Ottoman Empire (1299-1923) , also known as the Turkish Ottoman Empire , ( Old Ottoman Turkish : Devlet - i Aliye - yi ʿ ʿ Osmāniyye , Late Ottoman and Modern Turkish : Osmanlı Devleti or Osmanlı İmparatorluğu , Arabic : دولت عليه عثمانيه , Daulat ' Aliah Utsmaniah ) is a country of multi - ethnic and multi - religious . The country passed by the Turkish Republic was proclaimed on October 29, 1923 .
This country was founded by Banu Uthman ( in English : House of Osman or Ottoman dynasty ) , which for more than six centuries of rule ( 1299-1923 ) led by 36 sultans , before finally collapsed and fragmented into several smaller states .
The Sultanate became the center of the interaction between the West and the East for six centuries . At the peak of its power , the Ottoman Empire was divided into 29 provinces . With Constantinople ( now Istanbul) as its capital , the empire is regarded as the successor of the previous kingdoms , such as the Roman and Byzantine Empire . In the 16th century and 17th centuries , the Ottoman Empire became one of the world's major powers with a strong navy .
"The death of Atatürk, who had saved Turkey during the war and revived the Turkish Nation after the war, is a great loss, not only for his country, but also for Europe as well." ~ Sir Winston Churchill ~
"My sorrow is that, there is no more possibility to fulfil my strong wish about the meeting with this man."~Franklin D.ROOSEVELT~
The strength of the Ottoman Empire gradually eroded in the 19th century , until eventually completely collapsed in the 20th century . After World War I ended , the Ottoman government to accept defeat in the war , suffered a setback in the economic field .
In the mid- 13th century , weakened Byzantine Empire had lost some of its power by some tribes . One of these tribes are areas in Eskişehir in western Anatolia , which was led by Osman I, son of Ertuğrul , who later founded the Ottoman Empire . According to the narrative tradition , as Ertuğrul migrated to Asia Minor along with four hundred horsemen , he participated in the war between the two camps ( the Roman Empire and the Seljuk Sultanate ) . Ertuğrul Seljuk Sultanate allied with the losing party at that time and then reverse the circumstances to win the war . Top of his services , the Seljuk Sultan presented a territory in Eskişehir . After the death in 1281 Ertuğrul , Osman I became a leader and in 1299 founded the Ottoman Empire .
Osman I then expand its territory up to the borders of the Byzantine Empire . He moved the imperial capital to Bursa , and provide a strong influence on the early development of the imperial politics . Are named with the nickname " Kara " ( Turkish for black ) for his courage , Osman I favored as a strong and dynamic leader even long after his death, as proof there is a term in Turkish " I hope he's as good as Osman " . His reputation became more fragrant also caused by the old story of medieval Turkey known as the Dream Osman , a myth in which Osman was inspired to conquer the territory that became Ottoman territory .
In this period, a formal Ottoman government looks formation , which forms the institution has not changed for four centuries . Ottoman administration to develop a system known as Millet ( derived from the Arabic millah ملة ) , in which religious groups and ethnic minorities can take care of their own problems without intervention and control many of the central government .
After the death of Osman I , Ottoman rule and then penetrated through to the Eastern Mediterranean and the Balkans . After the defeat at the Battle Plocnik , the imperial Ottoman victory at the Battle of Kosovo effectively ending the Kingdom of Serbs in the region and provide a way for the Ottoman Empire rule spread to Europe . The Sultanate then control almost all previous Byzantine territory . Byzantine Empire in Greece escapes from the imperial power Tamerlane attacks thanks to Anatolia in 1402 , made the Sultan Bayezid I as a prisoner .
After the death of Tamerlane , Mehmed II to revamp the structure of the empire and the military , and demonstrated its success by conquering the City of Constantinople on May 29, 1453 at the age of 21 years . The city became the new capital of the Ottoman Empire . Before Mehmed II was killed , the Ottoman forces conquered Corsica , Sardinia , and Sicily . But after him , canceled plans to conquer Italy .
Regional Expansion and Peak Power (1453-1566).
Conquest of Constantinople by the Ottoman Empire in 1453 confirmed the status of the empire as a great power in Southeast Europe and the Eastern Mediterranean . At this time, the Ottoman Empire entered a period of conquest and territorial expansion , extending its territory to Europe and North Africa ; in the field of marine , naval Ottoman sultanate confirmed as a strong trading power . Sultanate 's economy has also increased thanks to the control region of the trade route between Europe and Asia .Enters the glory days of the Empire under several sultans . Sultan Selim I (1512-1520) dramatically expands the boundaries of the empire by defeating the Safavid Dynasty of Persia Shah Ismail I, in Chaldiran War . Selim I also extend power to Egypt and put the existence of the imperial ships in the Red Sea .
Heir to the throne Selim , Suleiman the Magnificent ( 1520-15660 Selim continued expansion . Having conquered Belgrade in 1521 , Suleiman conquered the Kingdom of Hungary and parts of Central Europe . Was later to attack the City of Vienna in 1529 , but failed to conquer the city after winter earlier forced the army to retreat, east, the ottoman Empire conquered Baghdad from the Persians in 1535, gaining control of Mesopotamia and the Persian Gulf region .
Under the reign of Selim and Suleiman , the Ottoman navy became the dominant force , controlling most of the Mediterranean Sea . Several other major victories include the conquest of Tunis and Algeria from Spain ; evacuation of Muslims and Jews from Spain to the territory of the Ottoman Empire during the Spanish Inquisition , and the conquest of Nice from the Holy Roman Empire in 1543 . Last conquest occurred on behalf of France as a joint force of the French king Francis I and Barbarossa Hayreddin , Turkish naval admiral at that time . France and the Ottoman Empire , united by mutual interests above the Habsburg rule in southern and central Europe , became strong allies during this period . In addition to military cooperation , economic cooperation also exists between France and the Ottoman Empire . Sultan gave the French the right to trade with the empire without taxed. At that time , the Ottoman Empire is considered as part of the European political , and allied with France , Britain , and the Netherlands against Habsburg Spain , Italy and Habsburg Austria .
Rebellion and revivalism (1566-1683).
After the death of Suleiman in 1566 , some areas of the imperial power began to disappear . Awakening kingdoms in western Europe along with the discovery of an alternative pathway Europe to Asia Kesulatanan Ottoman economy weakens . The effectiveness of military and bureaucratic structures heritage for centuries also be a weakness in the reign of Sultan weak . Even so , the empire remained a major strength of the expansion until the Battle of Vienna in 1683 events that marked the end of Ottoman expansion efforts into Europe .European monarchs tried to overcome the monopoly control of the trade route to Asia by the Sultanate Utmaniyah to find an alternative path . Economically , Spain influx of new continents to give effect to the devaluation of the Ottoman Empire and resulted in high inflation . This gives a negative effect on all levels of Ottoman society .
In southern Europe , a coalition of European trading power in the Italian peninsula trying to reduce the strength of the Ottoman Empire in the Mediterranean Sea . The coalition victory in the Battle of Lepanto ( actually Navpaktos , but everyone becomes one spell into Lepanto ) in 1571 put an end to the imperial supremacy in the Mediterranean . At the end of the 16th century , the golden age marked by conquest and territorial expansion ends .
On the battlefield , the Ottomans gradually left behind the Europeans in military technology where innovation , bringing the imperial military power factors hindered by religious conservatism that began to flourish . Changes in European military tactics made the formerly feared Sipahi forces become irrelevant . Discipline and unity of forces into the problems caused by the relaxation of recruitment policy and an increase in the amount that exceeds Yanisari other military forces
Murad IV (1612-1640) , who conquered Yereva in 1635 and Baghdad in 1639 of the imperial Safavid , is the only one that shows the Sultan of military and political control of the strong in the sultanate . Sultan Murad IV is the last who led his troops forward into battle .
Jelali Rebellion (1519-1610) and Yenisaris Rebellion ( 1622 ) resulted in legal uncertainty and rebellion in Anatolia late 16th century and early 17th century , and managed to overthrow some governments . However , the 17th century was not only a period of stagnation and setbacks , but also a key period in which the Ottoman sultanate and its structures began to adapt to new pressures and new realities , internal and external .
Sultanate of Women (1530-1660) is period in which the political influence of Harem Sultanate of very large , in which a young mother of Sultan who took power in the name of his son . Hürrem Sultan who raised him as heir Nurbanu , described by representatives of Vienna Andrea Giritti as a pious woman , brave , and wise . This period ends until the power -law Turhan Sultan Kosem and Hatice , which ended with the killing of both competition Kosem 1651 . Expiration of this period was replaced by Koprulu Era (1656-1703) , during which the empire was first controlled by some powerful members of the Harem and then by some Prime Minister ( Grand Vizier ) .
Political circumstances Towards collapse .
Politics here is divided into two ;First domestic politics , the meaning is the application of Islamic law in the region ; organize mu'amalat , enforcing legal sanctions , maintaining morals , taking care of the affairs of the people according to Islamic law , ensure the implementation of syi'ar and worship . All this is carried out by Islamic procedures .
The second is foreign policy .
There are two factors that make the Ottoman caliphate retreat ;First , poor understanding of Islam .
Secondly , one practice Islam .
Actually , both of the above can be overcome when people hold strong Kholifah and high faith , but this opportunity is not utilized properly . Suleiman II - dubbed al - Qonun , for his services to adopt the law as a system of caliphate , the caliphate was then the strongest-even formulate laws according to certain schools, the Hanafi school , the Meeting Various books written his Ocean Ibrohimul Halabi ( 1549 ) as guidelines in terms of sharia and thus muamalah state administration becomes easier and neatly structured . Though not a state school of Islamic caliphate, so all schools of Islam have a place in one country and not just one sect.
By not exploited this golden opportunity for improvement , two things had not improved . Example : the law taken by Suleiman II , irregularities in the appointment Kholifah should be avoided , but the law untouched .
The impact , after the end of the rule Suleimanul Qonun, who became caliph instead of the poor , such as Sultan Mustafa I ( 1617 ) , Osman II ( 1617-1621 ) , Murad IV ( 1622-1640 ) , Ibrahim bin Ahmed ( 1639-1648 ) , Mehmed IV (1648-1687) , Suleiman II (1687-1690), Ahmed II (1690-1694), Mustafa II (1694-1703), Ahmed III (1703-1730) , Mahmud I (1730-1754) , Osman III ( 1754 -1787 ) , Mustafa III ( 1757-1773 ) , and Abdul Hamid I ( 1773-1788 ) . This is what makes the military , formed Yennisari-Sultan revolted Ourkhan - time (1525 , 1632, 1727, and 1826), so they disbanded ( 1785 ) . In addition , the myriad people in terms of religion , ethnicity and schools need strong rulers intellectual air . Thus, the weak leader has sparked rebellion led Druz Fakhruddin bin al - Ma'ni .
This makes foreign policy caliphate and jihad - preaching - stop since the 17th century , so Yennisari enlarged , more than ordinary troops and government employees , while state revenues slumped . It makes caliphate collapsed because of bribery and corruption . The trustees and employees take advantage of his height to be a sycophant and toppers treasures . Coupled with a decrease in taxes from the Far East through the region caliphate , after the discovery of the main line of safe , so that it can direct to Europe . It makes caliphate currency pressured , as a source of state revenue such as mine, can not cover the needs of a growing money.
The second half of the 16th century , there was a financial crisis when gold and silver brought into the country from the White Sea Central New World Spanish colonial past . Caliphate currency when it collapsed ; infasi great . Baroh currency caliphate launched in 1620 still failed to overcome inflation . Went out Qisry currency in the 17th century . This is what makes Utsmaniah in Yemen rebel forces during the second half of the 16th century . Due to state corruption must bear the debt of 300 million lire .
With no exercise of the Islamic foreign policy , propaganda and jihad as a means to carry out Islamic ideology abroad missing from the minds of Muslims and Kholifah .
This is seen when the Sultan Abdul Hamid I / Sultan Abdul Hamid Khan asked the Sheikh of al - Azhar Bukhari Shohihul read in al - Azhar in order to win God over Russia ( 1788 ) . Sultan was the governor of Egypt at that time to select 10 scholars from all sects read the book every day .
Since the fall of Constantinople in the 15th century , European - Christians see it as the beginning of the Eastern problem , until the 16th century when the conquest of the Balkans , such as Bosnia , Albania , Greece and the Ionian islands . It makes Pope Paul V (1566-1572) brings together Europe's war-torn neighbor inter - Christian religions , the Protestant and Catholic . The conflict ended after the Westafalia Conference (1667). At that time , the conquest of the caliphate stalled . Indeed, after the defeat of the caliphate over Europe in the war of Lepanto (1571), the caliphate only defend its territory . It utilized Austria and Venice to hit the caliphate. In Carlowitz Agreement ( 1699 ), the Hungarian , Slovenian , Croatian , Hemenietz , Padolia , Ukraine , Morea , and some loose Dalmatia ; each hand to Venezia and the Habsburgs . In fact, the caliphate should lose territory in Europe at the Crimean War ( 19th century ) , and added after the Treaty of San Stefano tragic ( 1878) and Berlin ( 1887) .
Facing slump , the caliphate had reformed ( 17th century , etc. ) . However weak understanding of Islam makes reform failed . Because when the caliphate can not distinguish science and technology with civilization and thought . It makes the emergence of a new structure in the country , the prime minister , the unknown history of Islam except as affected Western democratic caliphate began to penetrate into the body . At that time , the ruler and the Shaykh al-Islam began to open to democracy through a controversial fatwa Shaykh al-Islam . In fact , once formed Tanzimat Council ( 1839 AD ) the stronger Western thought , after the formulation of some laws , such as the Law on Criminal Procedure ( 1840 ) , and Trade Act ( 1850) , plus the formulation of the Constitution of 1876 by the Young Turk movement , which sought to limit the functions and authority Kholifah .
The collapse of the Ottoman Empire.
Since 1920 , Mustafa Kemal Pasha made Ankara the center of political activity . After mastering Istanbul , the British created a political vacuum , with captivating many state officials and offices shut down forcibly so Kholifah and government assistance stops . Instability occurs in the country , while public opinion and siding corner Kholifah nationalists . This situation is exploited Mustafa Kemal Pasha to form a Council of National Representatives - and he crowned himself as the leader - so there are 2 government ; caliphate in Istanbul government and administration of the National Legislative Assembly in Ankara . Although his position stronger, Mustafa Kemal Pasha still did not dare to dissolve the caliphate. Council of National Representatives have proposed a concept that separates the caliphate to reign . However , after a long debate in the National Legislative Assembly , this concept was rejected . Usulannyapun looking for an excuse to dissolve the National Council Representative by involving them in various cases of bloodshed . After mounting crisis , the National Legislative Assembly proposed that the lifting of Mustafa Kemal Pasha as head of parliament , which is expected to resolve this critical condition .After officially selected to be president of the parliament , Pasha announced its policy , namely to change the system caliphate republic led by a president who is elected by the Election . Dated 29 November 1923 , he was elected as the first president of the Turkish parliament . But his ambition to dissolve the caliphate was corrupted unimpeded . He is considered an apostate , and the people support the Sultan Abdul Mejid II , as well as trying to restore power. This threat did not dampen the pace of Mustafa Kemal Pasha . Instead , he fired back with political tactics and thinking that mentions that opponents are traitors against the republican system and he did his reign of terror to maintain the system . Kholifah described as foreign allies who should be cast .
After an atmosphere conducive state , Mustafa Kemal Pasha held a session of the National Legislative Assembly . Right March 3 1924 M , he fired Kholifah , dissolved the caliphate system , and abolished the Islamic system of the country . It is considered the climax of the revolution of Mustafa Kemal Pasha .
This is the profile of the Ottoman Empire :
Name :
Ottoman EmpireOsmanlı İmparatorluğu
دولة عالیه عثمانیه
Devlet - i Aliye - yi Osmâniyye
Daulat ' Aliah Utsmaniah
Ottoman State Kingdom
Caliphate
motto :
دولت ابد مدتDevlet - i Ebed - müddet
( " State Eternal " )
National anthem :
Ey Şanlı Ordu
Capital:
Sogut (1299-1326)Exchange (1326-1365)
Edirne (1365-1453)
Constantinople (1453-1922)
Form of Government :
monarchySultan :
- 1281-1326 ( first ) Osman I
- 1918-22 ( last ) Mehmed VI
Grand Vizier :
- 1320-31 ( first ) Alaeddin Pasha
- 1920-22 ( last ) Ahmed Tevfik Pasha
history :
- Established in 1299
- Interregnum 1402-1413
- 1 . constitutional 1876-1878
- 2 . constitutional 1908-1918
- Merged July 24, 1923
broad :
- 1680 20.000.000 km ² ( 7,722,043 sq mi )
Population :
- Estimated 1856 35.350.000
- Estimated 1906 20.884.000
- Estimated 1914 18.520.000
- Estimated 1919 14.629.000
Currency: Akce , skinny , Lira
So, thank you for reading this article. Written and posted by Bambang Sunarno.
sunarnobambang86@gmail.com
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name: Bambang Sunarno.
http://primadonablog.blogspot.com/2014/02/osman-mustafa-kemal-pasha.html
DatePublished: February 07, 2014 at 19:19
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Tag ; Osman Mustafa Kemal Pasha, mustafa kemal pasha.
