In the 1965-66 massacre , the victims are the ones who are part of the PKI as well as those who were accused of being communists .
Suharto is strongly suspected as the mastermind behind the massacre of 1965-1966.
Massacre in Indonesia 1965-1966 is a massacre against the people accused of communism in Indonesia in the aftermath of the 30 September Movement in Indonesia . It is estimated that more than half a million people were slaughtered and more than one million people incarcerated in the incident . Cleansing is an important milestone in the transition to the New Order : Indonesian Communist Party ( PKI ) was destroyed , resulting in the fall of president Sukarno upheaval , and subsequently handed over to Suharto's rule .
Failed coup lead to hatred of the communists because of errors blamed on the PKI . Communism is cleaned of political, social , and military , and the PKI declared outlawed . The massacre began in October 1965 and peaked during the rest of the year before finally subsided in early 1966 . Cleanup begins from the capital Jakarta , which then spread to Central and East Java , and Bali . Thousands of vigilantes ( those who enforce the law in its own way ) and army troops capture and kill the people who were accused of being members of the PKI . Although the massacre happened in Indonesia , but the worst massacres occurred in the bases of the PKI in Central Java , East , Bali and North Sumatra .
Sukarno businesses who want to balance nationalism , religion , and communism through Nasakom was over . The main supporting pillars , PKI , has been effectively eliminated by the other two pillars of the military and political Islam , and the military are on the road to power . In March 1967 , Sukarno was stripped of his powers by Parliament meantime , and Suharto became president while . In March 1968 Suharto was formally elected president .
The carnage is almost never mentioned in Indonesian history books , and received little attention from the Indonesian and international citizens . Satisfactory explanation for cruelty has attracted the attention of experts from a variety of ideological perspectives . The possibility of a similar upheaval is considered as a factor in political conservatism " New Order " and the tight control of the political system . Vigilance against the threat of communism became a hallmark of Suharto 's presidency . In the West , slaughter and cleaning is described as a victory over communism in the Cold War .
Background .
The main article for this section are : the September 30th Movement .Suharto generals attended the funeral of the assassinated on October 5, 1965 . ( Picture by the Indonesian Ministry of Information )
Communist Party of Indonesia ( PKI ) is the third largest communist party in the world . Cadres numbering about 300,000 , while its members an estimated two million people . In addition PKI also regulate trade unions .
Support the Sukarno presidency depends on the coalition " Nasakom " between the military , religious groups , and communist . Influence the development and militancy PKI , Sukarno and support to the party , growing concerns on Muslim groups and the military . Tensions began to envelop Indonesian politics in the early and mid 1960s . PKI efforts to speed up land reform rile landlords and clerics threaten social position .
On the afternoon of September 30 and October 1, 1965 , six generals were killed by a group calling themselves the 30 September Movement . The leaders of the main Indonesian military killed or missing , so that Suharto took control of the armed forces . On October 2 , he controls the capital and announced that a coup attempt had failed . The army accused the PKI of masterminding the incident . On October 5 , the generals who died are buried . Military propaganda began to spread , and called for cleanup around the country . This propaganda succeeded in convincing the people of Indonesia and international observers that the mastermind of all these events
is PKI . Disclaimers PKI absolutely no effect . Then the pent-up tension and hatred for years exploded .
Political purges .
Military leaders suspected of being sympathizers of the PKI revoked his post . People's Consultative Assembly and the cabinet cleared from supporters of Sukarno . PKI leaders were soon arrested , some even put to death . Army officials held a demonstration in Jakarta . On October 8 , the PKI headquarters Jakarta burned . Anti - communist youth groups were formed, for example, the Indonesian Student Action Union ( WE ) , the Indonesian Student Action Union ( KAPI ) , Indonesian Student Youth Action Unit ( KAPPI ) , and Indonesia Action Unit Bachelor ( KASI ) . In Jakarta and West Java , more than 10,000 activists and leaders of the PKI were arrested , one of them Pramoedya Ananta Toer .Massacre .
Cleanup began in October 1965 in Jakarta , which then spread to Central and East Java , and Bali . Waged a small -scale massacre in most areas in other islands , especially Sumatra . The worst massacre erupted in Central and East Java . Casualties were also reported falling in northern Sumatra and Bali . High levels, hunted and captured PKI : PKI leaders , Njoto , shot on November 6 , PKI chairman Dipa Nusantara Aidit on November 22 , and Vice Chairman of the PKI MH Lukman shortly thereafter .Hatred against communists waged by the army , so many of Indonesia's population who participated in the massacre . The role of the army in these events is never clearly explained . In some places , the armed forces to train and provide weapons to local militias .
Elsewhere , the vigilante precedes the armed forces , although it generally does not take place before the army massacre sanction violence .
In some places , militia knew where his habitation air- communists and sympathizers , while elsewhere the army asked for a list of communist leaders of the village head . Membership PKI is not hidden and they are easy to find in the community . The U.S. Embassy in Jakarta provides a list of 5,000 people suspected communists to the Indonesian armed forces .
Some branches of the PKI staged resistance and reprisal killings , but most are not able to fight at all . Not all the victims were members of the PKI . Often stamp " CPI " figures applied to the Indonesian National Party ( PNI ) leftist . In other cases , the victims are people who are only accused of or suspected of being communists .
Chinese people are also among the victims . Some of them were killed , and their property stolen . In West Kalimantan , about eighteen months after the massacre in Java , the Dayaks expel 45,000 ethnic Chinese from rural areas . Hundreds of thousands of them were massacred .
Slaughter methods include shooting or beheading by using a Japanese samurai sword . The bodies were thrown into the river , until officials complained that the rivers flowing into Surabaya is blocked by bodies . In areas such as Kediri , Youth Movement ANSOR NU communists had people lined up . They then slit the throats of the people , and the bodies were thrown into the river . The massacre was emptying some of the village and looted the houses of victims or handed over to the armed forces .
The massacre had subsided in March 1966 , although some minor cleanup is still ongoing until 1969 . Residents stated that Solo Bengawan Solo river overflowing unusual in March 1966 marked the end of the slaughter .
Java .
In Java , a lot of murders carried out by sympathizers flow . Military encourage the students to look for members of the PKI Java among the Javanese .Murder extend to people who are not members of the PKI .In Java , for example , a lot of people who are considered " left PNI " killed . Others simply accused of or a victim of slander with little or no political motive .
When the two men awaiting death, a soldier thrust a bayonet behind them to lay at his feet.
In mid-October , Suharto sent a commando belief to Central Java , an area that has a lot of communists , while the troops whose loyalty was clearly instructed to go from there . The massacre of the communists then carried out by the youth , guided by the armed forces , hunt down communists .
Conflict ever broke out in 1963 between Muslim party Nahdlatul Ulama ( NU ) and PKI turned into carnage on the second week of October . Muhammadiyah Muslim group declared in early November 1965 that the extermination of " Gestapu / PKI " is a Holy War . This view is supported by other Islamist groups in Java and Sumatra . For many youths , killing communists is a religious duty . In places the existence of the communist center in Central Java and East Java , Muslim groups believe that they are victims of communist attack so that they could justify the slaughter they did . They usually bring up the Madiun Affair in 1948 . Catholic students in Yogyakarta leave their dormitories at night to come kill communists were caught .
For most areas , the slaughter abated in the early months of 1966 , but in certain areas in East Java massacre lasted for years . In Blitar , no guerrilla action carried out by the PKI members who survived . The action was successfully eradicated in 1967 and 1968 .
Mbah Suro , a leader of a communist group that mixes traditional mysticism , with his followers to build troops . He and his eighty killed in a war of resistance facing the Indonesian armed forces .
Bali .
Catching one of the sympathizers of the PKI.
Disputes over land and tenants ' rights led to the taking of land and slaughter , when the PKI promoting " unilateral action " . After Suharto to power in Java , governors deposed Sukarno choice . The communists were later charged for the destruction of culture , religion , and the character of the island of Bali . Balinese people , like the people of Java , driven to destroy the PKI .
As the only predominantly Hindu island in Indonesia , Bali has no Islamic forces involved in Java , and PNI landlords inciting the extermination of PKI members . Hindu high priests perform ritual offerings to appease the angry spirit of line due to the violations and social disorder . Leaders of Hindu Bali , Ida Bagus Oka , telling the Hindus :
" There is no doubt ( that ) we are also the enemies of the revolution of the fiercest enemies of religion , and must be destroyed and its roots. "
As with most of East Java , Bali experienced a state of almost civil war when the communists regroup . The balance of power switch on the anti - communists in December 1965 , when the Regiment of the Armed Forces Command and the UB unit arrived in Bali after a massacre in Java . Java military commander allow the squad Bali for slaughter until terminated . In contrast to Central Java where the armed forces to encourage people to slaughter " Gestapu " , in Bali , the desire to slaughter it is very large and spontaneous after obtaining inventory logistics , to the extent that the military should intervene to prevent anarchy . A series of massacres similar to events in Central Java and East Java, led by the youth PNI black shirt . For several months , death squad militias along the villages and arresting people suspected PKI .
Between December 1965 and early 1966 , an estimated 80,000 people were slaughtered Bali , about 5 percent of the island 's population at the time, and more than any region in Indonesia .
Sumatra.
PKI action in the form of squatter movement and the campaign against foreign businesses in plantations in Sumatra triggered an immediate reply to the communists . In Aceh as many as 40,000 people were killed , of approximately 200,000 people around Sumatra . Regional uprising in the late 1950s further complicate events in Sumatra as many former rebels were forced to affiliate with communist organizations to prove their loyalty to the Republic of Indonesia . Cessation of the 1950 uprising and massacre of 1965 by most people of Sumatra viewed as " Javanese occupation " . In Lampung , another factor in the massacre seems a Javanese immigration .The number of victims .
Although the outline of events is known , but not much is known about the massacre , and the exact number of dead is almost impossible to know . There are very few western journalists and academics in Indonesia at that time . The armed forces are one of the few sources of information , while the regime that committed genocide in power to three decades . Media in Indonesia when it was limited by restrictions under the " Guided Democracy " and by the " New Order " who took over in October 1966 . Since the massacre occurred at the height of the Cold War , only a few international investigation is conducted , because of the risk preference mull West against Suharto and the "New Order" of the PKI and the "Old Order" .Within the first 20 years after the massacre , appeared thirty- nine serious estimates of the number of victims . Before the massacre was completed , the army estimates that about 78,500 have died whereas according to the communists that trauma , initially forecast to reach 2 million lives .
Later, the army slaughtered estimate the number could reach about 1 million people . In 1966 , Benedict Anderson estimated the death toll around 200,000 people and in 1985 submitted estimates ranging from 500,000 to 1 million people . Most historians agree that at least half a million people were slaughtered , more than any event in the history of Indonesia. An armed security command estimates that between 450,000 to 500,000 killed .
The victims were killed by being shot , beheaded , strangled , or slashed by the armed forces and Islamic groups . The massacre carried out by means of " face to face " , not like the process of mass murder by the Khmer Rouge in Cambodia , or by the German Nazis in Europe .
Detention .
The arrest and detention continued until ten years after the massacre . In 1977 , Amnesty International expressed "about a million" PKI cadres and the people accused of being involved in PKI arrested.
The members of the People's Youth (youth wing PKI) is guarded by the soldiers on their way to an open truck to prison on October 30, 1965.
Between 1981 and 1990, the Indonesian government estimates that between 1.6 to 1.8 million former prisoners in the community . It is possible that in the mid -1970s , 100,000 are still being held without any judicial process . An estimated 1.5 million people were arrested at one time or another . PKI People who are not slaughtered or detained trying to hide while others try to hide their past . They were arrested including the politicians , artists and writers for example Pramoedya Ananta Toer , as well as farmers and soldiers . Many are not able to survive in the first period of detention time and eventually die from malnutrition and mistreatment . When people begin to reveal the names of the communist underground , sometimes under torture , the number of people held increasingly rising in 1966-68 . They are released often still have been under house arrest and must regularly report to the military . They also often barred from government officials , including their children .
Impact .
Sukarno, who wants to balance the act of nationalism , religion , and communism through Nasakom was over . The main supporting pillars , PKI , has been effectively eliminated by the other two pillars of the military and political Islam , and the military are on the road to power . Many Muslims who no longer trust Sukarno , and in early 1966 began to openly oppose Suharto Sukarno , an action previously tried to avoid military leaders . Sukarno attempted to cling to power and reduce the influence of the new army , but he can not make himself blamed the PKI for the effort on demand Suharto's coup . On February 1, 1966 , Sukarno raise the rank of Lieutenant -General Suharto . Supersemar decree on March 11, 1966 Sukarno divert most of the power over the parliament and army to Suharto , allowing Suharto to do anything to restore order . On March 12, 1967 Sukarno was stripped of his powers by the remnants of provisional Parliament , and Suharto While serving as President . On March 21, 1968 , the People's Consultative Assembly formally elected Soeharto as president .The carnage is almost never mentioned in Indonesian history books , and received little attention from the people of Indonesia and the international community . However , after Suharto's resignation in 1998 , and died in 2008 , the facts of what actually happened in the massacre began to open to the public in subsequent years . Search grave of the victims by those who survived and the family anggoa began after 1998 , although only a few have been found . More than three decades later , a sense of hatred still exists in Indonesian society over the incident .
Australian film The Year of Living Dangerously , which is similar to the story adapted from the novel of the same name which is based on the events led to the slaughter , be banned in Indonesia until 1999 , after the fall of the New Order regime .
Satisfactory explanation for the scale and savagery of the slaughter have attracted the interest of experts from a variety of ideological perspectives . One look at the opinion of communal hatred behind the massacre and enforcement of parliamentary democracy into Indonesian society , claiming that such changes are not culturally appropriate and very disturbing in the 1950s post - independence . Opposite opinion is when Sukarno and the army in the democratic process by authoritarianism , competing interests - ie between the military , political Islam , and communism can not be openly debated , but rather suppressed and can only be shown by violent means . Methods of conflict resolution have failed , and Muslim groups and the armed forces embrace the principle of " us or them " , and that when the carnage was over , many people assume that Indonesian communists deserve . The possibility of a similar upheaval is considered as a factor in political conservatism " New Order " and the tight control of the political system . Vigilance against the threat of communism became a hallmark of Suharto 's presidency . In the West , slaughter and cleaning is described as a victory over communism in the Cold War .
Government and Western media prefer Suharto and the New Order and Old Order than the CPI . The massacre was described by Time as " Best Western News in Asia " . Headline in U.S. News and World Report says : " Indonesia : Hope ... where there was once " . New York Times columnist James Reston called it a " glimmer of light in Asia " . Australian Prime Minister Harold Holt , who is visiting the United States , commented in The New York Times , " With 500,000 to a million communist sympathizers have been removed ... I think it's safe to assume that the re - orientation has occurred . "
The involvement of the United States .
Confidential documents that reveal the massacre of 1965.
Joseph Lazarsky , deputy head of the CIA in Jakarta , said that the massacre confirmation comes directly from Suharto 's headquarters . " We are getting reports that clear in Jakarta on anyone who should be arrested , " said Lazarsky . " The armed forces have a ' shot list ' which contains approximately 4,000 to 5,000 people . They do not have enough troops to destroy them all , and some people are quite valuable for interrogation . Owned Infrastructure PKI quickly overpowered. We know what they are doing ..Suharto and his advisers say , if you let them live , you have to feed them . "American Ambassador in Jakarta was Marshall Green , who is known in the U.S. State Department as a " coup expert " . Green had arrived in Jakarta just a few months earlier , brings a reputation for supporting the overthrow of dictator Syngman Rhee of Korea , which has come out with Americans . When the massacre took place in Indonesia , the organizing student manual , written in English and Korean languages , distributed by the U.S. embassy to the Indonesian Student Action Union ( WE ) . The United States also directly fund those who participated in the persecution of communists . On December 2, 1965 , Green endorsed a plan to provide fifty million dollars for what he describes as " Cap - Gestapu movement , " which he described as a " civil action but inspired group of soldiers " who " carries the burden of repressive efforts directed against the PKI , especially in Central Java . " Green did not mention the fact that " the current repressive efforts " against the PKI in Central Java includes , according to the U.S. Consulate in Medan , an attempt to " exterminate all the PKI " . Is he aware of this fact or not , is rather doubtful , as he himself noted that the Embassy of the United States have access to a " substantial intelligence report " about Kap - Gestapu activities , activities which he assured the State Department as an activity that is " fully consistent with and coordinated by the army " and that he praised as activities that " very successful " .
In addition , the United States supplies the essential logistics equipment on Indonesian generals . The generals asked him through a designated liaison in Bangkok , Thailand . Support came mainly in the form of tactical communication tool with the purpose of connecting Jakarta with military forces carry out repression against the PKI in Sumatra , Java and Sulawesi . The United States also provides a " weapon " that comes from the United States and are not from the United States , which in particular is a demand for " arming young Muslims and Nationalists in Central Java for use against the PKI " .
Diplomatic cables show that these weapons are small arms , used to kill at close range . Brad Simpson , Assistant Professor of History and International Studies at Princeton University and director of Project Documentation Indonesia / East Timor at George Washington University , stated that " the United States is directly involved to the extent that they provide assistance to the Indonesian Armed Forces that they provide to help facilitate mass murder . "
On October 5, 1965 , Green sent a telegram to Washington about how the United States can " shape the development to our advantage " . The plan is to exacerbate the name of the PKI and the " protector " of his , Sukarno . This propaganda must be based on " ( deployment ) story of betrayal , guilt , and the brutality of the PKI " . At the height of the bloodshed , Green assured General Suharto : "The United States is generally sympathetic and admiring what is being done by the armed forces . " As for the number of victims , Howard Federspiel , Indonesian experts in the Bureau of Intelligence and Research Department of State United States in 1965, said , " No one cares , as long as they are communists , they must be slaughtered . Nobody feels the need to do something about that. "
Contemporary developments .
After Suharto's resignation because of the 1998 reform , Parliament established the Commission of Truth and Reconciliation to analyze mass murder , but was suspended by the High Court . An academic conference on the massacre was held in Singapore in 2009 .In May 2009 , at the time near the Singapore Conference , publishers in the United Kingdom , Spokesman Books , published a book written by Nathaniel Mehr , entitled Constructive Bloodshed in Indonesia : United States , Great Britain and the Mass Killings in Indonesia from 1965 to 1966 , an introductory - level survey of the massacre and Western support for Suharto .
On July 23, 2012 , the National Commission on Human Rights ( Komnas HAM ) said the massacre of the alleged communists it is a gross human rights violations . After four years of investigation , evidence and witness examination results indicate the presence of nine crimes are categorized as crimes against humanity . The nine human rights violations it is murder , extermination , enslavement , expulsion or forcible transfer of population , deprivation of liberty or other physical liberty arbitrarily , torture , rape and other sexual crimes , torture , and enforced disappearances .
The results of the Commission 's investigation turned over to the Attorney General and the House of Representatives . The authority to open ad hoc trials for human rights violations in the past is in the hands of the House of Representatives .
In September 2012, a movie that reveals how the massacre carried out in and around the city of Medan , North Sumatra , conducted by a group of thugs cinema launched at the Toronto International Film Festival .
The film titled Butcher ( English version title : The Act of Killing ) , with the primary focus is not on research about how exactly it happened , but considering how the perpetrators of murder and slaughter it , and how the actors want to be remembered . The film also depicts the culture that builds upon the impunity enjoyed by the perpetrators for decades as well as how social values upside down when a mass murderer was hailed as a hero .
The massacre has been omitted from Indonesian history textbooks . In the history books , it is mentioned that this massacre is " patriotic campaign " that produce less than 80,000 casualties . In 2004 , the textbooks changed and lists the incident , but the new curriculum was abandoned in 2006 due to protests from Muslim groups and the military . Textbooks that mention mass murder and then burned , by order of the Attorney General . So , thank you for reading this article .
Written and posted by Bambang Sunarno. sunarnobambang86@gmail.com
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name: Bambang Sunarno.
http://primadonablog.blogspot.com/2014/02/massacre-in-indonesia-1965-1966.html
DatePublished: February 09, 2014 at 15:40
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Tag ; The massacre in Indonesia 1965-1966
