Hitler was a veteran of World War I with many titles. He joined the German Workers Party (NSDAP's predecessor) in 1919, and became chairman of the NSDAP in 1921. In 1923, he staged a coup in Munich known as the Beer Hall Putsch events. The failed coup led to the arrest of Hitler. In prison, Hitler wrote his memoir, Mein Kampf (My Struggle). After being released in 1924, Hitler had the support of the people to denounce the Treaty of Versailles and uphold the Pan-Jermanisme, antisemitism and anti-communism through his charismatic speeches and Nazi propaganda. Once appointed as chancellor in 1933, he changed the Weimar Republic into the Third Reich, a single-party dictatorship based on the totalitarian ideologies of Nazism and autocratic.
The aim was to establish Hitler's New Order of absolute Nazi German hegemony in continental Europe. Until then, foreign policy and the country aims to achieve Lebensraum ("living space") for the Germanic people. He ordered Germany rearmed and the Wehrmacht invaded Poland in September 1939, led to the outbreak of World War II in Europe. Under Hitler's government, in 1941 the German forces and their European allies occupied most of Europe and North Africa. In 1943, Germany was forced to defend himself and suffered a series of defeats in battle. In the final days of the war, when the Battle of Berlin took place in 1945, Hitler married his old girlfriend, Eva Braun. April 30, 1945, less than two days later, the two committed suicide to avoid arrest Red Army, and their corpses were burned.
Hitler's policies were motivated by racial supremacists and resulted in the deaths of around 50 million people during World War II, including 6 million Jews and 5 million ethnic "non-Aryan" the systematic extermination was ordered by Hitler and his closest colleagues.
Ancestor.
Hitler's father, Alois Hitler (1837-1903), was the illegitimate son of Maria Anna Schicklgruber. Baptismal records do not mention the name of the father Alois, so Alois wearing his mother's last name. In 1842, Johann Georg married Anna Hiedler. After Anna died in 1847, and Johann in 1856, grew up in a family Alois Hiedler brother, Johann Nepomuk Hiedler. In 1876, Alois passed and baptismal records altered by a priest in the presence of three witnesses. Currently on trial at Nuremberg in 1945, Nazi official Hans Frank mentioned the existence of letters claiming that Alois's mother worked as a maid tanga for a Jewish family in Graz and that the family's son 19-year-old, Leopold Frankenberger, fathered Alois. However, no names were recorded Frankenberger in Graz at that time and Leopold Frankenberger family records were never made. Historians doubt the claim that Alois's father was a Jew.
At age 39, Alois chose the last name "Hitler", can be spelled "Hiedler", "Hüttler", or "Huettler". Origin says his name is "someone who stays at home" (Standard German Hütte), "shepherd" (Standard German Huten "guard", English "heed"), or from the Slavic languages and Hidlarcek Hidlar.
Childhood and education.
Adolf Hitler was born on 20 April 1889 at the Gasthof zum Pommer, an inn in Salzburger Vorstadt 15, Braunau am Inn, Austria-Hungary. He was the fourth of six children of Alois Hitler and Klara pair Polzl (1860-1907). Brother and sister Hitler - Gustav, Ida, and Otto - died in infancy. When Hitler was three, the family moved to Passau, Germany. There he studied the Lower Bavarian dialect, rather than Austrian German, which is characteristic of the style of speech of a lifetime. In 1894, the family moved again to Leonding (near Linz), and in June 1895, Alois settled in a small area in Hafeld, near Lambach, where he was farming and beekeeping. Adolf school in a neighboring town, Fischlham. Hitler started like studying war after finding a picture book about the Franco-Prussian War belonged to his father.
Hafeld their migration to the beginning of the father-son conflict is intense due to Adolf refused to comply with strict rules at school. Alois Hitler's farming efforts at Hafeld failed and in 1897 they moved to Lambach. Hitler was 8 years old singing lessons followed, singing with the church choir, and even semapt consider myself to be a pastor. In 1898, the family moved permanently to Leonding. The death of his brother, Edmund, from smallpox on February 2, 1900 greatly affect the life of Hitler. He transformed from a figure who is confident, outgoing, and smart, into boy moody, withdrawn, sullen and often quarreled with his father and his teacher.
Hitler's mother, Klara.
Alois had a successful career in the customs bureau and wanted his son to follow in his footsteps. Hitler later dramatized an event when Hitler's father took him to the customs office, calling it as an event that evokes a merciless antagonism between father and son, who both are equally eager. Ignoring his son's desire to enter the classical high school and become an artist, Alois sent Adolf to the Realschule in Linz in September 1900. (This is the same high school that Adolf Eichmann later entered 17 years later.) Hitler refused this decision, and in Mein Kampf, Hitler said that he did poorly in school, hoping that once his father saw "little progress I made in school technique, he will let me pursue my dreams. "
Hitler was obsessed with German nationalism since I was young. He showed his loyalty to Germany, hated Habsburg monarchy increasingly chaotic and administration in the occupied various ethnic empire. Hitler and his friends used the word German greeting "Heil", and sang the German anthem "Deutschland Über Alles" instead of the Austrian Imperial anthem.
After the sudden death of Alois dated January 3, 1903, Hitler's achievement in school deteriorated. His mother allow Hitler quit school in the fall of 1905. He attended the Realschule in Steyr in September 1904; behavior and improved performance. In the fall of 1905, after passing supplementary exams and final exams, Hitler left school without any desire to continue their education or build a career.
Adolescence in Vienna and Munich.
Since 1905, Hitler was living a bohemian life in Vienna financed by orphan support and help from his mother. He worked as a common laborer, and a painter who sells watercolor paintings. Academy of Fine Arts Vienna twice refused Hitler, namely in 1907 and 1908, due to "not fit to paint". Director of the academy suggested that Hitler studied architecture, but he did not meet academic requirements. On December 21, 1907, his mother died at the age of 47 years. After being rejected a second time for the Academy, Hitler ran out of money. In 1909, he lived in a homeless shelter, and in 1910, he settled in a house in Meldemannstraße working poor. When Hitler lived there, Vienna was the place of religious prejudice and racism. Concerns that Vienna will be met immigrants from Eastern widespread, and the populist mayor, Karl Lueger, exploiting the rhetoric of antisemitism for political gain. Antisemitism pan-Germanic Georg Schönerer received strong support in the district of Wien, where Hitler lived. Hitler read the local newspapers, such as the Deutsches Volksblatt, burn that fuel prejudice and fear Christians who worry about being displaced by the influx of Jewish immigrants from the east. Rejecting what he called "Jermanofobia" Catholic, he began to like Martin Luther.
The origin and when Hitler showed antisemitism difficult to trace. Hitler said in Mein Kampf that turned into an anti-Semitic Vienna. Her friend, August Kubizek, claimed that Hitler was an "official antisemitism" before leaving Linz. Kubizek testimony challenged by historian Brigitte Hamann, who wrote that Kubizek is the only person who says that the young Hitler was an anti-Semitic. Hamann also wrote that there is no anti-Semitic statements coming out of the mouth of Hitler at that time. Historian Ian Kershaw argued that if Hitler never said that, his words are not known because of antisemitism in Vienna is common at the time. A number of sources provide strong evidence that Hitler had Jewish friends at the inn and other places in Vienna. Historian Richard J. Evans states that "historians now agree that the anti-Semitism that emerged after the famous German defeat (in World War I), as a side effect of the answer paranoid 'betrayal' of this event".
Hitler inherited the last part of the estate of his father in May 1913 and moved to Munich. Historians believe he came out of Vienna to avoid conscription into the Army Austria. Hitler later claimed that he did not want to serve in the Habsburg Empire as mixing "races" within the army. [50] After he was declared not fit-for-duty physical test failed in Salzburg dated February 5, 1914-he returned to Munich.
World War I.
Adolf Hitler's military career.
When World War I broke out, Hitler is a resident of the city of Munich and voluntarily serving in Bavarian Army as an Austrian citizen. Placed on Reserve Infantry Regiment of Bavaria 16 (Group 1 Regiment), Hitler acted as messengers on the Western Front in France and Belgium, spent almost half of his time behind the front line. He was involved in the First Battle of Ypres, the Battle of the Somme, the Battle of Arras, and the Battle of Passchendaele, and was wounded at the Somme.
He was awarded the Iron Cross, Second Class, in 1914 for his bravery. As suggested Hugo Gutmann, Hitler received the Iron Cross, First Class, on August 4, 1918, a rare accolade pinned on the rank of someone like Hitler (Gefreiter) . Hitler job at regimental headquarters, which is fully interact with senior officers, may help him get this award. Although the action was considered daring, but still can not be called a very commendable. Hitler also received the Wound Badge Black on May 18, 1918.
During duty at headquarters, Hitler developed his artistic talent by drawing cartoons and instructions for an army newspaper. At the Battle of the Somme in October 1916, he was wounded in the thigh [63] or the left thigh by a grenade that exploded in the trenches messengers. Hitler spent almost two months in the Red Cross hospital in Beelitz, then returned to his regiment on 5 March 1917. On October 15, 1918, Hitler was temporarily blinded due to mustard gas attack and had lodged in Pasewalk hospital. There, Hitler knew the defeat of Germany, and after getting the news, he was admitted to the blind again.
Adolf Hitler became a soldier in the First World War (1914-1918)
Hitler became irritated by the German war effort failed and therefore also the development of ideology slowly formed. He called World War I as "the greatest experience of a lifetime" and he was praised by his commanding officer for his bravery. This experience reinforces patriotism against Germany and he was shocked by the surrender of Germany in November 1918. Like many other German nationalists, he believed the Dolchstoßlegende (legend of betrayal) who claimed that the German Army "undefeated in the field" had been "stabbed in the back" on the domestic front by civilian leaders and Marxists, later dubbed " November criminals ".
Treaty of Versailles stressed that Germany must return the number of occupied territories and demilitarize the Rhineland. This Agreement imposes economic sanctions and heavy reparations on Germany. Many Germans view these agreements-particularly Article 231 which calls Germany is responsible for all consequences of war-as an attempt to embarrass Germany. Treaty of Versailles and the economic, social, and political in postwar Germany later exploited by Hitler for political gain.
Politics.
Adolf Hitler's political views.
After World War I, Hitler returned to Munich. Without formal education and career prospects, he tries to survive in the army as long as possible. In July 1919, he was appointed as Verbindungsmann ( intelligence agent ) for a Aufklärungskommando ( spy commando ) of the Reichswehr to influence other soldiers and to infiltrate the German Workers' Party ( DAP ) . When watching the activity of the DAP , Hitler was keen on the idea of the party founder , Anton Drexler , the anti-Semitic , nationalist , anti - capitalist and anti - Marxist . Drexler like a strong active government , non - Jewish version of socialism and solidarity among the people . Hitler was fascinated by the ability of speech , Drexler invited him to join the DAP . Hitler accepted the offer on 12 September 1919 and became the 55th member of the party .
A copy of the German Workers' Party membership card ( DAP ) Adolf Hitler
At the DAP , Hitler met Dietrich Eckart with , one of the founders of the party and members of the secret Thule Society . Eckart became Hitler's teacher , could exchange ideas with him and introduced him to a wide range of community leaders Munich . In order to enhance its appeal , the DAP changed his name to Nationalsozialistische Deutsche Arbeiterpartei ( National Socialist German Workers Party - NSDAP ) . Hitler designed a swastika flag in a white circle on a red background in the party .
Hitler out of the Army in March 1920 and began working full-time for the NSDAP. In February 1921 - when it capably addressed the large crowd he addressed the 6,000 people in Munich . To publicize the meeting , two truckloads of party supporters around town waving swastika flags and spreading leaflets . Hitler soon gained popularity because of harsh polemic speeches against the Treaty of Versailles , political competitors , and the Marxists and Jews . At the time, the NSDAP headquarters in Munich , fertile ground for the anti- government German nationalists who want to destroy Marxism and harassing the Weimar Republic .
In June 1921 , while Hitler and Eckart were on a fundraising trip to Berlin , a mutiny occurred in the body of the NSDAP in Munich . A number of members of the executive committee , some of whom consider Hitler too overbearing , wanted to merge with their competitors , the German Socialist Party ( DSP ) . Hitler returned to Munich on 11 July and reinforce his resignation . The committee members then realized Hitler 's resignation means the party broke up . Hitler announced it would rejoin the condition that he replace Drexler as party chairman and the party headquarters should remain in Munich . The Committee agreed ; Hitler rejoined the party as member of the 3,680 . He still got a number of internal contradictions in the NSDAP : Hermann Esser and his allies issued a 3000 pamphlet attacking Hitler as a traitor party . In the following days , Hitler spoke before a crowd of defending himself and extraordinary acclaim . The strategy proved successful : at a general meeting of members , he was given absolute powers as party chairman with one vote against .
Hitler speeches that excited in a beer hall began to attract a loyal audience . He began to get used to wearing a populist themes targeted to his audience , including the use of scapegoats to blame for the economic difficulties of his audience . Historians noted the hypnotic effect of his words to the large crowd , and the eyes of the small crowd . Kessel wrote , " With the incredible ... the Germans spoke with charm mystification ' hypnotic ' Hitler . Said it appears again and again ; Hitler is said to successfully hit this nation , bringing them into a state of trance in which they can not escape . " Historian Hugh Trevor - Roper describes " bewitching charm of his view that many people are still sane . " He put his personal magnetism and an understanding of the psychology of the crowd to get excellence during a speech in public . Alfons Heck , a former member of the Hitler Youth , describes the reaction to Hitler 's speech : " We are burning with nationalistic pride that has reached the level of hysteria . At the last minute , we shout as loud as possible with tears : Sieg Heil , Sieg Heil , Sieg Heil ! Since that time , I was self -owned body and soul of Adolf Hitler " . Although the ability of speech and personality can be received either by a large crowd and formal occasions , a number of people who never met Hitler personally mengatkan that the appearance and behavior fail to provide lasting charm .
The first followers include Rudolf Hess , the former air force pilot Hermann Göring , and the army captain Ernst Röhm . Röhm become head of the Nazi paramilitary organization , the Sturmabteilung ( SA , " Army Invaders " ) , which is tasked with protecting the meetings and frequently attacked political rivals . Critical influence on his thinking at this period was the Aufbau Vereinigung , a group of White Russian refugees conspiracy and early National Socialists . The group that funded a number of prominent wealthy industrialists like Henry Ford introduced Hitler to the idea of a Jewish conspiracy linking international finance with Bolshevism .
Bierkeller Putsch .
Hitler asked for help General Erich Ludendorff World War I to stage a coup called " Bierkeller Putsch " . Nazi Party wear Italian Fascism as a model of appearance and their policies . Hitler wanted to emulate the " March on Rome " was Benito Mussolini ( 1922 ) to make his own coup in Bavaria , followed by against the government in Berlin . Hitler and Ludendorff sought support Staatskommissar ( state commissioner ) Gustav von Kahr , Bavaria 's de facto leader . However, Kahr and Police Chief Hans Ritter von Seisser ( Seisser ) and Reichswehr General Otto von Lossow want to establish a nationalist dictatorship without Hitler 's involvement .
Hitler wanted to embrace this critical moment to win the broad support of the people . On November 8 , 1923, he and the SA stormed a rally of 3,000 people held at Bürgerbräukeller Kahr , a large beer hall in Munich . Hitler grab Kahr 's speech and announced that the national revolution had begun , and declared the formation of a new government with Ludendorff . Retreated to the back room , Hitler , with his cell handgun , demanded and received the support of Kahr , Seisser , and Lossow . Hitler's forces initially succeeded in occupying the local Reichswehr and police headquarters ; unfortunately , Kahr and his colleagues withdrew their support and both AD and state police did not join Hitler . The next day , Hitler and his followers marched from the beer hall to the Bavarian War Ministry to overthrow the Bavarian government , but the police successfully dispersed . 16 NSDAP members and four police were killed in the failed coup .
Hitler fled to the home of Ernst Hanfstaengl and according to some people he was considering suicide . He was depressed but calm when arrested on 11 November 1923 as a result of high treason . The trial began in February 1924 before the special People's Court in Munich , and Alfred Rosenberg became temporary chairman of the NSDAP . On April 1 , Hitler was sentenced to five years in prison in Landsberg Prison . He handled well by the guards , and he permitted received a letter from her supporters and regular visits by party colleagues . The Supreme Court issued Bayern forgiveness and Hitler was released from prison on December 20, 1924 , against the state prosecutor's objections . If counted as a whole , Hitler languished for more than a year in prison .
At Landsberg , Hitler dictated most of the first volume of Mein Kampf ( My Struggle ; originally titled Four Half Years of Struggle Against Lies , Stupidity , and cowardice ) to his deputy , Rudolf Hess . The book , dedicated to Thule Society member Dietrich Eckart , was an autobiography once exposure ideology. Mein Kampf was influenced by The Passing of the Great Race work of Madison Grant , which Hitler considered " my gospel " . The book became the basis of Hitler's plans to transform German society into one based on race . A number of sentences in which emphasizes the genocide . Published in two volumes in 1925 and 1926 , the book sold more than 228,000 copies between 1925 and 1932. One also copies sold in 1933 , Hitler 's first year in office.
Rebuilding the NSDAP .
After Hitler was released from prison , politics in Germany had less competition and the economy improves , thus limiting the opportunity Hitler meet his political goals . Bierkeller due to the failed Putsch , the NSDAP and related organizations are prohibited from standing in Bayern . In a meeting with the Prime Minister of Bavaria Heinrich Held on 4 January , 1925, Hitler agreed to respect the authority of the state : he would only pursue political power through the democratic process . This meeting successfully lift the ban on the NSDAP . However , Hitler made a speech in public is prohibited , a ban that remained in effect until 1927. To advance his political ambitions , although prohibited , Hitler appointed Gregor Strasser , Otto Strasser , and Joseph Goebbels to establish and grow the NSDAP in northern Germany . A talented strategiwan , Gregor Strasser , making a more independent political path by emphasizing the socialist element of the party program .
U.S. stocks fall on October 24, 1929 . The impact was so severe in Germany : millions of people were laid off and several large banks go bankrupt . Hitler and the NSDAP prepared to take advantage of this event in order to gain support for their party . They promised to remove the Treaty of Versailles , strengthen the economy and provide jobs .
The reign.
The reign of Adolf Hitler
Nazi party election results.
Election Seats Total votes % of votes Reichstag Notes
Mei 1924 1.918.300 65 32 Hitler in prison
Desember 1924 907.300 30 14 Hitler free
1928 810.100 26 12
1930 6.409.600 183 107 After the financial crisis
1932 13.745.000 373 230 After Hitler was nominated to be president
1932 11.737.000 331 196
439 288 1933 17.277.180 when Hitler became Chancellor of Germany
Brüning administration.
Hitler and the NSDAP treasurer Franz Xaver Schwarz at the renovation of the Palais Barlow on Brienner Straße in Munich at the Brown House headquarters , December 1930
Great Depression in Germany to give a political opportunity for Hitler . Half support half the German population against parliamentary republic , which faced enormous pressure from right-wing extremists and left . Moderate political parties are not able to stem the tide of extremism , and the German referendum in 1929 successfully brought to the surface of the Nazi ideology . September 1930 elections ended with the splitting of a large coalition and replaced by a minority cabinet . Its chairman , chancellor Heinrich Brüning of the Centre Party , ruled the use of emergency decrees from President Paul von Hindenburg . Governance using the decree would become the new norm and paved the way for authoritarian rule . NSDAP rose from obscurity to be the winner 18.3 % of the vote and 107 parliamentary seats in the 1930 elections , making it the second largest party in parliament .
Hitler was present at the trial of two Reichswehr officers , Lt. Richard Scheringer and Hans Ludin , in the autumn of 1930. Both have been accused of membership in the NSDAP which at that time was not allowed for Reichswehr personnel . The judge argued that the NSDAP was a party of extremists , so the defendant lawyer Hans Frank to call Hitler was forced to testify in court . On 25 September 1930 Hitler testified that his party is only pursuing political power through democratic elections , a witness who gave him the support of the Reichswehr corps .
Bruning harsh action brought little improvement to the economy and very unpopular . Hitler exploit by targeting his political messages specifically to people affected by the inflationary 1920s and the Great Depression , such as farmers , war veterans , and the middle class .
Hitler formally relinquish citizenship Austrianya on 7 April 1925 , but has not yet obtained the German citizenship . Almost 7 years he is a stateless person , can not hold public office , and threatened with deportation . On February 25, 1932 , the interior minister Brunswick , also a member of the NSDAP , appointed Hitler as administrator for the state delegation Reichsrat in Berlin . Hence, Hitler automatically become citizens Brunswick , as well as Germany .
In 1932, Hitler campaigned against von Hindenburg in the presidential elections . Continuity his nomination is confirmed by the speech on January 27, 1932 at the Industry Club in Düsseldorf , which gave him the support of most of the most influential industrialists in Germany . But Hindenburg has been supported by various nationalist party , monarchist , Catholic , and republican , and a number of social democrats . Hitler wearing campaign slogan " Hitler über Deutschland " ( " Hitler over Germany " ) , referring to the political ambitions once campaign using aircraft . Hitler was ranked second in the two -round election with more than 35 % of the vote in the last election . Although he lost , this election makes Hitler forces in German politics .
Appointment as Chancellor.
The absence of effective government forced two influential politicians , Franz von Papen and Alfred Hugenberg , along with several other industrialists and businessmen , wrote to von Hindenburg . The signers forced Hindenburg appointed Hitler as head of government "free from parliamentary parties " , which will turn into a movement that is able to " amaze millions of people " .
Hindenburg half-heartedly agreed to appoint Hitler as chancellor after two parliament elections - in July and November 1932 - did not result in the formation of a majority government . Hitler would lead the short-lived coalition government formed by the NSDAP and Hugenberg party , namely the German National People's Party ( DNVP ) . On January 30, 1933 , a new cabinet was sworn in a brief ceremony in Hindenburg 's office . NSDAP gained three positions , Hitler became Chancellor , Interior Minister Wilhelm Frick , Hermann Göring and Interior Minister to Prussia . Hitler had previously demanded the post of minister in an attempt to control the police in most areas of Germany .
Reichstag fire and March elections.
As chancellor , Hitler's attempt to fight back the actions of competitors NSDAP to create a majority government . Because of the political stalemate , he asked President Hindenburg to dissolve the Reichstag again , and elections scheduled in early March . On February 27, 1933 , the Reichstag building burned . Göring called this as a communist plot , because Dutch communist Marinus a van der Lubbe proved to worsen the situation in the burning building . At the request of Hitler , Hindenburg responded with the Reichstag Fire Decree issued on February 28 , that removes the basic rights and allows for detention without trial first. Activities of the German Communist Party pressed and about 4,000 communist party members were arrested . The researchers , including William L. Shirer Alan Bullock , argued that the NSDAP itself that started the fire.
Besides political campaigning , the NSDAP engaged in paramilitary violence and spread of anti-communist propaganda a few days before the election.
On D-Day , March 6, 1933 , the NSDAP turnout increased to 43.9 % and the party obtaining the number of seats in parliament . However , Hitler's party failed to secure an absolute majority , so they have to form a coalition with the DNVP .
Day of Potsdam and the Enabling Act
Dated March 21, 1933 , the new Reichstag was formed through the opening ceremony at the Garrison Church in Potsdam . " Day of Potsdam " was held to demonstrate unity between the Nazi movement and the old Prussian elite and military . Hitler appeared in a morning coat and with a friendly welcome President von Hindenburg .
Paul von Hindenburg and Adolf Hitler on the Day of Potsdam , March 21, 1933
To achieve full political control despite failing to obtain an absolute majority in parliament , Hitler's government requested the draft Ermächtigungsgesetz ( Enabling Act ) to a vote in the Reichstag undergo newly formed . This bill gives Hitler's cabinet full legislative powers for four years and ( with some exceptions ) to allow deviations from the constitution . The bill requires a two-thirds majority to be passed . Without a wasted opportunity , wearing Nazi Reichstag Fire Decree requirements to prevent a Social Democrat deputies present ; officially banned the Communist Party .
On 23 March , the Reichstag met in the Kroll Opera House under an atmosphere of turmoil . A number of members of the SA became a guard at the building , while a large crowd outside chanted slogans against the bill and threats against members of the new Parliament come . Position Central Party , the third largest party in the Reichstag , is absolute . After Hitler promised directly to the party leader Ludwig Kaas that President von Hindenburg would retain the right of veto , Kaas announced the Centre Party supported the bill right activation . Finally , the Act was passed with voice activation 441-84 ; all parties except the Social Democrats voting agree . Enabling Act , along with the Reichstag Fire Decree , transform Hitler into a de facto dictatorship lawful .
Another limitation Elimination.
Although it looks like crap , I tell you that the National Socialist movement will continue until the year 1000 ! ... Do not forget how people laughed at me 15 years ago when I said that one day I would lead Germany . They now laugh , as stupid , as I said it will continue to power .
After a successful full control of the legislative and executive branches of government , Hitler and his political allies began to suppress political opposition remains systematically . Social Democratic Party stands banned and all its assets seized . When the trade union delegates gathered in Berlin for May Day activities , SA army to destroy the union offices throughout Germany . On May 2, 1933 , all trade unions were forced to disperse and chairman - chairman arrested , some of whom were sent to concentration camps . German Labour Front was formed as an umbrella organization for all workers , administrators , and company owners , thus reflecting the concept of national socialism in the spirit of Hitler's Volksgemeinschaft ( German racial community ; literally means " people's community " ) .
In 1934 , Hitler became head of state of Germany with the title of Führer und Reichskanzler ( leader and chancellor of the Reich ) .
In late June , the other parties in order to disperse intimidated . With the help of the SA , Hitler pressed his coalition colleagues , Hugenberg , so backward . Dated July 14, 1933 , the NSDAP declared as the only legal political party in Germany . SA demands for political and military power led to greater anxiety among military leaders , industry , and politics . Hitler responded by removing the entire leadership of the SA in the Night of the Long Knives Knife - launched on June 30 to July 2, 1934 . Hitler targeting Ernst Röhm and other SA leaders , along with a number of political opponents of Hitler ( like Gregor Strasser and former Chancellor Kurt von Schleicher ) , which is then collected , detained , and was shot dead . When the international community and a number of German society was shocked by the assassination , many in Germany saw Hitler was to enforce order .
Dated August 2, 1934 , President von Hindenburg died . The previous day , the cabinet has endorsed the " Top State Law Title Reich " . This law states that upon Hindenburg 's death, the presidency will be removed and power combined with the power of the chancellor . Hitler then became head of state and head of government , and formally Führer und Reichskanzler named ( leader and chancellor ) . This law violates the Act Activation . Although allowing Hitler to deviate from the constitution , the law explicitly forbid break any law relating to the office of president . In 1932 , the constitution was amended to make the president of the Supreme Court , not the chancellor , as interim president pending new elections . With this law , Hitler removing the last legal alternatives that can lower it from power .
As head of state , Hitler became Supreme Commander of the armed forces . Regular army oath of allegiance changed to the oath of allegiance to Hitler
himself , instead of the office or the state supreme commander . On 19 August, the merger of the presidency with the Chancellery approved by 90 % of the vote in a plebiscite .
In early 1938, he wore defamation tactics to consolidate its military power to spark scandal Blomberg - Fritsch . Hitler forced the War Minister , Field Marshal Werner von Blomberg resigned to the police report shows that Blomberg 's new wife had been involved in prostitution . Army commander Colonel - General Werner von Fritsch was removed in the same manner as the Schutzstaffel ( SS ) made allegations that he was involved in a homosexual relationship . Both a person who does not like after they objected terhadpa Hitler demands that the Wehrmacht prepared for war at least 1938. Hitler took over as commander of Duty Blomberg , so that he could personally control the armed forces . He replaced the Ministry of War with the Oberkommando der Wehrmacht ( High Command of the Armed Forces , or OKW ) , led by General Wilhelm Keitel . On the same day , 16 generals and 44 other fired transferred ; everything is supposedly not pro - Nazi . In early February 1938 , 12 generals fired .
After consolidating his political power , Hitler suppress or get rid of the opposition through a process of Gleichschaltung . He seeks to gain additional public support by promising distorting effects of the Great Depression and the Versailles Treaty .
Many decree Hitler Reichstag Fire Decree is based on , according Weimar Constitution Article 48 . This decree gives the president authority to take emergency action to protect public safety and order . Therefore , Hitler could be ruled under martial law are valid . Reichstag Enabling Act repairing twice as a formality because all parties other than the Nazis barred from standing .
Third Reich.
Nazi Germany
Economics and culture
Memorial deaths ( Totenehrung ) on the front porch of the Hall of Honor ( Ehrenhalle ) in the field of the Nazi party meetings , Nuremberg , September 1934
In August 1934 , Hitler's Reichsbank president Hjalmar Schacht appointed as Minister of Economy , and the next year , as the War Economy Minister Plenipotentiary in charge of preparing the country for war economy . Reconstruction and rearmament financed by Mefo letters , printing money , and the confiscation of assets of persons detained as an enemy of the state , including the Jews . Unemployment fell from six million people in 1932 to one million people in 1936 . Hitler operates one of the largest infrastructure improvement campaigns in the history of Germany , including the construction of dams , highways, railroads , and other public works . Wages rather low in the mid to late 1930s when compared to wages during the Weimar Republic , while the cost of living rose 25 % . The average work week increased when the transition to a war economy : in 1939 the average German worked between 47 to 50 hours a week .
Hitler government sponsored a large -scale architecture . Albert Speer , famous for implementing Hitler reinterpretation of classical German culture , was commissioned to make the Berlin architectural renovation plans . In 1936, Hitler opened the Summer Olympics in Berlin .
Rearmament and new alliances .
The main article for this section are : Strength Axis , Three Party Pact , and German re- armament
In a meeting with German military leaders dated February 3, 1933 , Hitler talked about " conquest for Lebensraum in the East and gained his Jermanisasi cruel " as the primary goal of its foreign policy . In March , Prince Bernhard Wilhelm von Bülow , secretary at Auswärtiges Amt ( Foreign Office ) , issued a statement in the form of the main goals of foreign policy : Anschluss with Austria , the return of Germany's national borders of 1914 , rejection of military restrictions on the Treaty of Versailles , the return of former German colonies in Africa , and a German zone of influence in Eastern Europe . Hitler saw the goals that made Bülow too simple . In several subsequent speech , he stressed the peaceful goals of his policies and willingness to cooperate with international agreements . At the first meeting of his Cabinet in 1933 , Hitler prioritized military spending than the manufacturing jobs .
On October 25, 1936 , an official Axle established between Italy and Germany .
Germany out of the League of Nations and the World Disarmament Conference in October 1933 . March 1935 , Hitler announced the expansion of the Wehrmacht to 600,000 members - six times greater than that permitted Treaty of Versailles - including the establishment of the Air Force ( Luftwaffe ) and the expansion of the size of the Navy ( Kriegsmarine ) . Britain , France , Italy , and the League of Nations condemned the violation of the agreement . English - German Sea Treaty ( Agna ) dated June 18, 1935 allowing German tonnage increase to 35 % the AL United Kingdom. Hitler called the signing of Agna as " the happiest day of his life , " believes that the agreement marks the beginning of the Anglo- German alliance he had predicted in Mein Kampf . France and Italy were not included before signing , so that directly overlook LBB and makes the Versailles Treaty does not apply anymore .
Hitler with Arthur Seyss - Inquart , Martin Bormann , Heinrich Himmler and Reinhard Heydrich in Vienna , 1938
Germany reoccupied the demilitarized zone in the Rhineland March 1936 , breaking the Treaty of Versailles . Hitler sent troops to Spain to support General Franco after receiving a request for assistance in July 1936. At the same time , Hitler continued his efforts to form alliances English - German . In August 1936 , responding to a growing economic crisis as a result of rearmament efforts , Hitler asks Göring imposed a four-year plan in order to prepare Germany for war within the next four years . This plan is an all-out struggle between " Judeo - Bolshevism " and German National Socialism , which in Hitler's view of the need of rearmament effort without thinking about economic risks .
Galeazzo Ciano Conti , secretary of state for the government of Benito Mussolini , announced the formation of an alliance between Germany and Italy , and on 25 November, Germany signed the Anti- Comintern Pact with Japan . Britain , China , Italy and Poland were also invited to join the Anti - Comintern Pact , but only Italy signed in 1937 . Hitler cancels his German - British alliance plan and blames the British government that " does not fit " .
At a meeting in Reichskanzlei with foreign ministers and military leaders that November, Hitler reiterated his desire for Lebensraum for the German people pursue . He ordered preparations for war in the east beginning at least in 1938 and 1943 did not pass . Ahead of his death , the minutes recorded conference as the Memorandum Hossbach considered a " political statement " it. He felt a sharp decrease in the standard of living in Germany caused by the economic crisis that can only be stopped by military aggression against Austria and Czechoslovakia . Hitler wanted a quick action before Britain and France ahead in the arms race permanently . In early 1938 , after the scandal Blomberg - Fritsch , Hitler took over control of the military instrument of foreign policy , dismissed Neurath as Foreign Minister and appointed himself as Oberster Befehlshaber der Wehrmacht ( supreme commander of the armed forces ) . Since the early 1938 onwards , Hitler implement foreign policy with the aim of war .
World War II.
The first diplomatic success
Alliance with Japan
German - Japanese relations
Hitler and the Japanese Foreign Minister Yosuke Matsuoka , at a meeting in Berlin in March 1941 . Behind him is Joachim von Ribbentrop .
In February 1938 , on the advice of the Minister of Foreign Affairs of the newly appointed , Joachim von Ribbentrop very pro - Japanese , Hitler ended the Sino- German alliance with the Republic of China in order to form an alliance with Japan's more modern and powerful . Hitler announced his government recognizes Manchukuo , Japanese occupation state in Manchuria , and Germany withdraw claims against their former colonies in the Pacific held Japan . Hitler declared the end of the arms shipments to China and repatriate all German officers working in the Chinese Army .
As retaliation , Chinese General Chiang Kai - shek canceled all Sino- German economic agreements , so that the raw materials China no longer go to Germany .
Austria and Czechoslovakia .
On March 12, 1938 , Hitler announced the unification of Austria with Nazi Germany in the Anschluss program . Hitler then turned his attention to the ethnic Germans population of Sudetenland in Czechoslovakia in the district .
28-29 March 1938 , Hitler held a series of secret meetings in Berlin with Konrad Henlein of Heimfront ( Front of Home Affairs ) Sudeten , party of ethnic Germans in the Sudetenland . They agreed that Henlein asking for greater autonomy for the Sudeten German population to the government of Czechoslovakia , thus giving legitimacy to military action , Germany to Czechoslovakia . In April 1938 , Henlein told the foreign minister Hungary that " whatever the Czech government offered , he would always ask for higher ... he wanted to sabotage an understanding by any means because this is the only way to break up Czechoslovakia quickly " . In private , Hitler considered the Sudeten issue unimportant ; desire is actually waging a war of conquest against Czechoslovakia .
October 1938 : Hitler ( standing in Mercedes ) drive through a crowd in Cheb ( German: Eger ) , part of the German populated region Sudetenland in Czechoslovakia , which was annexed to Nazi Germany due to the Munich Agreement
In April , Hitler requested OKW get ready for Fall Grün ( " Case Green " ) , code invasion of Czechoslovakia . Due to insistent diplomatic pressure from France and Britain , on September 5, Czechoslovak President Edvard Benes launched the " Fourth Plan " for constitutional reorganization of his country which approves most requests Henlein for Sudeten autonomy . Heimfront Henlein respond to an offer Benes with a series of riots against police Czechoslovakia and led to the imposition of martial law in a number of Sudeten districts .
Germany relies on imported oil ; confrontation with Britain over the Czechoslovakian dispute would reduce Germany 's oil supply . Hitler canceled the Fall Grün , originally planned to be held on October 1, 1938 . On September 29 , Hitler , Neville Chamberlain , Edouard Daladier and Benito Mussolini held a one-day conference in Munich and the Munich agreement resulted in the delivery of the district containing the Sudetenland to Germany .
Jewish shops destroyed in Magdeburg post - Kristallnacht ( November 1938 )
Chamberlain satisfied with the Munich conference and call it " peace for the present" , while Hitler was furious at the loss of the opportunity to fight in 1938 , and he expressed his dissatisfaction in a speech on 9 October in Saarbrücken . In Hitler's view , the British -assisted peace , despite satisfy German demands , was a diplomatic defeat that thwart his desire to limit the power of Britain paved the way for the eastern expansion of Germany . Because the meeting was also elected Hitler as Man of the Year Time magazine in 1938.
In late 1938 and early 1939 , the continuing economic crisis as a result of Hitler's rearmament forcing massive budget cuts . In a speech " Export or die " dated 30 January 1939 , he asked for an attack in order to enhance economic German foreign exchange holdings to purchase raw materials such as high -quality steel for military weapons .
On March 15, 1939 , violated the Munich Agreement and may be due to the economic crisis that emphasize the need for additional assets , Hitler ordered the Wehrmacht invaded Prague and proclaimed Bohemia and Moravia a German protectorate from Prague Castle .
The outbreak of World War II .
In private discussions in 1939 , Hitler declared Britain as the main enemy that needs to be defeated and the destruction of Poland is a necessary prerequisite for achieving these goals . The east side will be secured and the land is included in the German Lebensraum . Offended by the " guarantee " of Poland 's independence by Britain on March 31, 1939 , Hitler said , " I have to make the demon drink for them . " In a speech in Wilhelmshaven on the battleship Tirpitz launch event on April 1 , he threatened to cancel the Sea Treaty English - German if Britain continues to guarantee the independence of Poland , which he saw as a policy of " encirclement " . Poland will become a German satellite state or neutralized to secure the Reich's eastern side and prevent possible British blockade . Hitler initially chose the idea of a satellite state , but because the Polish government refused , he decided to invade Poland and making a major foreign policy goal of 1939 . On April 3 , Hitler ordered the military preparing for Fall Weiss ( " Case White " ) , which is planned invasion of Poland on August 25 . In a speech in the Reichstag on 28 April , Hitler canceled the Sea Treaty English - German Non - Aggression Pact and the German - Polish . In August , Hitler told his generals that his original plan for 1939 was " ... establish good relations with Poland for the sake of the fight against the West . " Some historians such as William Carr , Gerhard Weinberg and Ian Kershaw argues that Hitler was waging war haste reason was that he was afraid he died first .
42 pfennig stamp of Hitler in 1944. The term Grossdeutsches Reich ( German Reich Kingdom ) was first used in 1943 to refer to the expansion of German territory under his control .
Hitler concerned to the Polish military attack would create an early war against Britain . However , Hitler's foreign minister - and former Ambassador to London - Joachim von Ribbentrop ensure that neither Britain nor France would not honor their commitments to Poland . Because secured such that, on August 22, 1939 Hitler ordered a military mobilization to Poland .
This plan requires the help of the Soviet secret and a non - aggression pact ( the Molotov - Ribbentrop Pact ) between Germany and the Soviet Union , led by Joseph Stalin , included secret agreements Polish division for both countries . In response to the newly formed pact is different from the prediction - and Ribbentrop that this action will aggravate the Anglo- Polish ties - Britain and Poland English - Polish alliance formed on August 25, 1939 . This maneuver , along with news from Italy that Mussolini would not honor the Pact of Steel , forcing Hitler to postpone the invasion of Poland from 25 August to 1 September. Hitler failed to shift into neutral Britain by offering a non - aggression guarantee to the British Empire on August 25, and he then instructed Ribbentrop to reveal peace plan last minute with a very short time frame in order to blame the war that will take place in Britain and Poland.
Although nervous about the British intervention, Hitler went ahead with the invasion of Poland.
On September 1, 1939, Germany invaded western Poland on the grounds its claim to the Free City of Danzig and his right to extraterritorial roads across the Polish Corridor rejected, which has been submitted in accordance Treaty of Versailles Germany. Respond to this action, the United Kingdom and France declared war on Germany on September 3, surprising Hitler and forced asked to Ribbentrop angrily, "Now what?" France and Britain promptly act according to their statements, and on 17 September, Soviet forces invaded eastern Poland.
In honor of Hitler's Reichstag members Kroll Opera House dated October 6, 1939 , at the end of the Invasion of Poland
The fall of Poland was followed by what is called a journalist a " Fake War " or Sitzkrieg ( " sitting war " ) . Gauletier Poland Hitler instructed the two newly appointed northwest , Albert Forster of Reichsgau Danzig - West Prussia and Arthur Greiser of Reichsgau Wartheland , for " menjermanisasikan " their area " no questions asked " about how. When the Polish population in the Forster area must sign a statement that they had German blood , Greiser brutal ethnic cleansing campaign on the Polish population in the region . Greiser complained Forster allowing thousands of Poles accepted as " racial " Germans thus threatening " racial purity " of Germany. Hitler refused to be involved , because he wanted to make an example of the theory of " working for the Führer " : Hitler issued vague instructions , and expect all subordinates carry out their own policies .
Another dispute arises concerning methods Himmler and Greiser , who chose ethnic cleansing in Poland , against methods Göring and Hans Frank , the Governor General of the territory of the General Government of Poland , who wanted to transform Poland into a " granary " of the Reich . On February 12, 1940 , the dispute was originally completed through the implementation of the method Göring - Frank , which ended the mass expulsion that disrupt the flow of the economy . However , on May 15, 1940 , Himmler wrote a memo titled " Thoughts on Handling of Foreign Residents in the East " who proposed the expulsion of the entire Jewish population of Europe into Africa and isolate the population of Poland became " the working class without a leader . " Himmler Hitler called the memo " good and proper , " and then apply the policy Himmler - Greiser in Poland , while ignoring and Frank Göring .
Hitler visiting Paris with architect Albert Speer ( left ) and sculptor Arno Absorber ( right ) , June 23, 1940
Hitler began to focus its military in Germany's western border, and in April 1940, German forces invaded Denmark and Norway . On 9 April , Hitler announced the birth of " the German Reich Kingdom " , ie his vision of a Germanic empire nations in Europe are united , where the Dutch , Flemish , and Scandinavia to join the government " pure race " under the leadership of Germany . In May 1940, Germany attacked France , and occupied Luxembourg , the Netherlands , and Belgium . The win forced Mussolini to bring Italy to join Hitler on June 10 . France surrendered on June 22 .
Britain , whose army was forced to leave France by sea from Dunkirk , continued to fight with the other British colonies in the Battle of the Atlantic . Hitler's offer of peace to Britain 's new leader , Winston Churchill , and after being rejected he ordered bombing raids to the United Kingdom. Hitler's invasion plan of Britain begins with a series of air strikes on the Battle of Britain on a number of air bases and radar stations Royal Air Force ( RAF ) in South East England . Unfortunately , the German Luftwaffe was unable to defeat the Royal Air Force . In late October , Hitler realized that air superiority for the invasion Operation Sea Lion - Britain - not be achieved , then he launched an attack against the night air in the cities of Britain , including London , Plymouth , and Coventry .
On September 27 , 1940, Three Party Pact was signed in Berlin by Saburo Kurusu of Imperial Japan , Hitler , and Italian foreign minister Ciano , later expanded to Hungary , Romania , and Bulgaria , thus strengthening the Axis powers . Hitler efforts in integrating with the Soviet Union failed to block anti - British after the meeting between Hitler and Molotov dead end in Berlin in November , then he asked all parties prepared for a massive invasion of the Soviet Union .
In the spring of 1941, military activities in North Africa , the Balkans , and the Middle East to divert Hitler from his plans in eastern . In February, German forces arrived in Libya to strengthen the presence of Italian troops there . In April , Hitler launched the invasion of Yugoslavia , which was soon followed by the invasion of Greece . In May , German forces were sent to support Iraqi rebel forces fighting the British and invade Crete . On May 23 , Hitler issued Führer Order No. . 30 .
Towards defeat.
Dated June 22, 1941 , against a non- aggression pact Hitler - Stalin in 1939 , 5.5 million Axis troops invaded the Soviet Union . The aim of this large-scale attack ( Operation Barbarossa ) was the total destruction of the Soviet Union and the seizure of all its natural resources for future efforts aggression against Western countries . In this invasion , the Germans managed to annex a vast area , including the Baltic republics , Belarus and Western Ukraine . After the success of the Battle of Smolensk , Hitler ordered Army Group Central Moscow to stop the speed and while the panzer group shifted to the north and south to assist the siege of Leningrad and Kiev . Hitler 's decision created a major crisis among military officers , because the generals do not agree with the change of the target .Pause taken Hitler at the end of the summer gave the Red Army the opportunity to mobilize new reserves; historian Russell Stolfi consider this as one of the main factors that cause failure of the Moscow attack, newly resumed in October 1941 and ended with a big failure in December .
On December 7, 1941 , Japan attacked Pearl Harbor , Hawaii . Four days later , Hitler formally declared war against the United States .
Dated December 18, 1941 , Himmler Hitler asked , " What needs to be done to the Jews of Russia ? " Hitler replied " als Partisanen auszurotten " ( " destroy them as partisans " ) . Israeli historian Yehuda Bauer commented that the statement could be signs could almost be said that the historian as a direct order from Hitler to carry out genocide during the Holocaust .
In late 1942 , German forces defeated in the second battle of El Alamein , thwarting Hitler's plans to seize the Suez Canal and the Middle East . Too convinced of its own military capabilities after the initial victory in 1940, Hitler became not believe the High Command of the Army and began meddling in military and tactical planning with disastrous consequences . In February 1943 , Hitler 's refusal repetitive towards their withdrawal from the Battle of Stalingrad resulted in the total destruction of the 6th Army . More than 200,000 Axis soldiers died and 235,000 other prisoner , only 6,000 of whom were returned to Germany after the war . After that , there was an absolute defeat at the Battle of Kursk . Hitler began military opinion is not clear , and the military and economic position of Germany joined Hitler's fall as the worsening health . Kershaw and other historians believe Hitler Parkinson's disease .
After the Allied invasion of Sicily in 1943 , Mussolini was deposed by Pietro Badoglio , who surrendered to the Allies . Throughout 1943 and 1944 , the Soviet Union slowly forced Hitler's armies retreat along the Eastern Front . Dated June 6, 1944 , Allied forces landed in French North West in one of the largest amphibious operations in history , Operation Overlord . Due to a series of major setbacks experienced by the German Army , many top brass concluded that defeat was inevitable , and Hitler's miscalculations or rejection will bring the war into the country and led to Germany were completely destroyed .
Between 1939 and 1945 , there are many plans to assassinate Hitler , some of which continued to some degree . The most famous effort actually comes from the German himself and was driven by the possibility that Germany would lose the war . In July 1944 , the plan July 20 , part of Operation Valkyrie , run . Claus von Stauffenberg placed a bomb in Hitler 's headquarters building one , the Wolf 's Lair in Rastenburg . Hitler was almost killed because someone accidentally pushed the suitcase bomb to the back foot thick conference table . When the bomb exploded , the table reflects the blast away from Hitler . After that , Hitler ordered the violent revenge that led to the executions of more than 4,900 people .
Defeat and death.
The defeat of Adolf Hitler.
Front page of the U.S. Armed Forces newspaper , Stars and Stripes , May 2, 1945
In late 1944, both the Red Army and the Western Allies were stormed in Germany. Knowing the strength and tenacity of the Red Army , Hitler decided to use the rest of the army reserve soldiers to fight the United States and Britain that he considered weaker . On 16 December , he launched an offensive in the Ardennes to split the Western Allies and maybe convince them join war against the Soviets. After the attack failed , Hitler realized that Germany would lose the war .
Last hope to negotiate peace with the United States and Britain aided by the death of Franklin D. Roosevelt dated 12 April 1945 ; however , in contrast to expectations , the Allies remained undaunted . Acting with his view that Germany's military failures also eliminates the right to stand as a nation , Hitler ordered the destruction of all German industrial infrastructure before it falls into the hands of the Allies . Armaments Minister Albert Speer trusted to execute this scorched earth plan , but secretly she refused .
On April 20 , Hitler 's birthday the 56th , Hitler did the last trip of Fuhrerbunker ( " Führer's shelter " ) to the surface . In the garden Reichskanzlei destroyed , he pinned the Iron Cross to Hitler Youth soldiers .
On 21 April, the 1st Belorussian Front leader Georgy Zhukov managed to penetrate the defenses of the German Army Group Vistula command of General Gotthard Heinrici at the Battle of the Seelow Plateau and drove to the outskirts of Berlin . Rejecting the situation , Hitler hanging his hopes on the Waffen SS troops led by General Felix Steiner , Armeeabteilung Steiner ( " Army Detachment Steiner " ) . Hitler asked Steiner to attack the northern side of the hill and the German Ninth Army was ordered to attack northward in the form of attacks flops .
At a military conference on 22 April , Hitler questioned Steiner attacks . He was told that the attack had never been launched and Russian troops entered Berlin . The response force of Hitler asked everyone besides Wilhelm Keitel, Alfred Jodl, Hans Krebs , Wilhelm Burgdorf and out of the room .
Hitler then a massive upset over the treachery and incompetence of his commanders , which ended with a statement - for the first time that Germany lost the war . Hitler announced that he would remain in Berlin until the war ended , then committed suicide .
On April 23 , the Red Army surrounded the entire Berlin and Goebbels made a statement asking people to defend the city of Berlin .
On that day also , Göring sent a telegram from Berchtesgaden which contains the opinion that because Hitler was isolated in Berlin , he , Göring , should take over the German government . Göring set a time limit , passing from that he considered Hitler to power again . Hitler responded by holding Göring and in his will written 29 April , Hitler declared Göring dismissed from all government positions he held . On April 28 , Hitler knew that Himmler , who left Berlin on April 20 , was trying to discuss surrender to the western Allies . He ordered Himmler and Hermann Fegelein arrested (Himmler's SS representative at Hitler's headquarters in Berlin) is executed .
After midnight 29 April , Hitler married Eva Braun in a small wedding ceremony in a map room in Fuhrerbunker . After a simple breakfast with his new wife , secretary Traudl Junge he brought to another room and dictated a will and last words . This event was witnessed and documents signed by Hans Krebs , Wilhelm Burgdorf , Joseph Goebbels , and Martin Bormann . That afternoon , Hitler was informed about the murder of Italian dictator Benito Mussolini , which may reinforce the desire to resist arrest .
April 30, 1945 , after fierce street fighting , when Soviet troops were one or two blocks of Reichskanzlei , Hitler and Braun committed suicide ; Braun bite the cyanide capsule and Hitler shot himself . Their bodies were carried up through the emergency exit door to rear garden Reichskanzlei bunkers that have been destroyed , then placed in a bomb crater and doused in gasoline . Both bodies subsequently burned bombing atmosphere accompanied by the Red Army .
Berlin surrendered on 2 May. Note - released Soviet archives after the fall of the Soviet Union - showed that the remains of Hitler , Braun , Joseph and Magda Goebbels , the six Goebbels children , General Hans Krebs and Hitler's dogs repeatedly buried and raised . On April 4, 1970, a Soviet KGB team wear detailed map of the cemetery to pick up the five wooden boxes at the SMERSH facility in Magdeburg . The remains of the box was burned , destroyed , and distributed in Biederitz river , a tributary of the Elbe .
Holocaust .
When the wealthy Jews out of Europe managed to bring this nation once again into the arena of war , consequently bolshevisasi Earth is not in favor of the Jews , but the annihilation of the Jewish race in Europe .
Holocaust and war in eastern Germany are based on long-standing view that the Jews Hitler was the enemy of the German Lebensraum and that need to be created for the sake of expansion of Germany . He focuses to Eastern Europe for the expansion effort to defeat Poland and the Soviet Union and rule out or massacring the Jews and Slavs . Generalplan Ost ( " General Plan for the East " ) contains the deportation of Eastern Europe and the Soviet Union occupied West Siberia to be used as laborers or killed ; area resident holder will be colonized by German.
The goal is to implement this plan after conquering the Soviet Union, but if it fails, Hitler still continue . In January 1942 , Hitler decided to kill all the Jews , Slavs , and other deported inhabitants who want to be removed .
Holocaust (" Endlösung der Judenfrage "or" Final Solution of Jewish Question") was ordered by Hitler and compiled and executed by Heinrich Himmler and Reinhard Heydrich . Note Wannsee Conference - held on January 20, 1942 , led by Heydrich and attended by 15 senior Nazi officials - provide clear evidence of a systematic plan of the Holocaust . February 22 , Hitler said , " we have to get our health back to annihilate the Jews . " Approximately 30 concentration camps and extermination camps used to implement this plan . In the summer of 1942 , the Auschwitz concentration camp quickly expanded to accommodate a large number of people to be killed or enslaved deportation .
Although no specific order from Hitler that allow mass murder published , [ 305 ] he approved the establishment of the Einsatzgruppen - squad killer who follows the path of the German Army crossed the Polish , Baltic , and the Soviet Union - and he was well aware of their activities . In the recording of interrogations by Soviet intelligence officer , published 50 years later , Hitler's driver , Heinz Linge , and his adjutant , Otto Günsche , stated that Hitler had a direct interest in the development of gas chambers .
Between 1939 and 1945 , the Schutzstaffel ( SS ) , government aided collaboration with Strength Axis in World War IIkolaborasionis and recruits from countries holder , responsible for the deaths of 11 to 14 million people , including 6 million Jews representing two-thirds of the Jewish population in Europe , and between 500,000 and 1,500,000 Roma ethnicity . Death occurred in the concentration camps and extermination camps , ghettos and mass executions . Many victims of the Holocaust gassed to death , while others died of starvation or disease while working as slave laborers .
Hitler's policies also resulted in the murder of Poles and Soviet prisoners of war , communists and other political competitors , homosexuals , the physically and mentally handicapped , Jehovah's Witnesses , Adventists , and trade unionists . Hitler never visited the concentration camps and the killing discuss in public .
Another Nazi concept is the meaning of racial purity . On September 15 , 1935, Hitler introduced two laws - called Nuremberg Laws - to the Reichstag . The laws prohibiting marriage between non - Jewish Germans and Jews , and prohibits the employment of non- Jewish women under the age of 45 years in a Jewish family . This law also removes the rights of German citizenship held those " non-Aryan ". First Hitler's eugenics policies targeting children with physical and mental disabilities in a program called Action Brandt , then allow euthanasia program for adults with physical and mental disabilities that are now called Action T4 .
Leadership style.
Hitler led the NSDAP is autocratic by applying Führerprinzip ("leader principle") This principle depends on absolute adherence to the leadership of all subordinates them, so that he sees government as a pyramid structure , with him - absolute - leaders at the summit . Rank in the party is not determined by elections - positions filled by appointment by higher ranks , which require adherence without the express wishes of the leader . Hitler's style of leadership is giving orders to subordinates opposite and put them in positions where the duties and responsibilities of each other so that they are " stronger person running the job " . In this way , Hitler encourages mutual distrust , competition , and fights among subordinates in order to consolidate and maximize power . Never meeting his cabinet after 1938 , and he asked his ministers not to meet in person . Hitler usually do not give a written order ; she told him verbally or delivered through close associates , Martin Bormann . He entrusted all the documents , appointment , and his personal wealth into his Bormann and Bormann utilizes to control the flow of information and access to Hitler .
Hitler personally made all major military decisions . Historians agree that the judge performance after a strong start , he increasingly inflexible after 1941 so that he squandered kekuaran owned by the German military . Historian Antony Beevor argues that when the war broke out , " Hitler was a leader who inspired , because his genius lies in judging others' weaknesses and exploit those weaknesses . " However , from 1941 onwards , " he became very sclerotic . Setback or he does not allow any flexibility in the form of the field commander , and it is so devastating. "
Heritage .
Further information : The impact of Nazism and Neo - Nazism
Hitler considered suicide contemporary historians as the "spell " is broken . According to historian John Toland , without its leader , National Socialism " burst like a bubble . "
Hitler and Nazi ideology action is almost universally regarded as something very immoral ; according to historian Ian Kershaw , " Never before in the history of such damage - physical and moral - is associated with the name of one person. " Hitler's political program resulted in the outbreak of the world war , leaving Eastern and Central Europe were crushed and the poor . Germany itself was destroyed thoroughly dubbed " Zero Hour " . Hitler's policies resulted in the scale of human suffering incredible ; according to RJ Rummel , the Nazi regime was responsible for the murder of about 21 demosida against civilians and prisoners of war . In addition , 29 million soldiers and civilians killed by military action in the European theater in World War II , and Hitler 's role is described as , " ... the main designer of war that resulted in 50 million deaths and millions of others lament their deaths ... " Historians , philosophers , and politicians often use the word " devil " to refer to the Nazi regime . Many European countries criminalize support for Nazism and Holocaust denial .
Historian Friedrich Meinecke mention Hitler as " one of the greatest examples of singular and remarkable strength throughout a person's life history " . British historian Hugh Trevor - Roper saw him as " one of the ' bad simplifiers history ' , the figure of the conqueror the world 's most systematic , most historic , most philosophical , but the most rugged , most violent , most generous human beings I have ever known . " For historian John M. Roberts , Hitler 's defeat signaled the end of the phase of the history of German -dominated Europe . Instead, came the Cold War , a global confrontation between the Soviet Union and the United States .
Religious views.
The main article for this section are : Adolf Hitler's religious views
Hitler saw the political significance of the church , as a conservative influence on society . He felt that if the church were destroyed , religious people will turn to mysticism , which he regarded as a political and cultural setback . Though he never officially left the Catholic Church, he had no real closeness with the church. After leaving home, he never attended Mass or received the sacraments . He liked aspects of Protestantism that fit with his views and adopted some elements of the hierarchical organization , liturgy and phraseology in his politics of the Catholic Church .
In public , Hitler often praised Christian heritage and German Christian culture , and of belief in Jesus Christ " Aryan " - a Jesus who fight against the Jews . He talked about his interpretation of Christianity as its primary motivation antisemitism , saying , " As a Christian I have no right to allow myself lied , but I am entitled to be a fighter for truth and justice . " Personally , he is more critical of traditional Christianity , consider it a religious right embraced the slaves , and he liked the power of Rome , but rude to his teachings . Historian John S. Conway states that Hitler had " fundamental antagonism " towards the Christian churches .
In the political relations with the church , Hitler took a strategy " that fits with their political goals " . According to the U.S. Office of Strategic Services , Hitler had a general plan , even before it came to power, to destroy the influence of Christian churches within the Reich . The report titled " The Nazi Master Plan " stated that the destruction of the church is the goal of the movement from the start , but not enough to express the extreme position publicly . The goal , according to Bullock , was to wait until the war ended , then destroy the influence of Christianity .
Hitler liked the Muslim military tradition , but still considers the Arabs as " inferior race " . He believes that the Germans , as Muslims , can control most of the world in the Middle Ages . Although Hitler was interested in the occult , poetry translation , and trace the roots of prehistoric Germanic peoples , Hitler's ideology was more pragmatic and focused on things that are more practical .
Health.
Many researchers argue that Hitler suffered from irritable bowel syndrome easy , skin wounds , heart rate is not fixed , Parkinson's disease , syphilis , and tinnitus . In a report to the Office of Strategic Services in 1943 , Walter C. Langer of Harvard University calls Hitler as a " neurotic psychopath . " A number of theories about Hitler's medical condition are difficult to prove , and according them too much burden if linking a number of events and consequences of the Third Reich with the physical health of a person who may be poor . Kershaw feel better taking a broader view of German history by assessing the social impulse which created the Third Reich and its policies rather than seek a narrow explanation of the Holocaust and World War II from a single individual .
Hitler followed a vegetarian diet . At social events he sometimes expressed about the slaughter of animals is disgusting statement that her guests avoiding meat . Fear of esophageal cancer ( cause his mother died ) is the reason diet most famous Hitler . As an anti- surgery , Hitler may choose selective diet because they respect the animals . Bormann had a greenhouse near the Berghof ( near Berchtesgaden ) to ensure a steady supply of fruits and fresh vegetables for Hitler throughout the war . Hitler abstain from alcohol and non-smokers . He promotes anti - smoking campaigns throughout Germany aggressive . Hitler began taking amphetamines often after 1937 and became addicted in the fall of 1942. Albert Speer linked the use of amphetamines with Hitler's decisions increasingly inflexible ( eg , never allowing the military retreated from the battlefield ) .
With 90 types of medicines throughout the war , Hitler was taking a lot of pills every day for chronic stomach problems and other ailments . He suffered damage to the eardrum by a bomb blast July 20, 1944 and 200 wood chips should be removed from his legs . Hitler news footage showed a vibration in his hands and running style are lame , which has existed since before the war and worsened until the end. Hitler's personal doctor , Theodor Morell , Hitler treating with a drug that is often used to deal with Parkinson's disease in 1945 . Ernst - Günther Schenck and several other doctors who met Hitler in the last weeks of his life also concluded Hitler had Parkinson's disease .
Family
Hitler family and Sexuality of Adolf Hitler .
Hitler with his old lover , Eva Braun , whom he married 29 April 1945
Hitler created a public image as a figure of celibacy without a domestic life , dedicated his whole life to politics and his nation's mission. He met his girlfriend, Eva Braun , in 1929 , and married in April 1945 .
In September 1931, a half - niece , Geli Raubal , Hitler committed suicide with a gun in his apartment in Munich . Spread rumors that Geli involved in a romantic relationship with Hitler , and his death became a source of deep sadness that last a long time . Paula Hitler , the last family members were still alive , died in 1960.
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