About Avocados.

Avocado (Persea americana Mill / Persea gratissima Gaerth)

Brief History.

Avocado is a fruit crop plants a tree with the name alpuket (West Java), avocado (East Java / Central Java), boah pokat, Jamboo pokat (Batak), advocates, Jamboo butter, Jamboo pooan, pookat (Lampung) and others. Avocado plants derived from lowland / Central America and the expected high into Indonesia in the 18th century. Officially between years 1920-1930 Indonesia had introduced 20 varieties of avocados from Central America and the United States to obtain improved varieties in order to improve health and nutrition, especially in the highlands.

Type Plants.

Complete classification avocado plants are as follows:
Division: Spermatophyta
Children division: Angiospermae
Class: Dicotyledoneae
Nation: Ranales
Family: Lauraceae
Highways: Persea
Varieties: Persea americana Mill

Based on the ecological nature, avocado plant consists of three types of offspring / race, namely :

Race Mexico.

Hailing from the highlands of Mexico and Ecuador semi tropical climate with an altitude between 2400-2800 m asl. This race has leaves and fruit that smells of fennel. Flowering period until the fruit can be harvested approximately 6 months. Small fruit weighing 100-225 grams, ellipse shape (oval), short-stemmed, thin and smooth skin. Large seed meets the fruit cavity. Fruit flesh has an oil content / fat highest. This race is resistant to cold temperatures.

Race Guatemala.

Hailing from the highlands of Central America sub-tropical climate with an altitude of about 800-2400 m above sea level. This race is less resistant to cold temperatures (tolerance to -4.5 degrees C). Leaves no smell of fennel. The fruit has a considerable size, weighing between 200-2300 grams, thick rind, hard, easily broken and rough (berbintil-nodule). Ripe fruit between 9-12 months after flowering. The seeds are relatively small and tightly stuck in the cavity, with the seed coat attached. Fruit pulp has a medium oil content.

Race West Indies.

Derived from lowland Central America and South America tropical, with an altitude below 800 m asl. This variety is very sensitive to low temperatures, with a tolerance of up to minus 2 degrees C. The leaves no smell of anise, leaves a lighter color than the other races. The fruit is large, weighing between 400-2300 grams, short stalks, somewhat tough rind smooth and thick. Ripe fruit 6-9 months after flowering. Large seeds and often loose in the cavity, coarse grain pieces. Oil content and flesh lowest.

Avocado varieties in Indonesia can be classified into two, namely:

yielding varieties.

Superior properties include high production, tolerant to pests and diseases, uniform fruit oval and medium-sized, good quality fruit flesh and not fibrous, small drupe attached to the seed cavity, as well as fruit skin slippery. As of the date of January 14, 1987, the Minister of Agriculture has set two superior varieties of avocado, avocado green is long and green circular. The properties of both varieties, among others:

a. Tree height: 5-8 m long green avocado, avocado green round 6-8 m.
b. The shape of the leaves: green avocado long elliptical with flat edge, avocado green round round long with wavy edges.
c. Fruitful: avocado green continuous length, depending on the location and soil fertility, avocado green round constantly, depending on the location and soil fertility.
d. Fruit weight: 0.3-0.5 kg long green avocado, avocado green round 0.3-0.4 kg.
e. Fruit shape: long green avocado pear shape (pyriform), avocado green oval round (oblong).
f. Fruit flavors: avocado green long-tasty, savory, somewhat soft, round green avocado delicious, savory, somewhat dry.
g. Diameter of fruit: avocado green 6.5-10 cm long (average 8 cm), avocado green round 7.5 cm.
h. Fruit length: long green avocado 11.5 to 18 cm (average 14 cm), avocado green round 9 cm.
i. Results: long green avocado 40-80 kg / tree / year (average 50 kg), avocado green round 20-60 kg / tree / year (average 30 kg).

Other varieties.

This is a group of avocado varieties of germplasm Installation Research and Technology Assessment, Tlekung, Malang. Some varieties of avocado are contained in the experimental garden Tlekung, Malang is long red avocado, red round, dickson, butler, winslowson, Benik, puebla, furete, Collinson, waldin, Ganter, mexcola, duke, ryan, Leucadia, queen and edranol.

Benefits of Plants.

Parts of the avocado plant is widely used as a food fruit fresh fruit. In addition, the use of meat usual avocado European society is used as a food ingredient that is processed in a variety of cuisines. Another benefit of the flesh of an avocado is for cosmetic ingredients.

Other parts that can be used is the young leaves as traditional medicine (medicine kidney stones, arthritis).

Planting Center.

Avocado-producing countries on a large scale is the United States (Florida, California, Hawaii), Australia, Cuba, Argentina, and South Africa. From year to year, Americans have constantly increased avocado orchard.

In Indonesia, avocado crop is still the garden plants, has not been cultivated in scale farming. Avocado producing areas are West Java, East Java, parts of Sumatra, South Sulawesi and Nusa Tenggara.

Term Growth.

1. Climate.

Wind required by avocado plants, especially for the pollination process. However, winds of 62.4 to 73.6 km / h may be able to break twigs and stems of plants belonging avocado soft, brittle and easily broken.
The minimum for growth rainfall is 750-1000 mm / year. West Indies and cross-bred races thrive in lowland tropical climate with rainfall of 2500 mm / year. For areas with rainfall less than the minimum requirement (2-6 dry months), avocado plants can still grow origin of ground water depth up to 2 m.
The need sunlight for growth avocado range 40-80%. Mexico and Guatemala to race more resistant to cold weather and dry climate, when compared with the West Indies race.
The optimal temperature for growth ranging from 12.8 to 28.3 degrees avocado C, Given the avocado plant can be grown in the lowlands to highlands, avocado plants can tolerate temperatures between 15-30 degrees C or more. The amount of avocado plants cardinal temperature dependent races respectively, among others, the Mexican race has a tolerance to -7 degrees C, Guatemala to -4.5 degrees C, and the West Indies to 2 degrees C.

2. Growing Media.

Avocado plants that grow optimally need loose soil, not easily waterlogged, (drainage / water disposal well), fertile and high in organic matter.
The type of soil is good for growing avocado is sandy loam soil types (sandy loam), clay loam (clay loam) and clay sediments (alluvial loam).
The acidity of the soil is good for growing avocado ranged slightly acidic to neutral pH, (5.6 to 6.4). When the pH is below 5.5 the plant will suffer from poisoning because the elements Al, Mg, and Fe dissolved in considerable amounts. In contrast to the above pH 6.5 several functional elements such as Fe, Mg, and Zn will be reduced.

3. Altitude.

In general, avocado plant can be grown in the lowlands to highlands, ie 5-1500 m asl. However, these plants will thrive with satisfactory results at an altitude of 200-1000 m above sea level. For race avocado plants Mexico and Guatemala is more suitable to be planted in an area with an altitude of 1000-2000 m., While the West Indies race at altitude 5-1000 m asl.

Cultivation Guidelines.

1. Breeding

1) Requirements Seeds

Good seed among others derived from

a) The fruit is quite old.

b) The fruit does not fall until rupture.

c) Procurement of more than one type of seed to ensure the possibility of cross pollination.

2) Preparation of Seed.

Until now only be obtained avocado seed generative (via seeds) and vegetative (grafting shoots / graft and splicing eye / grafting).
Of the three ways that seeds obtained from the seeds is less favorable for long fruiting plants (6-8 years) and there is the possibility of different fruit produced by the parent. While the results of grafting and graft seedlings faster fruiting (1-4 years) and fruit which have acquired the same properties as its parent.

3) Seed Seeding Technique.

a) Connection of shoots (graft)
The main tree is used to graft are plants that have been aged 6-7 months / may also 1-year-old, plants derived from seeds from the fruit that was old and cook, height 30 cm / less, and that is important in the base network yet woody stems. As a branch of the limb joints used young and approximately 0.7 cm in diameter. The Wicker oblique cut in accordance with the existing gap in the trees along the principal approximately 10 cm, and then inserted into a tree beside the principal parts are fastened / bandaged. Good material for binding are rubber bands, plastic, raffia / waxy cloth. We recommend switching on the subject tree made as low as possible so as not to be able to bud on staple crops. Graft-graft which has been spliced put in the shade, not windy, and humid. Every day the plants watered, and to prevent disease should plants sprayed fungicide. In the dry season the white mite pests often attack, for it should be prevented by spray kelthane. Seeds usually can be moved into the garden after 9-16 months of age, and their removal is done at the start of the rainy season

b) Connection of the eye (grafting)
Grafting seedling production is carried out at the base of the tree aged 8-10 months. As the eye to be drawn from the branches were grafted healthy, with the age of 1 year, and his eyes looked clear. The best time to stick to that at the time of seedling bark is removed from the timber. The trick is bark slashed staple length of 10 cm and a width of 8 mm. The skin is removed from the timber and pulled down and cut into 6 cm. Furthermore slashed an eye with a little timber of eye branch (enthout), the wood is released slowly without damaging the eye. Skin eyed inserted between the leather and wood that has been slashed in the subject tree and closed again, the record should not be closed eyes. Finally the dressing entirely with plastic tape. If within 3-5 days of his eyes still green, the attachment successfully.

The next 10-15 days after attachment, plastic rope opened. Principal tree trunks are cut transversely as deep as half its diameter, approximately 5-7.5 cm above the graft, and the eye is curved so that growth can be faster. Once the rod out of the eye reaches a height of 1 m, then the curved part of the principal trees are cut just above the grafting and wound flattened, then covered with paraffin that has been thawed. The grafting of trees can be moved to the garden after the age of 8-12 months and the removal of the most well is at the beginning of the rainy season. In vegetative propagation to note is to maintain high humidity in order to stay (+ 80%) and air temperature at the connection should not be too high (between 15-25 ° C). It also should not be done in the season of heavy rain and too much direct sunlight. Seeds in the form of the connection needs to be watered regularly and fertilized 2 weeks. Fertilization can be concurrent with watering, ie by dissolving 1-1.5 grams of urea / NPK into 1 liter of water. Foliar fertilizers can also be supplied with the recommended dose in the packaging. While the control of pests and diseases is done only when necessary.

Media Processing Plant.

Land for avocado plants should be done well; must be cleared of trees, shrubs, plants sign stumps, and rocks are intrusive. Furthermore, land in or on the hoe, hoe and smooth 2-3 times. Execution of land should be done in the dry season planting which can then be performed at the beginning or during the rainy season.

Planting Technique.

1) Planting Pattern.
The pattern should be done planting avocado combination of different variations. It is given that most varieties of avocado plant can not pollinate themselves, except varieties which have long green flower type A. There are two types of flowers of some varieties of avocado in Indonesia, namely type A and type B. The varieties are classified as type A flower is green long, green round, long red, red round, waldin, butler, benuk, dickinson, puebla, taft, and hass. While classified as type B is Collinson, itszamma, winslowsaon, fuerte, lyon, Nabal, Ganter, and queen. Cross-pollination occurs only between the two types of flowers. Therefore, planting avocado in a land should be combined between varieties with flower type A and type B flower that blooms each pollinate each other.

2) Hole Making Plant.
a) Soil excavated with a length, width, and height of 75 cm respectively. The hole left open for about 2 weeks.
b) Land of the top and bottom separated.
c) the planting hole covered with its original position. First upper soil mixed with 20 kg of manure before it is inserted into the hole.
d) the planting hole that had been closed again pegged to move considering the location of the planting hole.

3) How to planting.
Proper planting time is at the beginning of the rainy season and the existing soil in the planting hole is no longer decreased. The thing to note is the existing soil in the planting hole should be higher than the surrounding soil. This is to avoid stagnant water when flushing his or rain.

Steps planting is as follows:
a) the planting hole is closed, dug again the size of the container seedlings.
b) Seeds are removed from the basket or polybag with slashed in order to remain intact soil clods.
c) seeds were still clumped together with land included in stem neck-high hole, then backfilled and tied to a stake.
d) Each seed should be given shade to avoid direct sunlight, wind, and rain shower. The shade is made oblique with a high portion to the east. This shade serves to grow new shoots or approximately 2-3 weeks.

4. Plant Maintenance.
1) Weeding
Weeds grow around the plant because in that place there are many nutrients. In addition to a rival in obtaining food, weed is also a breeding place of pests and diseases. Therefore, so that plants can grow well, the weeds must be weeded (repealed) regularly.

2) tilling the soil.
Soil watered every day of course will be more solid and getting a little air in it. As a result, the plant roots can not absorb nutrients freely. To avoid this, the soil around the plants should be made with caution loose so that the roots are not severed.

3) Watering.
Newly planted seedlings need a lot of water, so watering should be done every day. The right time for watering is early morning / afternoon, and when the rains do not need to be watered again.

4) Pruning Plants.
Pruning is only done on the branches that grow too tight or dead branches. Pruning is done carefully in order to avoid pruning wounds from infection and pruning wounds should be given fungicide / cover wounds.

5) Fertilization.
In the avocado crop cultivation required a good program and regular fertilization. Given the avocado plant root system, especially the roots of his hair, only slightly less extensive and growing the fertilizer should be given rather frequently with small doses. The amount of fertilizer applied depending on the age of the plant. When the annual fertilization program using urea (45% N), TSP (50% P), and KCl (60% K) then to plant a young age (1-4 years) given urea, TSP, and KCl respectively as 0 , 27 to 1.1 kg / tree, 0.5-1 kg / tree and from 0.2 to .83 kg / tree. For crop production life (5 years) is given urea, TSP, and KCl respectively as much as 2.22 to 3.55 kg / tree, 3.2 kg / tree, and 4 kg / tree. Fertilizer should be given four times a year.

Given the avocado plant has little hair roots, then the fertilizer should be placed as close as possible to the roots. How to embed the fertilizer into the hole depth of 30-40 cm, where the hole is made just below the edge of the plant canopy, encircling the plant. Thank you for reading this article. Written and posted by Bambang Sunarno. sunarnobambang86@gmail.com
author:
http://schema.org/Personal.
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name: Bambang Sunarno.
http://www.primadonablog.blogspot.com/2014/11/about-avocados.html
DatePublished: 18 November 2014 at 15:06

Tag : About Avocados.

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