: February 12, 2014 at 10:32
7MHPNPADAEFW
Tag; Fossils

Did You Know About Coal.

                           

Coal is a fossil fuel. General understanding is combustible sedimentary rock, formed from organic sediments, primarily plant debris and coal are formed through the process of becoming. The main elements consist of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen.

Coal is also an organic rock that has the physical properties and chemical complex which can be found in various forms.
Elemental analysis gave the empirical formula as C137H97O9NS formula for bituminous and anthracite C240H90O4NS for.

Coal in general. 

Age of coal. 

Coal formation requires certain conditions and only occurs in certain eras in the history of geology. Carboniferous period, about 340 million years ago (Mya), is the formation of the most productive coal which almost all deposits of coal (black coal) that is economical in the northern hemisphere is formed.
In the Permian Period, about 270 Mya, also formed the coal deposits that are economical in the southern hemisphere, such as Australia, and continue up to the Tertiary Period (70-13 Mya) in a range of other hemisphere.

Coal-forming material. 

Almost all coal-forming plants. The types of plants and coal-forming age by Diessel (1981) is as follows:
Algae, from Pre-Cambrian Times to the Ordovician and single-celled. Measly
           coal deposit of this period.
Silofita, from Middle Silurian to Devon, is derived from algae. Slightly
              coal deposit of this period.
Pteridofita, age of Upper Devonian to Upper Carboniferous. The main                                        coal-forming material
                   Carbon lived in Europe and North America. Flowers and plants                              without seeds, spores multiply and grow in warm climates.
Gimnospermae, Period period ranging from Permian to Middle Cretaceous.
                          Heterosexual plants, seeds encased in fruit, such as pine,
                          contain levels of sap (resin) high. Type Pteridospermae like
                          gangamopteris and Glossopteris is the main constituent of coal
                          Permian such as in Australia, India and Africa.
Angiosperms, from the Upper Cretaceous until now. Modern plants, fruit
                       cover the seed, the male and female in one flower, less gummy
                       gimnospermae than that, in general, are less able to
                       preserved.

Mining. 

Coal mining is the mining of coal from the earth. Coal is used as fuel. Coal can also be used to make coke for steel making.
The oldest coal mines located in the Tower Colliery in the UK.

Class and type of coal. 

Based on the rate of formation process is controlled by pressure, heat and time, coal is generally divided into five classes: anthracite, bituminous, sub-bituminous, lignite and peat.
Anthracite is the highest grade of coal, with sparkling black color (luster) metallic, containing between 86% - 98% elemental carbon (C) with a water content of less than 8%.
Bituminous contains 68-86% elemental carbon (C) and the water level of 8-10% by weight. Classes most coal mined in Australia.
Sub-bituminous coal contains less carbon and more water, and therefore a source of heat is less efficient compared to bituminous.
Lignite or brown coal is very soft coal containing 35-75% water by weight.
Peat, porous and has a moisture content above 75% and the low calorific value.

Coal formation. 

The process of changing the remains of plants into peat to coal termed to coal (coalification). In summary there are two stages of the process occurs, namely;
Phase Diagenetik or Biochemistry, starting at the time of plant material deposited to form lignite. The main agents that play a role in this change process is the water content, degree of oxidation and biological disorder that can cause decay process (decomposition) of organic material and compacting and forming peat.
Metamorphic stage or Geochemistry, covers the process of change from lignite into bituminous and eventually anthracite.
Indonesian coal.
In Indonesia, coal sludge economic value contained in the Tertiary basin, which is located in the western part of the Sunda Shelf (including the island of Sumatra and Kalimantan), in general, the economic coal deposit can be classified as Eocene coal or around the Lower Tertiary, about about 45 million years ago, or about the Tertiary and Upper Miocene, about 20 million years ago according to the geological time scale.
Coal is formed from peat deposits on ancient climates around the equator is similar to the present conditions. Some of them classified as peat dome that formed above the ground water level averages on a wet climate throughout the year.
In other words, the peat dome formed under conditions where inorganic minerals carried by water can get into the system and form a layer of coal ash and low sulfur grade and locally thickened. It is very common in Miocene coal. In contrast, coal Eocene sediments are generally thin, high levels of ash and sulfur. Both age coal deposit was formed in lacustrine environments, the coastal plain or delta, similar to the area of ​​peat formation is happening right now in eastern Sumatra and Kalimantan mostly.

Eocene coal deposit. 

The precipitate was formed in extensional tectonic fabric that starts around the Lower Tertiary or Paleogene sediments in the basins in Sumatra and Kalimantan.
The Eocene extension occurred along the banks of the Sunda Shelf, from west Sulawesi, eastern Borneo, Java Sea to Sumatra. Of sedimentary rocks ever found it can be seen that the deposition took place began in the Middle Eocene. Redistricting happens to Lower Tertiary Sundaland is interpreted to be the order of the arc, which is caused mainly by the motion of the Indo-Australian Plate subduction. Original depositional environment during the Paleogene non-marine, mainly fluviatil, alluvial fan and lake deposits are shallow.
In the southeastern part of Kalimantan, coal deposition occurred around the Middle Eocene - Upper Sumatra but in a younger age, the Upper Eocene to Lower Oligocene. In central Sumatra, fluvial sediments that occur in the initial phase and then covered by lake sediments (non-marine). In contrast to what happened in the southeastern part of Borneo where fluvial sediment then covered by a layer of coal that occur on the coastal plain is covered later on it is transgressive by Upper Eocene marine sediments.
Eocene coal deposit which has been commonly known to occur in the following basins: Sand and acids (South and East), Barito (South Kalimantan), Kutai Up (Central and East Kalimantan), Melawi and Ketungau (West Kalimantan), Tarakan ( East Kalimantan), Ombilin (West Sumatra) and Central Sumatra (Riau).

Miocene coal deposit. 

In the Early Miocene, Lower Tertiary regional division - Central on the Sunda Shelf has ended. In the Oligocene to Early Miocene Kala these marine transgression occurred in broad areas in which sedimented marine clastic sediments and perselingan thick limestone sequences. Appointment and compression is a common appearance on Neogene tectonics in Borneo and Sumatra. Miocene coal deposit that is economically mainly contained in the bottom of the Kutai Basin (East Kalimantan), Barito Basin (South Kalimantan) and southern Sumatra Basin. Miocene coal also economically mined in Bengkulu Basin.
Coal is generally deposited in fluvial environments, delta and coastal regions that are similar to the current peat formation in the eastern part of Sumatra. The other main characteristic is the ash content and low sulfur. But most of the Miocene coal resources are classified as sub-bituminous or lignite thus less economical unless it is very thick (PT Adaro) or advantageous geographical location. However Miocene coal in some locations is also quite high grade deposits such as Penang and Prima (PT KPC), coal sludge around downstream Mahakam River, East Kalimantan and several locations near Tanjungenim, southern Sumatra Basin.

Coal resources. 

Potential coal resources in Indonesia is very abundant, especially on the island of Borneo and Sumatra, while in other regions can be found although coal in small amounts not yet determined and its economical, such as West Java, Central Java, Papua, and Sulawesi.
The National Geological Agency estimates that Indonesia still has 160 billion tons of coal reserves which have not been explored. The reserves are mostly located in East Kalimantan and South Sumatra. But coal exploration efforts are often hampered by the status of land mines. Areas where coal reserves are mostly located in conservation forests.
Average production of coal mines in Indonesia reached 300 million tons per year. Of that amount, about 10 percent is used for domestic energy needs, and most of the rest (90 percent) is exported to the outside.
In Indonesia, coal is the primary fuel other than diesel fuel (diesel fuel) which has been commonly used in many industries, from coal economically much more efficient than diesel, with a ratio as follows: Solar Rp 0.74 / kilocalories while coal only USD 0.09 / kilocalories, (based on the price of industrial diesel to Rp. 6.200/liter).
In terms of the quantity of coal including the most important fossil energy reserves for Indonesia. The numbers are very abundant, reaching tens of billion tons. This amount is actually sufficient to supply the electrical energy needs of up to hundreds of years into the future. Unfortunately, Indonesia is not likely burning up coal and convert it into electricity through the energetic power plant. In addition to the pollutants contaminate the environment through CO2, SO2, NOx and CxHy this way is inefficient and less high added value.
Coal should not be directly burned, will be more meaningful and efficient if it is converted into a synthetic gas, or other petrochemical materials of high economic value. Two ways are considered in this case is liquefaction (liquefaction) and gasification (sublimation) of coal.
Burning coal directly (direct burning) has been developed as a technology continue, which aims to achieve maximum combustion efficiency, combustion direct ways such as: fixed grate, chain grate, fluidized bed, pulverized, and others, each has advantages and disadvantages.

Coal gasification. 

Coal gasification is a process for converting solid coal into coal gas is flammable (combustible gases), after purification process gases is carbon monoxide (CO), carbon dioxide (CO2), hydrogen (H), methane (CH4) , and nitrogen (N2) - can be used as fuel. using only air and water vapor as the reacting gas then produce water-gas or coal gas, gasification obviously have a higher air emissions, solid waste and the lowest waste.
However, coal is not a perfect fuel. In it is bound sulfur and nitrogen, when the coal is burned these impurities are released into the air, floating in the air when these chemicals can combine with water vapor (such as fog example) and the droplets that fall to the ground as bad form sulfuric acid and nitrite, referred to as "acid rain" "acid rain". Here also there is a small mineral stains, including dirt commonly mixed with coal, these tiny particles do not burn and create dust remaining in the coal combustor, some small particles is also caught in the round of combustion gases along with water vapor, of smoke coming out of the chimney few small particles are very small par with human hair.

How to make coal clean. 

There are several ways. Examples of sulfur, sulfur is a chemical substance that is slightly yellowish in coal, in some coal found in Ohio, Pennsylvania, West Virginia and other eastern states, sulfur consists of 3 to 10% of the weight of coal, some coal found in Wyoming, Montana and the states west only about 1/100ths other sulfur (less than 1%) of the weight of coal. It is important that most of the sulfur is removed before reaching the chimney.
One way to clean coal is an easy way to break up the coal smaller chunks and wash it. Some sulfur is present as tiny specks in coal called "pyritic sulfur" because it is combined with iron into a form of iron pyrite, otherwise known as "fool's gold" can be separated from the coal. Specifically on the one-time, lump of coal put in a large tank filled with water, coal float to the surface when the sulfur impurities sink. washing facilities is called "coal preparation plants" that clean the impurities from the coal-impurities.
Not all of the sulfur can be cleaned in this way, however, the sulfur in coal is actually chemically bonded with carbon molecules, sulfur type is called "organic sulfur," and washing will not eliminate it. Several processes have been tried to mix the coal with chemicals that release sulfur molecules away from coal, but most of these processes have proven too expensive, scientists are still working to reduce the cost of the chemical leaching prose.
Most modern power plant and all facilities built after 1978 - have been required to have a special tool that is installed to dispose of sulfur from the gases of burning coal gas before it goes up the chimney. This tool is actually a "flue gas desulfurization units," but many people call "scrubbers" - because they are men-scrub (scrub) the sulfur out of the smoke released by coal-burning stove.

Disposing of NOx from coal. 

Nitrogen in general is a big part of the inhaled air, in fact 80% of air is nitrogen, normally floating nitrogen atoms bonded to each other like chemical couples, but when the air is heated as the boiler flame (3000 F = 1648 C), nitrogen atom is split and bound with oxygen, it forms as nitrogen oxides or sometimes it is referred to as NOx. NOx can also be formed from nitrogen atoms are trapped in the coal.
In the air, NOx is a pollutant that can cause a hazy brown haze sometimes seen around the big cities, as well as pollutants that form "acid rain" (acid rain), and may help the formation of something called "ground level ozone", type Other than the pollution that can make the air dirty.
One of the best ways to reduce NOx formation is avoiding of origin, some have found a way to burn coal in a burner where there is more fuel than air in the combustion chamber is the hottest. Under these conditions mostly were combined with fuel oxygen than with nitrogen. Combustion mixture is then sent to a second combustion chamber where there is a similar process repeated until all the fuel is completely burned. This concept is called "staged combustion" because coal is burned in stages. Sometimes referred to as "low-NOx burners" and has been developed so as to reduce NOx kangdungan uadara released in more than half. There is also a new technology that works like "scubbers" who clean NOx from flue gases (smoke) of coal-fired boilers. Some of these devices use special chemicals called part NOx catalysts that break down into non-polluting gases, although it is more expensive than "low-NOx burners," but can hit more than 90% NOx pollution.

World coal reserves. 

In 1996 there were estimated around one exagram (1 × 1015 kg or 1 trillion tons) of total coal that can be mined using current mining technology, an estimated half of hard coal. Energy value of all the world's coal is 290 zettajoules. With the current global consumption of 15 terawatt is, there is enough coal to provide energy for the entire world for 600 years.
British Petroleum, the Annual Report 2006, estimates that by the end of 2005, there were 909,064 million tons of coal reserves are proven world (9.236 × 1014 kg), or enough for 155 years (reserve to production ratio). This figure only proved reserves are classified, exploration drill programs by mining companies, particularly in the areas under exploration, continues to provide new reserves.
United States Department of Energy estimates that coal reserves in the United States approximately 1,081,279 million tons (9.81 × 1014 kg), which is equivalent to 4,786 BBOE (billion barrels of oil equivalent).
Thank you for reading this article. Written and posted by Bambang Sunarno.
sunarnobambang86@gmail.com
author:
http://schema.org/Personal.
https://plus.google.com/105319704331231770941.
name: Bambang Sunarno.
http://primadonablog.blogspot.com/2014/02/did-you-know-about-coal.html
DatePublished: February 11, 2014 at 19:07
7MHPNPADAEFW
Tag ; Coal.

Marijuana Queen of Australian origin.

 Overview Faces Marijuana Queen Corby.

Marijuana Queen Corby free from Kerobokan Prison, Denpasar, Bali.

Observer: Liberation Corby Sarat Political Pressure.

Parole to 20 years of prison inmates are also the queen of marijuana from Australia, Schapelle Leigh Corby continues to reap criticism. Independent Corby, the Indonesian political diplomacy showed weakness against kangaroo country.
"Indonesia is seen by many critical people do not have a bargaining possitioning with the U.S. and Australia. I do not know behind the scenes that take place in between Indonesia and Australia. What no pressure or Indonesia or not but the public will connect with geopolitical, diplomatic psikopolitik and Indonesia to Australia, "said Gun Gun when talking with Okezone, in Jakarta, Monday (02/10/2014) night.
Gun Gun explains, the issue of parole Corby became a sensitive issue because the Australian people convicted 20 years later freed could be the icon that reinforces the public perception regarding allegations of political pressure on the Aussie to Indonesia.
"Do not tell me there is some sort of political pressure Indonesia and Australia due to the fact that historically and chronologically, we do not really have much bargaining possition with Australia and America," he said.
He admits, parole will certainly reap the public disappointment in the country. It also reinforced the fact that Indonesia is too polite and tolerant of drug criminals.
"We both know Indonesia is the world's market share of the drug trade. This is no longer a matter of policy (policy) which invites the public sensitivity, because stimulannya very bad. The government must be careful, "he said.

Sense of Justice to harm Corby liberation.

Queen of marijuana, Chapelle Leigh Corby, today officially breathe free air. Autralia's citizens finally parole after previously receiving a reduced sentence.
Granting parole Corby reap many reactions due to perceived hurt sense of justice in society. Public thinks the government is weak against narcotics crimes suspect once the Australian intervention parole inmates behind this drug.
"Public response will be negative," said a member of Commission III of the House of Representatives, Dodi Reza Alex Noerdin, in Jakarta, Monday (10/02/2014).
Allegations of collusion with the Indonesian government in the liberation of the Australian-Corby-increasingly felt as a fugitive BLBI, Andrian Kiki Ariawan, delivered Australia. Not to mention the 'ripple' insistence that Corby is released fast enough.
"From the first Australian urgent Corby released. Australia When there is interference in Corby parole, dangerous, if law enforcement can intervene by others, let alone another country, state sovereignty is threatened," he said.
Because of this, he was denounced in the Corby parole law enforcement efforts 'combating' crimes narcotics. In addition, parole for Corby, will hit the spirit of law enforcement, particularly the BNN and the Police.
Dodi reminded, Indonesia has now become a 'market' main international drug trafficking. There must be a firm stance, in the fight against crime is very dangerous to the future of the next generation.
"I am firmly in the position of rejecting parole for Corby," he said.
Corby officers arrested at Ngurah Rai Airport, Depansar, Bali, in October 2004 because it was caught carrying 4.2 kg of cannabis 'premium'. On May 27, 2005, Corby was sentenced to 20 years in prison and a fine of Rp 100 million. Corby was the stronghold of the appeal. On July 20, 2005, the Denpasar District Court re-hears Corby. On October 12, 2005, by the court Corby sentence reduced to 15 years.
However, the decision of the Supreme Court, re-aggravate the Corby verdict. Institution's highest court, on January 12, 2006, by the decision of cassation reward Corby to 20 years imprisonment.
On Friday, January 7, 2014, the Minister of Law and Human Rights Amir Shamsuddin, revealed that Corby was included in the release of 1,292 prisoners will persyarat.
"I ask the government to cancel the release of Corby," said Dodi who also Wasekjen Golkar Party.

Corby Free, The People's antipathy on SBY and the Democrats.

Parole 20 years in prison convicted of marijuana smuggling case, Schapelle Leigh Corby reflects a bad precedent for the rule of law in the administration of Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono (SBY).
Policy for Corby parole if the view in terms of a criminal act is not considered to be very beautiful.
"Policy is not a problem messing around. It shows pewajahan SBY and government and indirectly SBY already taking political action. SBY is not as personal but Kemenkum government through human rights. I see the political process taken legal considerations regarding the process and then have the political variables, "said political analyst of the State Islamic University (UIN) Jakarta, Gun Gun Heryanto the Okezone, Monday (02/10/2014) night.
According to Gun Gun, SBY true in the final phase power can take the policy and political measures wiser because parole decisions against Corby could be careless SBY government policy.
"It should be much more positive and indicate whether SBY actually support the eradication of corruption and drug-drug because it massively since spread to almost all social strata. SBY should be recorded at the end of the power of a positive legacy, "he said.
He continues, whatever bad things done by SBY will also adversely affect the Democratic Party. The community he said, the more antipathy towards SBY and the party bearing the mercy of it.
"So if SBY and the Democrats now rumored negative, in the central government will also negatively impact on the image of the party and people will become antipathy to Democrats. SBY should explain clearly to the public associated with the ruling. If it has become a national issue, baseball is no harm in SBY comment on it, "he concluded.

Lawyer: Legal Problem Liberation Pure Corby, not politics.

Iskandar Nawing, Queen's attorney Marijuana Australian, Schapelle Leigh Corby, said he was happy his client is now able to breathe free air.
Alexander, when questioned by a number of journalists in Makassar, South Sulawesi, on Monday (10/02/2014), affirmed his client's parole is a pure question of law and is not associated with the two-state politics.
Although his client should remain in Indonesia for three years, but it was judged as a welcome development.
Iskandar added, Corby process to be long enough to leave the hotel without cost. Prior to parole, women who is now 36-year-old also received a pardon from President Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono in 2012, a reduction of the detention period for five years.
Not only that, during a period of detention Corby has also received remission for three years.
Corby was arrested by officers of Ngurah Rai Airport in 2004. At that time he was carrying four kilograms of marijuana to be distributed in Indonesia.
So, thank you for reading this article. Written and posted by Bambang Sunarno.
sunarnobambang86@gmail.com
author:
http://schema.org/Personal.
https://plus.google.com/105319704331231770941.
name: Bambang Sunarno.
http://primadonablog.blogspot.com/2014/02/marijuana-queen-of-australian-origin.html
DatePublished: February 11, 2014 at 15:23

7MHPNPADAEFW

Tag ; Marijuana Queen of Australian origin, corby

Eruption Mount Tangkuban Parahu.

Current status of Tangkuban Perahu volcano located in the village Cikole , Lembang , West Bandung regency , West Java , still at the level II or alert .
Since it was first issued or phreatic eruption ash on Saturday ( 5/10 ) morning , Monday ( 7/10 ) afternoon , precisely at 12:46 pm , Tangkuban Perahu volcano erupted for the fifth time .
Head of the Emergency Response Team Tangkuban Perahu Volcano Eruption Triastuti Hetty said , based on the results of monitoring and observation teams on the ground since the volcano eruption freatiknya issued first , on the second day began detected two toxic gas that comes out from the eruptive activity .
'' From the results of monitoring for gas , we get two dangerous toxic gases are detected , ie H2S and SO2 , '' said Hetty , Monday ( 7/10 ) , when found in the Volcano Observation Post Tangkuban Perahu , Cikole , Lembang .
He explained that , of the two toxic gases , SO2 , security levels already passed the threshold should be. Hetty said , should have a maximum threshold where the SO2 gas is , 2 parts per milion ( ppm ) . '' But for the SO2 gas , our team had already exceeded last measure , ie 10.1 ppm , '' he said .
Hetty explains , both toxic gases released from the phreatic eruption is very dangerous . Effects resulting from the gas if inhaled which can cause coughing up ISPA . '' Yes we detected by geochemist , strong-smelling gas . ''
Hetty explained , but not as severe as the amount of H2S gas SO2 . Finally, the amount of H2S which is recorded 4 ppm , of the maximum threshold at 10 ppm . '' For his H2S is still safe , '' he said .
He explained that , while this is an emergency response team is focusing observations around the crater of the Queen . Because, as many as five phreatic eruption that occurred , centered on the Queen Crater .
Tangkuban Perahu Volcano Observer Johan Kusuma said , for the fifth time this phreatic eruption , can not be calculated how long its duration . Not only has erupted for the fifth time , Tangkuban Perahu volcano tremor was still ongoing . Now the amount amplitude at 20 millimeters . In fact , this is already happening at the local tectonic shocks as much as four times .
Johan explained , after the eruption several times since Saturday ( 5/10 ) , when compared to the phreatic eruption that occurred last March 2013 , shows the crater hole widening . '' Yes , more to the widening hole . Radius was 30 feet. There was the possibility width is more than that, '' he said .
He said , widening crater hole that happens it shows , there is still energy stored inside . '' So there was a possibility it would be great . ''
Hetty explained , while for the fourth phreatic eruption lasted the longest when compared with the three previous eruptions . Based on seismic monitoring team , the fourth phreatic eruption occurred on Monday ( 7/10 ) at 7:02 pm . '' The duration lasts for 16 minutes , '' he said .
Hetty reveals , thin ash from the eruption of the fourth phreatic also spread to the southwest and northwest . '' Abu thin vertical height of about 300 meters from the base . '' Amplitude for the fourth eruption is 50 mm .
Meanwhile , the third phreatic eruption occurred on Sunday ( 6/10 ) yesterday . Tangkuban Perahu Volcano watchers other Mardikayanta Ilham said this eruption occurred at 21:57 pm . '' Duration is for 14 minutes and amplitude 32 mm , '' he explained .
The woman who is also a staff of Volcanology and Geological Hazard Mitigation was also added to the minimum safe distance to the entire community is encouraged , 1.5 kilometers . Distance 1.5 miles is not permissible for the community , including for traders and visitors . '' The bottom line in the radius should not be any activity , '' he said .
Nature Park Management Tangkuban Parahu any , PT GRPP , until Monday still close access visitors who wish to enter , to the crater area . This closure , has been made since the gate ticket purchase .

The photos of Mount Tangkuban Perahu .

So , thank you for reading this article . Written and posted by Bambang Sunarno.
sunarnobambang86@gmail.com
author:
http://schema.org/Personal.
https://plus.google.com/105319704331231770941.
name: Bambang Sunarno.
http://primadonablog.blogspot.com/2014/02/eruption-mount-tangkuban-parahu.html
DatePublished: February 11, 2014 at 14:18

7MHPNPADAEFW

Tag ; Eruption, Mount Tangkuban Perahu, tangkuban perahu vulcano

This volcano has erupted 68 times.

Mount Merapi (peak height of 2,968 m above sea level, as of 2006) is a volcano in the central part of Java Island and is one of the most active volcanoes in Indonesia. South side slopes are within the administrative district of Sleman, Yogyakarta Special Region, and the rest are in the region of Central Java province, namely Magelang District on the west side, Boyolali the north and east, and Klaten district on the southeast side. Forest area around the peak became Mount Merapi National Park area since 2004.
The mountain is very dangerous because according to modern records experiencing eruption (peak of activity) every two to five years and is surrounded by a very dense settlement. Since 1548, this mountain has erupted 68 times as much.
Magelang and Yogyakarta is the nearest large town, is under 30 miles from the peak. On the slopes there are settlements up to a height of 1700 m and is just four kilometers from the peak. Because of this importance, Merapi became one of sixteen volcanoes of the world including in the Decade Volcanoes project (Decade Volcanoes).

Geology. 

Mount Merapi is the youngest volcano in the series leading up to the south of Mount Unggaran. The mountain is formed due to the activity in subduction zones Indo-Australian plate under the Eurasian plate moves to cause the appearance of volcanic activity along the central part of Java Island. This current peak is not overgrown vegetation because of high volcanic activity. This peak grows in the southwest side of the summit of Mount Batulawang older.
Mount Merapi formation process has been studied and published from 1989 onwards. Berthomier, a French scholar, Merapi divides the development into four stages. The first stage is pre-Merapi (up to 400,000 years ago), which is part of Mount Bibi can still be seen on the east side of the peak of Merapi. Old Merapi stage occurs when Merapi started to form but not conical (60000-8000 years ago). The remains of this stage is Turgo Hill and Hill Plawangan in the southern part, which is formed of basaltic lava. Next is the Middle Merapi (8000 - 2000 years ago), is characterized by the formation of the high peaks, such as Mount Gajahmungkur and Batulawang, which is composed of andesite lava. Formation process in this period is characterized by lava flows, brecciation of lava, and pyroclastic. Activities have to be effusive eruptions of Merapi (melt) and explosive. Also estimated that an explosive eruption with debris material westward leaving the horseshoe morphology with a length of 7 km, a width of 1-2 miles with some hills on the western slopes. Pasarbubar crater (or Pasarbubrah) were formed during this period. Merapi peak current, peak Newer, just beginning to form about 2000 years ago. During its development, are known to occur several times an explosive eruption with VEI 4 is based on the observation layer of TEFRA.
Characteristics eruption since 1953 is the insistence of lava into the summit crater accompanied by periodic lava dome collapse and the formation of hot clouds (nuee ardente) which can slide on the slopes or vertically upward. Merapi eruption this type generally do not make a sound blast but hiss. Dome of the existing peak until 2010 was the result of a process that lasted from 1969 gas eruption.
Geologists in 2006 detected a giant space beneath Merapi containing materials such as mud that is "significantly impede earthquake vibration wave". Scientists estimate that the material is magma.
This bag is part of a magma formation formed by menghunjamnya Indo-Australian Plate under the Eurasian Plate.
Small eruptions occur every 2-3 years, and the larger about 10-15 years. Merapi eruptions big impact recorded in the year 1006 (allegations), 1786, 1822, 1872, and 1930. The eruption in 1006 made the whole central part of Java island shrouded in gray, based on observations of volcanic ash heap. Dutch geologist, van Bemmelen, theorized that the eruption caused the central Medang Kingdom (Ancient Mataram) should be moved to East Java. The eruption in 1872 was considered as the most powerful eruptions in the geological record VEI scale modern reaches 3 to 4. Recent eruption, in 2010, is also expected to have power close to or equal. The eruption of 1930, which destroyed the village and killed thirteen people in 1400, is the biggest victim of the eruption of the record until now.
November 1994 eruption causes heat clouds glide down to reach some villages and claimed 60 human soul. July 19, 1998 eruption big enough but pointing up so it does not take casualties. Note the last eruption of this mountain was in 2001-2003 in the form of high activity are ongoing. In 2006 Mount Merapi high activity and volunteers could take two lives in the area exposed to the brunt of Kaliadem as heat clouds. The series of eruptions in October and November 2010 were evaluated as the largest since the eruption in 1872  and claimed the lives of 273 people (as of 17 November 2010), although it has been put in place an intensive observation and preparation for evacuation management. The eruption of 2010 was also observed as a deviation from the eruption "Merapi-type" because it is accompanied by the sound of explosions and explosive roar heard up to a distance of 20-30 km.
The mountain is monitored non-stop by the Whale Center of Mount Merapi in Yogyakarta City, assisted by various geophysical instrument telemetry around the top of the mountain as well as a number of visual observation post and recording seismicity in Ngepos (Srumbung), Babadan, and Ground.

Eruption of 2006. 

In April and May 2006, signs began to emerge that Merapi will erupt again, marked by earthquakes and deformation. Government of Central Java and Yogyakarta has prepared evacuation efforts. Instructions have also been issued by both the local government so that residents living near Merapi immediately evacuate to places that have been provided.
On May 15, 2006 finally Merapi erupted. Then on June 4, it was reported that the volcanic activity has exceeded the alert status. BPPTK head of Yogyakarta, Ratdomo Purbo explained that around June 2 to 4 volumes of lava dome of Merapi has reached 4 million cubic meters - meaning that the lava dome has met all of the capacity of Merapi lava bursts so that the latest addition would be straight out of the dome of Merapi.
June 1, Rain of volcanic ash from Mount Merapi Hot clouds glide dense, three occurred in recent days and Magelang Magelang regency, Central Java. Muntilan about 14 kilometers from the peak of Merapi, most feel the ash rain.
June 8, Mount Merapi erupted at 9:03 pm with a blast of heat clouds that made thousands of people on the slopes of Mount Merapi area panicked and tried to escape to safety. Today recorded two eruptions of Merapi, a second eruption occurred at around 9:40 pm. Bursts of hot clouds as far as 5 km upstream leads to Gendol (southern slopes) and partially burned forest area in north Kaliadem in Sleman.

Eruption of 2010. 

The main article for this section are: Mount Merapi Eruption 2010
Improving the status of "normal active" to "alert" on September 20, 2010 recommended by the Center for Volcano Investigation and Technology Development (BPPTK) Yogyakarta. After about a month, on October 21, the status changed to "standby" since 18:00 pm. At this level of displacement activity had to be prepared. Due to increasing activity, indicated by the high frequency of earthquakes and volcanic earthquakes multiphase, since 06.00 pm October 25 BPPTK tangggal Yogyakarta recommends an increase in status of Mount Merapi to be "alert" and all the inhabitants of the area within a radius of 10 km from the summit to be evacuated and evacuated to areas safe.
The first eruption occurred at around 17:02 pm on October 26. At least eruptions occur up to three times. The eruption of volcanic material as high as approximately 1.5 miles and accompanied the release of heat clouds that hit Kaliadem, Kepuharjo Village, Cangkringan, Sleman and cost the lives of 43 people, plus a baby who died because of Magelang respiratory distress.
Since then began to vomit hot clouds occur irregularly. Starting October 28, the Mount Merapi spewed lava which appeared almost simultaneously with the release of heat clouds at 19:54 pm. Next start hotspots silence was observed at the peak on November 1, marks a new phase that magma has reached the pit crater.
However, different from the usual Merapi character, rather than the formation of a new lava dome, instead what happens is the increased activity bursts of lava and heat clouds since Nov. 3. Explosive eruptions preceded a major eruption on the morning of Thursday, November 4, 2010, resulting in a column of cloud bursts as high as 4 km and hot clouds in different directions at the foot of Merapi. Furthermore, since about three o'clock in the afternoon eruption that will not cease until the evening and reached its peak in the early hours of Friday, November 5, 2010. Towards the middle of the night, for all the danger radius was enlarged to 20 km from the summit. The series of eruptions and a roar heard up to the city of Yogyakarta (a distance of about 27 km from the summit), Magelang and Wonosobo regency center (distance 50 km). Rain gravel and sand reach the northern part of the city of Yogyakarta, while the thick volcanic ash swept up Purwokerto and Cilacap. In the afternoon, volcanic ash is known to have reached Tasikmalaya, Bandung and Bogor.
Secondary hazards such as cold lava flow threatened the lower region on November 4 after heavy rain around the peak of Merapi. On November 5, Code River in Yogyakarta declared area status "alert" (red alert).
Powerful eruption 5 November followed by high activity for about a week, before then there was a slight decrease in activity, but the security status remains "Caution". On November 15, 2010 to limit the danger radius of Magelang Regency reduced to 15 km and for two other districts of Central Java to 10 km. Just for the District. Sleman who still remain in place 20 km radius danger.

Vegetation. 

At the peak of Mount Merapi never overgrown vegetation due to high activity. Plant species at the top of a typical alpine-type mountains of Java, such as Rhododendron and edeweis Java. Somewhat to the bottom of the bamboo forests and mountains of tropical plants.
Slopes of Merapi, especially below 1,000 m, is the hometown of two national superior salak cultivars, namely bark 'Salak' and 'Nglumut'.

Climbing route. 

Mount Merapi is a popular climbing objects. because this mountain is a mountain that is very fascinating. The most common climbing route is via the side and near north of Selo, Boyolali, Central Java, exactly in the Village Tlogolele. The village is located between Mount Merapi and Mount Merbabu. Climbing through Selo takes about five hours to the summit.
Another popular path is through the Ground, Pakem District, Sleman District, Yogyakarta on the south side. This path is more steep and takes about 6-7 hours to the summit. Another alternative pathway is through the northwest side, starting from Sawangan, Magelang regency, Central Java, and through the southeast side, from the direction of Deles, Kemalang Subdistrict, Klaten regency, Central Java.

After photographs of Mount Merapi erupts. 

So, thank you for reading this article. Written and posted by Bambang Sunarno.
sunarnobambang86@gmail.com
author:
http://schema.org/Personal.
https://plus.google.com/105319704331231770941.
name: Bambang Sunarno.
http://primadonablog.blogspot.com/2014/02/this-volcano-has-erupted-68-times.html
DatePublished: February 11, 2014 at 12:22
7MHPNPADAEFW
Tag ; Mount Merapi, mount merapi