Hours history.

Expected to be found and used by monks to mark his time praying with media bells .
Only in the 1500s a locksmith from Germany find hours home with 10cm diameter by 12.5 cm and a thickness of 7.5 cm.
At the end of the sixteenth century, the bells began to be made up, in the seventeenth century clockwork began to be enriched with a layer of brass and glass cover and stylus minutes.
In 1656, born Grandfather's Clock (clock with a bell with a pendulum) as a measure of time. Then its role as a reliable timepiece replaced by Crystal Quartz which was implemented on the hour with a very minimal error rate.

Why 24 hours a day ?.

At first, the second term in English is known as
"second minute" (second minute), which means a small part of an hour.
The first part is known as the "prime minute" (minute premiere)
same with the minutes as it is known today.

The magnitude of this division fixated on 1/60, that is, there are 60 minutes in an hour
and there are 60 seconds in a minute.
It may be caused by the influence of the Babylonians, who uses a count system based sexagesimal (base 60).

The term clock itself has been discovered by the Egyptians in the rotation of the earth as 1/24 of the mean solar day.
This makes the second as 1 / 86,400 of a mean solar day.

In 1956, the International Committee for Weights and Measures (CIPM)
under the mandate given by the General Conference on Weights and Measures (CGPM) to ten in 1954, describes the second in a period of rotation of the earth around the sun in the current epoch.

Because at the moment it has been realized that the rotation of the earth on its axis is not uniform enough to be used as a standard time.
Earth movement was described in Newcomb's Tables of the Sun, which gives a formula for the movement of the sun in the epoch in 1900 based on astronomical observations made during the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries.

Thus the second is defined as 1 / 31,556,925.9747 part of the sun at date 0 January 1900 12 hours ephemeris time.
This definition is ratified by the General Conference on Weights and Measures to eleven in 1960.

References to 1900 does not mean this is the epoch of the mean solar day contains 86,400 seconds.
Rather it is the epoch of the tropical year which contains 31,556,925.9747 seconds of Ephemeris Time.
Ephemeris Time (Ephemeris Time - ET) has been defined as a measure of time that gives the position of celestial objects visible in accordance with Newton's theory of dynamic movement.
With the making of the atomic clock, it was determined using an atomic clock
as the basis for the definition of seconds, no longer with the rotation of the earth.

From the work of a few years, two astronomers at the United States Naval Observatory (USNO) and two astronomers at the National Physical Laboratory (Teddington, England)
determine the relationship of the hyperfine transition frequency of the cesium atom and the ephemeris second.

By using common-view measurement method based on signals received from the radio station WWV, they determine that the orbital motion of the moon around the earth where the apparent motion of the sun can be guessed, in units of atomic clock time.

As a result, in 1967, the General Conference on Weights and Measures defined the second of atomic time in the International System of Units (SI) as the duration of 9,192,631,770 periods of the radiation with respect to the transition between the two hyperfine levels of the ground state of the cesium-133 atom .

The ground state is defined in the lack of circumstances (zero) magnetic field.
Seconds are defined the same as ephemeris seconds.
Definition seconds later was perfected in meeting the BIPM to include the sentence.

This definition refers to a cesium atom stationary at a temperature of 0 K.
In practice, this means that the realization of seconds with high accuracy should compensate for the effects of radiation around it to try mengextrapolasikan to the second price as mentioned above.

Digital Clock History.

Hamilton d Lancaster producing the world's first electric clock. Hamilton set a time electric clock with traditional balance wheel mechanism that has been used in part to the hundreds of hours a year and therefore no more accurate than another hour. However, instead of giving the mechanical strength of
spring, a battery is used to give strength to the mechanics so that the needs of rotation is no longer necessary.

Although people love the fact that they no longer use round the clock, it stops when it becomes corroded electrical contacts where there is no longer the life span of an hour. It makes a headache for the repair department Hamilton continuously updated on the deal until 1961.

Accutron by BulovaPada around that time, Bulove provide further substantial enhancement in the timing of electrically with Accutron watch them in 1960. It comes in the format of a U-shaped piece of nickel alloy that vibrates in response to electrical current from the battery. This vibration frequency is higher than the traditional style wheels, so for the first time an electric intercession be a neat idea which gives strength to the clock by offering better accuracy as well. Accutron also working on further problem with introducing electrical contact transistor, providing hours of work a long time without having to wear it. This clock is also closely related to the US space program that is used in the Mercury and Apollo spacecraft used by NASA to to the moon. Smooth the JamInovasi Swiss movement. However, the success of the scary Bulova Swiss watchmaker, who saw the potential challenges to their dominance in terms of the quality of the timer. They come together to fund research lab CEH (Center Electonique Horloger). CEH target their research to find oslilator more accurate than horseshoes nickel.

Quartz movement has been used for the first time in hours in 1930; until the early 60s they even have used it in naval chronometer (although there is no denying the accuracy can not be predicted). CEH set about increasing the accuracy and up to the mid 60s and Bernard Golary Longines has created a pocket watch that has an accuracy up to 0:01 seconds a day.

In 1967, CEH producing watches with quartz movement first. In regard to the increase in microelectronics, the integration of electronic circuits has increased making it more energy efficient, making quartz movement can fit in a wristwatch. However, the Swiss manufacturers continue to refine their mechanical engineering and then equaled Bolova through traditional means. After many years of research, Switzerland saw quartz
as a mode that will pass, taking into account the mechanical advantage of their error which would show them to survive as a king of the heap; it was poor judgment which will sometimes lead to death in some companies.

Japanese interpretation.

While the Europeans play one-upmanship with the various techniques they, Seiko has been constantly taking a fresh look at quartz and it is a Japanese company that issued the first quartz watch in the world - Hours Astron 25SQ - in Japan on December 25, 1969. Valuable expensive , with a price of 450,000 yen ($ 1,250 in 1969 exchange rates). Has a flat face, clot (not as thin mechanical watch Switzerland) and also painful with so many technical difficulties that make Seiko end by pulling it after only produce 100 hours.

However, despite the apparent failure, also marks a new stage in the technology of hours where we will never turn. Quartz technology has been on a new step forward in the year 1970; many Japanese watchmaker Seiko follow the path, also made the Americans, until sometimes when Switzerland climb to join though not until some other manufacturers collapsed. This competition leads to the thinness, the hours are more hungry accuracy. Even with the addition of more features such as the progress of the 70s, the next leap just the way place.

History Hours sand.

Hourglass sand clock or consists of two glass bloat loaded fine sand (one above one below) and are connected by a narrow pipe. Shows the average time for an hour. Factors having an effect in the appointment time is, the volume of the tube, the type of quality sand and wide neck.
According to some experts hourglass created d Alexandria about the middle of the third century. Where in those days, people bring hourglass everywhere as we do with this present hour. There is also the opinion in the 11th century, also added a compass to indicate the direction. Another opinion, hourglass first appeared in the year 1338 is estimated based on the painting Allegory of Good Government of Ambrogio Lorenzetti. Records have been found regarding the early existence of the hourglass is a list of Thomas de Stetesham sales revenues in the year 1335.
Thank you for reading this article. Written and posted by Bambang Sunarno. sunarnobambang86@gmail.com
author:
http://schema.org/Personal.
https://plus.google.com/105319704331231770941.
name: Bambang Sunarno.
http://www.primadonablog.blogspot.com/2014/11/hours-history.html
DatePublished: 26 November 2014 at 13:53

Tag : Hours history.
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