Pompeii was an ancient Roman city that was in ruins near the city of Naples and now in the region of Campania, Italy. Pompeii was destroyed by the eruption of Mount Vesuvius in 79 AD eruption of Mount Vesuvius Dust burying the town of Pompeii with everything in it as deep as several feet causing this city lost for 1,600 years before it was rediscovered by accident. Since then extracting back the city gives a superb view details about the life of a city in the heyday of the Roman Empire.
Today, the city of Pompeii is one of the UNESCO World Heritage Site.
Location.
Pompeii is located at coordinates 40 ° 45'0 "N 14 ° 29'10" E, southeast of the city of Naples, near the modern town of Pompei today. The city stands on the site that is formed from lava flows to the north in the downstream river Sarno (ancient times called "Sarnus"). Currently the land is a bit far away on the mainland, but the first is an area that is close to the beach.In the first century AD, Pompeii is just one of the cities that are located around the foot of Mount Vesuvius. The area is large enough population that became prosperous as a fertile agricultural region. Several small groups around the city like Pompeii Herculaneum also suffered damage or destruction by the eruption of Vesuvius tragedy.
Early history.
City of Pompeii was established around the 6th century BC by people Osci or Oscan, which is a group of people in central Italy. At that time, the city has been used as a safe port by Greek and Phoenician sailors. When people Etruskan threatening attacks, the city of Pompeii allied with the Greeks who later mastered the Bay of Naples. In the 5th century BC Samnium people possess (and all cities in Campania). The new rulers impose their architecture and expand the area of the city. It is also believed that during the occupation of the people Samnium, Rome was recaptured Pompeii for a while, but this theory has not been proven.Pompeii took part in the war started by the cities of Campania against Rome, but in 89 BC it was besieged by Sulla. Although Social League troops led by Lucius Cluentius helping in the fight against Rome, in 80 BC Pompeii was forced to surrender after Nola conquered. Pompeii and then became a Roman colony with the name: Colonia Cornelia Veneria Pompeianorum. The city became an important route for goods coming by sea and had to be sent to Rome or Southern Italy which is located along the Via Appia is not far away.
In 62 AD, a great earthquake devastate Pompeii with many other cities in Campania. In the period between AD 62 by the eruption of Vesuvius in 79 AD large, it was rebuilt, probably more magnificent in the field of buildings and works of art from earlier.
Vesuvius buried the city of Pompeii.
The residents of Pompeii, as those who live in that area now, have long been accustomed to the small vibration, but on February 5, 62 great earthquakes that cause considerable damage around the bay and particularly to Pompeii. Most of the damage was still not repaired when the volcano erupted. However, this may represent a tectonic earthquake than the earthquake that caused by rising magma inside the volcano there.An earthquake the other, lighter, occurred at 64; This event is recorded by Suetonius in his biography of Nero, in De Vita Caesarum, and by Tacitus in Book XV of Annales because it occurs when Nero was in Naples and performed in a show for first time on a public stage. Suetonius recorded that the emperor did not care about the quake and continued singing until the song is finished, while Tacitus notes that the theater collapsed after the people in them were evacuated.
The writer Pliny the Younger wrote that earth tremors were "not so scary because it often occurs in Campania".
In early August of 79, springs and wells dry up. Mild earthquake tremors started in August 20, 79, and becoming more and more frequent in the next four days, but the warnings were not realized people, and on the afternoon of August 24, a deadly volcanic eruption occurs. The blast damaged the region, burying Pompeii and other residential areas. Incidentally Vulcanalia date coincided with the celebration of the Roman god of fire.
Eyewitness reports only one who survived and reliable about this event is recorded by Pliny the Younger in two letters to the historian Tacitus. Of his uncle's house at Misenum, about 35 km from the volcano, Pliny saw a remarkable phenomenon that occurs at the top of Mt. Vesuvius: a large dark cloud shaped like a pine tree emerged from the mouth of the mountain. After some time, the cloud quickly down the slopes of the mountain and covered everything around it, including the nearby sea.
"Cloud" which was described by Pliny the Younger is now known as a pyroclastic flow, which is a very hot cloud of gas, dust, and rocks that erupted from a volcano. Pliny says that several earthquakes felt at the time of the eruption was followed by a devastating earth tremors. He also noted that the dust also fell in the form of layers of very thick and the village where he was to be evacuated. The sea was sucked in and pushed backwards by an "earthquake", a phenomenon that is referred to by modern geologists as the tsunami.
The picture is then transferred to the fact that the sun was covered by the eruption and the daylight into darkness. His uncle, Pliny the Elder took the ship to examine some of these symptoms and rescue people who are trapped at the foot of the mountain. Because they can not land near the volcano because of unfavorable winds and dust produced the eruption, Pliny the Elder went on to Stabiae approximately 4.5 km from Pompei . He died there the next day. In his first letter to Tacitus, nephew suspect that this is because his uncle inhaling toxic gases. However Stabiae 16 km away from the scene and his colleagues do not seem to be affected by sniffs the air, and therefore the possibility of death due to all the fat Pliny died of a stroke or heart attack.
Disappeared during the 16th century.
Thick layer of dust covered the two cities, which are located near the foot of Mount Vesuvius, so both the city became lost and forgotten. Then the city of Herculaneum was rediscovered in 1738, and Pompeii in 1748. Both of these cities were exhumed from a thick layer of dust by freeing all the buildings and frescoes that are still intact. Actually, the city has been rediscovered in 1599 by an architect named Fontana that explores a new path for the river Sarno, but it takes more than 150 years later then an attempt / serious campaign undertaken to liberate the city from the barrow.King Charles VII of two Sicilian very interested in these findings even until he was made king of Spain. Giuseppe Fiorelli took responsibility for the excavation in 1860. Until that moment Pompeii and Herculaneum thought to have gone forever. Later, Giuseppe Fiorelli was the one who suggested the use of injection techniques plaster to an empty room in which the victim's body has been destroyed Vesuvius to reshape the surface of their bodies perfectly.
There is a theory with no evidence to suggest that Fontana found some erotic frescos during excavations done, but because of the norms of decency are very strong when he buried the frescoes back. This was confirmed by excavation reports by other teams after stating that the excavation area showing the atmosphere had been exhumed and reburied.
Forum (building for social purposes), baths, some homes / buildings and some villas have well saved. A hotel (with an area of 1000 square meters) was found close to the location of the city. The hotel was then called "Grand Hotel Murecine".
The fact stated that Pompeii is the only site where the ancient city of the overall structure of the topography can be known with certainty without requiring modifications or additions. The city is not divided according to the patterns of the Roman city at large due to the ground surface that is not flat (the city is located at the foot of the mountain). But the roads in the city are made straight and patterned on the pure tradition of the ancient Roman road surface consists of polygons stones and has buildings houses and shops on both sides of the road , follow the decumanus and Cardus . Decumanus are streets that stretch from east to west , while Cardus stretching from north to south .
Earthquakes, landslides and damage caused by volcanic eruptions.
An important research field is currently associated with the structures, which is being reconstructed, during the eruption (presumably damaged during the earthquake in 62 years). Most of the old paintings were damaged apparently covered with paintings newer, and modern tools are used to find the back of the picture frescoes that have been long hidden. The reason why these structures are still repaired 10 years after the eruption it is the fact that the frequency of explosions before the great explosion was getting smaller.
Most of the archaeological excavations at the site was only up to street level at 79 years of volcanic events. The excavations deeper in the older parts of Pompeii and prime examples of nearby drilling-drilling has shown the layers of sediment that indicates various other events that have hit the city before the explosion famous, because There are three layers of sediments that lie beneath the city are found in the upper layer of lava. Mingled with the sediments were also found by archaeologists small pieces of animal bones, ceramic pieces and pieces of plants. By using carbon dating, the oldest layer is estimated to come from the 8th century BC, around the time of the founding of the city. Two other layers separated from the other layers with a layer of soil or a well developed road made the Romans in the 4th century BC and the 2nd century BC. The theory behind the various layers of sediment is a great landslides, which may be driven by a prolonged rain. (Senatore, et al., 2004)
In the early excavations of this site, occasionally found holes in a layer of ash which contains the remains of human bones. Giuseppe Fiorelli proposed to fill the empty spaces with cement. What are the forms produced very accurate and terrible of Pompeiani (Pompeii citizens) who failed to escape, in the last moments of their lives. For most of them, the expression of fear was quite apparent.
Geologists have used the magnetic properties of rocks and pieces found in Pompeii to estimate the temperature piroklaktik flow that buried the city. When the molten rock it freezes again, the magnetic minerals in the rock record the direction of Earth's magnetic field. When the material was heated exceeded a certain temperature, known as the Curie temperature, the magnetic field may be the modified or completely re-arranged.
Analysis of more than 200 pieces of volcanic rock and fragments, such as roof tiles, show that the cloud of dust that heat up to 850 ° C when it emerged from the mouth of Vesuvius. The cloud was cooled to less than 350 ° C upon arrival in the city. Many of the materials analyzed experienced temperatures between 240 ° C to 340 ° C. Some areas showed a lower temperature, 180 ° C only There is a theory which says that the shocks may have led to mixing of cold air into the dust cloud. (Cioni, et al., 2004)
Unique inventions.
When the eruption occurred, the city of Pompeii may have a population of 20,000 people and is located in an area where the Romans had their holiday villas. Many services are provided in the city of Pompeii is found, for example: Macellum (highway market supply of food), Pistrinum (milling wheat), Thermopolium (a type of bar that provides cold and hot beverages), cauporioe (small restaurant), and an amphitheater.
2002 Another discovery is equally important downstream Sarno revealed that the port also has many residents and residents living in Palafitte (village with houses jutting out over the lake), in a canal system that, according to the scientists, resembling the canals in Venice. But this fact remains to be studied further.
Pompeii in the world of popular entertainment.
Pompeii used as the background of modern historical novel The Last Days of Pompeii and a British television series Up Pompeii, and the Robert Harris novel recently, Pompeii, a fiction story centered on the Aquarius (water channel expert) Marcus Attilius should repair the damage the aqueducts in the world, the Aqua Augusta, the broken somewhere around Mt. Vesuvius. In the visual arts, The Last Day of Pompeii is a famous painting by Russian-born Carlo Brullo.In October 1971, the famous band Pink Floyd performing in an empty amphitheater in Pompeii 2,000 years old, in front of an audience consisting of the film crew including cameraman. The show is distributed as a film around the world, and later in the form of video. The director later add pictures and release space in the form of 'chunks director', which is now available on DVD.
Busch Gardens theme park in Williamsburg, Virginia show an attraction titled "Escape from Pompeii," (Escape from Pompeii), where it is the passengers riding the small boats were reportedly fleeing the city through the ruins of Pompeii while berguliran cities around them.
Rexford (Rex) Phillips, aka "Mondo Rexino," write, sing, read and produce an "audio book" 210 minutes titled Messenger From Pei (Envoy of Pei). This book tells of his assignment at the 10th Special Company of the U.S. Army in Korea. There he met, friends and ultimately develop intimate relationship with actress Debbie Reynolds. Various alternating current takes them on a journey into past lives, and especially in their escape from the "decadent Pei", just before the total destruction of the city, along with the last days "Pompeii", will be the depraved son. This work was made in 1992 and distributed on a limited basis.
Pompeii palaestra seen from the top of the stadium wall. The middle part of the sunken left filled with water and used to practice swimming or sea battle game. On the right (somewhat obscured by trees) is a sequence of points trees into charcoal, the remains of trees (each a hundred years old) from the palaestra burned in a volcanic eruption 79 years. Between them and the row of poles, there are rows of newly planted young trees as his successor.
Thank you for reading this article. Written and posted by Bambang Sunarno. sunarnobambang86@gmail.com
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DatePublished: March 2, 2014 at 17:22
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