East Timor never colonized by the Portuguese in the 16th century and was known as Portuguese Timor until the country's Portuguese release. In 1975, East Timor proclaimed its independence, but Indonesia to East Timor as the 27th province under the name of East Timor. After the referendum held on 30 Agustus1999, under a UN-sponsored agreement between Indonesia and Portugal, the majority of East Timorese voted for independence from Indonesia. East Timor became the first sovereign state in the 21st century, namely on 20 May 2002. As a member of the UN, they decided to use the name of the Portuguese "Timor Leste" as the official name of their country. Timor Leste became one of two countries that are dominated by Roman Catholics in East Asia after the Philippines.
Origin of name East Timor
The word "East" comes from the east, the word for "east" in Indonesian and Malay. Which became Timor in Portuguese. "East" is a word that means east in Tetum, for East Timor said.The official name after the constitution is República Democrática de Timor-Leste in Portuguese and Republika Demokrátika Timor-Leste in Tetum.
History of East Timor
History of East Timor began with the arrival of Australoid and Melanesia. People from Portugal began trading with the island of Timor in the early 15th century and occupied it in the middle of the century as well. After a few clashes with the Netherlands, made an agreement in 1859 in which Portugal gave the western part of the island. Japan controlled East Timor from 1942 to 1945, but after their defeat in World War II Portugal re-mastered.In 1975, the Fretilin flag of Portugal and declared East Timor as the Democratic Republic of East Timor on 28 November 1975. According to an official report of the United Nations, as long as the ruling for 3 months when there is a vacuum of governance in East Timor between the months of September, October and November, Fretilin massacre of around 60,000 civilians (mostly is a faction supporting integration with Indonesia) .Tak Shortly thereafter, pro-integration group to declare integration with Indonesia on 30 November 1975 and then asked for support Indonesia to take over East Timor from power-leaning Fretilin Communist.
When Indonesian troops landed in East Timor on December 7, 1975, Fretilin was accompanied by thousands of people to flee to the mountains to fight the Indonesian army. More than 200,000 people from these people then died in the forest because of aerial bombardment by the Indonesian military and have died from disease and starvation. Many also died in the city after surrendering to the Indonesian army, but the International Red Cross teams who handle these people are not able to save everything.
During the civil war in East Timor in the period of three months (September-November 1975) and during 24 years of Indonesian occupation (1975-1999), more than 200,000 people declared dead (officially 60,000 people die at the hands Fretilin according to official UN reports) , The rest died in the hands of Indonesia during and after the invasion and those that die of starvation or disease. Results 183 000 Commission declared dead at the hands of the Indonesian military because of chemical poisoning of napalm bombs, and mortars.
East Timor became part of Indonesia in 1976 as the 27th province after the last Portuguese governor general of Timor Mario Lemos Pires fled from Dili after being unable to control the situation in the event of civil war. Portugal also failed in the process of decolonization in Portuguese Timor Portuguese Timor and always claimed as its territory although it left it and never taken care of properly.
United States and Australia "approved" action Indonesia for fear of Timor Leste into pockets of communism primarily due to a major power in East Timor civil war is Fretilin Marxist-Communist. The US and Australia worried about the domino effect of the widespread influence of communism in Southeast Asia after the US ran out of Vietnam with the fall of Saigon or Ho Chi Minh City.
But the UN does not approve of Indonesia. After the referendum held on 30 August 1999, under a UN-sponsored agreement between Indonesia and Portugal, the majority of the population of East Timor voted for independence from Indonesia. Between the time of the referendum until the arrival of the UN peacekeeping force in late September 1999, the anti-independence which supposedly supported Indonesia held a massive slaughter reply, in which about 1,400 people died and 300,000 were forced to flee to West Timor. Most of the infrastructure such as houses, irrigation systems, water, electricity and schools destroyed. On 20 September 1999 peacekeepers International Force for East Timor (INTERFET) arrived and put an end to it. On May 20, 2002, East Timor was internationally recognized as an independent state under the name of Timor Leste to the extraordinary support of the United Nations. Economy changed after the UN mission drastically reduce.
Since the days of independence, the government of Timor Leste seeks severed all ties with Indonesia, among others by adopting Portuguese as an official language and bring the materials basic needs of Australia as "reciprocation" of Australia intervened before and during the referendum. Besides the Timorese government to change the official name of East Timor became the Republica Democratica de Timor Leste and adopted the US dollar as the official currency of East Timor which resulted in the people becoming more again in terms of the economic crisis.
Geography of East Timor
Location of East Timor:
Timor Leste is located in South-East Asia, the island of Timor is part of the Maritime region of Southeast Asia, and is the most eastern region in the Lesser Sunda Islands.The geographical position of East Timor are:
In the north there is the Ombai Strait, Wetar Strait, and the Banda Sea. In the south there is the Timor Sea and Australia. In the west there is a province of East Nusa Tenggara, which is part of Indonesia. In the east there is the National Park Nino Konis Santana in the form of dry tropical forests. There are some unique plant and animal species.Most East Timorese territory of mountains and the highest mountain in East Timor is Mount Tatamailau known as Mount Ramelau with a height of 2,963 meters. East Timor tropical and generally hot and humid. There are two seasons, summer and rainy season. The capital, largest city and main port is the past, and is the second largest city of Baucau. Location of astronomical Timor Leste is between 8o LS LS-10o-128o and 124o BT BT.
Politics in East Timor
Head of State of the Republic of East Timor is a president, directly elected with a term of 5 years. Although its function is only ceremonial, he also has the right to veto legislation. The Prime Minister is selected from multi-party elections and appointed / appointed from the majority party a majority coalition. As head of government, Prime Minister heads the Council of Ministers or the Cabinet in the Cabinet Government.Timorese Parliament consists of one room and called Parlamento Nacional. Members are elected for a term of five years. The number of seats in Parliament between 52 and 65 but currently number 65. The Constitution of Timor-Leste based constitution Portugal.
Timor Leste became a member of ASEAN in 2007 with the support of Indonesia.
Military in East Timor
F-FDTL is the main military defense in East Timor. F-FDTL initiated in February 2001. The F-FDTL has the primary duty to protect East Timor from outside attacks.East Timor also has an internal defense called PNTL (National Police of East Timor).
East Timor economy
Timor Leste has exported commodities such as coffee, marble, oil, and wood. East Timor's economic growth ranged from 10% in 2011. The economy of East Timor is classified as a middle-income economy by the World Bank to bottom. 20% of the population is unemployed, and 52.9% live on less than $ 1.25 per day. About half of the population is illiterate.The country continues to suffer from the impact after decades of struggle for independence against Indonesia, which resulted in damage to infrastructure and the many thousands of displaced civilians. Although it has been independent, East Timor is still highly dependent on the supply of goods from Indonesia ranging from groceries to fuel oil (BBM) mainly through the province of East Nusa Tenggara.
Besides highly dependent politically to former colonizers Portugal, East Timor adopted the US dollar as the currency which resulted in people's purchasing power is much lower than when he was a province of Indonesia. In November 2007, there were eleven districts where the need for food to be supplied by international aid. There is no copyright protection law in East Timor.
Currently three foreign banks have branches in Dili: ANZ National Bank, Banco Nacional Ultramarino which is a subsidiary of Portugal's largest bank Caixa Geral de Depositos, and Bank Mandiri.
One of the promising long-term project that ever existed is the development and exploitation of petroleum and natural gas together with Australia in the southeast waters of the East. After the carnation revolution, the Portuguese colonial administration granted concessions to Oceanic Exploration Corporation for the development and exploitation. However, this failed to materialize due to Operation Lotus in 1976. Then after that, resources are shared between Indonesia and Australia in the Timor Gap Treaty in 1989.
Demographics East Timor
Timorese population.
East Timor's population of about 1,143,667 inhabitants. Most of the population there are around Dili. Timorese population is a mixture of Malay and African tribes, a small portion of Portuguese descent. There is little the Chinese that most had left East Timor in the 1970s.Religion in East Timor
Based on the 2010 census, 96.9% of the population is Catholic, 2.2% Protestant, 0.3% Muslim and 0.5% other or no religion. The Catholic religion has been mixed with local traditions. The number of churches increased from 100 in 1974 to over 800 in 1994.East Timor became one of only two countries that are dominated by Roman Catholics in Asia (along with the Philippines), in some parts of eastern Indonesia also has the majority of the population is Catholic as East Nusa Tenggara. Because the majority of the population is Catholic, so now there are three dioceses (diocese), namely: Diocese of Dili, Baucau Diocese and the Diocese of Maliana newly established on January 30, 2010 by Pope Benedict XVI.
Language.
Timor Leste has two official languages are Portuguese and Tetum. Tetum including Austronesian language family spoken around Southeast Asia. Also in the constitution mentioned also that the English and Bahasa Indonesia used as working languages. There are also dozens of local languages, including: Bekais, Bunak, Dawan, Fataluku, Galoli, Habun, Idalaka, Kawaimina, Kemak, Lovaia, Makalero, Makasai, Mambai, Tokodede, and Wetarese.In daily practice, many people use Portuguese as a language Tetum said. While Indonesian is widely used for writing. For example school children at the high school level still use Indonesian for the final exam. Many students and professors prefer to use Indonesian as a language of instruction and writing scientific articles.
Under Suharto, the use of the Portuguese language was banned, and Indonesian are only allowed to be used in government, schools, and companies. Tetum and Portuguese required for East Timor to replace Javanese culture. Currently in East Timor Portuguese language is taught and promoted widely with the help of Brazil and Portugal, despite the reluctance of some young people educated. Currently the Portuguese language only spoken by less than 600 people.
There are six languages are endangered in East Timor, namely Adabe, Habu, Kairui-Midiki, Maku'a, Naueti, Waima'a.
According to the UN Development Report 2006, only less than 5% of the Timorese population speaks Portuguese fluently. However, the validity of the report in question by the members of the Timorese national linguistic institute, which maintains that the Portuguese language is spoken by 25% of the Timorese population. Along with other local language, Tetum is the most common language used to communicate, while Indonesian is still widely used in the media and school from high school to college. Most words in Tetum comes from the Portuguese, but there are also words of Indonesian absorption, for example, is a notation of numbers.
Culture in East Timor
Culture in East Timor is influenced by many foreign cultures, including Portuguese, Roman Catholic, and Indonesia. Culture is more influenced by Austronesian legends.IN this country there is also a strong tradition of poetry. One of them is Prime Minister Xanana Gusmão. In architecture, some Portuguese-style buildings are found, the traditional home Tetum in the east known as uma lulik (shrine), and lee teinu (stilt house) in Fataluku.
Radio is the most popular medium. Radio Television Timor Leste was launched in 2002. Public radio reaches 90% of the population, while public TV have a smaller range. Timor Leste has 2,300 internet users in December 2011.
East Timor has attended various sports organizations such as the International Olympic Committee (IOC), the International Association of Athletics Federations (IAAF), the International Badminton Federation (IBF), Union Cycliste Internationale, the International Weightlifting Federation, the International Table Tennis Federation (ITTF), and the National Team Football East Timor joined FIFA. East Timor also has participated in various international sporting events such as the Asian Games and the Olympics.
Education in East Timor
The literacy rate in 2010 reached 58.3%, an increase of only 37.6% in 2001. In 2006, 10% -30% of students do not go to school childhood.Timor Leste has the National University of Timor Leste. Since the arrival of the Portuguese, the number of schools increased from 50 to more than 800. In this country there are also four universities.
Health in East Timor
Life expectancy was 60.7 in 2007. The birth rate is six births per woman. Healthy life span is 55 years old in 2007. Government expenditure on health was US $ 150 per person in 2006. Many Timorese shortage of safe drinking water. There are two hospitals and 14 health centers in 1974. In 1994 increase to 11 hospitals and 330 health centers.Infant mortality rate in 2010 was 370 per 100,000 births, 928.6 in 2008, and 1016.3 in 1990. The risk of maternal death is 1 in 44.
Thank you for reading this article. Written and posted by Bambang Sunarno. sunarnobambang86@gmail.com
author:
https://plus.google.com/105319704331231770941.
name: Bambang Sunarno.
http://www.primadonablog.blogspot.com/2016/01/timor-leste.html
Date Published January 1st, 2016 at 16:23
Tag : Timor Leste.
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