Ijen crater.

Kawah Ijen : Natural Beauty between Traditional Sulfur miners .
This is one of Indonesia's natural beauty charm charming . You will be presented with exceptional natural charm and uniqueness of traditional sulfur miners . Arenas process eruption crater filled with water , forming a crater lake which is very beautiful and amazing . When the early morning , when the sun hides behind the mountains but you can still enjoy its beauty unattainable by a sense of peace .
Crater located on the top of Mount Ijen is a series of volcanoes in East Java such as Bromo , Semeru and Merapi . Located in the area of Mount Ijen crater Travel and Tourism Ijen Park Reserve Slippery precisely in the District Banyuwangi and the District Klobang regency.
Ijen crater is one of the most acid in the world. The degree of acidity of the crater has a very high acidity level that is close to zero so that it can dissolve a human body even clothes quickly . In addition , the temperature of the crater reached 200 degrees centigrade add amazement of this huge crater . Ijen Crater which has blue and golden green when exposed to sunlight .
A crater lake green Tosca at an altitude of 2,368 meters above sea level . The crater caldera walls as high as 300 - 500m , covers approximately 5,466 acres . Uniquely situated in the center of the crater is the largest caldera on the island of Java . The size of the caldera about 20 km . The size of the crater itself is around 960 meters x 600 meters . This crater is located at a depth of more than 300 meters below the caldera wall . The water was fairly calm crater and bluish green .
The view was so amazing in the morning . Water crater volume of about 200 million cubic meters to reach 200 degrees Celsius heat radiating golden green sheen when the sun hit from behind Mount Merapi , twin sister of Mount Ijen . This is the view of the beautiful double . Kawah Ijen sulfur mining is also the largest places in East Java are still using the traditional way .
In the southeast of the lake there is a solfatara field wall and crater lake in the western part of the crater contained Dam which is upstream from Banyupait time . Field solfatara Mount Kawah Ijen volcanic gases are always releasing high concentrations of sulfur gases and odors that sometimes sting . Interestingly the sulfur miners accustomed to without the mask down to the bottom of the crater . An incredible sight as they perform their daily work challenging death to make ends meet .

The photos in the crater .

                                         

So , thank you for reading this article . Written and posted by Bambang Sunarno.
sunarnobambang86@gmail.com
author:
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http://primadonablog.blogspot.com/2014/02/ijen-crater.html
DatePublished: February 11, 2014 at 11:44

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Did You Know About Toraja tribe.

Toraja tribe is a tribe that settled in the mountains of the northern part of South Sulawesi, Indonesia. Its population is estimated at around 1 million people, with 500,000 of them still living in Tana Toraja, North Toraja Regency, and Regency Mamasa. The majority of the Toraja embraced Christianity, while some embraced Islam and animism known as Aluk To Dolo. The Indonesian government has recognized this belief as part of Hinduism Dharma.
The word comes from the Bugis language Toraja, to Riaja, which means "one who dwells in the land above". The Dutch colonial government named the Toraja tribe in 1909. Toraja is famous for funeral rites, customs house tongkonan and carving wood. Toraja funeral rites are important social events, usually attended by hundreds of people and lasting for several days.
Before the 20th century, the Toraja lived in autonomous villages. They still adhered to animism and untouched by the outside world. In the early 1900s, Dutch missionaries came and spread Christianity. After more open to the outside world in the 1970s, Tana Toraja district became a symbol of Indonesian tourism. Tana Toraja exploited by tourism developers and studied by anthropologists. Toraja society since the 1990s transformed the culture, from traditional belief and agrarian society, became predominantly Christian society and relying on the growing tourism sector.

Ethnic identity. 

Toraja clearly have little idea about themselves as an ethnic group before the 20th century. Before Dutch colonization and Christianization period, Toraja tribe, who live in upland areas, recognizable by their villages, and are not considered as the same group. Although the rituals create a relationship between the villages, there is a lot of diversity in dialects, social hierarchy, and ritual practices in the Sulawesi highland region. "Toraja" (from the coast to the language, which means people, and Riaja, plateau) was first used as the designation of the lowland inhabitants to the highlands population. As a result, at first "Toraja" more trade ties with outsiders-such as the Bugis, Makassar tribe, tribal Mandar and mostly inhabiting the lowland of Sulawesi-than with other tribes in the highlands. Dutch missionary presence in the highlands gave rise to the Toraja ethnic consciousness Sa'dan Toraja Toraja region, and this shared identity grew with the rise of tourism in Tana Toraja. Since then, South Sulawesi has four main ethnic groups-the Bugis (including shipbuilders and seafarers), Makassar tribe (merchants and sailors), tribal Mandar (merchants, shipbuilders and seafarers), and the Toraja (highland farmers).

History. 

There used to be thought that the Gulf of Tonkin, Vietnam lies between the northern and southern China, is the place of origin of the Toraja. Actually, only one of the Toraja people Austronesian-speaking peoples. Initially, the immigrants living in the coastal areas of Sulawesi, but eventually moved to the highlands.
Since the 17th century, the Dutch began making trade and political power in Sulawesi through Oost-Indische Vereenigde Compagnie (VOC). For two centuries, they ignored the central plateau region of Sulawesi (Toraja place to stay) because it is difficult to achieve and only have little productive land. At the end of the 19th century, the Dutch began to worry about the rapid spread of Islam in South Sulawesi, especially between Makassar and Bugis tribes. Dutch look Toraja tribe who embraced animism as a potential target for Christianized. In the 1920s, the mission of the spread of Christianity began to run with the help of the Dutch colonial government. In addition to spreading the religion, the Dutch abolished slavery and local taxes apply. A line drawn around the area and called Tana Toraja Sa'dan. Tana Toraja was originally a subdivision of the kingdom Luwu which claim the region. [8] In 1946, the Netherlands gave Tana Toraja Regentschap status, and Indonesia recognize as a district in 1957.
Dutch missionaries newly arrived got strong resistance from the Toraja due to removal of lucrative trade routes Toraja. Some people Toraja has been moved to the lowlands by the Dutch forced to be more easily regulated. Tax is set at a high level, with the aim of eroding the wealth of the elite of society. However, these efforts do not damage the Dutch culture Toraja, Toraja and only a few people who was a Christian. In 1950, only 10% of the Toraja who turned to Christianity.
Muslim population in low-lying attacking Toraja in 1930. As a result, many Toraja people who want to ally with the Dutch converts to Christianity to gain political protection, and in order to form a resistance movement against the Bugis and Makassar Muslim. Between 1951 and 1965 after the independence of Indonesia, South Sulawesi experienced the carnage of the Darul Islam rebellion launched, which aims to establish an Islamic state in Sulawesi. Guerrilla war that lasted for 15 years, contributing to more and more people converted to Christianity Toraja.
In 1965, a presidential decree requires that the entire population of Indonesia to adopt one of the five recognized religions: Islam, Protestantism, Catholicism, Hinduism and Buddhism. Original belief Toraja (aluk) is not legally recognized, and the Toraja attempt against the decree. To make aluk accordance with the law, he should be accepted as part of one of the official religions. In 1969, Aluk To Dolo legalized as part of Hinduism Dharma.

Society. 

Family. 

The family is the primary social and political groups in the Toraja. Each village is a large family. Each tongkonan has a name which is used as the name of the village. Family Friendly maintain village unity. Marriage with distant cousins ​​(fourth cousins ​​and beyond) is a common practice that strengthens kinship. Toraja prohibits marriage with close cousins ​​(up to a third cousin) except for nobles, to prevent the spread of wealth.
Ongoing kinship reciprocity, in the sense that large families helping each other in agriculture, share buffalo rituals, and pay another debt.
Everyone is a member of the family of his mother and father. Children, therefore, inherit many things from her mother and father, including land and even family debts. The child's name is given on the basis of kinship, and are usually chosen based on the name of a relative who had died. Name aunt, uncle and cousins ​​are commonly referred to in the name of mother, father and siblings.
Prior to the official government Tana Toraja regency government, each village doing his own government. In certain situations, when one Toraja family could not handle their own problems, some villages usually form groups; sometimes, some villages would unite against other villages. The relationship between family expressed through blood, marriage, and shared ancestral houses (tongkonan), is practically characterized by the exchange of buffalo and pigs on ritual. The exchange is not only to build a political and cultural ties between families but also put each person in a social hierarchy: who poured palm wine, who wrapped up the corpse and prepared offerings, where each person may or may not sit, what dishes should be used or avoided, and even pieces of meat are allowed for each person.

Social class. 

In early Toraja society, close family relationships related to social class. There are three levels of social classes: nobles, common people, and slaves (slavery was abolished in 1909 by the Dutch government). Passed down through the mother's social class. Not allowed to marry women of the lower classes but allowed to marry women of a higher class. It aims to improve the status of the next descent. Condescending attitude toward the commoners of Duke still maintained today for reasons of family prestige.
Nobility, which is believed to be descended from heaven, lived in tongkonan, while the masses live in a more modest home (bamboo hut banua). Slaves lived in small huts built near tongkonan belong to their masters. Rabble may marry anyone but the nobility usually do weddings in the family to maintain the purity of their status. Commoners and slaves forbidden to hold a celebration of death. Although based on kinship and descent status, there are also some social movement that can affect a person's status, such as marriage or change in the amount of wealth. Wealth is calculated based on the number of buffalo owned.
Slaves in Toraja society is a family-owned property. Sometimes people become slaves because Toraja in debt and pay for it by way of being a slave. Slaves could be taken during wars, and slave trading common. Slaves could buy their freedom, but their children still inherited slave status. Slaves were not allowed to wear bronze or gold, eating from the same plate with their masters, or having sex with free women. The penalty for the offense is punishable by death.

Religion. 

Toraja traditional belief system is polytheistic animism called aluk, or "way" (sometimes translated as "law"). In the Toraja myth, the ancestors of the Toraja came from heaven using stairs which is then used by the Toraja as a way of dealing with Puang Matua, the creator god. The universe, according to aluk, divided into upper world (heaven) the human world (earth), and the underworld. At first, heaven and earth to get married and produce darkness, separation, and then comes the light. Animals live in the underworld is represented with a rectangular shape bounded by four pillars, the earth is a place for humanity, and the paradise is located on top, covered with a saddle-shaped roof. Other Toraja gods is Pong Banggai in Chain (god of Earth), Indo 'Ongon-Ongon (goddess of earthquakes), Pong Lalondong (god of death), Indo' Belo tumbles (goddess of medicine), and others.
Power on earth that the words and actions must be held either in agriculture or in the life of the funeral ceremony, referred to Minaa (a pastor aluk). Aluk not just a belief system, but also a combination of law, religion, and habits. Aluk regulate social life, agricultural practices, and religious rituals. Aluk ordinances can vary from one village to another. The common law is the rule that death and life rituals be separated. Toraja believe that the rituals of death will destroy the corpses if combined with life rituals implementation.
Both are equally important ritual. When there are missionaries from the Netherlands, Christian Toraja are not allowed to attend or perform ritual life, but allowed to perform death rituals. As a result, the death ritual is often performed to date, but the ritual has begun life rarely implemented.

Culture. 

Tongkonan. 

Tongkonan is a traditional Toraja house that stood on a pile of wood and decorated with carvings of red, black, and yellow. The word "tongkonan" is derived from the Toraja tongkon ("sit").
Tongkonan is the center of social life of the Toraja. Rituals associated with tongkonan very important in the spiritual life of the Toraja therefore all family members are required to participate because Tongkonan symbolize their relationship with their fathers. According to folklore Toraja, tongkonan first constructed in heaven by four poles. When the ancestors of the Toraja down to earth, he imitated the house and held a big ceremony.
Tongkonan development is tiring work and is usually done with the help of a large family. There are three types of tongkonan. Tongkonan Layuk is the supreme power, which is used as the central "government". Tongkonan pekamberan are owned by a family member who has a certain authority in local customs and traditions while living in an ordinary family member tongkonan stone. Exclusivity upper nobility tongkonan diminishing as the number of ordinary people who are looking for lucrative jobs in other parts of Indonesia. Having earned enough money, ordinary people were able to build large tongkonan.

Wood carving. 

Toraja wood carving: each panel symbolizes goodwill. 

Toraja language is only spoken and not have a writing system. To demonstrate the concept of religious and social, ethnic Toraja wood carving and make a call Pa'ssura (or "writing"). Therefore, woodcarving embodies the culture of Toraja.
Every carving has a special name. His motives are usually animals and plants symbolizing virtue, for example, water plants such as water weeds and animals such as crabs and tadpoles which symbolizes fertility. The left image shows an example of Toraja wood carving, consisting of 15 square panels. Bottom center panel symbolizes the buffalo or wealth, as the expectation that a family gained a lot of buffalo. Knot symbolizes middle panel and box, an expectation that all descendants of the family will be happy and live in peace, as the items stored in a box. Box top left and top right of the animal symbolizing water, indicating the need to move quickly and work hard, like an animal that moves on the surface of the water. It's also indicate the need for specific expertise to produce good results.
Regularity and order are common features in Toraja wood carving (see table design below), in addition to the Toraja wood carving too abstract and geometric. Nature is often used as the basis of Toraja ornaments, because nature is full of abstractions and regular geometry. Ornaments Toraja ethnomatematika studied with the aim of uncovering the mathematical structure despite the Toraja make this carving is only based on their own estimates. Toraja tribes use bamboo to make geometric ornaments.

Some motifs carved Toraja. 

pa'tedong 

(Buffalo) 

pa'barre allo 

(Sun) 

                                         

pa're'po 'sanguba 

(Dancing) 

ne'limbongan 

(The legendary designer) 

Funeral service. 

Carved Toraja burial place. 

In Toraja society, the funeral ritual is the most important and costly. The more rich and powerful person, the funeral costs will be more expensive. In religion aluk, only royal families are entitled to hold a large funeral party. Feast of the funeral of a nobleman is usually attended by hundreds of people and lasting for several days. A place called Rante funeral procession usually prepared in a vast meadow, other than as mourners in attendance, as well as a granary, and a variety of other devices made by the funeral the bereaved family. Flute music, singing, song and poetry, weeping and wailing grief is an expression made by the Toraja but it does not apply to the burial of children, the poor, and the lower class.
The funeral service was held sometime recently after weeks, months, even years since death is concerned, with the goal of keeping the family left behind to gather enough money to cover funeral expenses. Toraja believe that death is not something that comes with a sudden but a gradual process toward Puya (the spirit world, or the afterlife). In the waiting period, the body is wrapped with a few strands of cloth and kept under tongkonan. Spirits of the dead is believed to remain in the village until the funeral ceremony is completed, after which the ghost will travel to Puya.

A tomb.
Another part of the cemetery is the slaughter of buffalo. The more power a person, the more buffalo are slaughtered. Slaughter carried out by using a machete. Buffalo carcass, including the head, lined up on the field, waiting for its owner, who was in "sleeping period". Toraja people believe that spirits need to make the journey and buffalo will be faster until at Puya if there are a lot of buffalo. Slaughtering tens of buffaloes and pigs is the culmination of hundreds of funeral accompaniment of music and dance that captures the youths spurting blood with a long bamboo. Most of the meat is given to the guests and noted because it would be considered a debt to the family of the deceased.
There are three ways of funeral: coffin can be stored in a cave, or in a tomb carved stone, or hung on a cliff. The rich are sometimes buried in the tomb of carved stone. The tomb is usually costly and time around a few months of manufacture. In some areas, a stone cave used to save the bodies of the entire family. Wood sculpture called tau tau are usually placed in the cave and facing outward. Coffin babies or children hung by a rope on the side of a cliff. The rope usually last for a year before making his casket rot and fall.

Music and dance. 

Toraja perform dances on several occasions, mostly in the burial ceremony. They dance to show grief, and to honor the spirits of the deceased as well as encourage the spirits will undergo a long journey to the afterlife. First of all, a group of men formed a circle and sang all night in honor of the deceased (the ritual called Ma'badong). The ritual is regarded as the most important component in the funeral ceremony. On the second day of the funeral, warrior dances Ma'randing shown to praise the courage of the deceased during his lifetime. Some men do dance with swords, big prisai from buffalo leather, buffalo horn helmets, and various other ornaments. Ma'randing dance procession began when the bodies were taken from the granary to the Rante, where the funeral service. During the ceremony, the adult females do Ma'katia dance while singing and wearing a feathered dress costumes. Ma'akatia dance aims to remind the audience on the generosity and loyalty of the deceased. After the buffalo and pig slaughter, a group of boys and girls clap while performing a cheerful dance called Ma'dondan.

Manganda dance 'is displayed on Ma'Bua ritual'. 

As in other agricultural societies, the Toraja singing and dancing during the harvest season. Ma'bugi dance performed to celebrate Thanksgiving and dance Ma'gandangi displayed when the Toraja was pounding rice.
There are several war dances, for example Manimbong dance performed by men and then followed by a dance Ma'dandan by women. Religion Aluk regulate when and how the Toraja dance. A dance called Ma'bua 12 years can only be done once. Toraja ceremony Ma'bua is important when religious leaders wearing buffalo head and dance around the sacred tree.
Toraja traditional musical instrument is a bamboo flute called Pa'suling. This six hollow flute played on many dances, such as the dance Ma'bondensan, when the instrument is played with a group of men who dance with no shirt and a long-nailed finger. Toraja also have other musical instruments, for example Pa'pelle made from palm fronds and played at harvest time and when the opening ceremony.

Language. 

Toraja language is the dominant language in Tana Toraja, the Toraja Sa'dan as the main dialect. Indonesian as the national language is the official language and is used by the public, but also the Toraja language is taught in all the elementary schools in Tana Toraja.
Variety of languages ​​in Toraja, among others Kalumpang, Mamasa, Tae ', Talondo', Toala ', and Toraja-Sa'dan, and included in the Malayo-Polynesian language of the Austronesian. At first, the geographical nature of Tana Toraja formed many dialects in isolated Toraja languages ​​themselves. Following the official government in Tana Toraja, some Toraja dialects be influenced by other languages ​​through the transmigration process, which was introduced since the colonial period. It is a major cause of diversity in Toraja language.

Toraja language Diversity 

Denomination ISO 639-3 Population (in years) Dialect
Kalumpang cli 12,000 (1991) Karataun, Mablei, Mangki (E'da), Bone Hau (Ta'da).
Mamasa mqj 100,000 (1991) North Mamasa, Mamasa middle, Pattae '(South Mamasa, Patta' Binuang, Binuang, Tae ', Binuang-Paki-Batetanga-Anteapi)
Rob Ta'e 250,000 (1992) Rongkong, Luwu Northeast, South Luwu, Bua.
Talondo 'TLN 500 (1986)
Toala 'TLZ 30,000 (1983) Toala', palili '.
Torajan-Sa'dan sda 500,000 (1990) Makale (Tallulembangna), Rantepao (Kesu '), West Toraja (Toraja West, Mappa-Pana).
Prominent features in Toraja language is the notion of mourning death. The importance of death ceremony in Toraja have made their language to express feelings of grief and mourning process in some complicated levels. Toraja language has many terms to show sadness, longing, depression, and mental stress. It is a catharsis for the Toraja if it can be clearly demonstrated the effect of losing one's events; sometimes it is also intended to reduce the pain of grief itself.

Economy. 

Before the New Order period, Toraja economy depends on agriculture with the terracing on the slopes of the mountain and groceries supporters are cassava and corn. Much time and effort is spent to raise the Toraja buffalo, pigs, and chickens are needed especially for the sacrifice and as food. The only agricultural industry in Toraja is a Japanese coffee factory, Kopi Toraja.
With the start of the New Order in 1965, Indonesia's economy began to grow and open up to foreign investment. Many multinational oil and mining companies opened new businesses in Indonesia. Toraja people, especially young people, many who move to work in a foreign company. They went to Borneo for timber and oil, to Papua to mine, and to the cities in Sulawesi and Java. This displacement occurs until 1985.
Toraja economy gradually shifted to tourism beginning in 1984. Between 1984 and 1997, the Toraja people earn income by working at the hotel, a tour guide, or selling souvenirs. The emergence of political and economic instability Indonesia in the late 1990s (including religious conflicts in Sulawesi) has led to dramatically decreased Toraja tourism. Toraja then known from the place of origin of Indonesian coffee. Arabica coffee is mainly run by small entrepreneurs.

Commercialization. 

Tomb of the Toraja in a high rocky cliff is one of the tourist attractions in Tana Toraja.
Before the 1970s, Toraja was virtually unknown to western tourists. In 1971, about 50 Europeans visited Tana Toraja. In 1972, at least 400 people attended the funeral Puang tourists from Sangalla, the highest nobility and aristocracy in Tana Toraja Toraja last thoroughbred. These events are documented by National Geographic and broadcast in several European countries. In 1976, about 12,000 tourists visited in 1981 and Toraja, Toraja sculpture exhibited in many museums in North America. "Land of heavenly kings in Toraja", as written in the exhibition brochure, has attracted interest outside world ..
In 1984, the Ministry of Tourism of Indonesia declared the district as the prima donna of South Sulawesi Toraja. Tana Toraja is promoted as "the second stop after Bali". Tourism is greatly improved: by the year 1985, there were 150,000 foreign tourists visiting Tana Toraja (in addition to 80,000 domestic tourists), and the annual number of foreign visitors, there were 40,000 people in 1989. Souvenirs sold at Rantepao, Toraja culture, many hotels and tourist restaurants that opened, but it made a new airfield in 1981.
The developers made Toraja tourism as an exotic adventure area, has a rich culture and secluded. Western tourists are encouraged to visit the village and cemetery of ancient stone age. Toraja is for tourists who have visited Bali and would like to see the other islands are wild and "untouched". But the Toraja feel that tongkonan and various other rituals have been used as a means Toraja profits, and complained that it is too commercialized. This resulted in several clashes between the people of Toraja and developer of tourism, which is regarded as an outsider by the Toraja.
Clashes between local leaders and the Toraja South Sulawesi provincial government (as a tourist developer) occurred in 1985. Government makes 18 Toraja villages and burial sites as traditional "attraction". As a result, some restrictions apply to these areas, for example, people are prohibited from changing tongkonan Toraja and their burial place. This was opposed by some community leaders Toraja, because they feel that they have rituals and traditions prescribed by outsiders. As a result, in 1987 the village Kete Kesu and several other villages designated as an "attraction" to close their doors traveler. But this closure only lasted a few days because the villagers find it difficult to survive without the revenue from the sale of souvenirs.
Tourism were also changed the Toraja people. Formerly there was a ritual that allows common people to marry nobility (Puang), and thus their children will get a peerage. However, the image of the Toraja people are created for the tourists has eroded its traditional strict hierarchy, so that the status of honor no longer seen as before. Many ordinary men can only assert themselves and their children as aristocrats, by gaining enough wealth and nobility married women.

Tau philosophy. 

Consciously or unconsciously, Toraja people live and grow up in a society that adheres to the philosophy of tau. Philosophy as a handle and needed to know the direction of being human (human = "tau" in Toraja) in the context of the real Toraja society. Tau philosophy has four main pillars which requires each community to reach Toraja, among others: - Sugi '(Rich) - Barani (Dare) - Manarang (Smart) - Kinawa (have noble values, religious, wise) over the four pillars be construed liberally because it has a deeper meaning than the understanding of the word freely. A Toraja be truly human when he has had and lived as Tau. So, thank you for reading this article.
Written and posted by Bambang Sunarno.  sunarnobambang86@gmail.com
author:
http://schema.org/Personal.
https://plus.google.com/105319704331231770941.
name: Bambang Sunarno.
http://primadonablog.blogspot.com/2014/02/did-you-know-about-toraja-tribe.html
DatePublished: February 11, 2014 at 11:06

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Tag ; Did You Know About Toraja tribe, toraja tribe

Big List of Employees Salary Google .

Want to Know How Google Employee Salaries ? ? ?

Google has long been known as the best place for a career. They offer free massages, snacks, and professional haircuts on their campuses in California. This has put them above the 99.99% of all firms in the world. 

Do you know how much is generated by a Google employee? The following data is not too easy to find, if you do not believe, you can
check it out on Google.

Here is a statistic that is quite interesting. 

1. Google Programmer in Phoenix - $ 174,000 / year
2. Google Programmer in California - $ 197,000 / year
3. Google Programmer in Chicago - $ 222,000 / year
4. Google Programmer in New York - $ 242,000 / year
(According to Indeed.com) was just his salary.

Gain what else Google offers to its employees? 

1. Google will pay $ 8,000 / year if you continue education. They just expect the value of "B".
2. If you are to refer an employee to Google's staff and they last for 60 days, Google will pay $ 2,000 to you.
3. If you want to adopt a child, I will give you $ 5,000 for legal affairs and adoption costs.
4. Depending on how long you work at Google, you will get a bonus of up to 25 days holiday a year.
One more interesting thing from the financial point of Google employees, according to the New York Times, there are roughly 1,000 Google employees who hold shares with a value of $ 5 million dollars. Still according to the New York Times, every employee with Google for a year alone has a value of more than $ 250,000.
Competitor said that Google programmers have enjoyed a 50% pay rise in the last few years, it seems this is not surprising for the company like Google. Anyone interested to join Google?
This data is data in 2012, when the data now please find your own.

POST TO 500.   Posted hours : 22:40 pm.

So, thank you for reading this article. Written and posted by Bambang Sunarno.
sunarnobambang86@gmail.com
author:
http://schema.org/Personal.
https://plus.google.com/105319704331231770941.
name: Bambang Sunarno.
http://primadonablog.blogspot.com/2014/02/big-list-of-employees-salary-google.html
DatePublished: February 10, 2014 at 22:40

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Tag ; Big List of Employees Salary Google .

Dayak tribe.

Dayak is the name of a native of the island of Borneo, which is still a lot of living in the interior of Borneo. Indigenous Dayak culture has maritime or nautical because their names have many meanings and is associated with the river (because there are many rivers in the interior of Borneo).
The meaning of the word 'Dayak' itself is debatable. 'Dayak' means man, while many others state that it means the interior. That people use the term Dayak Iban with a human sense, while people Benuaq Alas and interpret it as upstream.
There are many Dayak tribes in Borneo, Dayak There are dividing the clump clump in six Klemantan aka Borneo, Iban clump, clump Apokayan ie Dayak Kayan, Kenyah and Bahau, Murut clump, clump-Ngaju Ot Danum and clumps Punan.

Dayak.

                         

Most tribes are Dayak Kenyah who have their accessories as body jewelry. Generally Dayak has a beaded jewelry made of natural stone.
In the past these rocks formed by hand and without the aid of a machine, so the color is dull when compared to modern beads made in factories.
In addition, there are also differences in the weight of the stones and the beads.
If you want to prove that the beads of the Dayak indigenous or not, then the test must be done by burning.
Generally, specially Dayak Dayak men knows no accessories other than stone beaded jewelry. Accessories are generally used is derived from animals hunting them, like fangs and teeth bear, pig tusks.
If in Papua pig tusks made jewelry that is inserted in the nose, the Dayaks, the canines used as the "fruit" of their necklaces.

Body Art Model Dayak tattooing. 

The word tattoo comes from the Tahitian word / Tatu, who have the meanings: signifies something.
Tattoos in English is called Tattoo, is a mark made by inserting pigment into the skin. In technical terms, tattooing is micro-pigment implantation. Tattoos can be made on human or animal skin. Tattoo or tattoos on humans are a form of body modification, temporary tattoo of animals commonly used as identification. Rajah is a practice that is found almost everywhere with the function in accordance with local custom. Rajah formerly often used by the isolated tribes in a region of the world as the tagging region, degree, rank, even signify a person's health. Rajah is widely used by the Polynesians, the Philippines, Borneo, Africa, North America, South America, Mesoamerica, Europe, Japan, Cambodia, and China. Although in some circles is considered taboo tattoo, tattoo art remains a popular thing in the world. Do not be surprised when it comes to the interior of Kalimantan see local communities were encountered tattooing her skin, although in women. The art of making tattoos tattoo or activities that have been handed down by the Dayak of Kalimantan. Tattoos for the Dayak community is not just decoration, however, has a very deep meaning, because tattoos for the Dayak community should not be created at will because the tattoo is part of a tradition, a person's social status in society, as well as the appreciation of the ability of one's tribe. Dayak people believe this is the art of body tattooing as stock lights in one trip to the nature of eternity, after death. Terajah tattoos in one can describe who he is in fact, such a tattoo around the fingers indicates the person who likes to help the tribe as healers or a healer and a growing number of tattoos on his hands, indicating that more and more people help and expert in the science of medicine. For the people of Kenya and Dayak Kayan Dayaks in East Kalimantan, many people describe the tattoo is already strong wandering. Different with the nobility who wear tattoos, motif common to the nobility is the hornbill bird endemic to Borneo sacred. Unique art tattooing is usually done using two sticks, one of which bermatakan needle is dipped into a special ink (first still using dyes from plants), and in tapping while the needle is run according to what image will be generated later. The art of body tattooing is unique is many invites interested parties who love this art, among others, Anthony Kiedis famous vocalist of Red Hot Chili Pappers. In the 1990s he accidentally flew specially to Borneo to tattoo his body, precisely Tapping into the village, where the Dayak Iban longhouses, Betong border Keriung National Park, West Kalimantan and Sarawak border in order to get a tattoo with tribal motifs ala Dayak traditional treatment.
In addition another characteristic unique Dayak is a tattoo, where tattoos for the Dayak community has a very deep meaning. Tattoos for the Dayak ethnic communities are part of the tradition, religion, social status within a community, and can also be a form of tribute to the ability of one's tribe. Because of this, the tattoo can not be made arbitrarily.
Because of this, more and more tattoos, "torch" will be more bright and natural way to immortality more spacious. Nonetheless, it still can not be made tattooing as much in vain, because they have to abide by customary rules.
Both tattoos on men or women, is traditionally made using citrus fruit long spines. Along with the times then use several needles at once. That has not changed is that tattooing materials typically use soot from the pot black.
To see Dayak we can see easily in the Cultural Village Pampang in Samarinda and Cultural Festival in Singkawang Capgomeh. If you want to see first hand the life of the Dayak could take 2-3 day trip down the river in Borneo. We have had many Dayaks who mingle with the community. Their native culture should be maintained. So, thank you for reading this article.
Written and posted by Bambang Sunarno.  sunarnobambang86@gmail.com
author:
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name: Bambang Sunarno.
http://primadonablog.blogspot.com/2014/02/dayak-tribe.html
DatePublished: February 10, 2014 at 22:21

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Tag ; Dayak tribe, Dayak

You Know Asmat.

Asmat is a tribe in Papua. Asmat tribe known as the wood carving unique results. Asmat population is divided into two, namely those living in coastal areas and those living in the hinterland. Both of these populations differ from each other in dialect, way of life, social structure and ritual. The next coastal population is divided into two parts namely Bisman tribes located between the river and the river Sinesty Nin and Shimei tribes.

One of the central Asmat make wood carving. 

Sundries Asmat. 

Asmat is the name of a tribe of the largest and most famous of the many tribes in Papua, Irian Jaya, Indonesia. One of the things that makes Asmat well known is the result of traditional wood carving is very typical. Some ornaments / motifs that are often used and became a major theme in the process of carving sculptures made by the Asmat population is the theme of the ancestors of their tribe, commonly called mbis. But do not stop there, often also found ornaments / other motif that resembles a boat or wuramon, which they believe to be a symbol of the boat that brought the spirits of their ancestors on the nature of death. For natives Asmat, woodcarving art is more an embodiment of their way to perform a ritual to honor the spirits of the ancestors.

Natural conditions. 

The area they live in is very unique. Soft brown plains covered by cobwebs river. The area occupied Asmat has become its own district with the name Asmat district with 7 sub-district or district. Almost every day it rains with rainfall 3000-4000 mm / year.
Every day ocean tides also go into these zones, so it is not surprising that the ground is very soft and muddy. The road is only made of wooden boards stacked on soft ground. Practically all motorized vehicles could not pass this way. People who walk must be careful not to slip, especially when it rains.

Conflicts. 

There are many contradictions between different villages Asmat. The most terrible is the way the Asmat used to kill enemies. When the enemy was killed, his body was brought to the village, then cut and distributed to the entire population to be eaten together. They sing the song of death and cut off his head. His brain is wrapped in sago leaves are roasted and eaten. But this is rare even officially gone from memory.

Distribution. 

Asmat inhabit scattered around the beach and Arafura sea and mountains Jayawijaya, with a fairly heavy considering the terrain occupied area is wilderness, in Asmat life, the rock that we usually see on the streets turned out to be very valuable for them. In fact, the stones can be used as a dowry. All of it is because the place is set up a live Asmat swamps making it very difficult to find stones street which is very useful for them to make axes, hammers, and so on.

Asmat village. 

Now usually, about 100 to 1000 people living in the village. Each village had one house Bujang and many family homes. Single house used for ceremonial and religious ceremonies. Family houses inhabited by two to three families, which has its own bathroom and kitchen. Today, there are approximately 70,000 Asmat live in Indonesia. The majority of the children were at school Asmat.

Physical traits. 

Asmat population in general have distinctive physical characteristics, black and curly hair. Her body is quite high. The average height of women Asmat people around 162cm and height of 172cm man reaches.

Livelihood. 

Survival habits and foraging among the tribe with other tribes in the region Citak District-Mitak turned out pretty much the same. Asmat tribal land, tribal and ethnic mitak citak have a daily habit of making a living is hunting forest animals such as snakes, birds cassowary, wild boar etc.. they also always meramuh / pound sago as a staple meal and the fishermen catch fish and shrimp to eat. The third life of this tribe was already changed.
Asmat people everyday working environment, it is mainly for foraging, hunting and gardening in a way, which of course still use the traditional method and simple enough. Asmat cuisine unlike our cuisine. Special dishes for them is sago worms. Yet daily they just grilling fish or meat of animals hunted.
Asmat cuisine unlike our cuisine. Special dishes for them is sago worms. Yet daily they just grilling fish or meat of animals hunted.
In Asmat life "rock" that we usually see on the streets was very valuable to them. In fact, the stones can be used as a dowry. All of it is because the residence Asmat swamps that form so it is difficult to find stones street very useful for them to make axes, hammers, and so on.

Basic food. 

Staple Food Asmat people is sago, almost every day they eat sago is made so the dots are burned in the fire. Another craze is eating sago worms that live dibatang sago palm, sago worms usually wrapped in palm leaves, sprinkled with sago and burned in the fire. Besides vegetables and grilled fish used as complementary. However, of concern is the issue of clean water sources. Ground water is hard to come by because they are the areas of land use rainwater berawa.Terpaksa and swamp water as clean water for daily needs.

Lifestyle. 

One thing enviable lifestyle of the natives Asmat, they feel they are a part of nature, that's why they respect and preserve the natural surroundings, even, around the tree of life where they are considered to be a picture of him. Describe the tree trunk arms, head depicting fruit, and root describe their feet

How To Make Up Yourself. 

Asmat has a very simple way to apply them.
They just need a red ground to produce the red color.

To produce white color they made from shells that have been crushed, whereas their black markings produced from pulverized charcoal. How to use is quite simple, just by mixing the ingredients with a little water, the dye was able to use to color the body.

There Asmat customs. 

Asmat is a tribe that embraces Animism, until the entry of the Missionaries of the carrier of the new school, then they began to recognize any religion other than the religion ancestors. And now, this tribal community has embraced many religions, such as Protestant, Catholic and even Islam. As with society in general, in carrying out the process of life, even the Asmat people, through various processes, namely;

Pregnancy. 

During this process, the next generation will be maintained properly in order to be born safely with the help of the biological mother or mother-in-law.

Births. 

Shortly after the baby is born implemented in a simple ceremony salvation with cutting the umbilical cord using a knife, an instrument made of bamboo in lanjarkan. Furthermore, breast-fed until the age of 2 years or 3 years.

Marriage. 

This process applies to both men and a woman who has aged 17 years and older conducted by the men after the two sides reached an agreement and through the trials of women with the courage to buy antique plates dowry which is based on a value for money deal Johnson aboard the boat, when it turns out there is a shortage in the interpretation of the price of the boat Johnson, then the man shall pay it off and during the repayment period of man is prohibited from persecution, despite being allowed to live under one roof.

Death. 

When the head of the tribe or tribal chief died, the body was stored in the form of a mummy and displayed in front joglo this tribe, but when the general public, his body was buried. This process is carried out to the accompaniment of singing and speaking Asmat cutting knuckles of the hands of family members left behind.

Unique. 

In fulfilling biological needs, both men and women do in the field or garden, while men and women come home from hunting were working in the fields. Furthermore, there are other unique event where the piglets suckled by the tribal women until the age of 5 years.

Traditional House. 

Traditional home Asmat are Jeu with lengths up to 25 meters. Until now still found this Traditional house if we went to Outback Asmat. In fact there are also among those who have built houses on the tree.

Religion. 

Asmat Peoples Catholic, Protestant and Animist the doctrine and practice of the balance of nature and the worship of the spirits of the dead or sculpture. For Asmat sago worms are an important part of their rituals.
Each ritual is held, it is certain that a great many caterpillars are used.

Basic confidence. 

Asmat customs recognizes him as the son of god who came from the world of mysticism or unseen, the location of where the sun sinks every afternoon. They believe that if their ancestors in earlier times landing on earth in mountainous areas. Besides the Asmat people in the region also believe that if there are three kinds of spirits, each of which has a good nature, evil and evil, but dead. Based on the mythology of the Asmat people dwell in Flamingo Bay, was named Fumuripitis god. Asmat people convinced that human habitation in the neighborhood also silent assorted spirits that they divided them into 3 groups.
Yi - ow or ancestor spirits are good, especially for the offspring.
Osbopan or evil spirits are considered some of the occupants of a particular type.
Thud - Ow dead or demons ridiculous.
Asmat people's lives much filled by the ceremonies. Great ceremony involving the entire local community is always associated with the village honor ancestral spirits as follows:
Mbismbu (pole maker)
Yentpokmbu (the making and strengthening of the yew)
Tsyimbu (canoe-making and confirmation)
Yamasy pokumbu (ceremonial shield)
Mbipokumbu (Ceremonial Mask)
The tribe believes that before entering heaven, the spirits of the dead would interfere with humans. Interference can be a disease, disaster, and even war. Thus, in order to save mankind, and redeem the souls, those who are still alive to make sculptures and statues held a party like the party bus (Bioskokombi), party mask, party boats, and party sago worms.

The spirits and the Power of Magic. 

Demons.
Asmat people's lives are inextricably linked to its natural surroundings. They have a belief that the universe is inhabited by spirits, devils, spirits, all of which are referred to as demons.
Satan is classified into 2 categories:
1. Satan life-threatening.
Satan is believed to be life-threatening by the Asmat people as demons that threaten life and one's soul. Like the devil pregnant women who have died or demon who lives in the banyan tree, the spirit who brings disease and disaster (Osbopan).
2. Satan is not life threatening.
Satan in this category are considered by the Asmat people as demons that do not endanger the life and soul of a person, just like to scare and disturb it. Besides the Asmat also good to know that nature spirits, especially for his descendants., Which is derived from the ancestral spirits known as yi-ow
Science magical powers and magic.
Asmat people also believe in the existence of magical forces that are mostly in the form of taboo. Many of the things that abstinence is done in running daily activities, such as the collection of food ingredients such as sago, fishing, and hunting animals.
This magical powers can also be used to locate lost items, stolen goods or goods showed the thief. There is also the use of this magical power to master nature and bring wind, thunder, rain, and hurricanes.

Potential Sources of Natural and Natural. 

In addition to fish, shark, crab, shrimp, sea cucumber, fish, turtles, squid and other animals are abundant. Asmat area also has natural resources are tremendous, such as rattan, wood, gahar, pecan, Masohi leather, leather mace, amber and incense.

Women In view of the Asmat. 

Symbolization of women with Flora & Fauna valuable to society Asmat (trees / wood, possum, dog, parrot and parrot, and daffodils), such as the Asmat said above, shows how the Asmat people actually put women very valuable for them. It is also implied in a variety of art and sculpture carving them. But in his great fanfare and fame Asmat carvings and engravings. A hidden reality of the suffering of the mother and the girl Asmat inaudible from the outside world.
Asmat women suffering becomes the sole performers in support of the tribe. Every day they have to provide food for her husband and her children, ranging from searching for fish, shrimp, crab and tembelo up to look for the old sago palm, sago tree felling, tapping, bringing sago forest, cooking and serving. After that wash food or cooking places referred to fetch water from the lake or river clear for drinking family.
While the male activities of daily Asmat are enjoying the food provided his wife, smoking tobacco and gambling. Sometimes he makes a house or a boat, but with a rock wife. There is also willing to accompany her husband for firewood. Unfortunately they only really accompany. Rowing boat, chop wood and carry it home are wife tasks. Husbands who were kind enough to help bring her ax.
If the wife did not prepare her request as sago or fish, then the wife will fall victim to angry outbursts. If they lost gambling, then the wife will also be the object of resentment. Those who live in Agats, now accustomed to get drunk anyway, they are more prone to raging, so that the wife would receive much more violence.
Sometimes men Asmat carve, if they want to know or if you want to organize a party. When the men carve, then the task of the women will be growing. Women should continue to provide fuel sago and other desired foods in order to continue their husbands powered to carve.
The longer the men carve, the more food they need to provide. That means women will get tired of the Asmat, having memangur, meramah and even catch fish processing sago, more tragically, if the carving was sold, then the money just for the husband who makes it, Asmat women do not receive any compensation for his trouble providing food. Yet without the food, the engraving would not be completed.

The Disaster In Beware. 

Asmat disaster for the less there are three, namely;
Malaria.
Crocodile.
HIV / AIDS.
After the HIV / AIDS virus began to bloom in the Asmat and claimed casualties, the stacked list of issues that must be faced by local government and the whole society Asmat. As a new district was busy-busy doing the infrastructure and everything that is needed in order to organize a new government, in several aspects, the spreading of HIV / AIDS is a serious blow that would siphon funds, time, energy and thoughts of all components Asmat people, associated institutions in a particular line of Asmat district administration and certainly need the central government should immediately take steps to alleviate poverty.

Mythology. 

In terms of confidence Asmat people convinced that they are the descendants of the gods coming down from the unseen world which is across the ocean behind the horizon, where the sun sets every day. According to the Asmat people's beliefs, god of the ancestors first landed on Earth in a place far away in the mountains. On his way down to the downstream until he arrived at the spot now occupied by the Asmat people downstream, he experienced many adventures. In the mythology of the Asmat people who dwell in the Gulf Flaminggo for example, it's called Fumeripitsy god. When he runs from the headwaters to the sea, he was attacked by a giant crocodile. The host canoe sank. In the fierce fighting that happened, he could kill the crocodile, but he was gravely injured. He swept her that beached on the riverbank Asewetsy, Syuru village now. Fortunately there is a bird Flamingo care until he recovered back; later he built the house yew and carve two statues are very beautiful and make a drum em, powerful sound. After he finished, he started dancing continuously without stopping, and the magical power that comes out of the movement that gives life to the second statue carved. Shortly thereafter it began moving sculptures and dance, and they later became the first human pair, which is the ancestor of the Asmat.

Ceremony. 

Ritual / Ceremony Asmat namely; 

Death rituals.
Asmat people do not know in terms of burying the bodies of the dead. For them, death is not a natural thing. If someone does not die, then they believe that the person died because of a black magic that hit him. Newborns who later died was considered a matter of course and they are not too upset because they believe that the spirit of the baby wanted to get into the realm of the spirits. Conversely adult deaths bring profound condolences to the Asmat people.
The Asmat believe that death is coming unless the age is too old or too young, is caused by a malicious act, either of magic or violence. Confidence they demand vengeance for his dead victims. Ancestral spirits, to whom they dedicate themselves, represented in spectacular wood carving canoes, shields, wooden poles carved human figures. Until the end of the 20s century, the Asmat youth meet their obligations and devotion to fellow members, to the ancestors and to prove masculinity by bringing the head of an enemy, and offer the body to eat other family members in the village.
If there are parents who are ill, the family gathered to approach the nearest hospital crying because they believe death would pick him up. No efforts to treat or feed the sick man. Kin sick man did not dare to approach him because they believe the pain will 'carry' one of his beloved to accompany. On the side of the house where the sick man lay, a kind of fence made of palm branches. When it became known that the sick man died wailing and weeping to-be. Families were left scrambling immediately embraced the sick and out of the house roll-roll him in the mud. Meanwhile, people around the death has closed all the holes and driveways (except the main entrance) with the intent to obstruct the entry of evil spirits who wander on the eve of death. Asmat people show grief by crying every day for months, his body smeared with mud and shaved her head. Married promised not to marry again (though will also be getting married again) and cover the head and face with a hat that does not appeal to others.
The bodies of the dead laid on the regular (woven bamboo), which has been provided outside the village and left to rot. Later, his bones were collected and stored at the top of the main points of the wood. Skull was taken and used as a pillow marker on the death of love. Asmat people believe that the spirits of the deceased (bi) still remain in the village, especially if the person is manifested in the form of mbis sculpture, wood sculpture that is 5-8 meters high. Another way is to put the corpse in a long canoe with supplies such as sago and sago worms for later released in the river and the sea beyond drifting toward the final resting spirits.
Today, with the entry of outside influences, the Asmat have buried the remains and some personal belongings of the deceased. Generally, the bodies of men buried without the use of clothes, while the body of a woman buried with used clothes. Asmat people also do not have a public funeral, the bodies are usually buried in the woods, on the edge of the river or the bush without a headstone. Wherever the body was buried, the family can still find his grave.

Ritual Preparation and Confirmation Boat Dimples. 

Every 5 years, the Asmat people making new boats. In the process of making a boat to finish, there are few things that need to be considered. Once the tree is selected, harvested, peeled and sharpened at both ends, the rods are ready to be transported to boat building. Meanwhile, place the handle to hold the towing ropes and the reins have been prepared. Restrictions that must be observed when working on it all is not to be making a lot of noises around wrought it. Asmat society believes that if the stick stamped before being pulled into the water, then the rod will gain weight so it can not be moved.
To pull logs, the boat owner asked for help from relatives. A small portion will be driving the wood in the back and pull the rest of the wood. Previously held a special ceremony led by an old man of influence in society. The point is that the boat will be in balance and smoothly.
The boat was painted white on the inside and on the outside of the red and white alternate. The boat is also given in the form of engravings deceased family or in the form of birds and other animals. Once painted, the boat was decorated with sago leaves. Before use, all boats opened first. The new boat owners along with their respective boats gathered at the home of the most influential people in the village where the holding party while listening to singing-singing and playing of drums. Then go back to their homes to prepare for the race boat. The rowers decorate themselves with white paint and red with feathers.
The children and women cheering spirit and enliven the atmosphere. However, there is also a cry in memory of his brother who had died.
In the past, boat building carried out in preparation for an assault and headhunting head. When it has finished, the boats to where the enemy is attempted with the intent of provoking them and lure the enemy in order to be ready to fight atmosphere. Now, more directed use of the boat for transport of foodstuffs.

Bis ceremony. 

Ceremony bus is one of important events in the life of Asmat carving sculptures because associated with ancestor (bus) if there is a request in a family. In the past, bus ceremony was held to commemorate family members who have been killed, and the death it should be immediately returned to kill the family members of those who kill.
To create a sculpture ancestors or relatives who have died required approximately 6-8 weeks. Carving sculptures done in the longhouse (flunky) and during the making of the statue took place, women were not allowed to enter the house. In times of buses making sculpture, usually occurs wife exchange called Papis. This action is intended to strengthen the friendly relations that are indispensable at certain times, such as war. Mate selection occurs at the time of the ceremony war between women and men are held every afternoon.
This war ceremony intended to ward off evil spirits and at this time, women had the opportunity to hit a man who hated or never hurt her. Today, due to inter-clan warfare no longer exists, then the new bus ceremony performed when there is havoc in the village or if the results of the collection of food was not sufficient. According to belief, this is due to the spirits of deceased family who has not delivered the final resting place of, which is an island at the mouth of the river Sirets.

The statue depicts such a bus from family members who have died. 

The one standing on the shoulders of another compound and foremost be on top of the bus. After being awarded colors and decorations awarded. After dressed, bus statue is placed on top of a platform that was built a long house. At that time, the family would say that revenge has been carried out and they hoped that the spirits of the deceased had gone to the island Sirets calmly. They also requested that the family left behind is not to be disturbed and given fertility. Typically, a bus sculpture is then placed and enforced in the sago until broken.
Inaugural ceremonies and the manufacture of home flunky (yentpokmbu).
Asmat people have 2 types of homes, family homes and homes that flunky (je). The house flunky is what is important for the Asmat people. The house is named for the footman surname (family) owner.
Flunky home is the center of activity both religious and nonreligious nature. A family can live there, but if there is an attack to be planned or certain ceremonies, women and children are prohibited from entering. Asmat people do a special ceremony for the new footman, which was attended by family and relatives. Making the footman was followed by several people and ceremonies performed with dance and playing of drums. So, thank you for reading this article.
Written and posted by Bambang Sunarno.  sunarnobambang86@gmail.com
author:
http://schema.org/Personal.
https://plus.google.com/105319704331231770941.
name: Bambang Sunarno.
http://primadonablog.blogspot.com/2014/02/you-know-asmat.html
DatePublished: February 10, 2014 at 21:10
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Tag ; You Know Asmat, asmat.

Marilyn Ardipradja.

Fight for Dual Nationality , Children Come as a Tourist .
More and more Indonesian men who marry foreign women . They then settled in the land of the Equator . Marilyn Ardipradja association initiated Foreign Wives of Indonesia as a gathering of foreign wives once the container to assist the technical issues of immigration members .
Marilyn Ardipradja appearance is no different from Western women in general . What distinguishes , he speaks fluent Indonesian . Understandably , Marilyn was 30 years living in Indonesia . Women from Melbourne , Australia , is carried off Achmad Mustakim Ardipradja , native Indonesian men , after they got married in the land of kangaroos .
Not only is fluent in Indonesian , Marilyn also understand the culture and customs of Indonesia. The 66 -year -old women are familiar with different cultures and countries of origin in Indonesia . However , Marilyn takes a long time to adapt . He also often experience culture shock or cultural shocked .
" Initially hard to ( accept ) because of differences in culture and customs are quite a lot . But , I was lucky because her husband continued support . We are also in constant communication about what is good here , what is not polite , and stuff like that , "explained Marilyn when met at his residence in the Rempoa , South Jakarta, last week .
According to him , communication and partner support was instrumental , especially for mixed couples or mixed couple like him . Because, Marilyn knows himself that the failure rate of a mixed couple households is quite high . Up to 50 percent .
" What often happens , her partner ( Indonesia ) did not provide enough information to the wife or the husband is a stranger . Her husband ( Indonesian ) wife helping less foreigners , " he said .
The mother of three children admitted , cultural differences are often a problem for mixed couples . Therefore , Marilyn strives to help his friends from various countries to facilitate the adaptation process in Indonesia .
Container through mutual support group , named Foreign Wives of Indonesia , Marilyn often met with foreign women who married an Indonesian .
Since its founding in 1983 , the current members of the Foreign Wives of Indonesia's more than 200 people from several regions in Indonesia . They come from various countries . Among others , Australia , Germany , France , China , the Philippines , Japan , UK , Singapore , the Netherlands , and the United States.
The age of the members was varied . There are already elderly (elderly ) and have been married for decades until the new bride .
In the past , says Marilyn , time and most members are still dozens domiciled in Jabodetabek ( Jakarta , Bogor , Depok and Tangerang ) , they often lunch together to share various things . However , as more and more members , they are now quite empowering mailing list for exchanging information or sharing experiences .
"Now that a lot of the outside Jakarta , the convergence of more virtual community. Only the location around Jakarta , we still regularly lunch together , " he said .
Many things to share in a lunch meeting or through a mailing list . For example , immigration issues relating to citizenship and residence status .
Marilyn said , the majority of foreign women are reluctant to switch nationality . They still want to have a home in the country of origin . However , because there is no rule in Indonesia, which allow citizens to have dual nationality , it becomes complicated problem for the wives of " foreign " is.
According to Marilyn , many challenges of the Citizenship Act . For example , the child of a mixed marriage couple must choose one nationality . During this time children are considered join his father . In fact , not be as simple as that.
" All my children of Australian citizens . As a result , they can not work here and that here as a tourist visa , " he said .
In the absence of rules of dual nationality , Marilyn felt constrained welfare of his family . In addition to his children must choose one nationality , he can not just work in Indonesia to help the family economy . Therefore , until now Marilyn is still fighting for dual nationality for foreigners like himself .
" I joined a group that is fighting for it. Therefore , many of our rights are limited , " he said .
In fact , he is not entitled to the property owned by her husband . He gave an example , if the husband dies , he must leave the house and go back to Australia . The house was then become the property of the government .
Marilyn tells the story , there is one member of the Indonesian Foreign Wives forced to return to her country with her children who was a teenager because her husband died . " He's an American , " he said .
In addition to the rush of immigration , the issue of cultural differences are quite striking be the topic of conversation in the lunch Foreign Wives of Indonesia . There are many funny events experienced by members . One of them , a member of the Canadian experience .
Marilyn told me , that his in-laws live in the house so her husband brought to Indonesia . However , the husband , it seems , has not given much information related to the habits " unique " Indonesian people .
One of them is the use of the tub . In the bathroom at home , there is a bathtub . However , although the form and function is the tub for a bath , the tub turned out to be used as a conventional bath complete with his scoop .
The wife did not understand . Once inside the bathroom, a bathtub filled with water already full , do not forget to scoop . He was thinking , there are good people who deliberately fill the water for him . Without a doubt , he was soaking . After the bath , she took off the water at the bottom of a bathtub stopper to remove the water .
" Then , when one of his brother taking a shower , she says , " It's who's spent water in the tub ? " The story that always made ​​us all laugh out loud , " she recalled .
Another example concerns the eating habits . Many foreign women who do not understand that the use of the left hand to eat violate norms or manners . Marilyn stressed , if her husband never communicates little things like that , the wife could be considered impolite by law .
" Because most of the couples a hodgepodge , so to Indonesia , initially stayed with the first -in-law , " he said .
Similarly, about food , Marilyn said , although delicious Indonesian dishes , not a few members of the community who miss western food such as whole wheat bread or toast .
Are also many differences in the behavior complained of is a member of the husband when he returned to Indonesia . Indonesian men generally meet strangers bride when studying or intern in the home country of his wife . Once married and returned to Indonesia , the husband 's behavior changed . While still outside the country , they used to do chores such as washing or cooking . But , when he returned to Indonesia , the habit is lost .
" The husband who used to wash his own plate , back here so spoiled . Nothing would be provided . In fact , most of the foreign women independent . Therefore, it needs adjustment and communication from both sides , "said the reiki master .
Later , the habit of Indonesian people who like to visit without first telling Marilyn also had surprising . He tells the story , when I was living in a rented house , she was surprised that her husband 's uncle came suddenly . In fact , he often stayed .
" In the West, if you want to meet, have to call first . Can not suddenly come .
But, here are all different. At that time I was a new bride. So, really surprised , " he said .
Regarding the usual rubber -hour culture in Indonesia , Marilyn acknowledges that the culture is very complaining members , especially women Germany . They are very accustomed on time . Because of that , he has ways to get around so the husband can come on time .
" For example , I always exaggerate one or half hour from original time , " he said then smiled .
However , she was grateful that her husband is very helpful in adapting . As with the British members married to Indonesian Chinese descent . The family man , the wife asked to have four children .
"At that time she already had three children . Turns should add one more . Therefore, the law says , the table 's got four legs . He was forced to obey. My husband's family was lucky no further demands to me , " he said .
Marilyn , who works freelance translators that said, he claimed to enjoy the presence of Foreign Wives of Indonesian community . The community can thrive . Back in the New Order era, the community is underground . Therefore , they are rarely met . But , since the reform era , they are free to move .
Marilyn first met her husband while studying at The University of Melbourne . The husband got a scholarship from the Colombo Plan in 1965 . In 1971 they married in Australia . A year later they returned to Indonesia , but soon returned to Australia in 1974 . Both also had settled in Singapore before the end of 1982 decided to stay in Jakarta .
The initial idea came from the desire to make the community to maintain the English Marilyn her two young daughters who have entered the playgroup .
Both attended the playgroup belonging Australia and New Zealand Association
(ANZA ) . That's where yoga enthusiasts are acquainted with two foreign women whose husband is also an Indonesian . They then initiated the establishment of the community .
Although she is not young , Marilyn still wish there was a better change for the citizenship status of mixed couples . Therefore , until now he continues to pursue the existence of dual nationality rule in Indonesia . " I still hope , " he added
So , thank you for reading this article. Written and posted by Bambang Sunarno.
sunarnobambang86@gmail.com
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http://primadonablog.blogspot.com/2014/02/marilyn-ardipradja.html
DatePublished: February 10, 2014 at 18:59

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Standard salary.

Modern companies respond faster development era of digital and cyber. 
They need more and more power in the position associated with the expertise to maintain security, competitiveness and of course turnover.
Career consultancy, CT Partners, released the results of a survey several job positions this year in the category of most wanted.
In 2014 the company executives who need more fresh in the field of information
technology.
Massive growth in cloud computing and online education made a significant impact.
Online access is increasingly intense highly susceptible threaten data security system office.
Invasion of the hackers in messing up important files or stealing has become a special and serious attention.
"The influence of technological advances continue to grow this year than ever before," said CEO Brian Sullivan was quoted as saying CTPartners Fortune.
"Big Data (data sets) a company will continue to grow, because the search information to improve competitiveness are getting massive," he continued.
While the professionals are capable to handle the marketing is being widely sought various companies.
Engaged in anything, the company still needs a sales force, including the areas of cyber though.
Some predicted position the company sought to improve the performance is as follows;

DIGITAL DIVISION: 

Chief Information Officer. 

For some companies, this position may sound old-fashioned, but the evolution of the movement of information make it into a crucial position.
The growing importance of data processing, mobile technology, digital and analysis reinforces the importance of the position of chief information officer (CIO).
If previously a role behind the scenes, today's CIO as important as the board of directors.
Some companies even add positions as senior vice president to the position.

Chief Marketing Officer. 

The role of chief marketing officer (CMO) is growing every year.
In the digital age, required marketing executives who can find a new model.
By doing so, mission targeted in an increasingly dynamic market.
"CMOs are also required to have a special ability to answer the challenges that marketing is increasingly important in terms of revenue and company growth," said Sullivan.

Cyber ​​Security Officer. 

Provision of facilities for physical security such as CCTV, security guards, alarm and so on in maintaining the security of corporate data is less clear.
The thieves in cyberspace more cunning infiltrate rummage office assets.
Prevention for it was not enough just to provide a "virtual wall" solid, but also skilled workers and ingenious cyber-attack against increasingly progressive.

DIVISION BUSINESS / FINANCIAL. 

Head of Compliance. 

Banks or financial companies are under increasing scrutiny over the government.
Companies also need specialized professionals who know dealing with tighter regulation.
According to Sullivan, the standard salary for the position was further increased to 25 percent over the past two years. The numbers in each office continues to multiply.

Chief Human Resources Officer. 

The position of chief human resources officer (CHRO) is always important in recent years, but from 2014 every company increasingly requires CHRO competent.
According to the survey CTPartners, it is increasingly crucial because the CEO needs a credible feedback from their own team.
The goal of course add to the competition in the modern era of competition.
So, thank you for reading this article. Written and posted by Bambang Sunarno.
sunarnobambang86@gmail.com
author:
http://schema.org/Personal.
https://plus.google.com/105319704331231770941.
name: Bambang Sunarno.
http://primadonablog.blogspot.com/2014/02/standard-salary.html
DatePublished: February 10, 2014 at 15:37
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Tag ; Standard salary.