Wednesday, 26 March 2014

Did You Know About Natural Gas.

Gas drilling in the ocean.

Natural gas is often also referred to as the Earth gas or marsh gas, is a gaseous fossil fuel consisting primarily of methane CH4). He can be found in oil fields, gas fields of Earth and also coal mines. When the gas is rich in methane produced by anaerobic bacterial decomposition of organic materials other than fossil, then it is called biogas. Sources of biogas can be found in marshes, rubbish dumps, as well as human waste and animal shelters.

Chemical composition. 

The main component in natural gas is methane (CH4), which is the shortest chain hydrocarbon molecules and lightest. Natural gas molecules also contain heavier hydrocarbons such as ethane (C2H6), propane (C3H8) and butane (C4H10), as well as gases that contain sulfur (sulfur). Natural gas is also a major source of helium gas source.
Methane is a greenhouse gas that can create global warming when released into the atmosphere, and is generally regarded as a pollutant rather than a source of useful energy. However, methane in the atmosphere reacts with ozone, producing carbon dioxide and water, so that the greenhouse effect of methane released into the air is relatively only lasted a moment. Sources of methane derived from living things mostly from termites, animal (mammal) and agriculture (estimated emission levels around 15, 75 and 100 million tonnes per year respectively).

Component%
Methane (CH4) 80-95
Ethane (C2H6) 5-15
Propane (C3H8) and butane (C4H10) <5
Nitrogen, helium, carbon dioxide (CO2), hydrogen sulfide (H2S), and water can also be contained in natural gas. Mercury can also be found in small quantities. The composition of natural gas varies with the source of the gas fields.

Gas Refinery.

Gas Refinery sedang tes.

A mixture of hydrogen sulfide and organosulfur are contaminants (impurities) from the gas main to be separated. Gas with a significant amount of sulfur impurities called sour gas and often referred to as "acid gas (sour gas)". Natural gas that has been processed and will be sold is tasteless and odorless. However, before the gas is distributed to end users, the gas generally given odor by adding thiol, in order to be detected in the event of a gas leak. Natural gas that has been processed in itself is not harmful, but without the process of natural gas can cause respiratory strangled because it can reduce the oxygen content in the air at levels that may be harmful.
Natural gas can be dangerous because it is highly flammable and explosive. Natural gas is lighter than air, so it tends to be easily dispersed in the atmosphere. But when he is in a confined space, such as in the home, the gas concentration can reach the point of explosive mixture, which if ignited a fire, may cause an explosion that can destroy buildings. Dangerous methane content in the air is between 5% to 15%.
Explosion for compressed natural gas in vehicles, generally do not worry because it is lighter, and the concentration outside the range of 5-15%, which can cause an explosion.

Energy content. 

Combustion of one cubic meter of natural gas commercially produce 38 MJ (10.6 kWh).

The storage and transportation of natural gas. 

Natural gas storage method is done with the "Natural Gas Underground Storage", which is a giant room in the basement which is commonly known as "salt dome" the domes that occur from underground reservoirs of natural gas resources that have been depleted. It is very appropriate for 4 seasons country. In the summer when gas consumption for heating is much reduced (low demand), natural gas is injected through the gas compressors into the vault in the ground. In the winter, where there is a very significant needs, natural gas stored in underground vaults issued for distribution to consumers in need. For companies (operators) natural gas provider, this method is very helpful to maintain the operational stability of the supply of natural gas through a natural gas pipeline.

Basically the natural gas transportation system include: 

Transport through the duct pipe.
Transportation in the form of Liquefied Natural Gas (LNG) tankers with LNG for long distance transportation.
Transportation in the form of Compressed Natural Gas (CNG), both on the mainland by road tanker and the tanker at sea CNG, for close and medium distance (inter-island).
In Indonesia, the Downstream Oil and Gas Regulatory Agency (BPH Migas Downstream) has prepared a Master Plan "Parent Network Systems Integrated National Gas Transmission". In the not too distant future natural gas pipeline system would stretch from Nang roe connect connect-Sumatra Aceh Darussalam North-Central Sumatra, South Sumatra-Java-Sulawesi and Borneo. Currently in Indonesia gas pipelines owned by Pertamina and PGN and still localized separately in certain areas, for example in North Sumatra, Central Sumatra, South Sumatra, West Java, East Java and East Kalimantan.
LNG carriers can be used for transporting liquefied natural gas (liquefied natural gas, LNG) across oceans, while tank trucks can carry liquefied natural gas or compressed natural gas (compressed natural gas, CNG) in close proximity. They can transporting natural gas directly to end-users or to distribution points such as pipelines for further transport. It still requires a large cost for additional facilities for liquefaction or compression at the point of production and decompression at the point of end-users or to the pipeline.

Natural Gas Utilization. 

Broadly speaking, the use of natural gas were divided into 3 groups:
Natural gas as a fuel, such as power plant fuel gas / vapor, light industry fuel, medium and heavy, automotive fuel (CNG / NGV), as a city gas for household, restaurant and so on.
Natural gas as a raw material, such as plant fertilizer raw materials, petrochemicals, methanol, plastics raw materials (LDPE = low density polyethylene, LLDPE = linear low density polyethylene, HDPE = high-density polyethylen, PE = poly ethylene, poly vinyl chloride PVC = , C3 and C4 it to LPG, its CO2 for soft drinks, ice cleaning, food preservatives, artificial rain, industrial iron castings, welding and light a fire extinguishing agent.
Natural gas as an energy commodity for export, the Liquefied Natural Gas (LNG.
Cutting-edge technology has also been able to utilize natural gas for air conditioner (AC = air conditioning), as used in the Bangkok airport, Thailand and several college buildings in Australia.

Natural gas in Indonesia. 

Utilization of natural gas in Indonesia started in the 1960s in which the natural gas production from natural gas fields in the Hall of PT Stanvac Indonesia, South Sumatra sent through the gas pipe to the fertilizer plant Pusri IA, PT Fertilizer Sriwidjaja in Palembang. The development of natural gas utilization in Indonesia increased considerably since 1974, where Pertamina began supplying natural gas via pipeline from natural gas fields in Prabumulih, South Sumatra to plant fertilizer Pusri II, III and Pusri Pusri IV in Palembang. Because it was too old and inefficient, in 1993 Pusri IA closed, and replaced by IB Pusri built by the sons of the Indonesian nation itself. At that time Pusri IB is the most modern fertilizer plant in Asia, because it uses high technology. In West Java, at the same time, 1974, Pertamina also supplying natural gas via pipeline from natural gas fields off the coast (off shore) sea area of ​​Java and Cirebon to fertilizer plants and medium and heavy industries in the region of West Java and Banten, Cilegon . Natural gas pipeline that stretches from Cirebon region towards Cilegon, Banten, among other natural gas supply to the cement plants, fertilizer factories, ceramic factories, steel mills and power plants and steam gas.
In addition to domestic consumption, natural gas in Indonesia also exported in the form of LNG (Liquefied Natural Gas)
One of the largest natural gas producing regions in Indonesia is Nanggroe Aceh Darussalam. Natural gas resources of the region Lhokseumawe managed by PT Arun NGL Company. Natural gas has been produced since 1979 and exported to Japan and South Korea. Also in Krueng Geukuh, Nanggroe Aceh Baroh (of the district) also contained PT Iskandar Muda fertilizer urea fertilizer plant, the raw material of natural gas.

The world's gas reserves. 

Total reserves of the world (which has been confirmed) was 6.112 trillion square feet. List of top 20 countries with the largest gas reserves in units of square feet trillion (trillion cu ft) are:

Russia = 1,680
Iran = 971
Qatar = 911
Saudi Arabia = 241
United Arab Emirates = 214
United States = 193
Nigeria = 185
Algeria = 161
Venezuela = 151
Iraq = 112
Indonesian = 98
Norway = 84
Malaysia = 75
Turkmenistan = 71
Uzbekistan = 66
Kazakhstan = 65
Netherlands = 62
Egypt = 59
Canada = 57
Kuwait = 56
Total reserves above 20 countries is 5.510 trillion square feet and the total reserves in countries outside the top 20 in the above is 602 trillion square feet.
List of the largest gas fields in units (* 109 m³);
Asalouyeh, South Pars Gas Field (10000-15000)
Urengoy gas field (10000)
Shtokman field (3200)
Karachaganak field, Kazakhstan (1800)
Slochteren (1500)
Troll (1325)
Greater Gorgon (1100)
Shah Deniz gas field (800)
Tangguh gas field, Indonesia (500)
Sakhalin-I (485)
Ormen Lange (400)
Jonah Field (300)
Snøhvit (140)
Barnett Shale (60-900)
Maui gas field (?)

Liquefied natural gas. 

LNG (Liquefied natural gas, LNG) is natural gas that has been processed to remove impurities and heavy hydrocarbons and then condensed into a liquid by cooling at atmospheric press about -160 ° Celsius. LNG is transported using vehicles specially designed and placed in a specially designed tank well. LNG has a content of about 1/640 of natural gas at standard temperature and pressure, making it more efficient to be transported long distances where pipelines do not exist. When moving natural gas by pipelines is not possible or economical, it can be transported by LNG vehicles, where most of the tank is the type of membrane or "moss".

LNG basic facts. 

LNG offers an energy density comparable to petrol and diesel fuels and produces less pollution, but the relatively high production cost and storage requirements that use expensive cryogenic tanks have prevented its use in commercial applications.
Conditions required to condense natural gas depend on the composition of the gas itself, the market will accept and process used, but generally use a temperature of about 120 and -170 degrees Celsius (pure methane into a liquid at a temperature of -161.6 C) with pressures between 101 and 6000 [kilopascals | kPa]] (14.7 and 870 lbf / in ²). high-pressure natural gas that has been obtained then lowered the pressure for storage and shipping.
The density of LNG is approximately 0.41 to 0.5 kg / L, depending on temperature, pressure, and composition. In comparison, water has a density of 1.0 kg / L.
LNG is derived from natural gas which is a mixture of several different gases that do not have a specific heat value. Heat value depends on the source of gas used and the process used to dilute the gas. LNG highest heat value ranging from about 24MJ / L at a temperature of -164 degrees Celsius and lows 21ML / L.
In 1964 Britain and France were the LNG buyers in the world's first LNG trade from Algeria, witnessing a new era of energy. Because most of the LNG plant is located in the "remote" that does not have a pipeline, the cost of maintenance and transport of LNG is very large so that development slowed in the last half century.
Construction of the LNG plant to cost U.S. $ 1-3 billion, the U.S. receiving terminal cost $ 0.5-1 billion, and U.S. $ 0.2-0.3 LNG carriers billion. Compared with the crude oil, natural gas market small but mature. The commercial development of LNG is a style called niai chain, which means LNG supplier first down and then make sure the buyer signed the agreement of 20-25 years with a tight and gas reward structures.

LNG trade. 

LNG trade is largely done by long-term contracts of 20 years or more. However, today there has been a medium-term contracts of 3 to 10 years. In 2004, the volume of medium and long-term contracts reached 138.79 MT, where Asia has a significant portion of the contract.
A small portion of LNG traded on the spot market. In 2003, the volume of LNG traded in the spot market reached 14.8 Bcm (10.8 MT). Although it only reached 8.7% of total LNG trade, with the magnitude of the expansion of production capacity and a more effective use of the capacity, it is possible that the spot trading of LNG will increase rapidly.
LNG pricing is different each region. In Asia, the price is generally associated with the JCC (Japan Crude Oil), which is the price of Cost, Insurance, Freight (CIF) of crude oil average Japanese. In Europe, the price of imported LNG is usually associated with petroleum products and the price of Brent crude oil. In Europe, the price of LNG is also competitive with the price of gas pipelines. In the United States, prices are determined by supply and demand based on various natural gas trading hubs like Henry hub (dot located in Louisiana where 17 gas pipeline to meet, thus creating a competitive reference point) plus a differential factor of geography. So, thank you for reading this article. Written and posted by Bambang Sunarno.  sunarnobambang86@gmail.com
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http://www.primadonablog.blogspot.com/2014/03/did-you-know-about-natural-gas.html
DatePublished : March 26, 2014 at 18.11
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Tag : Did You Know About Natural Gas.

Posted by: Bambang Sunarno
www.Primo.com Updated at: 18:11

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