Khmer Rouge.

CAMBODIA or Cambodia is a country in Southeast Asia that originally shaped the Kingdom under the rule of the Khmer dynasty in Indo-China Peninsula between the 11th Century and 14th Century. Cambodian people usually known as Cambodian or Khmer, which refers to the ethnic Khmer in the country. ASEAN member countries are famous for Angkor Wat pagoda is bordered by Thailand, Laos and Vietnam. Most Cambodians are Buddhist Theravada, hereditary embraced by ethnic Khmer. However, the majority of its citizens who are Muslims there is also a descendant of the Muslim Cham.
Cambodia took the world when the radical communist Khmer Rouge under Pol Pot's rule in 1975. At that time, Cambodia's Pol Pot proclaimed as a new state. He called 1975 as the "Year Zero". Everything was to be built from ground zero. Dated 17 April 1975 stated as Liberation Day (Liberation Day) of the Lon Nol regime was bad and corrupt. Apparently, the release of Pol Pot promised it was the beginning of a period of darkness for the people of Cambodia.

Independence from France. 

On November 9, 1953, ending the French occupation of Cambodia which has been ongoing since 1863 and Cambodia also became a sovereign state. A year later the former leaders of the Indo-China region, King Norodom Sihanouk, returned from exile in Thailand. Sihanouk then formed political parties and hold elections (elections). After winning the election he managed to repel the communists and get all the seats of government.
In 1955, to escape from any form of prohibition is made to the king by the laws of Cambodia, Norodom Sihanouk returns to the throne of his father, Norodom Suramarit. He then entered politics. During the election in a row, in the year 1955.1958, 1962 and 1966, the party formed Norodom Sihanouk has always won the majority of seats in parliament.
In March 1969, U.S. aircraft began bombing Cambodia to trace and block the infiltration of Vietcong soldiers. The bombing ended until 1973.
In 1970, while Sihanouk was in Moscow on a state visit, Marshal Lon Nol staged a coup in Phnom Penh. Lon Nol and delete forms and declare the kingdom of Cambodia as a republic. Sihanouk did not return to his country and chose to settle in Peking, China. He led the government on the run and the Khmer Rouge are part of the government.

Khmer Rouge. 

Khmer Rouge (French: Khmer Rouge) is the military branch of the Communist Party of Kampuchea (Cambodia name at that time). In the 1960s and 1970s, the Khmer Rouge guerrilla war against the regime of Marshal Lon Nol and Shihanouk. On 17 April 1975, the Khmer Rouge led by Pol Pot overthrew the power and become the leader of Cambodia.
In just a few days, the new regime has executed a large number of Cambodians who had joined the Lon Nol regime. Phnom Phen residents and residents of other provinces were forced out of the city and moved to the shelter areas. Phnom Penh becomes a ghost town. The economy of the whole country change under the hard-line communist, Money disappeared from circulation. The consequences include famine and plague in the area.
Over the next 44 months, millions of Cambodians are victims of terror of the Khmer Rouge. The refugees who managed to escape to Thailand atrocities these groups include children put to death simply because they were not born into a family of farmers. Besides the Vietnamese and Chinese descent were also terrorized and killed. Anyone suspected of being an educated person, or be a member of a merchant family, was killed by being hit to death, not shot with the pretext to save ammunition.

Killing Fields (Killing Fields). 

Period of four years of Pol Pot and his Red Khmer rule in Cambodia, is a time that makes the whole world tantrum. Khmer Rouge sought to transform Cambodia into a Maoist state with agrarianisme concept. Khmer regime also declared, years of their arrival as "Year Zero" (Year Zero). Currency, abolished. Postal service, discontinued. Cambodia severed its relationship with foreign countries. Cambodian law also abolished.
The Khmer Rouge regime in this period is estimated to have been slaughtered about two million Cambodians. There are about 343 "killing fields" that are scattered throughout the territory of Cambodia. Choeung Ek is the "killing fields" of the most famous. Here, most of the victims executed is the intellectual of Phnom Penh, which include: former Information Minister Hou Nim, professor of legal studies Phorng Ton, and nine people including David West Lioy Scott of Australia. Before being killed, most of them documented and interrogated at Tuol Sleng torture camps.
Prison S-21 or Tuol Sleng Khmer Rouge regime is the organ most secret. In 1962, the prison S-21 is a high school building named Ponhea Yat. During the Lon Nol government, the school name was changed to Tuol Svay Prey High School.
Tuol Sleng is located in Tuol Svay Prey sub-district, south of Phnom Penh, covering an area of ​​600 x 400 meters. After Phnom Penh fell to the Khmer Rouge, the school converted into a camp interrogation and torture of prisoners accused of being a political enemy. In the "killing fields", intellectuals questioned that mention relatives or fellow colleagues intellectual. One must mention the 15 other names educated person. If no answer, they will be tortured. Fingernails they will be removed, then soaked liquid alcohol. They also tortured by being submerged into a water bath or electric shocks. The pain is felt especially women because often raped during interrogation.
After being interrogated for 2-4 months, they will be executed at Choeung Ek. A number of political prisoners is considered important detained for interrogation about 6-7 months, and then executed.

Haing S Ngor that time was working as a doctor is a handful of intellectuals who survived the Khmer Rouge regime of the game. Haing awarded an Oscar in 1984 for his role in the movie "The Killing Fields". In the film, she portrayed Dith Pran, the Cambodian journalist who survived the massacre. However unfortunate, Haing was killed at his home in Los Angeles, USA, when the robbery committed against three drug addicts in 1996.

Intervention Vietnam. 

On December 25, 1978, after several violations occurred at the border between Cambodia and Vietnam, Vietnamese troops invaded Cambodia. Dated January 7, 1979, Vietnamese troops occupy Phnom Penh and overthrew the government of Pol Pot. And established a puppet government under the leadership of Heng Samrin, a former Khmer Rouge members who had defected to Vietnam. But this new government is not recognized by Western countries. While Pol Pot and his followers fled to the jungles and returned to guerrilla and terror tactics. Pol Pot, whose real name Saloth Sar eventually die in the woods on 15 April 1998 of a heart attack.

Towards Peace. 

In 1982, three groups (factions) which still survive in Cambodia, the Khmer Rouge, and the National Front for an Independent, Neutral, Peaceful and Cooperative Cambodia (FUNCINPEC) led by Prince Sihanouk, and the Front national freedom of the Khmer people, led by prime minister earlier that Son Sann, forming a coalition that aims to force the Vietnamese army. In 1989, the Vietnamese army finally withdrew from Cambodia.
In 1992, the United Nations (UNTAC), while the government took over the country. The following year, the United Nations held a democratic election, which was won by FUNCINPEC. This faction later formed a coalition government with the Cambodian People's Party (CPP) led by Hun Sen.
Now, Cambodia has been growing rapidly thanks to the help of foreign countries. The country has even held a trial against former Khmer Rouge leaders on charges of committing crimes against humanity. People in towns and villages also have a quiet life though haunted by the danger of landmines that are still scattered across the country. Thank you for reading this article.
Written and posted by Bambang Sunarno.  sunarnobambang86@gmail.com
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DatePublished: January 7, 2014 at 17:48

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Tag ;  Khmer Rouge

Bandung history lake of fire.

A day in the Month in March 1946 , within seven hours , approximately 200,000 inhabitants made ​​history by burning homes and their possessions , leaving the city of Bandung to the mountains in the south . A few years later , the song " Halo - Halo Bandung " was written to symbolize their emotions , as a promise to return to his beloved city , which had become a sea of ​​fire .

Flag tearing incident.

After the Declaration of Independence August 17, 1945 , Indonesia has not fully independent . Independence should be achieved gradually through the struggle of the people are willing to sacrifice everything . After Japan's defeat , the British army came to disarm the Japanese troops . They conspired with the Netherlands ( army NICA ) and manipulated Japan to colonize Indonesia again.
News reading of the text of the Declaration of Independence in Bandung via Jakarta received Domei news agency on Friday morning , August 17, 1945 . The next day , August 18, 1945 , printed the text has been dispersed . Printed in red ink by printing Siliwangi . DENIS Building , Jalan Braga (now the Bank Jabar ) , tearing incident blue Dutch flag , so that the colors red and white to stay Indonesian flag . Tearing with the bayonet carried by a young Indonesian man named Mohammad Endang Karmas , assisted by Moeljono .
Dated August 27, 1945 , formed People's Security Agency ( BKR ) , followed by the formation of the Indonesian Women 's Army ( Laswi ) on October 12, 1945 . Number of members 300 people , consists of the combat troops , Red Cross , investigations and supplies .
Events that exacerbate the situation occurred on 25 November 1945 . In addition to the face of enemy attack , people face a major flood overflow Cikapundung River . Hundreds of victims washed away and thousands of people homeless. This situation used to attack enemies of the people who were facing disaster .
Various pressures and continued attacks by the British and Dutch . Dated December 5, 1945 , some British aircraft bombed the area Lengkong Besar. On December 21, 1945, the British dropped bombs and gunfire blindly at the Cicadas. Increasingly falling victim .

Bandoeng Laoetan Api.

Ultimatum to the Indonesian Army ( TRI ) to leave the city and the people , politics spawned " scorched earth " . People are not willing to be used by the enemy Bandung . They fled to the south with the fighters . The decision to be taken by consensus burned London Assembly Priangan United Struggle ( MP3 ) in the presence of all the power struggles , on March 24, 1946 .
Colonel Abdul Haris Nasution as Commander of Division III , announced the results of the deliberations and ordered people to leave the city of Bandung . That same day , the group running the length of the population left the city of Bandung .
Bandung accidentally burned by TRI and the people with the intention that the Allies could not use it anymore . Here and there black smoke billowing in the air soaring . All power failure . England began to attack so fierce fighting occurred . The most exciting battle going on in the village Dayeuhkolot , south London , where there are a large munitions factory belonging to the Allies . TRI intends to destroy the ammunition depot . To the youth of Muhammad Toha diutuslah and Ramdan . The young men blew up the warehouse with a hand grenade . The large warehouse exploded and burned , but the two young men had come to burn in it . Bandung city administration staff will initially remain in the city , but for the sake of safety then at 21.00 it was also out of town . Since that time , approximately 24.00 South London has been empty of inhabitants and TRI . But the fire still burning city soar . And London was transformed into a sea of fire .
The scorched earth Bandung is the right thing , because the strength of TRI and the people will not be able to resist the powerful enemy . Furthermore TRI with the people in the guerrilla resistance from outside Bandung . This incident gave birth to the song " Halo - Halo Bandung " ardent burning fighting spirit of the Indonesian people .
Bandung Ocean of Fire later became famous term after the combustion event . Many wonder where the term originated . The late Major -General AH Nasution remembered during a meeting in Regentsweg ( now Jalan Dewi Sartika ) , after returning from his meeting with Sjahrir in Jakarta , to decide what action will be made against the city of Bandung after receiving an ultimatum England .
So I returned from Jakarta , after talking with Sjahrir it . Indeed, in the talks in Regentsweg , at the meeting , talk everyone. And there arises the opinion of Rukana , Commander of the Military Police in Bandung . He argues , " Let us make South London into a sea of ​​fire . " What he calls the lake of fire , but it is actually a sea of ​​water "
A.H Nasution , May 1, 1997
The term Bandung Ocean of Fire appears also in the Independent Voice newspaper dated March 26, 1946 . A young reporter at the time, namely Atje Bastaman , witnessed scenes of London burning hills around Mount Leutik Pameungpeuk , Garut . From the top of the Atje Bastaman saw from Cicadas Bandung flushed up with Cimindi .
After arriving in Tasikmalaya , Atje Bastaman excitedly immediately write news and gives the title Bandoeng Thus Laoetan Fire . But due to lack of space for writing the title , the title was shortened to Bandoeng news Laoetan Fire .
Thank you for reading this article. Written and posted by Bambang Sunarno.
sunarnobambang86@gmail.com
author:
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http://primadonablog.blogspot.com/2014/01/bandung-history-lake-of-fire.html
DatePublished: January 7, 2014 at 17:17

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Tag ; Bandung, scorched earth, Siliwangi, Halo - Halo Bandung

Fort Pendem Important Used.

Road to Fort Cilacap .

Fort with European style in the Peninsula it turned out to mimic the shape of Cilacap Rijnauwen fort , the largest fort in the Netherlands .
Cilacap , a small town in southern Java coast most of the area consists of the island of Nusa Kambangan veil as a fierce protector of the South Seas . Many experts argue that the best place to Cilacap defense system in southern Java . Then , on December 4, 1830 , the Dutch decided to set Nusa Kambangan heading into the small garrison on the island of Java . For the sake of it placed a lieutenant , two sergeants , two corporals Europeans plus two sergeants , two corporals , one drummer and drums as well as 53 soldiers armed with rifles .

Furthermore, on 29 November 1847 , the Governor General JJ Rochussen (1845-1851) decided that the opening of the port of Cilacap not solely for trade purposes only, but for the military and defense . Then in 1853 issued a decision to build a large castle with European style in Cilacap Peninsula . The fort is a replica in a smaller form of the Fortress Rijnauwen . Rijnauwen is the largest fort in the Netherlands ( ± 31 ha ) which was built about the same time that can accommodate 540 soldiers and 105 cannons .

The government then established the Dutch East Indies army artillery barracks that to 17 in Cilacap on February 15, 1855 . Also helped built watch towers on Mount Cimering , Nusa Kambangan in 1857 . This lookout is the only traces of history that I have not found in physical form in Nusa Kambangan .

Construction of the fort in Cilacap Peninsula is not running smoothly as expected .

The main obstacle is the cost increasing each year . At that time , the Dutch East Indies government also is handling the construction of the fort in some areas . All development suffer the same fate , halting.
After nearly 20 years in Cilacap fort still unfinished , eventually the officers and ministers of the colonies made ​​a deal to complete the construction of the fort . However , costs incurred to complete the construction should be reduced by reducing the complexity of defense systems approaching the mainland side . Finally in 1880 the fort was completed. Fort called by locals as the Citadel fortress Pendem - buried - because when viewed from the outside it looks just fort land without buildings on it . Meanwhile, according to the blueprints , Fort Pendem referred to as " op de Landtong Kustbatterij Tjilatjap te " or " Coastal Battery in Cilacap Peninsula " .
Pendem fort is part of the New Dutch Waterline defense system equipped with a 6 iron cannon size 24 cm, 16 bronze cannon size 12 cm, 14 cm size 8 small cannon, 4 mortars and 29 cm in size . With such combat equipment , Pendem Castle fort was named as one of the most modern heavy combat equipment in Indonesia at that time .
As per the concept adopted, the New Dutch Waterline, then a pentagon (polygon) on the castle refers to standards set by the Marquis Marc René de Montalembert
(1714-1800), the maestro of the New Fortification system . The polygon system is the second system of Montalembert that he designs in 1777 .

Fortress with pentagonal base plan consists of soldiers barracks, Haxo Casemate, tunnels , canals , spaces used for storage of ammunition , logistics , and health , as well as bunkers used for the benefit of World War II .In the period 1880-1890 the castle used in high intensity , but there is one big problem for the garrison stationed there . Natural Cilacap less friendly at the time. Swamp is located on the west side and north-west of the city into a nest of mosquitoes spreading malaria . Malaria became endemic disease that is almost evenly in Cilacap , especially in January, February , and December . Quinine is becoming preventive medicine is not yet popular at that time .

The opening of the train line between Yogyakarta and Cilacap in 1887 allows to send a garrison to a healthier location . So on that period in Cilacap garrison was evacuated . While the garrison evacuated , a small group of local soldiers settled to keep the fort . Garrison re- formed in Cilacap on 1 November 1904 which consisted of about 300 soldiers and eight officers .

In 1892 , a study of the defense system in Java to the conclusion that Java will be maintained by the troops based in the western part of the island . Several forts including Fort Pendem and Nusa Kambangan not have significant military value again and removed from the list in the defense system of the Dutch East Indies .
Fortress Pendem reappear in the background of the history of World War II , 40 years later . It all started with the fall of the Netherlands in the power of Germany in May 1940 . In the archipelago , the Dutch East Indies government prepares to face the war with Japan . Cilacap appear again become a place that is more important than ever before due to being the only port in Java, which can be easily reached from Australia .
Pendem the fort was used as a barracks after being left without a garrison and then re-occupied . Built bunker , cannon for coastal warfare and defense needs to dispel fighter with lights mounted viewfinder . Cannon also sent to Fort Karang Bolong .
On February 28, 1942 , the Japanese landed almost unopposed in three places on the north coast of Java . Cilacap port to be very busy . Many boats come and go . City becomes very crowded with refugees who want to escape to Australia . However , many ships were intercepted by the Japanese fleet operating on the south coast of Java .
Cilacap bombed three times by Japanese aircraft . Oil tank fired and burned . That event changed the port of Cilacap be like hell . Dutch leadership ordered to destroy and leave the harbor and coastal defense system . The battle ended before the first Japanese troops arrived . On March 9, 1942 , the Dutch East Indies government surrendered .
Now , the lake of fire at the Cilacap Peninsula lived the story . The situation in the Pendem Castle located adjacent to the Pertamina oil refinery complex is mostly empty . Fort occasionally enlivened by the student study trips . The rest fort visited by couples who simply pay the entrance fee of Rp 4,000 , - but free to do anything inside the castle . The absence of an integrated program to turn the castle make more pent Pendem Castle with its history .

Haxo Casemate : Is one type of curved space to put the gun and the shooter is widely adopted by the European system of fortifications in the 19th century . Inventor of this type is the French military officer , François - Nicolas - Benoit Haxo . Haxo Casemate is a classic type , equipped with a window for the cannon , and the arches are composed of solid brick and covered by a layer of soil . It is usually under - rampart - street patrol .

Thank you for reading this article.  Written and posted by Bambang Sunarno.
sunarnobambang86@gmail.com
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DatePublished: January 7, 2014 at 14:37
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Tag ; Benteng Pendem.

Awesomeness Nusakambangan Island.

Reclaiming the island of white sand synonymous with high-profile inmates. But behind the awesomeness island in Cilacap, Central Java, also saves natural beauty.
Located in the northern district of Cilacap, Central Java, with coordinates 7 º 45 º 108 º 55 º LS BT, reclaiming an area of ​​around 121 km2 is similar to Alcatraz Island in San Francisco Bay in California, United States.
Both islands were equally used as a prison for high-profile inmates. The two islands were also both have very tight security system, compared to other jails in their respective countries.
Noted no name Al Capoe, bird man of Al Catraz, Robert Franklin Stroud, Alvin Karpis and ever in prison Alcatraz, which is now closed.

In reclaiming the island is also never a prisoner of the most sought-prisoners are
eventually thrown into prison, as criminals pro ala Zorro, Kusni Kasdut, terrorist Amrozi, and Imam Samudra. Inevitably, the two islands known as island 'haunted'.
The difference, Alcatrez a reef, while reclaiming categorized as the outer islands, rich in natural resources. Plahrar Wood (Dipterocarpus litoralis) is a typical reclaiming plant, which is equivalent to the quality meranti wood from Kalimantan.
The island has also been used as a bastion of the Portuguese and Dutch colonial. Until now, the empire of Mataram dynasty frequently perform rituals in the jungle island entered the sanctuary.

5 Minute Trips. 

Visiting reclaiming can use the ferry crossing to the master and crew who are correctional officers (prison). Ferry is actually a means of transportation to move the prisoners and to serve the transportation needs of the prison employees and their families.

Because of his status as a prisoner custody heavyweight island , visitors are required a license from the local security officers. After getting permission, just to do the crossing.
With the distance is not too far away, travel time using Kemenkumham belongs Ferry, which is capable of carrying about 100 people, only about 5 minutes. Itineraries only through the Port Lomanis (Wijaya Kusuma) to Port Sodon in Nusakambangan.
Once the port, visitors will get a welcome from the inmates, which offers a variety of stone craft. The price offered is relatively cheap, between Rp 5,000 to Rp 10,000.

Mystery Goa. 

Travel to this island can be started with a visit Goa Sand. Are relatively close, only 1 km from the port. Walking into this cave is quite refreshing because it is full of various plants. But it could also use a motorcycle, with a travel time of about 10 minutes.
Goa sand is a naturally created cave, with a depth of only a few tens of meters. In it filled with sand. Because covered vines, the cave is like a hidden hole. Based on the trust of local residents, this cave is considered sacred.
There are some places that are not allowed to take photos. That said, the shots are not taken in accordance with the object.
Not far from the cave 'sacred' it-about 100 feet-contained Goa queen, who is also considered 'sacred'. Westward about 2 kilos of Goa are also daughter. However, Goa daughter should not be visited because stalagmite walls could endanger visitors.
Goa Queen has a length of about 4 km with a width of about 20 meters. Entering this cave requires lighting equipment. Usually the guides had prepared kerosene to see the beauty of stalagmites and stalactites.
More and more beautiful inside, with a sprinkling of stalagmite and stalactites. But unfortunately, because of the length of this cave, the visitors can only enter this cave up to about 50 meters.
Behind Goa beauty queen, concealed a mystery that is still believed by some people. That said, Goa stealth palace and the Queen is often used as a meeting place of the kings of stealth.
The belief that the more sinister because of the double stone Mayit. It is said that the stone was to smell like a corpse on certain nights, like Friday night POND. Another mystery of the stone Mayang shawl.
These stones form Mayang high shawl and large , with pillars around it . This stone is actually stalagmite formed thousands of years ago . Located at the corner of the cave - one of which penetrated to the South Seas , this stone is believed to produce a light on certain nights in the Shura .

That said, the stone is believed to Mayang shawl facilitate in finding a mate. Inevitably, this stone is often visited by those who are far mate. Visitors of this type usually perform the ritual, which embraced the rock while asking myself, and make offerings. 

Most striking, there is a Red Goa in Goa queen. Goa is called Red because red rocks surrounding it. Reportedly, this cave before the era of the G-30 is used as a place of slaughter. Goa is often referred to as reclaiming the crocodile pit.

Another Goa is Goa in reclaiming Ronggeng, which is located in the limestone hills at the western end of reclaiming. Reportedly, this cave was found in the Dutch colonial army in 1830 when pursue Prince Dipenogoro soldiers. Named Goa Ronggeng-based legend-as no arts group that ingested ronggeng waves and died. On certain nights, the cave is like the sound of dance accompaniment ronggeng.
Goa is Goa Maria. It is said that Goa was once used as a place of worship Christians when the Dutch occupied Java. Located in the village of Klaces-Lomanis reached via port-cave with a depth of about 150 meters with a width of about 10 meters is called the Cave of Mary because there stalagmite resembling the sermon and a woman who are breastfeeding.
Removing the awesomeness on the waterfront.
Besides having a beautiful cave with stalactites and stalagmites, which need to be visited attraction is the beach, which is located on the edge of the Indian Ocean. One is Coast Permisan.
According to legend, the name comes from the word Permisan the excuse, uttered by pirates to be pulled up on the beach. After permission, the beach becomes visible so this beach called Pantai Permisan.
The beach at the distance of about 15 minutes from Goa The queen has panoramic sea is so beautiful. The beach which was inhabited sea crab, ever ransacked a tsunami in 2006. This beach has a large gate with the inscription; COMMAND. In front of the beach, there is a commando knife plugged atoll large size. The replica is still standing strong despite tsunami. According to information, the beach is often used for sacred ceremonies Khussus Corps Forces Command (Kopassus), which pembaretan.
Atoll or rock that was in front of the beach is also called stone-name Syahrir first Indonesian Prime Minister, Sutan Syahrir. The story, Syahrir've been to this beach before becoming prime minister. When the water receded, Syahrir cross the sea and go up to the rock. When going back to the beach, big waves came so had to wait for hours. Most people then named the stone as a stone Syahrir.
On this beach, visitors are prohibited from swimming because the waves were so big. But if you want to swim, his place in the White Sand Beach. The beach is located in the south of reclaiming is precisely located on the east coast Permisan.
White sand beaches heading must be willing to walk along the path with the already constructed using paving blocks about 600 meters along the contour ride. After that went on the trip with about 1 km down the hill again.
Waves at the White Sands beach in front of the ramps because there is a cluster of rocks breaking the waves malignancy. At this beach, you can swim in the clear sea water, while seeing the roar of the waves hitting the rock ranks. The beach is also widely grown plants for shelter.
Located at White Sands will make us forget, that reclaiming an island there are many legends that make the hair stand, including detention centers for high-profile inmates.
If you have enough time, there are several attractions worth visiting, such as the fishing village which includes the village of Centella asiatica, Bugel, and the village of Muara Dua. Also there is a mangrove forest reserves and Segara Beach Puppies. What is unique is Indralaya Strait, which is the meeting place between sea water and fresh water. Panorama of the beach there is very beautiful, and there is a dolphin fish attraction.

Kolonial hug Dutch fort. 

Satisfied enjoy the exotica of nature reclaiming, it could not hurt you bersita history. If you look at the geography, the island is located to be one of the bastions in the face of the enemy before going to the island of Java.
Segara Strait Chicks with undulating quiet-as reclaiming blocked, then make it easy for docked ships to Java, precisely in Cilacap.
The strategic location that is then Portuguese built Fort Karang Bolong (Fort Karang Bolong) between 1837-1855. The fort was later captured by the Dutch colonial.
The fort is located at the foot of reclaiming the northeastern coast and can be reached about 20 minutes from the dock Wijayapura. Lua has approximately 6000 m2, the castle is located in a protected forest area has three main fortress.
One building has three floors on the surface. In this castle there is a large meeting room and equipped with cannons. The other two being the fortress consists of two floors on the surface.
Overall, this fort also has two underground floors. Like the other forts, this fort has a number of rooms, such as the barracks of soldiers, prisoners, meeting rooms, storage space and other ammunition.
This fort is strategic because it can be a pathway to oversee Java-precisely now heading to the Port of Tanjung Intan, located between Fort Pendem in Cilacap.
The building is made of brick-lined asphalt still looks very solid. However, most of the buildings twisted tree roots that is widely available in around the castle.
It is recommended to bring a much better means of illumination or headlamp if you want to take a walk down the aisle under the ground . That said , there is a road that connects the ocean with fortress fortress Pendem which is across the island .

Clearly, this was in the fort could see the ocean view with large waves hit the dazzling white sand. Interested to visit reclaiming? Select a day off because of travel is allowed only on holidays. And you just choose a priority tourist spot because the distance is relatively far from each other and most of the trip must be traversed on foot.  Thank you for reading this article.

Written and posted by Bambang Sunarno. sunarnobambang86@gmail.com
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DatePublished: January 7, 2014 at 13:10
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Tag ;  Nusakambangan.

Establishment history Bosscha.

Bosscha observatory is located in Lembang , West Java , about 15 km in the north of the city of Bandung with geographical coordinates 107 ° 36 ' east longitude and 6 ° 49 ' South latitude . This place stands on an area of ​​6 hectares , and is located at an altitude of 1310 meters above sea level or at an altitude of 630 m from the Bandung plateau . International Astronomical Union observatory code for Bosscha is 299 .
At first Bosscha Bosscha named Sterrenwaacht built by Nederlandsh Sterrenkundige - Indische Vereeniging ( NISV ) or the Association of the Dutch East Indies Stars . At the first meeting NISV , it was decided the construction of an observatory in Indonesia to be able to promote and support the science of Astronomy in the Dutch East Indies . At that meeting Karel Albert Rudolf Bosscha owner of the plantation in Malabar willing to be a major funder and promised to provide assistance telescope purchase . As a tribute to Karel Albert Rudolf Bosscha as the main funder Bosscha name immortalized as the name of this observatory .
Construction of the observatory or time consuming to spend time during the 5 years from 1923 until 1928. In 1933 was the first international publication do Bosscha observatory , exactly 5 years after construction is completed . But this Bosscha observatory had to be stopped because of the turmoil of World War II . After the war , large-scale renovation was undertaken on this Bosscha observatory because of the damage due to World War II happened and eventually Bosscha itself can operate normally . Then in 1951 , exactly on October 17 , NISV Bosscha submit it to the Government of Indonesia . After the Bandung Institute of Technology ( ITB ) established in 1959 , the Bosscha Observatory is part of the ITB . Alienation from the Indonesian government to ITB because at that time an educational institution that has Astronomy majors are so NISV give the ITB ITB , since it Bosscha functioned as a research institution and Astronomy formal education in Indonesia .

As Bosscha attractions .

TeleskopObservatorium Bosscha itself can be said to have appeal , because Bosscha has the advantages that can be used as a potential tourist . Bosscha advantages not only as a center for Astronomy largest and most comprehensive research in ASEAN to date , but also as a development of the science of Astronomy in our country and also the observation of the oldest and the only one in Indonesia to date , because the largest observation and comprehensive in Indonesia the Indonesian people themselves are easy to reach them than to go abroad just to see in binoculars as Bosscha . Bosscha Observatory opened in general , although not opened every day and have restricted visiting hours . Then in fact very difficult to get permission to visit Bosscha , it is very important due to the binoculars so by the country is protected and can be said of the National Vital Objects to be secured
Bosscha has many telescopes that can be used to conduct research , one of which is a double Zeiss refractor telescope . This telescope is used to observe the visual double stars , star eclipse photometry to measure , observe the image of lunar craters , planets observe , observe the position of the planets Mars , Saturn , Jupiter , and to observe the detailed image of a bright comet and other celestial bodies . The telescope has two objective lenses with each lens diameter 60 cm , with a flash point or focus is 10.7 feet . In addition there are also other large telescopes , telescope schmidt Milky Way , bamberg refractor telescope , cassegrain telescope GOTO , and Unitron refractor telescopes .
Bosscha attractiveness lies not only of the full telescope owned by Bosscha itself , but also of how Bosscha built . As we know that the building itself has Bosscha time immemorial heritage buildings rather than Dutch . This can be seen from the architecture of its own Bosscha very typical of the Netherlands. Building of Bosscha itself is still standing with pharmaceutics , then this can be used as an attraction that can be developed . If you look at other old buildings which are abroad , they make the building into a destination tourist destination , the Bosscha itself can be used as a destination tourist destination for the goods or relics .
Specification for Travelers
Operation hour
Tuesday - Saturday
Visit noon : 09:00 to 13:00
Visits night : 17:00 to 20:00
Note :
Just received a group of school / university / institution ( minimum 25 people )
Has scheduled a special evening visit .
Bosccha tour
The visitors who come first will be brought to room zeis double refractor telescope that is one of the first and oldest telescope there . Then the visitors are given information about the history of Bosccha and a brief story about the composition of the solar system at the Auditorium which was still inside the complex Bosscha . For evening activities are performed at certain times , the visitors can try to do activities with the observation aided by the faculty and students of Astronomy ITB .
Thank you for reading this article.  Written and posted by Bambang Sunarno.
sunarnobambang86@gmail.com
author:
http://schema.org/Personal.
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http://primadonablog.blogspot.com/2014/01/establishment-history-bosscha.html
DatePublished: January 6, 2014 at 21:21

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Tag ; Bosscha observatory.

Saudi Message Nuclear Weapons.

Saudi Arabia is mentioned will receive nuclear weapons from Pakistan who previously had their message . It is said also , the nuclear weapons to counter Iran allegedly developing an atomic bomb .

This was conveyed by several sources told BBC News Night this week . In one report , a NATO official said that Pakistan made ​​nuclear weapons have been placed in an area , ready to be sent to Saudi Arabia .

The claim is supported by the statement of NATO intelligence chief Amos Yadlin Israeli military . He said last month that if Iran has nukes , Saudi will not miss .
"The Saudis are not going to wait a month . They have paid for the bomb , they will be brought to Pakistan and what they need , " Yadlin said in a press conference in Sweden .
The issue of nuclear weapons development Arabia has emerged since 2009 . At that time King Abdullah confirmed this on the U.S. special envoy to the Middle East , Dennis Ross . " If Iran goes beyond the limit , then we will make a nuclear weapon , " King Abdullah said at the time.
In recent years, the Saudi royal indeed poured funds to help Pakistan 's defense sector , including finance nuclear and missile experts from the West .
Feroz Hassan Khan , a former brigadier general of Pakistan denied that Saudi proximity with Pakistan in the field of defense does not mean they are ordered nuclear weapons .
But he does not deny that the Saudis helped Pakistan's nuclear program . " Saudi Arabia gives financial assistance in order to continue the nuclear program of Pakistan , " Khan said in her biography , " Eating the Grass " .

Be Debated.

The BBC reports contradicted Pakistani Foreign Ministry yesterday . He said that the charges were only allegations are unfounded .
" Pakistan is a nuclear weapons state that is responsible to the command and control structure of strong exports , " said Pakistani Foreign Ministry official , told Al - Arabiya .
Since 15 years ago , Pakistan declared as a nuclear state and its first test . Ownership can not be separated from the Pakistani nuclear Abdul Qadeer Khan's work , the father of Pakistan's atomic bomb .
Pakistan felt the need to have to match the nuclear neighbors , India . Both of these allied countries are equally not sign nuclear non-proliferation agreement . It is estimated there are about 110 nuclear warheads owned Pakistan .
Thank you for reading this article.   Written and posted by Bambang Sunarno.
sunarnobambang86@gmail.com
author:
http://schema.org/Personal.
https://plus.google.com/105319704331231770941.
name: Bambang Sunarno.
http://primadonablog.blogspot.com/2014/01/saudi-message-nuclear-weapons.html
DatePublished: January 6, 2014 at 20:12

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Tag ; bomb, nuclear.

Tower of Pisa.

In Italy a lot of old buildings are amazing one of them is the Pisa tower.  The tower is so famous because of the building tilted up to 5 meters. Similarly, a brief history of how the tower of Pisa built.

Leaning Tower of Pisa (Italian: Torre pendente di Pisa or abbreviated Torre di Pisa) is the campanile, or bell tower of a cathedral in Pisa, Italy.
Tower of Pisa is actually made to stand vertically like a bell tower in general, but began leaning shortly after construction began in August 1173. The tower is located behind the cathedral and is the third building Campo dei Miracoli (field of the rainbow) the city of Pisa.

The height of the tower is 55.86 m from the lowest ground level and 56.70 m from the highest ground level. Beneath the wall width reaches 4.09 m and 2.48 m at the top. Its weight is estimated at 14,500 tonnes. Tower of Pisa has 294 steps. With the existence of this tower, so the economic sector revenue increased due to attraction.
Construction of the Tower of Pisa is done in three phases within a period of 200 years. Construction of the first floor of the white marble campanile rocky start on August 9, 1173, which is an era of prosperity and military success. The first floor is surrounded by pillars with classical letters, which are directed sideways against arch blinds.
Construction of this tower is to put a big clock on top of the tower. However, some time after construction began, it was 55 meters high tower was deviated from a straight line along the 5 meter. That is why the tower is known as the leaning tower of Pisa. Until now, the efforts of the engineers and experts of various countries, the slope of the tower has been improved to some extent.
After the third floor was built in 1178, the tower began to tilt because the foundation stands on unstable land.
Finally, the design of the tower is much different from the original plan. This development was also delayed during the 100 years since the people of Pisa at that time fighting with people from other regions. But, because that's delayed, the tower can actually survive. If it is not delayed, it is even possible that the tower will fall.
At 1198 hours a few pieces placed in the building was not yet finished. About 74 years later, the architect Giovanni di Simone continued construction of the tower again.
Not long after, the construction was again stopped because there was a war. Finally, in 1372 the last floor so well that a bell and the bell chamber was installed there. The development is carried out by a different architect, Tommaso di Andrea Pisano ie. He successfully combines these elements with a Gothic bell indoor Roman style. At present there are about seven tower bell. Most large bell installed around 1655.
From this tower, appears unique stories at once makes excited. For example, astronomers Galileo Galilei had dropped two balls of different weight of the tower. This is to show that the reduced speed of the second ball was not because of the weight. But, reportedly is also a fairy tale story.
However, that is really happening is the command of the current Italian ruler Benito Mussolini ordered that the tower be returned to a vertical or upright position. To execute the command, given additional concrete tower foundation. As it turned out, the results are not as expected. Tower added even sinking into soft ground.
During World War II, the U.S. military almost destroyed the Tower of Pisa is for fear of snipers there. Fortunately, the withdrawal of troops to save the tower.
There is controversy regarding the identity of the architect of the Leaning Tower of Pisa. For several years designers predicated to Guglielmo and Bonanno Pisano, a prominent local artist 12th century in Pisa, which is popular by bronze molds, particularly in the Pisa Duomo. Bonanno Pisano left Pisa in 1185 leading to Monreale, Sicily, only to return home and died in his hometown. Her sarcophagus was found at the base of the tower in 1820.
Thank you for reading this article. Written and posted by Bambang Sunarno.
sunarnobambang86@gmail.com
author:
http://schema.org/Personal.
https://plus.google.com/105319704331231770941.
name: Bambang Sunarno.
http://primadonablog.blogspot.com/2014/01/tower-of-pisa.html
DatePublished: January 6, 2014 at 19:34

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Tag ; Tower of Pisa