Process Mining Coal Mining Methods Open .

Resulting in environmental damage.

Coal is one of fossil fuels . General understanding is combustible sedimentary rock , formed from organic sediments , primarily plant debris and coal are formed through the process of becoming . The main elements consist of carbon , hydrogen and oxygen . Coal is also an organic rock that has physical properties and chemical complex which can be found in various forms . The elemental analysis gave the empirical formula of a formula such as : C137H97O9NS for bituminous and anthracite C240H90O4NS for .

Coal formation began in the Carboniferous Period ( Period Formation of Carbon or coal) - known as the first coal age - which spanned 360 million to 290 million years ago . Quality of each coal deposit is determined by the temperature and pressure as well as the formation of a long time , which is referred to as ' organic maturity ' . The process initially peat transformed into lignite ( brown coal ) or ' brown coal ( brown coal ) ' - This is the type of coal with low organic maturity . Compared with other types of coal , lignite is quite soft and the color varies from dark black to brown.

Influenced by temperature and pressure continuously for millions of years , a young coal which changes gradually add organic maturity and change lignite coal into ' sub - bituminous ' .

Chemical and physical changes continued until coal becomes harder and more black color and form ' bitumen ' or ' anthracite ' . Under the right conditions , an increase in the higher organic maturity continued until forming anthracite .

In the mining business , the important thing is to choose the method best suited to the characteristics ( nature , geology , environmental ) of sediment that will be mined . The method ought technically viable , economical , low cost and generate maximum profits .

Mine Activity Open .

Rock surface consisting of soil and rock were first separated with explosives . The rocks are then transported to the surface using a pulley puller or by shovel and truck . Once the coal seam is visible, the coal seam is excavated and then solved systematically mined in the form of lines . The coal is then loaded on to large trucks or conveyors for transport to the coal processing plant or directly to where the coal will be used .

Open pit is one of two known mining systems , namely open and Mine Underground Mine , where any activity or mining activities performed on or relatively near the surface of the earth and work in direct contact with the outside world .

Mining the open pit itself is done with several stages of work :

a. the documents, necessary permits for mining activities , deforestation ( land clearing ) ,

b . overburden stripping ( stripping of overburden ) ,

c . mining ( exploitation ) , loading ( loading ) , transportation ( hauling ) , and the processing and marketing .

Grouping Mine open pit mine Open In principle can be classified into four 

groups :

a. Openpit / Openmine / Opencut / Opencast

Is applied to the open pit mining ore ( seeds ) . For example, nickel , copper , and others .

b . StripMine .

Implementation of specific sludge horizontal / sub-horizontal, especially for coal, may also precipitate the salt flat . Examples in Tanjung Enim coal mine .

c . Quarry .

Is applied to the open pit mineral deposits of industrial ( industrial minerals ) . Examples marble mine in the Great Tulung .

d . Alluvial mining .

It can be said as " placer Mining " or in Australia called " Beach - mine " is a way for mining of placer or alluvial sediments . Examples Cassiterite mine in Bangka , Belitung and surrounding areas .

Confederation B. In Mining Operations .

Broadly speaking , the factors that affect the sustainability of the mining activities are divided into two categories , namely technical factors and economic factors .

1. Technically studies .

Elements of technical elements that need attention in the implementation of activities of a mining project work activities include :

a. General conditions where the project is implemented .

Conditions The conditions under which the work is to be considered include the condition of geology , topography , climate and social culture . The general state of absolute calculated in order to determine the time scheduling and the main activities once set effective labor efficiency of work of the project implementation.

b . Means equipment working equipment .

Types of equipment and tools adapted to the working conditions , employment intentions , production capacity , and effectiveness of work desired .

How procurement accounted for by age and effectiveness of production and availability of working capital which is owned .

c . Implementation Methods of work

In this project implementation activities carried out by blasting demolition material . The method chosen considering the type of material which have the force is high enough , the fraction of loose material that production targets have been determined .

2. In Economic Assessment .

The study was intended to determine the economically mining project benefited or not . In calculating the cash flow note several factors that influence the economic situation .

The things to consider are:

1 . Value ( value) rather than per unit weight of mineral deposits ( P ) . and is usually expressed by ( $ / ton ) or ( USD / tonne )

2 . The cost of production ( C ) , which costs necessary to get the product out the cost of stripping .

3 . The cost of stripping of overburden ( Cob ) ,

4 . Cut Off Grade , will determine the boundaries of reserves that determines the final form of mining . Open pit mine - also called surface - only has economic value if the coal seam is located close to the soil surface . Open pit methods also provide greater benefit than an underground mine , because all layers of coal can be exploited ( 90 % or more of the coal can be taken ) . Large open pit which may include areas for kilometers square and use a lot of great tools, including dragline ( pulley puller ) , which move the rock surface , a power shovel
( hydraulic shovel ) , large trucks hauling rock and coal surface , bucket wheel excavator ( digger scoop car ) , and a conveyor belt .

Mining Activity In Mining Open

a .. Preparation Phase

Activities - activities carried out at the beginning of the process of extraction or mining of minerals consists of the preparation phase ( pre- mining ) , activities include :

1 . Making Tracks Road .

Causeway acts as a passage of equipment - heavy equipment to the mine site , then developed as a haul road material from the front to the location of mining crushing plant . Used - roading wear it with Bulldozer that will be used as well as the stripping of overburden .

2 . Land cleanup .

This work was done before the stage starts stripping overburden . This work includes clearing and collection of trees that grow on the surface of the area to be mined with the aim to clean up the mine area so that mining can be done easily without having to interfere with the disruption of existing vegetation mining area . Cleaning activity is done by using the Bulldozer .

Cleaning is done on the area to be mined which has a thickness of several meters of overburden using bulldozers and carried out in stages in accordance with overburden stripping . In clearing , tree pushed towards the bottom of the slope to be collected , where further handling submitted to the local population .

3 . Stripping Closing .

Overburden disposal is intended to clean limestone deposits that will be extracted from all sorts of impurities that covers a surface , so that it will facilitate the work of excavation while also results would be relatively clean .

Overburden in the project area consists of two types of top soil and overburden layers so that the layers do the first layer of top soil and placed in a certain area for reclamation purposes later . After the top soil layer peeling , then performed stripping the overburden layer and then pushed and placed in certain areas and some are used as pavers .

Stripping activities carried out in stages by using bulldozers , where the early stages of stripping done to prepare for the first stage and subsequent stripping can be done simultaneously with the production phase , so that the pattern is applied and a parallel series which aims to :

a. Save investment and the cost of preparation

b . Avoid fouling of limestone deposits of overburden , thus simplifying the excavation work .

c . Avoid the danger of avalanches and wind .

Preparation of Mining Equipment

Mining will be carried out using mechanical equipment focused . The tool used is needed to support the mining operations , namely :

a. Bulldozer , which is used for land clearing and overburden stripping .

b . Loader , which is used to load chunks of limestone and above the result of the demolition of conveyance .

c . Truck , which is used as a means of conveyance mining results to the factory front crushing / grinding .

d . Crushing Plant , which is a processing unit that serves as a means of preparation of limestone mining front in order to obtain the desired grain size by the market .

e . Power Plant , serves as a source of electricity that will be used as lighting , for processing tool and move tool - a tool that works in a factory .

f . Water pumps , used to pump water or take in order to meet the needs of equipment and employees .

Preparation Crushing Plant

The crushing mill should be made wide enough to accommodate the material mined before crushing process .

a. Site Selection crushing and Stock Pile .

Site selection is usually based on a slightly sloping topography of the area . Location selected plant areas that are relatively flat and devoid of vegetation so it just needs to work flattening process or as needed. and close to existing infrastructure such as roads , and lighting .

b . Installation of Equipment at Factory crusher

For placement of crusher machines needed foundation strong enough to survive long enough to suit your project organized and foundation construction problems in borongkan to the contractor with the crusher machine supplier as a consultant .

c . Location of Office

Central office facilities are used as the setting and implementation of mining activities and planned work in areas that are easily accessible and close to the entrance . The building is made permanent as it is used in a very long period of time in accordance with the life of the project .

d . Treatment Center Equipment

In the smooth operation of the equipment needed - equipment is always in good shape and ready to use. For it is needed as a means of care equipment
(spare parts ) , in order to care for equipment or machinery - used machines that can be done on a regular basis both in the type of care that is lightweight and replacement spare parts .

e . lighting

Means lighting intended to provide lighting around buildings , roads , and particularly in the work of supporting activities . The power source for the lighting does not become one with electricity for the factory , so it 's special lighting facilities required for a generator .

f . Water Source .

Water is a source of vital means for a project that involves a lot of labor . Besides, water is used as the daily needs - day , water is also used in mining activities obtained from groundwater by drilling .

g . Supporting Infrastructure

The meaning here is another infrastructure facilities used for public interest which is also used by the company can also be used by local people so as to have a positive impact on people's lives around . Other infrastructure includes exercise advice , suggestions of places of worship , clinics , power house , and a security post .

Mining Operation

The main purpose of mining activity is taking sediment from the parent rock , making it easy to transport and process the next process further .

After the operation is complete mining preparation and overburden stripping on the top of the limestone reserves materialize ( the direction of contour mining advances top to bottom ) . Then it can begin mining operations .

Mining activities are divided into three activities , namely the dismantling , loading and transporting . The details of the three activities are:

1. Demolition.

Demolition is to separate the activities of mineral deposition with host rock performed after stripping overburden limestone deposition is completed . Demolition can be done by using blasting , mechanical equipment and non- mechanical equipment .

For demolition activities limestones which are then carried out using the drilling blasting . after rocks and then evicted detonated using a bulldozer , which is then collected at the edge of the curb mining or mine each block . Many limestones are dismantled each block are not the same , depending on the quality requirements demanded by consumers .

2 . loading

Loading is an activity that is performed to insert or fill material or mineral deposition results in a conveyance demolition . Loading activities conducted after the eviction activities , loading and unloading is done by using the tool Wheel Loader and loaded into the conveyance .

Loading activities aiming to move into the limestone results demolition conveyance . Freight carried by cycle system , meaning that the truck had been loaded directly without having to wait for the truck left the others and after unloading directly back to the mine site to be loaded back

3 . transport

Transportation is the activity undertaken to transport or carry materials or precipitate minerals from the mining front was taken to mills for further processing.

Transportation activities using Dump Truck which is then taken to a place to do the crushing processing (crushing ) , the number of trucks that will be used depending on the amount of material limestone blasting results to be transported .

Did you know that Deadly Coal ?

Coal as a fuel has been used since centuries ago.

Initially , coal changed the history of the modern world by encouraging the Industrial Revolution in Britain , since the coal did not stop changing the face of the world with a variety of trail damage left behind .

Throughout coal utilization cycle cause irreparable damage to the earth and the people in it . The life cycle of coal from underground to the toxic waste that it generates , usually referred to as the chain of ownership . The ownership chain has three main chain-mining, burning, to waste disposal. Each part of the chain , causing destructive force that must be borne by the earth and human beings in it .

Coal mining .

Coal mining resulted in widespread deforestation , soil erosion , loss of water resources , air pollution , and the destruction of social integrity of communities living near mining sites . Large -scale coal mining eroded soil , lowering the water level , and generate millions of tons of toxic waste , as well as displacing indigenous people from his life from generation to generation throughout the decades and even hundreds of years .

Environmental damage that occurred on the island of Borneo , this time , is a fact of life and irrefutable empirical evidence that the enormity of the damage caused by coal mining .

The burning of coal and the greatest threat to our climate .

Burning coal leaves a trail of damage that is not less terrible . Large amounts of water in the operation of the plant resulted in the scarcity of water in many places. Toxic pollutants out of power plant smokestacks threaten public health and the environment . Fine particles of coal dust is a major cause of acute respiratory illness , mercury destroyer neurodevelopmental children under five and the fetus in the womb of pregnant women who live near the plant . And last but not least important , the burning of coal in power plant is a major source of greenhouse gases causing climate change such as carbon dioxide , sulfur dioxide , nitrogen dioxide , and methane that worsen our climate conditions .

Abandoned coal mining and coal combustion waste

Trail of destruction left by coal combustion does not stop at the moment . At the end of the chain of ownership , there is an abandoned coal mine after being exploited depleted , coal combustion waste , and natural stretch of the damaged without ever going to be back to normal .

Abandoned mining post- exploited depleted , leaving a myriad of problems for the environment and surrounding communities . Giant holes , acid mine drainage , and soil erosion is only part of the problem . Overlay is broken nature is a permanent condition that will never be recovered , no matter how hard the work done to restore it .

Highly toxic coal combustion waste , and harm public health , copper , cadmium and arsenic are some of the toxic substances from the waste generated , each of which triggers poisoning , kidney failure , and cancer .

Each chain in coal utilization cycle donate the damages caused by the dirty energy - each in its own way . This damage is real and deadly .

There should be an attempt to get out of this dirty energy dependence, deadly coal .

So , thank you for reading this article . Written and posted by Bambang Sunarno. 

sunarnobambang86@gmail.com
author :
http://schema.org/Personal.
https://plus.google.com/+BambangSunarnoKatang.
name : bambang sunarno.
http://www.primadonablog.blogspot.com/2014/03/process-mining-coal-mining-methods-open.html
DatePublished : March 27, 2014 at 15.57

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Tag : Process Mining Coal Mining Methods Open .