Did you know Candi.

The temple is the Indonesian term that refers to a religious building of worship places of archaeological heritage originating from Hindu-Buddhist civilization. The building is used as a place of worship of gods or Buddha glorify. However, the term 'temple' is not only used by people to describe a place of worship, many archaeological sites of non-religious from the Hindu-Buddhist classic Indonesia, both as a palace (Kraton), bath (water), gate, etc. , also referred to as temples.
The temple is a replica of the building where the actual abode of the gods, namely Mount Mahameru. Therefore, the art of architecture decorated with various carvings and sculptures in the form of decorative patterns that are tailored to the nature of Mount Mahameru. Temples and messages conveyed through architecture, reliefs, and statues statue was never separated from the element of spirituality, creativity, and skill of the maker.
Some temples such as Borobudur and Prambanan was built so magnificent, detailed, rich in fancy ornate, tasteful aesthetic sublime, using advanced technology architecture of his time. These buildings until now the evidence of how high culture and civilization of the ancestors of Indonesia.

Terminology.

Interpretation that developed abroad, especially among speakers of English and other foreign languages ​​are; the term refers only to the building of the temple relics of the Hindu-Buddhist era in the archipelago, namely in Indonesia and Malaysia alone (example: Bujang Valley in Kedah). Similarly, the term wat associated with temples in Cambodia and Thailand. However, from the standpoint of Indonesian, the term 'temple' also refers to all the Hindu-Buddhist historical buildings around the world; not only in the archipelago, but also Cambodia, Myanmar, Thailand, Laos, Vietnam, Sri Lanka, India, and Nepal; such as the temples of Angkor Wat in Cambodia and the temples of Khajuraho in India. The term of the temple also sounds similar to the term chedi in Thai language meaning 'stupa'.Istilah "temple" probably derived from the word "Candika" meaning the name of one embodiment of Goddess Durga as the goddess of death. Therefore, the temple is always associated with the monument place of worship to honor the king's posthumous (deceased) example Kidal temple to honor the King Anusapati.

The temple in Indonesia.

Borobudur is the largest Buddhist monument in the world.
In Indonesia, the temple can be found on the island of Java, Bali, Sumatra, and Borneo, but the temple is most prevalent in the region of Central Java and East Java. Most Indonesian people aware of the temples in Indonesia are famous such as Borobudur, Prambanan, and Mendut.
At an era in the history of Indonesia, which is within the 8th century to the 10th was recorded as the most productive period in the construction of the temple. In the period of the kingdom of Mataram Medang temples large and small meet and Kewu Plain Kedu plain in Central Java and Yogyakarta. Only a fairly prosperous civilization and clothing needs are met and their food alone is capable of creating architectural copyrighted works of high artistic value like this. Some are patterned Hindu temple in Indonesia is Prambanan, Jajaghu Temple (Candi Jago), Gedongsongo temple, Dieng Temple, Temple Panataran, Wind Temple, Temple Selogrio, Pringapus Temple, Temple Singhasari, and Candi Kidal. Buddhist temples patterned include Borobudur and Sewu. Prambanan temples in Central Java is one of the Hindu Shiva temple of the most beautiful. The temple was founded in the 9th century AD during the Ancient Mataram Kingdom.

The name of the temple.

Most temples are found in Indonesia is not known his real name. Arkeologiadalah's agreement named the temple was based on the name of the village where the discovery of the temple. The temples were already known to the public since the first, sometimes also accompanied by a legend associated with it. Coupled with the findings of inscription or may be called in the ancient sources believed to refer to the temple. As a result, the name of the temple can vary, for example Prambanan temple, temple Jonggrang Rara, and temple Siwagrha refer to the same temple complex. Prambanan is the name of the village where the temple stood. Rara Jonggrang is a local folk legend associated temples. While Siwagrha (Sanskrit: "the home of Shiva") is the name of the sacred building dedicated to Shiva called the Tablets Siwagrha and refer to the same temple.

A small portion of the temples which can be seen the possibility its original name :

Types and Functions.
Type based on religion.

Based on the religious background, the temple can be divided into Hindu temple, a Buddhist temple, Shiva-Buddhist syncretic blend, or buildings that are not clear their religious nature and probably not the religious buildings.
Hindu temple, the temple to honor the Hindu gods like Shiva or Vishnu, for example: Prambanan temple, temple Gebang, group Dieng temple, temple Gedong Songo, Panataran temple, and the temple Cangkuang.
Buddhist temple, the temple which serves for breeding purposes Buddha or the Sangha monks, examples of Borobudur temple, the temple Sewu, Kalasan, Sari temple, temple Plaosan, Banyunibo temple, temple Sumberawan, Jabung temple, temple group Muaro, Barelang temple, and the temple Biaro Bahal.
Siwa-Buddha temple, Shiva temple and Buddhist syncretic blend, for example: Jawi temple.
Candi non-religious, secular temple or obscure nature or its religious purposes, for example: Ratu Boko temple, Temple of the Wind, Queen Bajang gate, the temple Rat, temples Wringin Lawang.

Types based on hierarchy and sizes.

From the size, complexity and grandeur of the temple is divided into several hierarchy, from the most important temples are usually very grand, until the temple is simple. Level scale of importance or designation, the temple is divided into:
Kingdom temple, the temple used by all citizens of the kingdom, the place held its important religious ceremonies kingdom. Royal temples usually built luxurious, large, and spacious. Example: Borobudur, Prambanan, Sewu, and Temple Panataran.
Temple Wanua or Character, the temple used by the local community or a particular village in a kingdom. The temple is usually small and only a single building that is not clustered. Example: temples dating from the Majapahit, Temple Sanggrahan in Tulung, Gebang temple in Yogyakarta, and Temple Pringapus.
Personal temple, the temple used to remind a character, can be said to have a function similar to the tomb. Example: Candi Kidal (commemorating Anusapati, king Singhasari), the temple Jajaghu (commemorating Wisnuwardhana, king Singhasari), Temple Rimbi (commemorating Tribhuwana Wijayatunggadewi, mother Hayam Wuruk), Temple Tegowangi (commemorating Bhre Matahun), and Surawana (commemorating Bhre Wengker).

Function.

The temple can serve as :

Temple Worship : 

The most common Hindu temple, built to worship the gods, goddesses, or certain bodhisattvas, for example: Prambanan temple, temple Canggal, Sambisari temple, and the Ijo temple that holds the phallus and primarily dedicated to Shiva, Kalasan temple built to honor the goddess Tara , whereas Sewu temple to worship Manjushri.

Stupa Temple: 

Established as a symbol of the Buddhist relics of Buddha or store, or a means of Buddhist pilgrimage. Traditionally the stupa used to store Buddhist relics such as ashes, skeletons, pieces of nails, hair, or teeth believed to belong to the Buddha, or a prominent Buddhist monk or Buddhist royal family. Several other stupa was built as a means of pilgrimage and ritual, for example: Borobudur temple, temple Sumberawan, and Barelang temple

Warning temple:

Together with the category of personal temple, which temple built to honor the spirits of the king or important figures who have died. The temple is sometimes serves as the temple worship as well as the spirits of the dead kings are often considered together with god embodiment, for example: a temple Hemisphere Airlangga made temples, statues manifestations are as Vishnu riding Garuda. Simping temple in Blitar, where Raden Wijaya didharmakan as a god Harihara.

Temple Hermitage:

Founded on the slopes of the mountain where imprisoned, for example: temples on the slopes of Mount STEPS, group Dieng temple and Gedong Songo temple, and the temple Liyangan on the eastern slope of Mount Sundoro, allegedly in addition to functioning as a cult, is also a site at the same time hermitage settlements.

Vihara temple:

Built for the monks or priests lived and meditated, as this temple has a function as a residential or boarding, for example: Sari temple and Plaosan

Temple Gate:

Established as a gate or entrance, for example: in the complex gate Ratu Boko, Bajang Queen, Wringin Lawang, and the temple Plumbangan.

Temple Watering:

Established near water sources or in the middle of the pool and its function as a bath, for example: Baths Hemisphere, Jalatunda, and the temple Rat
Some ancient buildings, such as shelf-shelf multi-storey pavilion foundation, walls and gates, and other buildings that actually is not a temple, often mistakenly referred to as a temple. Buildings like this are found in sites Trowulan, or pavilion in complex Ratu Boko is not a religious building.

Architecture.

Construction of the temple is based on several provisions contained in a book Vastusastra or Silpasastra done by silpin that artists who make the temple (architect of the ancient times). One part of the book is Manasara Vastusastra originating from South India, which not only contains guidelines for making the temple and all its components, but also profane architecture, form cities, villages, forts, temples placement in complex cities and villages.

Location.

These books also provide guidance on the selection of the location where the temple will be built. This is related to the financing of the temple, because it is usually for the maintenance of the temple land was determined sima, namely land that is income tax-free autonomous rice harvest destined for the construction and maintenance of the temple. Several inscriptions mention the relationship between the sacred buildings to the ground this sima. Besides the construction of the layout of the temple is also often take into account the location of astronomy (astrology).
Some provisions of the books besides Manasara yet very important in Indonesia is the condition that the sacred building should be erected near the water, river water, especially near the confluence of two rivers, lakes, seas, even if there should be made an artificial pond or put a vase containing water near the entrance to the sacred building. In addition to near water, the best place to establish a temple that is at the top of the hill, on the slopes of the mountain, in the woods, or in the valley. As we know, the temples are generally set up near the river, even Borobudur temple is located near the confluence of Elo and Progo rivers. Whereas Prambanan temple is located near the river Opaque. The distribution of the temples in Central Java, widely spread in the fertile plains of Kedu and Kewu Plain.

Structure.

Most forms of the temple abode of the gods imitating the real, namely Mount Mahameru. Therefore, the art of architecture decorated with various carvings and sculptures that depict a pattern of nature Mountain Mahameru.
Ancient relics, such as the temple buildings, sculptures, inscriptions and carvings are generally indicate the nature of the Indonesian culture is covered by elements of Hindu-Buddhist. In essence, the form of temples in Indonesia is the staircase, which itself is an element punden native Indonesia.
Based on its parts, the temple consists of three essential parts, among others, legs, body, and roof.
Foot of the temple is the lower part of the temple. This section represents the world below or bhurloka. In the Buddhist concept called Kamadhatu. Which describes the world of animals, nature spirits such as demons, giants and asuras, as well as a human being who is still bound by lust low. The shape of the square which is equipped with a ladder on one side. The base of this temple as well as forming the schematics, it can be rectangular or square. Stairs entered the temple located in this section, the small temple entrance stairs only in the front, in the great temple entrance stairs are in the four directions of the compass. Usually in the left-right entrance stairs decorated with carvings makara. At the foot of the temple walls are usually decorated with flora and fauna such as tendrils of plants, or in certain temples decorated with the figure of a guard like Dwarapala. At the center of the base of the temple, just below the main room usually found in wells that contained essentially pripih (stone coffin). These wells are usually filled the rest of the sacrificial animals were cremated, then laid on top of the container. Inside the container is usually contained the ashes of the king and the relics of holy objects such as gold sheets inscribed with spells, ancient coins, gems, glass, pieces of gold, silver sheet, and shells.
The body of the temple is the center of the cube-shaped temple which is considered as the world between or bhuwarloka. In the Buddhist concept called rupadhatu. Which depicts a world where the holy man who seeks enlightenment and inner perfection. At the front there is a wicket door into the room in the temple. Wicket door is usually decorated with carvings of the temple when the head just above the center of the door and flanked makara patterns on the left and right of the door. The temple body consists of garbagriha, namely a booth (room) that the main statue in the middle, for example, statues of gods, bodhisattva, or Buddha worshiped in the temple. On the outside wall at the other three corners are usually given niches are carved reliefs or statues filled. In the great temple, niches around it expanded into a private room in addition to the main room in the middle. There is a way around the lobby to connect these spaces as well as to perform a ritual called pradakshina. In the hallway is fitted around the balustrade, and on the gallery walls of the temple and the walls are usually decorated with balustrade, both narrative (story) or decorative (decoration).
The roof is the top of the temple that has become a symbol the world over or swarloka. In the Buddhist concept called arupadhatu. Which describes the heavenly realm of the gods and the souls who have achieved perfection residing. In general, the roof of the temple consists of three tiers of increasingly on the smaller size. Meanwhile, East Java style roof consists of many levels that form the pyramid curve effects impressive illusion of perspective building look taller. At the peak of the roof crowned with a stupa, Charles, Vajra, or false phallus. At temples in East Java style, waterless or its mastaka cuboid or cylindrical dagobas. At the corners and center of the roof is usually decorated with ornaments antefiks, namely ornaments to decorate the three-part tapered angle. Most of the walls of the roof is left plain, but in the big temples, the roof of the temple there were decorated with carvings, such as the niches containing the head of the gods, god relief or bodhisattva, ornamental patterns shaped jewel or when, or tendrils garlands.

Layout.

The temple building have its own stand some groups. There are two systems in a grouping or layout of the temple complex, namely:
Concentric system, centralized cluster system; ie the position of the main temple is in the middle of the temple children (perwara). Perwara neatly lined up around the main temple. This system influenced the layout plan of the mandala from India. Examples group Prambanan and Sewu.
Sequential systems, sequential linear cluster system; namely perwara position is in front of the main temple. There are sequentially arranged symmetrically, there is asymmetric. Sequence of visitors entering the area that is considered less sacred form of gates and additional buildings, before entering the area of ​​the holiest places of the main temple stood. This system is a system of the original layout of the archipelago which glorify a high place, so that the main building or the holiest highest placed behind following the natural topography of the land where the height of the temple was built. Examples Temple Upgrading and Sukuh. This system was continued in Bali Pura layout.

Building material.

Building materials maker temple depend on the location and availability of materials and technology architecture supporting community. The temples in Central Java using andesite, whereas the temples during the Majapahit in East Java are using red brick. Similarly temples in Sumatra as Biaro Bahal, Muaro, and Muara Takus are made of red brick.

The ingredients to make the temple, among others:

Andesite stone, 

Carved volcanic stone clot forming squares interlocking. Andesite stone temple material to be distinguished from the stone. Although similar andesite stone but hard and easily broken if hewn (difficult to be formed). Andesite stone suitable for the temple is buried in the ground so as to be mined at the side of a hill.

White stone (tuff), 

Pyroclastic deposits of white stone, used in the temple complex Combustion in Boko. White stone material is also found used as fill material of the temple, where the exterior is coated andesite

Red brick, 

Printed on red clay soil dried and burned. Majapahit temples and Sumatra are using red brick.

Stucco, 

which is a kind of concrete material from the collision of stone and sand. Stucco material was found in the enshrinement Batu Jaya.

Bajralepa (vajralepa), 

namely plaster coating material temple walls a sort of yellowish white plaster to smooth and beautify as well as to protect the wall from damage. Bajralepa made of a mixture of fine volcanic sand and lime. It is said that a mixture of other materials are also used as plant sap, egg whites, and others. Bajralepa traces found in the temple Sari and Kalasan. Bajralepa coatings now have a lot of peeling.

Wood, 

some allegedly temples made of wood or have wood parts. Similar to a wooden temple Pura Bali found now. Some temples behind only a stone pedestal or shelf foundations are made of andesite stone or brick, while it is made from organic materials wood has long been destroyed. Some basic shelf in Trowulan Majapahit called the temple, although in fact the foundation of the pillared hall of wood. Sambisari and temples Kimpulan have extolled the alleged temple parent shaded wooden roof of the building. Several temples such as Candi Sari and Plaosan has wooden components because the former stone structures found holes to put wood girder supporting the upper floors, as well as a hole to insert doors and window bars.

Style architecture.

Soekmono, a leading archaeologist in Indonesia, to identify differences in architectural styles (styles) between the central Javanese temple to temple in East Java. Middle Javanese style generally is a temple dating from before the year 1000 AD, while the East Javanese style generally is derived from the temple after the year 1000 AD. The temples in Sumatra and Bali, because of its resemblance grouped into East Java style.

The roof is unity levels. Steps-small steps that are very much formed unitary smooth curved roof. This gives rise to the illusion of perspective roof so the building memorable higher
Waterless or mastaka
Stupa (Buddhist temples), Ratna Vajra, or Linga Moot (Hindu temple)
Cube (mostly Hindu temple), sometimes Dagoba tubular (Buddhist temple)
Wicket door and ornate niches
Kala-Makara style; Kala heads with gaping mouths without the lower jaw is located above the door, is connected with a double Makara on each side of the door
Just head grinning middle Kala complete with lower jaw located above the door, Makara nothing
Relief
Engraving higher and stand with stylized images naturalist
Engraving lower (thin) and less prominent, like a puppet stylized image of Bali
Leg
Clear steps, usually consisting of one leg and one leg little bigger. The transition between the legs and the body clearly formed around the body of the temple hall
More foot steps, consists of several shelf-shelf parts that make up the impressive temple foot perspective illusion that the building look taller. The transition between the legs and the body is more refined with the hall of the temple body circumference narrower

The layout and location of the main temple.

Mandala concentric, symmetrical, formal; with the main temple is located right in the middle of the courtyard of the temple complex, surrounded by temples ancillary ranks smaller in neat rows
Linear, asymmetric, follows the topography (sectional height) location; with the main temple is located in the back, farthest from the entrance, and are often located at the highest ground in the temple complex, located in front perwara main temple

Direction toward the building.

Most faced east
Mostly facing west
Building material
Most andesite
Most red brick
However there are some exceptions in this temple style grouping. For example Penataran temple, Jawi, Jago, Kidal, and temples Singhasari evident in the group of East Java style, but the building material is andesite, together with the characteristic style of the temple in Central Java; contrasted with ruins of temples Brahu Trowulan like, as well as others such as Majapahit temple temple temple Jabung and Pari were made of red brick. Prambanan temple sleek shape is similar temples in East Java, but the arrangement and shape of the roof is the Middle Javanese style. The location of the temple is also not guarantee its style groups, such as Clown temple located in Malang, East Java, but is air-style temple in Central Java that comes from an older period in the 8th century BC.
Even in a group of Middle Javanese style of its own differences and further divided between North Central Java style (eg group Dieng temple) with South Central Java (eg Sewu group). North Central Javanese temple carvings simpler, smaller building, and a group of temple less; while the South Central Java style temple carvings over the highway and luxurious, the building is magnificent, as well as more temples in the complex with a regular layout.
At the end of the Majapahit period, the architectural style of the temple is marked by the return of the original style elements archipelago Austronesian peoples, such as the return form punden. Shape of the building as is evident in the temple and temple Sukuh Cetho mountainside Lawu, besides some sacred building on the slopes of Mount Penanggungan also displays characteristics similar to pyramid building pyramid staircase Central America.
Thank you for reading this article. Written and posted by Bambang Sunarno. sunarnobambang86@gmail.com
author:
https://plus.google.com/105319704331231770941.
name: Bambang Sunarno.
http://primadonablog.blogspot.com/2015/07/did-you-know-candi.html
DatePublished: July 19, 2015 at 15:53

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