Ginger including Zingiberaceae rate (Intersection-finding). The scientific name given by William Roxburgh ginger from the Greek word zingiberi, from Sanskrit, singaberi.
History.
Ginger is thought to have originated from India. But some are believed ginger comes from the People's Republic of Southern China. From India, ginger was taken as the spice trade to Southeast Asia, China, Japan, and the Middle East. Then in the days of colonialism, ginger can provide a warm and spicy flavor to the food soon became a popular commodity in Europe.
Botany and Systematics.
Ginger (Zingiber officinale Rosc.) Is one of the plants that belong to the Zingiberaceae tribe. Zingiber name is derived from the Sanskrit "singabera" and the Greek "zingiberi" meaning horn, because the shape of the ginger rhizome similar to antlers. Officinale is Latin (officina) which is meant to be used in pharmaceutical or treatment.Ginger is known by the common name (English) ginger or ginger garden. Ginger name is derived from the French language: gingembre, old English: gingifere, Latin: ginginer, Greece (Greek): zingiberis (ζιγγίβερις). But the original word of Zingiber comes from the Tamil language inji ver. Botanical term for roots in the Tamil language is ver, so the roots inji is inji ver. In Indonesia, ginger has a variety of regional names. Called ginger root in Sumatra (Aceh), beuing (Gayo), bahing (Karo), pege (Toba), sipode (Mandailings), Lahia (Nias), sipodeh (Minangkabau), page (Lubu), and jahi (Lampung). In Java, known as ginger ginger (Sunda), jae (Java), jhai (Madura), and jae (Kangean). In Sulawesi, ginger known as wilt (Mongondow), moyuman (Axis), Melito (Gorontalo), Yuyo (Buol), Siwei (Baree), Laia (Makassar) and pace (Bugis). In Nusa Tenggara, called jae (Bali), parings (Bima), alia (Sumba), and lea (Flores). In Kalimantan (Dayak), ginger known as lai, in Banjarmasin called tipakan. In Maluku, ginger called hairalo (Amahai), anthill, seeia, sehi (Ambon), sehi (Hila), sehil (Nusalaut), siwew (Buns), garaka (Ternate), gora (Tidore), and judgments (Aru). In Papua, ginger is called rope (Kalanapat) and Marman (Kapaur). The presence of local names of ginger in various regions in Indonesia shows the spread of ginger covers the entire territory of Indonesia. Because ginger can only survive in the tropics, planting can only be done in the equatorial regions such as Southeast Asia, Brazil, and Africa. Currently Equador and Brazil became the world's largest supplier of ginger. In the systematics of plants, the ginger plant is included in the kingdom Plantae, Subkingdom Tracheobionta, Superdivisi: Spermatophyta Division: Magnoliophyta / Pteridophyyta, Subdivision: Angiospermae, Class: Liliopsida-Monocotyledoneae, Subkelass: Zingiberidae Order: zingiberales, Tribe / Family: Zingiberaceae, Genus: Zingiber P. Mill. Species: Zingiber officinale (US National Plant Database 2004). Ginger is a name synonymous: Amomum angustifolium Salisb., And Amomum zingiber L. There are about 47 genera and 1,400 species of plants included in the Zingiberaceae tribes, which are scattered throughout the tropics and sub-tropics. Zingiber largest deployment in the eastern hemisphere of the earth, particularly the Indo Malayan which is where most of the genus Zingiber.
In Southeast Asia was found about 80-90 species Zingiber are estimated to come from India, Malaya and Papua. But until now, the area of origin of the ginger plant is unknown. Ginger is likely to come from China and India, but the vast genetic diversity found in Myanmar and India, which allegedly is the center of diversity of ginger. Ginger has a chromosome number 2n = 2x = 22, but some cultivars of ginger known as polyploid. Darlington and Ammal reported that there is a kind of Z. officinale has a chromosome number as many as 28. Darlington and Wylie also stated that there are two chromosomes ginger Rachmandran B. analyzed cytology at 5 Zingiber species and found in all species have a chromosome number of 2n = 22. Ratnabal identify karyotype 32 cultivars ginger (Z. officinale) and found the whole cultivars ginger has totaled 22 somatic chromosomes and found also the asymmetric chromosome (chromosome B) in all cultivars except cultivars Bangkok and Jorhat. Beltram and Kam in observing 9 Zingiber spp. and found that Z. officinale are aneuploid (2n = 24), polyploid (2n = 66) and there are B chromosomes (2n = 22 + 2B). But Etikawati and Setyawan, Z. officinale cultivars small white ginger (CVD), elephants and red has a chromosome number of 2n = 32. Eksomtramage observed chromosome number 3 Z. officinale species from Thailand and found 2n = 2x = 22. Yulianto stated number of chromosomes white ginger and red ginger ie, 2n = 24 = 22 + 2B. Rachmandran perform cytology analysis at 5 Zingiber species, in addition to finding the number of chromosomes in all species 2n = 22 also proves the structure crossovers due to inversion events. Observations on the metaphase stage of mitosis found that ginger diploid (2n = 2x = 22) had an average length of chromosome 128.02 μm and a width of 5.82 lm. The ratio of the longest and shortest chromosome arm is 2:06: 1, almost 45.5% chromosome has two arms and there are two different chromosomes. The variation in the number of chromosomes is a mechanism of adaptation and formation of species in plants. It has also become a cause of genetic variation on the ginger. Besides the discovery of the structure of crossovers is suspected to be the cause of low fertility of pollen that causes the formation of fruits and seeds in ginger are rare.
Morphological traits.
Stem ginger is a pseudo-stem with a height of 30 to 100 cm. Shaped roots are rhizomes with roots flesh is yellow to reddish with a pungent odor. Pinnate leaves with a length of 15 to 23 mm and a length of 8 to 15 mm. Petiole fluffy.Ginger flower growing out of the ground an oval with a length of 3.5 to 5 cm and a width of 1.5 to 1.75 cm. Scaly peduncle much as 5 to 7 pieces. Yellowish green flowers. Lips flowers and purple anthers. Pistil stalk numbered two.
Processing and marketing.
Ginger, especially those harvested at a young age did not last long in storage. It is necessary for processing as soon as possible in order to remain fit for consumption. To obtain a quality ginger, ginger is harvested at age is not too young nor too old.Fresh ginger in addition marketed in the form of processed ginger, also marketed in the form of fresh ginger, ie after harvest, cleaned and sold to markets ginger.
There are some ginger processing results are available in the market, namely:
* Dried ginger
* Preserved ginger
* Ginger powder
* Ginger oil
* Ginger oleoresin
Dried ginger.
A piece of dried ginger with slices cut thin slices fibers. This type is very popular in traditional markets.Preserved ginger.
Is the result of traditional processing of fresh ginger. The most commonly found in the market is, ginger candy, pickles, pickles, syrup, and ginger instant. Some types of processed ginger is preferred by consumers from Asia and Australia.
Ginger powder.
Is the result of further processing of ginger using industrial technology, further dried ginger powder grains milled fineness specified. Ginger powder required for pharmaceutical use, drinks, alcohol and herbs. Typically use raw materials dried ginger.Ginger oleoresin.
Is the result of further processing of ginger powder. It was brown with a volatile oil content of 15 to 35%.Habitat.
Ginger thrives in altitudes of 0 to 1500 meters above sea level, except for the type of ginger at an altitude of 500 to 950 meters.To be able to produce optimal, it takes precipitation 2500 to 3000 mm per year, 80% humidity and moist soil with a pH of 5.5 to 7.0 and higher nutrient. Land used for the cultivation of ginger should not be stagnant.
Varieties.
There are three kinds of ginger are popular in the market, namely:Ginger / ginger rhino.
Ginger is the most favored in the international market. Great shape fat and it's not too spicy. Rhizome flesh is yellow to white.
Yellow ginger.
Ginger is widely used as a spice in cooking, mainly for local consumption. Taste and aroma quite sharp. Rhizome size was yellow.Red ginger.
Ginger This type has a high content of essential oils and most pungent taste, making it suitable for pharmaceutical and herbal ingredients. Rimpangnya smallest size with a red leather, fiber larger than regular ginger.
Ginger products.
In western society, ginger ale is a popular product. While Japan and China very fond of pickled ginger. Ginger syrup liked the people of China, Europe and Japan.In Indonesia, sekoteng, bandrek, and ginger is a drink that is popular because it can provide a sense of warmth at night, especially in mountainous areas.
Apparently ginger 10,000 Times More Effective Than Tackling Cancer Chemotherapy
Ginger is a medicinal plant that has been known since the first because it implies a good variety for the body. Therefore, ginger has been believed since ancient times to treat various diseases, ranging from mild to severe and deadly as cancer.As mentioned in the pages www.naturalnews.com (17/11), according to a study published in the results PLoSjurnal, ginger naturally contains a chemical compound that works 10,000 times more effective than chemotherapy drugs in killing cancer stem cells that make tumor cells in the body becomes malignant and deadly.
Chemical compounds known as 6-shogaol is produced when ginger is dried or cooked. Researchers found that 6-shogaolsangat active in the fight against cancer stem cells at concentrations that do not harm healthy cells. This is very much different when compared with conventional chemotherapy methods, the side effects can kill cancer cells while healthy cells that do not harm the body.
What Cells Responsible For 90% Death In Cancer Cases.
As with other stem cells, cancer stem cells also have the ability to differentiate themselves into various different cell types. In the case of cancer, stem cells differentiate themselves into various kinds of cells that form a colony dangerous tumors within the body.In addition, these cancer stem cells are also able to replicate themselves indefinitely, and they were able to separate themselves from the original colonies to form new tumor colonies in the body. They are key processes that play a role metastasis in 90% of cases of death in cancer.
The persistence of cancer stem cells is what ultimately explain why cancer can re-emerge (recur) even after chemotherapy, radiation, or surgical removal of the tumor is declared successful.
Efficacy of Ginger in Fighting Cancer Stem Cells.
Researchers found that 6-shogaolaktif in the fight against stem cell breast cancer through a variety of ways including reducing the symptoms of the emergence of cancer, alter the cell cycle to increase the average cell death, inhibit the growth of tumors, directly affects cell death, as well as to kill stem cancer cells (cytotoxicity) ,Researchers also compared the efficacy of cytotoxicity of 6-shogaol in the fight against breast cancer stem cells with taxol (anti-cancer drugs used in chemotherapy). From the results of these comparisons found that both taxol and 6-shogaol may combat cancer monolayer models. But, when tested with cancer spheroid models, taxol can not work against cancer cells, although the dose was increased to 10,000 times. On the other side of the 6-shogaol work effectively in combating cancer spheroid models although the dose was increased.
It is, of course, provide fresh air which proves that the 6-shogaol contained in ginger is able to kill cancer stem cells 10,000 times more effective than conventional chemotherapy. Besides being more effective in the fight against cancer stem cells, 6-shogaolini also safe. Because it is a chemical compound that food-base.
In addition to 6-shogaol contained in ginger, a chemical compound that is safe and effective in the fight against other cancer cells is phenethyl isothiocyanate (PEITC). These compounds are produced as a result of the reactions that arise when the same compounds and enzymes present in the vegetables from the family Brassicaceae such as cabbage and broccoli.
So there's nothing wrong if from now on we begin to consider ginger in our daily menu, because in addition it can be used as medicine, ginger can also use as a preventive measure for cancer.
Thank you for reading this article. Written and posted by Bambang Sunarno. sunarnobambang86@gmail.com
author:
https://plus.google.com/105319704331231770941.
name: Bambang Sunarno.
http://primadonablog.blogspot.com/2015/12/about-ginger.html
Published Date: December 12, 2015 at 09:43.
Tag : Ginger.
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