www.Primo.com: Do you know Tetanus disease.

Tetanus, also known as lockjaw, is a disease caused by tetanospasmin, a type of neurotoxin produced by Clostridium tetani which infects the nervous system and muscles so that the nerves and muscles become stiff (rigid). Kitasato was the first to successfully isolate the organism from human victims were exposed to tetanus and also reported that the toxin can be neutralized by specific antibodies. The word tetanus is taken from the Greek meaning tetanos of teinein tightened. This disease is an infectious disease at the time of tonic muscle spasms and hyperreflexia cause trismus (lockjaw), muscle spasms general, curved backs (opisthotonos), glottal spasms, seizures, and respiratory paralysis.

Characteristics of Clostridium tetani.

Clostridium tetani.

C. tetani is included in Gram-positive bacteria, obligate anaerobes, can form spores, and shaped drumstick. Spores are formed by C. tetani is highly resistant to heat and antiseptic. He can hold despite autoclaved (1210C, 10-15 minutes) and also resistant to phenol and other chemical agents. Clostridium tetani bacteria are commonly found in soil, feces and pets and in agricultural areas. Generally, these bacteria spores distributed in soil and digestion tract and feces of horses, sheep, dogs, cats, rats, pigs, and chickens. When the bacteria are in the body, it will produce a neurotoxin (a protein that acts as a poison that attacks the nervous system). C. tetani produces two exotoxins, namely tetanolysin and tetanospasmin. The function of tetanoysin not known with certainty, but also can affect the tetanus. Tetanospasmin a toxin that is strong enough.

Pathogenesis and pathophysiology.

Tetanus is caused by neurotoxins (tetanospasmin) of Gram-positive anaerobic bacterium, Clostridium tetani, the first 1 to 2 weeks after inoculation of spores into the blood form the body of the injury (incubation period).
This disease is one of four important diseases main clinical manifestations are the result of the influence of the strength of exotoxin (tetanus, gas gangrene, diphtheria, botulism). Points of entry of germs can be wound in dealing with local tissue damage, embedded foreign objects or sepsis with soil contamination, shallow and small abrasions or wounds contaminated soil shear, trauma to the fingers or toes associated with fractures finger and injuries to the surgery.
In anaerobic conditions, these bacteria spore germination will air into vegetative cells. Furthermore, the toxin will be produced and spread to all parts of the body through the bloodstream and lymphatic system. The toxin will move in certain places such as the central nervous system including the brain. Chronic symptoms caused by the toxin is to block the release of neurotransmitters, causing uncontrolled muscle contractions. As a result of tetanus is rigid paralysis (loss of ability to move) on the voluntary muscles (which motion can be controlled), commonly called lockjaw because usually first appears on the jaw and facial muscles. Death is usually due to respiratory failure and death rate is very high.

Symptoms Tetanus.

The symptoms in the beginning are headache, restlessness, muscle pain in the jaw, followed stiffness (trismus), fever, abdominal muscles hardened, seizures, and eventually the entire body. These symptoms usually begin 8 days after the body is exposed to infection, and will attack for 3 days to 3 weeks. Pain in the jaw bone and teeth often make it difficult for the patient to open his mouth or swallow food, and can ultimately lead to death due to tightness or difficulty in breathing. Tetanus itself can not be transmitted between humans. Generally tetanus easy to attack in those who had never received a tetanus vaccination or those who never get vaccinated, but more than 10 years ago. Patients are exposed to tetanus should be treated in hospital for intensive care.

Neonatal tetanus usually occurs in newborns. Tetanus attacks the newborn due to be born in a place that is not clean and sterile, especially if the umbilical cord is infected. Symptoms of tetanus in infants occurs 3-10 days after birth, the baby was crying continuously and do not want to breastfeed, her fever, the central area looks dirty and inflamed, reddened, and swollen from infection. Tetanus can cause death in infants and many occur in developing countries. While in developed countries, where hygiene and childbirth techniques that have been developed, the rate of death due to tetanus infection can be suppressed. In addition, antibodies from mother to baby in the womb also can prevent these infections.

Treatment.

To neutralize toxins, given tetanus immunoglobulin. Tetracycline and penicillin antibiotics given to prevent further formation of toxins, toxins so dead.
Other drugs may be given to calm the patient, controlling seizures and relax the muscles. Patients are usually admitted to the hospital and placed in a quiet room. For moderate to severe infections, may need a ventilator to assist breathing.
The food is given through an IV or a nasogastric tube. To remove dirt, catheter. Patients should lie alternately tilted to the left or to the right and forced to cough to prevent pneumonia.
To reduce pain given codeine. Other drugs can be given to control blood pressure and heart rate. Once cured, should be given full vaccination for tetanus infection does not confer immunity against subsequent infections.

Prognosis.

Tetanus has a mortality rate of up to 50%. Death usually occurs in people who are very young, very old and injecting drug users. If symptoms worsen quickly or if treatment is delayed, the worse the prognosis will be.

Prevention.

Preventing tetanus vaccination is far better than cure. In children, the tetanus vaccine is given as part of the DPT vaccine (diphtheria, pertussis, tetanus). For those who are already adults should receive a booster.
In a person who has a wound, if:
Has received a tetanus booster within the last 5 years, do not need to undergo further vaccination.
Have never received a booster within the last 5 years, immediately vaccination.
Never before undergoing vaccination or incomplete vaccination, given an injection of tetanus immunoglobulin and the first injection of 3-month vaccination.
Every wound (especially deep puncture wounds) should be cleaned thoroughly because dirt and dead tissue will facilitate the growth of the bacterium Clostridium tetani. For people who are prone to injuries (wounds closed, eg nail punctured and instead open wounds that bleed flow) is necessary toxoid vaccination. Thank you for reading this article. Written and posted by Bambang Sunarno. sunarnobambang86@gmail.com
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name: Bambang Sunarno.
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DatePublished: 30 November 2014 at 12:48