Childhood.
Kublai was the grandson of Genghis Khan. His youth spent studying Chinese culture. When Mongke became emperor, Kublai became governor of the South Mongolian. When serving, Kublai improve crops Henan province and improve the social welfare of Xi'an.In 1253, Kublai attack Yunnan. Then he mastered and destroy the kingdom Dali. In 1258, Kublai Mongke appointed to lead the troops from East to help conquer Sichuan and Yunnan. Before arriving (1259), there is news that Mongke died. At that time Kublai keep attacking Wuhan. Soon he heard that his brother usurped the throne. Kublai directly reconciled with Sung and return the land to the north desert of Mongolia.
Kublai and his brother each and lift themselves into Khan. Second battle lasted for 3 years, where Kublai emerged as the winner. That's when Yizhou governor Li revolted against Mongol. This incident raises distrust Kublai against Han nation. When in power, Kublai issuing anti-Han laws, such as the prohibition of titles for local authorities in China.
Yuan Dynasty.
Kublai Khan then made himself not only as Khan of the Mongol Empire, but also as Emperor of China, and build soil Yuan Dynasty in China. He was then ordered to move to the Mongol capital of Beijing. At that time the Mongol empire reached its golden age in which traders from China can go safely trade in Europe. European traders who are hungry for silk fabrics can come buy merchandise in China to secure peace. Marco Polo from Italy arrived in China during the Yuan Dynasty, and was once used as a governor by Kublai Khan. This is a direct trade marks the first time emerged between Europe and China, where the European demand for porcelain, carving, and silk from China drove high.Various invasion of East Asian countries and South East Asia launched by troops of Kublai Khan. Its main purpose is to expand the influence of power, launched a trade and receiving tribute from other countries in Asia. Imperial Yuan Dynasty reached its widest limit while under the rule of Kublai Khan, the completion of the conquest over the Sung Dynasty, which occurred in 1279.
Kublai Khan was not only preoccupied by the war, but he also studied Chinese tradition. He is happy with the life and customs of China. Artists, stonecutters, cooks the best all gathered in Beijing to spur the customs of the country. Marco Polo reportedly also brought many cultural treasures such as silk and cooking recipes from China to Italy.
Invasion of Korea.
Mongol troops entered the territory of Korea in 1216. At that time the relationship lasted well because the troops were ordered to destroy the Mongol Khitan army. At that time the relationship between the kingdom of Koryo (Korea), and Khitan kingdom is not going well. Khitan army who do not receive food aid from the kingdom of Korea took steps to seize food from villages in Korea to fight the Mongolian empire. Koryo king decided to join forces in destroying Mongolia Khitan forces. After the war, the king of the Koryo kingdom of appeasement towards Mongolia and send annual tribute. But the tribute is seized by robbers and Mongolian ambassador was killed. It resulted in angry Mongol empire and sent his troops to enter the punisher of Korean territory for the second time.Fierce fighting occurred in the year 1231. The Mongols captured the king of Korea and founded the Mongol camp to secure colonies. Then most of their forces back to the land of the Mongols. But the camp was attacked by the rebels. It raises the third invasion in 1254 that ended the Korean royal life. In 1258 the entire territory of Korea was overrun by the Mongol empire. Korean king who fled to the small island of Cheju, then marry his daughter to the Mongol empire in 1273. Island that are then used by the Mongols for the planned invasion of the Japanese country.
Invasion of Japan.
Japanese ground invasion to be done long before the invasion of the kingdom in Southeast Asia. This invasion took place twice. The first invasion carried out in 1274 in which Mongol troops joined forces with Korea (usually slaves) landed in Hakata bay. Thousands of troops were departing from Pusan (Korea) past the island of Tsushima and Iki easily. But when they want to reach Japanese soil, they were attacked by a devastating tsunami storm troops and their food up to three-quarters. The troops landed in Hakata bay does not have enough food and weapons to fight the Japanese forces. They were destroyed by the Samurai. Japanese emperor ordered Chinese troops to be released because they are residents of Tang (Chinese empire in the days of the Tang dynasty had a good relationship with Japan). While the forces of Mongolia and Korea are all beheaded. Mongol troops were sent to Japan in the form of a combination of its own Mongolian soldiers and slaves from China and Korea.In 1281 hundreds of thousands of Mongolian troops landed for the second time in the land of Japan. Samurai Japanese forces at that time did not understand the Mongol war tactics. According to Japanese tradition, before the war started, they must hold a duel (one on one) between the commanders above the horse to measure the strength and spirit of the opponent. But at that moment, no one can speak Mongol from the ranks of the Japanese army. Mongol forces themselves do not understand Japanese. Hence, in the duel challenge shouted, thousands Mongol forces attacked blindly. Samurai forces also suffered by Mongol attacks in the form of rain of arrows. In the tradition of Samurai forces fighting with the enemies shoot accurately unlike Mongolian archery enemy indiscriminately and in large quantities. Mongol troops also used "weapons of thunder" (bombs) to destroy the Samurai army ranks. Thunder weapon was first invented by the Chinese empire. The weapon was made of clay and with a large spherical shape. In the clay filled with gunpowder. Then a ball of clay was tied with ropes and diayukan towards the enemy. Blast the ball clay is like thunder and scaring line samurai troops and horses they rode.
After the war was won, hundreds of thousands of Mongol troops back to their camp in the coastal region and set fire to nearby villages. In the evening the tsunami that destroyed their camp double and ships them worse by what happened in the year 1274. double Tsunami is called Kamikaze, which later was used by the royal name as a code war combat in the Pacific during World War 2 . The Mongols were left a bit is then destroyed by Japanese forces. It signifies the end of the Mongol invasions of Japan. Some historians say that the emperor of Japan recognizes the sovereignty of the Mongols and sent tribute, that's what makes Kublai Khan satisfied and began directing his gaze to the countries in Southeast Asia (Java, Vietnam, Cambodia, etc.).
Invasion of Annam (North Vietnam).
Kublai Khan put his attention to a southeast Asian region after he managed to control the whole region of East Asia. He began sending its ambassador to the dozens of small kingdoms to ask for an annual tribute. But it did not take place either, because many do not know the Mongolian empire and even humiliate their ambassadors. Mongolian troops and sent to destroy the kingdom of Champa, but they are not allowed to enter the territory of Annam. This incurs the wrath of Kublai Khan after troops attacked suddenly 1285. In 1287 a second wave of troops arrived and managed to encircle and destroy the capital of Annam, Hanoi. Annam king managed to escape to the south. The tropical climate is hot and humid in the area forced the Mongols to abandon their success after capturing the city of Hanoi. In 1288 the Mongol commanders were dissatisfied and attack Annam region for the third time. Although the king of Annam managed to escape, he realized that the Mongols would never stop attacking the absence of a peace agreement. King of Annam then recognizes the power Mongols and sent tribute.Invasion of Champa (South Vietnam) and Cambodia.
Having successfully mastered the Mongol empire Annam, troops began expeditions to the south. In the same year, the king of Champa surrender and hand over power into the hands of Mongolia as the king of Annam. They become a puppet king who controlled entirely by Kublai Khan.Invasion of Tibet and Thailand.
This invasion took place peacefully. That is because the king of the kingdom of recognizing the sovereignty of Mongolia and agreed to send tributes to the Mongol empire. At that time, Kublai Khan also preoccupied by wars with other kingdoms, so that no troops were sent to inhabit Tibet and Thailand.Invasion of Myanmar.
This invasion took place due to the Mongol ambassador was killed by the king of Burma (now Myanmar). Burmese kingdom at that time was in the golden age to have an army that is abundant. Burma army troops generally in the form of an elephant. But it did not become a major challenge by Mongolian troops. In 1277 and 1283, Burmese troops held a ground invasion of Mongolia in China to show their strength. Punisher troops led by Temur (grandson Kublai Khan) leveling the capital of Burma, Pagan. Myanmar king managed to escape from the fighting, but in 1287 the entire region out of Burma under the rule of Mongolia.Invasion of Java.
At the end of 1292 the Mongol armies began to be sent to Java, because their ambassador humiliated by Singhasari kingdom under king Kertanagara. In the year 1293 the armed forces landed in Rembang and began moving in the direction of East Java. By the time they arrived, the land of Java is filled with destruction caused by the war, long before they arrived. Singhasari kingdom itself has long ago been destroyed by the kingdom Kediri. Mongol troops who do not know what they should do it circumvented by Raden Wijaya to help him rebel against kingdom Kediri. Jayakatwang king eventually caught, and Raden Wijaya established a kingdom named Majapahit. Mongolian troops then attacked by Raden Wijaya himself and was expelled from the land of Java. Mongol commander, Ike Mese, who had lost at least 3,000 soldiers and is affected by humid tropical climate and heat it decided to sail back to the land of Mongolia with armed gold, slaves and other booty from the land of Java. But after he returned, Kublai Khan became furious after hearing the story expeditions. The commander was sentenced to 16 lashes and a half of his fortune confiscated kingdom.Cultural heritage.
Kublai Khan once ordered a variety of food seasonings from all over the world Europe, India, and the Arab sent to Beijing to make a new food. At that moment, the famous food named Beijing Roast Duck (Peking Roast Duck) is found and until now this food is known worldwide as one of the most delicious food from China. One common legend, is about cooking recipes and how to make noodles (noodle), which has been used by the Chinese people for more than 4000 years. It is said that the strange food is then called Spaghetti and become a national food of Italy.Although Kublai Khan liked to learn the Chinese culture, but not all commanders have similar interests. Lots of warlords or Mongol soldiers who always pillaged entire villages and towns. Many of the women were kidnapped or forcibly taken to be a slave wilderness of Mongolia. The villages are often burned and inhabitants were slaughtered as a means of sport or game is held by the Mongols. There is also a Mongol commander who ordered that every household must be escorted by a Mongol army. Every person is prohibited to connect with their neighbors. This incurs the wrath of the locals, who then made a tactical maneuver, that is by hiding secret letter into cakes which were distributed to every home as a full moon party warning. In the letter stating acts of rebellion and each resident was asked to kill the Mongol army who keep their homes at the same time. Anniversaries are then used as the national customs in China, and even celebrated by Chinese people all over the world as a celebration of the Moon (Moon Cake Festival or Feast Tiong Chiu).
The end of the Mongol empire.
Mongol empire ended by power struggles and revolts throughout the ranks of the Inner Mongolia region. After the destruction of the Yuan Dynasty in China, the Chinese Emperor Zhu Yuanzhang of the Ming empire founded and ordered to hold a revenge operation against Mongolia. Mongolian capital razed to the ground along the entire treasures. After the Mongolian empire was destroyed, history records that only in 1-2 generations, the people of China and Europe lost relationship and do not know each other. After that Europeans never know the whereabouts of China, and vice versa. Marco Polo returned to Italy and proclaim that he experienced during his expedition in China, where he saw the gold-roofed monastery, royal abundant food and wealth, it is not believed by Europeans. But there is someone who believes in the legend as told by Marco Polo. He was Columbus, who hold a voyage to find the world as told by Marco Polo, and finally landed on the new continent called America.Thank you for reading this article. Written and posted by Bambang Sunarno. sunarnobambang86@gmail.com
author:
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name: Bambang Sunarno.
http://primadonablog.blogspot.com/2015/07/do-you-know-kublai-khan.html
DatePublished: July 20, 2015 at 17:18
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