www.Primo.com: Did You Know About Coal.

Coal is a fossil fuel. General understanding is combustible sedimentary rock, formed from organic sediments, primarily plant debris and coal are formed through the process of becoming. The main elements consist of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen.

Coal is also an organic rock that has the physical properties and chemical complex which can be found in various forms.
Elemental analysis gave the empirical formula as C137H97O9NS formula for bituminous and anthracite C240H90O4NS for.

Coal in general.

Age of coal.

Coal formation requires certain conditions and only occurs in certain eras in the history of geology. Carboniferous period, about 340 million years ago (Mya), is the formation of the most productive coal which almost all deposits of coal (black coal) that is economical in the northern hemisphere is formed.
In the Permian Period, about 270 Mya, also formed the coal deposits that are economical in the southern hemisphere, such as Australia, and continue up to the Tertiary Period (70-13 Mya) in a range of other hemisphere.

Coal-forming material.

Almost all coal-forming plants. The types of plants and coal-forming age by Diessel (1981) is as follows:
Algae, from Pre-Cambrian Times to the Ordovician and single-celled. Measly
coal deposit of this period.
Silofita, from Middle Silurian to Devon, is derived from algae. Slightly
coal deposit of this period.
Pteridofita, age of Upper Devonian to Upper Carboniferous. The main coal-forming material
Carbon lived in Europe and North America. Flowers and plants without seeds, spores multiply and grow in warm climates.
Gimnospermae, Period period ranging from Permian to Middle Cretaceous.
Heterosexual plants, seeds encased in fruit, such as pine,
contain levels of sap (resin) high. Type Pteridospermae like
gangamopteris and Glossopteris is the main constituent of coal
Permian such as in Australia, India and Africa.
Angiosperms, from the Upper Cretaceous until now. Modern plants, fruit
cover the seed, the male and female in one flower, less gummy
gimnospermae than that, in general, are less able to
preserved.

Mining.

Coal mining is the mining of coal from the earth. Coal is used as fuel. Coal can also be used to make coke for steel making.
The oldest coal mines located in the Tower Colliery in the UK.

Class and type of coal.

Based on the rate of formation process is controlled by pressure, heat and time, coal is generally divided into five classes: anthracite, bituminous, sub-bituminous, lignite and peat.
Anthracite is the highest grade of coal, with sparkling black color (luster) metallic, containing between 86% - 98% elemental carbon (C) with a water content of less than 8%.
Bituminous contains 68-86% elemental carbon (C) and the water level of 8-10% by weight. Classes most coal mined in Australia.
Sub-bituminous coal contains less carbon and more water, and therefore a source of heat is less efficient compared to bituminous.
Lignite or brown coal is very soft coal containing 35-75% water by weight.
Peat, porous and has a moisture content above 75% and the low calorific value.

Coal formation.

The process of changing the remains of plants into peat to coal termed to coal (coalification). In summary there are two stages of the process occurs, namely;
Phase Diagenetik or Biochemistry, starting at the time of plant material deposited to form lignite. The main agents that play a role in this change process is the water content, degree of oxidation and biological disorder that can cause decay process (decomposition) of organic material and compacting and forming peat.
Metamorphic stage or Geochemistry, covers the process of change from lignite into bituminous and eventually anthracite.
Indonesian coal.
In Indonesia, coal sludge economic value contained in the Tertiary basin, which is located in the western part of the Sunda Shelf (including the island of Sumatra and Kalimantan), in general, the economic coal deposit can be classified as Eocene coal or around the Lower Tertiary, about about 45 million years ago, or about the Tertiary and Upper Miocene, about 20 million years ago according to the geological time scale.
Coal is formed from peat deposits on ancient climates around the equator is similar to the present conditions. Some of them classified as peat dome that formed above the ground water level averages on a wet climate throughout the year.
In other words, the peat dome formed under conditions where inorganic minerals carried by water can get into the system and form a layer of coal ash and low sulfur grade and locally thickened. It is very common in Miocene coal. In contrast, coal Eocene sediments are generally thin, high levels of ash and sulfur. Both age coal deposit was formed in lacustrine environments, the coastal plain or delta, similar to the area of peat formation is happening right now in eastern Sumatra and Kalimantan mostly.

Eocene coal deposit.

The precipitate was formed in extensional tectonic fabric that starts around the Lower Tertiary or Paleogene sediments in the basins in Sumatra and Kalimantan.
The Eocene extension occurred along the banks of the Sunda Shelf, from west Sulawesi, eastern Borneo, Java Sea to Sumatra. Of sedimentary rocks ever found it can be seen that the deposition took place began in the Middle Eocene. Redistricting happens to Lower Tertiary Sundaland is interpreted to be the order of the arc, which is caused mainly by the motion of the Indo-Australian Plate subduction. Original depositional environment during the Paleogene non-marine, mainly fluviatil, alluvial fan and lake deposits are shallow.
In the southeastern part of Kalimantan, coal deposition occurred around the Middle Eocene - Upper Sumatra but in a younger age, the Upper Eocene to Lower Oligocene. In central Sumatra, fluvial sediments that occur in the initial phase and then covered by lake sediments (non-marine). In contrast to what happened in the southeastern part of Borneo where fluvial sediment then covered by a layer of coal that occur on the coastal plain is covered later on it is transgressive by Upper Eocene marine sediments.
Eocene coal deposit which has been commonly known to occur in the following basins: Sand and acids (South and East), Barito (South Kalimantan), Kutai Up (Central and East Kalimantan), Melawi and Ketungau (West Kalimantan), Tarakan ( East Kalimantan), Ombilin (West Sumatra) and Central Sumatra (Riau).

Miocene coal deposit.

In the Early Miocene, Lower Tertiary regional division - Central on the Sunda Shelf has ended. In the Oligocene to Early Miocene Kala these marine transgression occurred in broad areas in which sedimented marine clastic sediments and perselingan thick limestone sequences. Appointment and compression is a common appearance on Neogene tectonics in Borneo and Sumatra. Miocene coal deposit that is economically mainly contained in the bottom of the Kutai Basin (East Kalimantan), Barito Basin (South Kalimantan) and southern Sumatra Basin. Miocene coal also economically mined in Bengkulu Basin.
Coal is generally deposited in fluvial environments, delta and coastal regions that are similar to the current peat formation in the eastern part of Sumatra. The other main characteristic is the ash content and low sulfur. But most of the Miocene coal resources are classified as sub-bituminous or lignite thus less economical unless it is very thick (PT Adaro) or advantageous geographical location. However Miocene coal in some locations is also quite high grade deposits such as Penang and Prima (PT KPC), coal sludge around downstream Mahakam River, East Kalimantan and several locations near Tanjungenim, southern Sumatra Basin.

Coal resources.

Potential coal resources in Indonesia is very abundant, especially on the island of Borneo and Sumatra, while in other regions can be found although coal in small amounts not yet determined and its economical, such as West Java, Central Java, Papua, and Sulawesi.
The National Geological Agency estimates that Indonesia still has 160 billion tons of coal reserves which have not been explored. The reserves are mostly located in East Kalimantan and South Sumatra. But coal exploration efforts are often hampered by the status of land mines. Areas where coal reserves are mostly located in conservation forests.
Average production of coal mines in Indonesia reached 300 million tons per year. Of that amount, about 10 percent is used for domestic energy needs, and most of the rest (90 percent) is exported to the outside.
In Indonesia, coal is the primary fuel other than diesel fuel (diesel fuel) which has been commonly used in many industries, from coal economically much more efficient than diesel, with a ratio as follows: Solar Rp 0.74 / kilocalories while coal only USD 0.09 / kilocalories, (based on the price of industrial diesel to Rp. 6.200/liter).
In terms of the quantity of coal including the most important fossil energy reserves for Indonesia. The numbers are very abundant, reaching tens of billion tons. This amount is actually sufficient to supply the electrical energy needs of up to hundreds of years into the future. Unfortunately, Indonesia is not likely burning up coal and convert it into electricity through the energetic power plant. In addition to the pollutants contaminate the environment through CO2, SO2, NOx and CxHy this way is inefficient and less high added value.
Coal should not be directly burned, will be more meaningful and efficient if it is converted into a synthetic gas, or other petrochemical materials of high economic value. Two ways are considered in this case is liquefaction (liquefaction) and gasification (sublimation) of coal.
Burning coal directly (direct burning) has been developed as a technology continue, which aims to achieve maximum combustion efficiency, combustion direct ways such as: fixed grate, chain grate, fluidized bed, pulverized, and others, each has advantages and disadvantages.

Coal gasification.

Coal gasification is a process for converting solid coal into coal gas is flammable (combustible gases), after purification process gases is carbon monoxide (CO), carbon dioxide (CO2), hydrogen (H), methane (CH4) , and nitrogen (N2) - can be used as fuel. using only air and water vapor as the reacting gas then produce water-gas or coal gas, gasification obviously have a higher air emissions, solid waste and the lowest waste.
However, coal is not a perfect fuel. In it is bound sulfur and nitrogen, when the coal is burned these impurities are released into the air, floating in the air when these chemicals can combine with water vapor (such as fog example) and the droplets that fall to the ground as bad form sulfuric acid and nitrite, referred to as "acid rain" "acid rain". Here also there is a small mineral stains, including dirt commonly mixed with coal, these tiny particles do not burn and create dust remaining in the coal combustor, some small particles is also caught in the round of combustion gases along with water vapor, of smoke coming out of the chimney few small particles are very small par with human hair.

How to make coal clean.

There are several ways. Examples of sulfur, sulfur is a chemical substance that is slightly yellowish in coal, in some coal found in Ohio, Pennsylvania, West Virginia and other eastern states, sulfur consists of 3 to 10% of the weight of coal, some coal found in Wyoming, Montana and the states west only about 1/100ths other sulfur (less than 1%) of the weight of coal. It is important that most of the sulfur is removed before reaching the chimney.
One way to clean coal is an easy way to break up the coal smaller chunks and wash it. Some sulfur is present as tiny specks in coal called "pyritic sulfur" because it is combined with iron into a form of iron pyrite, otherwise known as "fool's gold" can be separated from the coal. Specifically on the one-time, lump of coal put in a large tank filled with water, coal float to the surface when the sulfur impurities sink. washing facilities is called "coal preparation plants" that clean the impurities from the coal-impurities.
Not all of the sulfur can be cleaned in this way, however, the sulfur in coal is actually chemically bonded with carbon molecules, sulfur type is called "organic sulfur," and washing will not eliminate it. Several processes have been tried to mix the coal with chemicals that release sulfur molecules away from coal, but most of these processes have proven too expensive, scientists are still working to reduce the cost of the chemical leaching prose.
Most modern power plant and all facilities built after 1978 - have been required to have a special tool that is installed to dispose of sulfur from the gases of burning coal gas before it goes up the chimney. This tool is actually a "flue gas desulfurization units," but many people call "scrubbers" - because they are men-scrub (scrub) the sulfur out of the smoke released by coal-burning stove.

Disposing of NOx from coal.

Nitrogen in general is a big part of the inhaled air, in fact 80% of air is nitrogen, normally floating nitrogen atoms bonded to each other like chemical couples, but when the air is heated as the boiler flame (3000 F = 1648 C), nitrogen atom is split and bound with oxygen, it forms as nitrogen oxides or sometimes it is referred to as NOx. NOx can also be formed from nitrogen atoms are trapped in the coal.
In the air, NOx is a pollutant that can cause a hazy brown haze sometimes seen around the big cities, as well as pollutants that form "acid rain" (acid rain), and may help the formation of something called "ground level ozone", type Other than the pollution that can make the air dirty.
One of the best ways to reduce NOx formation is avoiding of origin, some have found a way to burn coal in a burner where there is more fuel than air in the combustion chamber is the hottest. Under these conditions mostly were combined with fuel oxygen than with nitrogen. Combustion mixture is then sent to a second combustion chamber where there is a similar process repeated until all the fuel is completely burned. This concept is called "staged combustion" because coal is burned in stages. Sometimes referred to as "low-NOx burners" and has been developed so as to reduce NOx kangdungan uadara released in more than half. There is also a new technology that works like "scubbers" who clean NOx from flue gases (smoke) of coal-fired boilers. Some of these devices use special chemicals called part NOx catalysts that break down into non-polluting gases, although it is more expensive than "low-NOx burners," but can hit more than 90% NOx pollution.

World coal reserves.

In 1996 there were estimated around one exagram (1 × 1015 kg or 1 trillion tons) of total coal that can be mined using current mining technology, an estimated half of hard coal. Energy value of all the world's coal is 290 zettajoules. With the current global consumption of 15 terawatt is, there is enough coal to provide energy for the entire world for 600 years.
British Petroleum, the Annual Report 2006, estimates that by the end of 2005, there were 909,064 million tons of coal reserves are proven world (9.236 × 1014 kg), or enough for 155 years (reserve to production ratio). This figure only proved reserves are classified, exploration drill programs by mining companies, particularly in the areas under exploration, continues to provide new reserves.
United States Department of Energy estimates that coal reserves in the United States approximately 1,081,279 million tons (9.81 × 1014 kg), which is equivalent to 4,786 BBOE (billion barrels of oil equivalent).
Thank you for reading this article. Written and posted by Bambang Sunarno.
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DatePublished: February 11, 2014 at 19:07