Distillation or distillation is a chemical separation method based on the difference in speed or ease evaporate ( volatility ) material .
In distillation , boiling a mixture of substances that vaporize, and the vapor is then cooled back into a liquid form . Substances which have a lower boiling point will evaporate first .
This method is included as an operating unit of chemical mass transfer types .
The application process is based on the theory that in a solution , each component will evaporate at boiling point . The model is based on the ideal distillation Raoult 's Law and Dalton's Law .
Chart .
Here is a simple circuit arrangement distillation apparatus;
1 . container of water
2 . distillation flask
3 . connection
4 . thermometer
5 . condenser
6 . inflow of cold water
7 . cold water outflow
8 . distillate flask
9 . airhole
10 . the exit distillate
13 . Turkish bath
14 . water bath
15 . solution of the substance
16 . distillate flask container
History .
Distillation was first discovered by chemists around the first century BC Greek who eventually progress triggered primarily by the high demand for spritus . Hypathia of Alexandria believed to have found a series of tools for distillation and Zosimus of Alexandria was the one who has managed to accurately describe the process of distillation in about the 4th century .Distillation modern form was first discovered by chemical experts on Islamic Abbasid Caliphate period , especially by Al - Razi on the separation of alcohols into relatively pure compounds through alembik tool , even this design into a kind of inspiration that allows the design of micro-scale distillation , The Hickman Stillhead can be realized . Jabir Ibn Hayyan posts by ( 721-815 ) , better known as Ibn Jabir mentioned the wine vapors that can burn . He also has found a lot of equipment and chemical processes that are still widely used even until now . Then refining the techniques outlined clearly by Al - Kindi ( 801-873 ) .
One of the most important application of the method of distillation is the separation of crude oil into sections for specific use such as for transportation , power generation , heating , etc. . Air is distilled into components such as oxygen for medical use and helium for filling balloons . Distillation also has been used since long for the alcohol concentration by the application of heat to the fermented solution to produce distilled beverages .
Types .
There are 4 types of distillation that will be discussed here , namely simple distillation , fractional distillation , steam distillation , and vacuum distillation . There are also extractive distillation and azeotropic distillation homogenous , using salt berion distillation, pressure-swing distillation and reactive distillation.Simple distillation .
In simple distillation , the basic separation is much difference in boiling points or with one component is volatile . If the mixture is heated then the component lower boiling point will evaporate first . In addition to differences in boiling point , as well kevolatilan differences , namely the tendency of a substance to be a gas . Distillation is carried out at atmospheric pressure . Application is simple distillation used to separate a mixture of water and alcohol .Distillation Fraksionisasi .
The function of fractional distillation is to separate liquid components , two or more , of a solution based on differences in their boiling points . This distillation can also be used to mix with the boiling point difference of less than 20 ° C and working at atmospheric pressure or low pressure . Applications of this type are used in the distillation of crude oil industry , to separate the components of crude oil .Differences fractional distillation and simple distillation is the fractionation column . In this column gradually warming with different temperature on each license plate . Different heating is aimed at refining the distillate over plates underneath. Getting to the top , the less volatile liquid .
Steam Distillation .
Steam distillation is used in a mixture of compounds that have a boiling point reaches 200 ° C or more . Steam distillation can vaporize these compounds with temperatures approaching 100 ° C under atmospheric pressure using steam or boiling water . Fundamental properties of steam distillation to distill a mixture of compounds is below the boiling point of each compound mixtures . Moreover steam distillation can be used to mix water insoluble at all temperatures , but can be distilled with water . Application of steam distillation is to extract some natural products such as eucalyptus oil of eucalyptus , oil of lemon or orange citrus , and for the extraction of perfume oils from plants .The mixture is heated through water vapor flowed into the mix and possibly also coupled with warming . The steam from the mixture will rise up towards the condenser to the flask , and finally into the distillate .
Vacuum Distillation .
Vacuum distillation is usually used when wishing distilled compound is unstable, with the understanding can be decomposed before or near the boiling point or a mixture having a boiling point above 150 ° C. This distillation method can not be used in a solvent with a low boiling point if the condenser using cold water , because the components can not be condensed to evaporate the water .To reduce the pressure of the vacuum pump or aspirator used .
Aspirator serves as lowering the pressure in the distillation system .
Azeotrope .
Azeotrope is a mixture of two or more components that have a constant boiling point . Azeotrope can be a disorder that causes the distillation be not optimal . The composition of the azeotrope remain constant or increase pressure in the delivery . However, when the total pressure change , both boiling point and composition of the azeotrope changes . As a result, the azeotrope is not a fixed component , the composition must always be a constant in the interval of temperature and pressure, but more to the mixture resulting from the interplay of intramolecular strength in solution .Azeotrope can be distilled by using additional solvents , for example benzene or toluene addition of water to separate . Water and solvent will be caught by the catcher Dean - Stark . Water will remain in the base and the catcher will return to the solvent mixture and separating the water again . Azeotropic mixture is a deviation from Raoult's law .
Distillation effectiveness .
In theory , the distillation can reach 100 % by reducing the pressure to 1/10 atmospheric pressure . Can also be using the azeotropic distillation using an organic solvent and the addition of two additional distillation , and the use of the use of cornmeal that can absorb water either in liquid or vapor form in the last column . However , in practice there is no distillation which reached 100 % .Distillation Scale Industries .
Generally industrial -scale distillation process is done in the tower , therefore the process of distillation unit is often referred to as a distillation tower ( MD ) . Distillation tower typically measuring 2-5 meters in diameter and height ranging between 6-15 meters. Input from the distillation tower is usually a saturated liquid, the liquid is slightly reduced pressure alone will form a vapor and has two output currents , currents flow above is more volatile ( easily evaporated ) and the undercurrent consisting of heavy components .Distillation tower is divided into two major categories ;
Distillation towers Stagewise type .
The tower is composed of many disk that allows equilibrium divided in each dial.Continuous distillation tower type .
Which consists of packaging and liquid-gas equilibrium occurs along the column of the tower.Thank you for reading this article. Written and posted by Bambang Sunarno. sunarnobambang86@gmail.com
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DatePublished: March 3, 2014 at 18:09
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Tag : Distillation.
