Hydrocarbon structures.

CH chain organic compounds that attracts humans for hundreds of years.

The world economy is still relying on a chain of organic compounds. Actually, how the basic structure of petroleum compelling it?
      "The formation of fossil animals were buried for millions of years", said Ms / Mr teacher. The familiar phrase we have heard since taking school and often appear in various examinations. Indeed how petroleum was formed? So, what its content so that it can be processed into fuel?
       Crude oil or crude oil is greenish brown to black liquid which is mainly composed of carbon and hydrogen. The most common theory is used to explain the origin of petroleum is organic source material. This theory states that petroleum is a product of natural changes of organic substances derived from the remains of plants and animals that settles over thousands to millions of years.
       Initially, ancient organisms (more tangible zooplankton and algae) absorb energy from the sun and store it in the form of carbon chains in the cell. When these organisms die early, pile-by piles of mud and sedimentary rocks these fossils buried deeper and deeper into the bowels of the earth. The deeper buried, the rising pressure and temperature affecting the fossil sediment.
       The absence of oxygen in the 'grave' of the fossil is one of the factors of organic materials is starting transformed into kerogen. At the current ambient temperature of the fossils rose to approximately 110 ° C or even higher than that, kerogen gradually turned into oil. At higher temperatures again, kerogen transformed into natural gas.
      But the story does not end there. When the newly formed oil deposits are scattered in various areas, seems to be quite impossible to take it as a commodity that has economic value. Even after the oil is formed in the rock layer constituent, the pressure around this formation still continues to rise, pushing the oil to seep out of the rocks are porous. Cluster oil moved in the same way, seeping through porous rocks under the influence of pressure in the vicinity, and there are some who made it to the surface. However, some deadlocked. Oils were no longer able to seep out because hindered layer of rock that is harder, denser, and virtually non-porous. Hindered by this impermeable rock layer, slowly began to accumulate oil under these rock layers. And this is the form of reservoirs that store petroleum reserves. Because of this knowledge base Petroleum name there. Petroleum comes from the Greek word which combines two basic words that Petra means rock and Elaion which means oil. Thus, according to the etymology, meaning Petroleum rocks containing oil.
     Reservoir is a rock formation that holds a collection of oil, natural gas, or even both at the bottom crust. These reservoirs can be formed very broad. Just why is not easy to find these reservoirs? Remember, the earth's crustal plates are always moving. Due to the movement of tectonic plates, could be a reservoir rock formation is very complex. That is what causes are not easy to track and locate oil reserves.

Composition of Oil: This is the Heart of the Son of Man Teaser.
       Petroleum has a mixture of hydrocarbons, as much as 50-98% by weight and the rest is organic substances containing sulfur, oxygen, and nitrogen. There are also non-organic compounds such as vanadium, nickel, iron, sodium, aluminum, calcium and magnesium. In general, the composition of crude oil can be seen in the table below:

       Based on the content of compounds, petroleum hydrocarbons can be divided into groups and non-hydrocarbon and metal compounds.

1. Hydrocarbons

    1.1 Paraffin.

        Paraffin is a group of straight-chain saturated hydrocarbons (alkanes) with the chemical formula CnH2n + 2. Examples of these compounds is methane (CH4), ethane (C2H6), n-butane (C4H10), iso-butane (2-methyl propane, C4H10), iso-pentane (2-methylbutane, C5H12), and iso-octane ( 2,2,4-trimethyl pentane, C8H18). The number of compounds belonging to the iso-paraffin compounds is much more than a compound belonging to the n-paraffin. But, in the crude oil, iso-paraffin compounds levels are much lower than the n-paraffin.

Chemistry chain Methane

                                          -----------------------------------

Ethane Chemical Chain

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Chemistry chain n-Butane

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Chemistry chain isobutane

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Chemistry chain isopentan

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Chemistry chain isooctane

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    1.2 Olefin

          Olefin is the group of unsaturated hydrocarbons, CnH2n. For example, ethylene (C2H4), propene (C3H6), and butene (C4H8).

Chemicals Ethylene chain

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Chemistry chain propene

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Chemistry chain Butene

     1.3 Naftena

          Naftena saturated hydrocarbon is a compound that forms a ring structure with molecular formula CnH2n. Naftena compounds are often found is a compound that ring structure composed of 5 or 6 carbon atoms. Examples are cyclopentane (C5H10), methylcyclopentane (C6H12), and cyclohexanecarboxylic (C6H12). Generally, in the crude oil, naftena a hydrocarbon group which has the second highest level after the n-paraffin.

Chemistry chain cyclopentane

Chemistry chain Methyl cyclopentane

Chemistry chain Cyclohexane

    1.4 Aromatic

           Aromatic hydrocarbons are unsaturated cored carbon atoms that form a ring of benzene (C6H6). Examples benzene (C6H6), methylbenzene (C7H8), and naphthalene (C10H8). Petroleum from Sumatra and Kalimantan generally has a relatively large Aromat levels.

Chain Chemical Benzene

Naphthalene Chemical Chain

2. Non-hydrocarbon.

     In addition to the compounds which are composed of atoms of hydrogen and carbon, are found in crude oil also non-hydrocarbon compounds such as sulfur, nitrogen, oxygen, vanadium, nickel and sodium bound in a chain or ring hydrocarbon. These elements are undesirable presence in the products of petroleum refining, so it will affect the processing steps of crude oil.

    2.1 Sulfur

          Sulfur present in the form of hydrogen sulphide (H2S), sulfur-free (S), mercaptans (R-SH, with R = alkyl), sulfide (RS-R '), disulfide (RSS-R'), and thiophene (sulfide cyclic ). Sulfur compounds are not desired because:
         1. Potential odors and corrosive products processing
         2. Reduce the effectiveness of substances stamp on the product processing.
         3. Poison perengakahn catalysts.
        4. Causing air pollution (the burning of fossil fuels, the sulfur compounds are oxidized to corrosive substances that harm the environment such as SO2 and SO3).

    2.2 Nitrogen

          Nitrogen compounds are divided into substances which are alkaline such as 3-metilpiridin (C6H7N) and quinoline (C9H7N) also substances that are not alkaline such as pyrrole (C4H5N), indole (C8H7N) and carbazole (C12H9N). Nitrogen compounds may interfere with the smooth running of the catalytic process if it gets carried over into the product, adversely affect the odor, color stability, as well as aging properties of the product.

    2.3 Oxygen

          Oxygen is usually tied into carboxylate groups in the naphthenic acids (2,2,6-trimetilsikloheksankarboksilat, C10H18O2) and fatty acids (alkanoic), phenolic hydroxy group and a ketone group. Oxygen compounds does not cause serious problems such as sulfur compounds and nitrogen compounds in catalytic processes.

3. Metal Compounds

    Petroleum usually contain 0.001 to 0.05% by weight of metal. The most high metal content typically is vanadium, nickel, and sodium. These metals are in the form of dissolved salts in the water suspended in oil or in the form of organometal compound soluble in oil. Vanadium and nickel is toxic catalysts for petroleum processing and can cause serious problems if carried into processing products.

    Here's an overview of the basic strukstur hydrocarbons contained in crude oil. Based on the structure of the hydrocarbon chain, the crude oil to be processed in the refinery into a variety of finished products needed by society.
Thank you for reading this article. Written and posted by Bambang Sunarno. sunarnobambang86@gmail.com
author:
https://plus.google.com/105319704331231770941.
name: Bambang Sunarno.
http://www.primadonablog.blogspot.com/2016/01/hydrocarbon-structures.html
Published Date: January 7, 2016 at 11:19

Tag : Hydrocarbon structures.

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