Did You Know Life in Death Valley.

I

In 1848, gold was discovered near Sacramento, California, USA. In the next year, approximately 80,000 fortune seekers flooded the state in hopes of instant wealth. On December 25, 1849, a group, which is part of a convoy of 100 carts, departing from Salt Lake City to the west, into the area now known as Death Valley, or Valley of Death. They hope that the dry lowland near the California-Nevada border is a shortcut.

In it, the air in the valley is cool, but the terrain is dangerous. The group was split up into small groups, each taking a different route. One of the groups, including women and children, trying to find a way out of the valley through the mountains on the west, but to no avail. Due to exhaustion and depleted inventories, they camped at a spring near the site of what is now known as Furnace Creek and then moved on to a water hole later named Bennett's Well. From there, two 20-year-old boy, William Manly and John Rogers, went off to find help. Others remain.

Manly and Rogers hope to arrive in the city of Los Angeles in a few days. They do not know that the city is actually located 300 kilometers to the southwest. After nearly two weeks on foot, they arrived in the San Fernando Valley, in the northern part of the city. There, they get supplies and head out again.

On arrival at the campsite after 25 days away, they saw no signs of life. Manly opened fire, and a man came out from under the wagon. Later, Manly wrote, "He was waving his hands up and shout-'Anak children had gone home. The children had gone home! '"The others also appeared, as much touched so could not speak. Thanks to Manly and Rogers, all but one man survived-he left the camp and walked out of the valley alone. As this group of settlers left the valley, a woman reportedly looked back and said, 'Good-bye, Death Valley!' And that is the origin of the name.

Areas with extreme conditions.

Death Valley-the length is about 225 kilometers and a width of about 8 to 24 kilometers-is the driest, lowest, and hottest in North America. The air temperature at Furnace Creek ever recorded as high as 57 degrees Celsius, while the soil temperature reaches 94 degrees Celsius-6 degrees Celsius below the boiling point of water at sea level! *

The average rainfall there is less than five centimeters a year, and for several years there was no rain at all. The lowest point in the entire Western Hemisphere-86 meters below sea level-are in the valley near the saltwater pool at Badwater. Only 140 kilometers from this place there are high Mount Whitney-the highest point 4,418 meters in the United States outside of Alaska.

In 1850, a small amount of gold was discovered in the valley at Salt Spring. The gold seekers also found silver, copper, and lead in that area. Mining towns with diverse names, such as Bullfrog, Greenwater, Rhyolite, and Skidoo are springing up all over the valley. However, when depleted mineral ores mined, the cities are growing rapidly turned into a ghost town. However, in 1880, borax-a white crystalline compound used in the manufacture of soap and other products-are found in the Valley of Death, triggering the most successful mining period in the valley's history. Until 1888, the groups consisting of 18 donkeys and 2 ponytail painstakingly-cart pull cart of goods along the 5 meter charged borax as far as 270 kilometers to the town of Mojave. But, no delivery between June and September; The air temperature is too hot for humans and animals.

Death Valley designated as a national monument in 1933. Gradually, its boundaries expanded to cover an area of ​​1.3 million hectares. In 1994, the area became Death Valley National Park-the largest national park in the mainland United States.

Loaded with Life Death Valley.

Understandable if one thinks that there is no life in the Valley of Death. However, there are hundreds of species of animals that visit or live there, mostly active at night considering the hot daytime temperatures. The largest mammal is a sheep-desert-great-horned Nelson, who occasionally entered the valley of the adjacent mountains. Other creatures include badgers, bats, red links, coyote (a type of wild dogs), foxes-cat, rat-kangaroo, mountain lions, porcupines, rabbits, skunks, wild donkeys, lizards, snakes, and turtles desert. There are also birds such as mandar, FALKON, cangak birds, quail, big crow, Sandpipers beach, eagle-carcasses, and hundreds of other species.

The most resilient creatures is rat-kangaroo. They can survive without drinking a drop of water all his life! "All the water needed for survival are absorbed by their bodies from starch and fats in the dry seeds they eat," according to one reference work. And, their kidneys can create their urine up to five times more viscous than those produced by the human kidney. This little rat burrows during the day to avoid the heat of foraging at night.

More than a thousand kinds of plants grown in this valley. Shoshone people, the Indians who had inhabited the region more than a thousand years, looking for a local plant as a food and as a raw material for making tools. If you know what to look for, they say, you'll find lots of food in Death Valley.

When Desert Flower.

At times, the Valley of Death demonstrate the beauty of wild flowers. These flowers grow from the seeds of countless hidden in the soil-sometimes for decades-waiting for the combination of rainfall and air temperature appropriate to begin to sprout. "Could many years [when] we did not see the flowers," said Tim Croissant, botanist of the National Park Service.

However, during the winter of 2004/2005, Death Valley received the highest rainfall in history-more than three times the normal. The result is an abundance of more than 50 kinds of wildflowers, including larkspur, lilac, orchid, poppy plant, primrose, sunflower, and verbena. The valley was fragrant like a flower shop, said one visitor. Of course, the presence of these flowers invite bees and other insects. So when Death Valley overgrown with flowers, the valley was also filled with the hum of the flapping wings of innumerable small.

If you decide to visit this valley of extremes, be sure that you bring a vehicle tough and adequate water supply. And, if you visit coincided with the bees, do not forget to bring your camera. Family and friends at home will be amazed at the many types of life that thrives in Death Valley.
Thank you for reading this article. Written and posted by Bambang Sunarno. sunarnobambang86@gmail.com
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DatePublished: July 9, 2015 at 13:40

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Do You Know Gamma Rays.

Gamma rays definition.

Gamma rays (often denoted by the Greek letter gamma, γ) is an energetic form of electromagnetic radiation produced by radioactivity or nuclear or subatomic processes such as electron-positron annihilation.
Gamma rays highest energy form of electromagnetic spectrum. They are often defined Startlingly of energy 10 keV / 2.42 EHZ / 124 pm, although the electromagnetic radiation of about 10 keV to several hundred keV could also point to hard X-rays. It is important to remember that there is no physical difference between gamma rays and X-rays of the same energy - they are two names for the same electromagnetic radiation, like sunlight and moonlight are two names for visible light. However, gamma distinguished with X-rays by their origin. Gamma rays is the term for high-energy electromagnetic radiation produced by energy transition due to the acceleration of electrons. Because some of the transitions of electrons allowed to have a higher energy than some of the nuclear transition, there is suppression between what we call low energy gamma rays and high energy X-rays.
Gamma rays are a form of ionizing radiation; they are more penetrating than alpha or beta radiation (both are not electromagnetic radiation), but less ionize.
Protection for γ rays requires a lot of mass. Materials used for the shield to be taken into account that the gamma rays are absorbed more by materials with high atomic number and high density. Also, the high-energy gamma rays, the thicker the shielding required. Materials to withstand gamma rays is usually illustrated by the thickness required to reduce the intensity of gamma ray half. For example, gamma rays that require 1 cm (0.4 inches) "leads" to reduce its intensity by 50% will reduce by half the intensity with concrete 6 cm (2.4 inches) or debut paketan 9 cm (3.6 inches).
Gamma rays from nuclear fallout is likely to cause the largest number of deaths in the use of nuclear weapons in a nuclear war. An effective fallout shelter reduces human involvement 1000 times.
Gamma rays are less ionizing the alpha or beta rays. However, reducing the danger to humans in need of protection are thicker. They produce damage similar to that caused by X-rays, such as burns, cancer and genetic mutations.
In the case of ionization, gamma radiation interacts with matter via three main processes: the photoelectric effect, Compton deployment, and production partner.

RadioActivity - Gamma Ray.

Gamma rays so special compared with the light / Other radioactive particles because she did not have the mass and charge. Gamma rays have the smallest wavelengths and energy than most other electromagnetic wave spectrum, (approximately 10 000 times greater than the wave energy in the visible spectrum).  In addition, gamma rays have the lowest ionization power, but the range of the most penetrating than beta and alpha rays,
Gamma rays arise from nuclei are unstable because the atom has an energy that does not comply with the conditions of essentially (groundstate). Gamma energy that appears between the radioisotope with another radioisotope is different - different because each radionuclide has specific emissions. Gamma rays can also be found in the universe, in which gamma rays walking across an extremely wide distances in the universe, which then in turn absorbed by the Earth's atmosphere.  Keep in mind, different wavelengths on the electromagnetic waves will penetrate the atmosphere at different depths.
Because the break is so high power, gamma rays can penetrate many types of materials, including human tissue. The material has a high density such as lead are often used as shielding to slow or stop the gamma photons radiating.
Gamma rays originally invented by a French physicist named Henri. At that time, in 1896, Henri discovered uranium minerals that turned out to blacken a photographic plate even though covered by a thick layer of opaque paper.
Before that, Rontgen had discovered X-rays and Becquerel saw that the light emitted by the uranium similar to X-rays, so he called the light "metallic phosphorescence."
To determine the depth of the gamma rays would need to know the kinds of interactions that occur gamma rays to the material,

1. Photoelectric effect
2. Compton effect
3. Production partner

Penetrating power of gamma photons have many applications in human life, because when the gamma rays penetrate some materials, gamma rays will not make it radioactive. So far there are three gamma emitting radionuclides most commonly used namely cobalt-60, cesium-137 and technetium-99m.
Cesium helpful -137 used in cancer treatments, measure and control the flow of fluid in several industrial processes, investigating subterranean strata in oil wells, and ensure proper charging levels to package food, drugs - drugs and other products.
Cobalt-60 is useful for: sterilization of medical equipment in hospitals, pasteurize some foods and spices, as a cancer therapy, measuring the thickness of the metal in stell mills.
While Tc-99m is a radioactive isotope that is most widely used for the study was diagnosed as a radiopharmaceutical. (Technetium-99m has a half shorter). Radiopharmaceuticals are used to diagnose brain, bone, liver, and is also able to produce images that can be used to diagnose the patient's bloodstream
Most humans are exposed to gamma naturally occurring in some specific radionuclides such as potassium-40 that can be found in soil and water, and also meat and foods that have high levels of potassium such as bananas. Radium is also a source of gamma radiation exposure. Still, however, the increased use of the nuclear medicine instrumentation (such as for the diagnosis of bone, thyroid, and lung scans) also contributed to the increase in the proportion of exposure to a lot of people.
Most exposures that occur in gamma rays are types of external exposure. Gamma rays (and also X-rays) as known before- easy to traverse great distances in the air and can penetrate body tissue up to several centimeters. Most of the gamma rays have sufficient energy to penetrate the human body, and expose all organs in the body.
So in the case of gamma rays, both external and internal exposure of major concern in radiation protection and safety. This is because the gamma rays capable of passing at a greater distance than alpha and beta particles and have enough energy to traverse the whole body, so the potential to expose all the organs of the body.
A large number of gamma radiation on a large scale capable of passing through the body without interacting with the network. This is because at the atomic level, the body composed mostly of empty space, while gamma rays have a smaller size of these spaces. In contrast to alpha and beta particles which when inside the body will release all the energy they have to plow the network and cause damage to the network.
Gamma rays can ionize tissue directly or causing the so-called "secondary ionizations." Ie ionization caused when the energy of the gamma rays are transferred to the atomic particles such as electrons (beta particles identical to) the then-energy particles will interact with the network to form ions , this is called secondary ionizations.

Application Of Gamma Ray.

Radiation technology using gamma rays or electron beam is a process most clean and reliable are the most widely used today to modify the polymer material. Applications for the synthesis of gamma rays biomaterial is one area that is growing very rapidly in recent decades. Some biomaterials which can be synthesized from the polymer with radiation techniques include hydrogel wound dressings, contact lenses, matrices for controlled drug release, artificial heart valves, and so forth.
Since a decade ago Group Material Health, Division of Radiation Process, Application Center Isotopes and Radiation Technology National Nuclear Energy Agency has been conducting research and development for a biomaterial products using gamma radiation techniques. One of the products developed are sterile hydrogel wound dressings radiation. Hydrogel wound dressing is made by irradiating a mixture of hydrophilic polymer based formula polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) using gamma rays at a dose between 25 to 35 kGy. PVP gamma ray irradiation to produce a hydrogel which is composed of a three-dimensional network structure, causing it to have different properties from the parent polymer. With the three-dimensional structure of the hydrogel has unique properties, namely: Having the ability to absorb large amounts of water; can not be penetrated by microbes from the outside; is elastic but strong enough so it is not easily torn; permeable to air, water vapor and gas molecules with low molecular weight low; has a very small pore size so as to prevent excessive loss of body fluids; not toxic, allergic; can adhere well to the skin and can adjust to the contours of the wound. Besides hydrogels produced simultaneously are sterile.

Radioactive rays Penetrating power.

Radioactive rays can be divided into three types namely alpha rays, beta rays and gamma rays. Where three kinds of rays that have their own penetrating power itself. According to the intensity level of power breakdown radioactive rays are sorted from alpha rays as the rays that break the weakest power and then followed by beta break power stronger than the strongest is the alpha and gamma. The third way to counteract it is radioactive rays (alpha rays resisted by a sheet of paper, beta rays and maintained by aluminum sheets for gamma rays can be resisted with lead) and therefore that's the reason why the nuclear workers always wear anti-radiation heavy and made of lead where it was meant to anticipate attacks gamma radiation.
Thank you for reading this article. Written and posted by Bambang Sunarno. sunarnobambang86@gmail.com
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DatePublished: July 5, 2015 at 15:39

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Did you know Infrared.

Infrared is electromagnetic radiation of a wavelength longer than visible light, but shorter than radio wave radiation. The name means "below red" (from the Latin infra, "below"), red is the color of visible light with the longest waves. Infrared radiation has a range of three "orders" and has a wavelength between 700 nm and 1 mm. Infrared discovered accidentally by Sir William Herschell, an astronomer at the British empire when he was conducting research looking for an optical filter material that will be used to reduce the brightness of the image of the sun in the solar system telescope.

Characteristics.

Can not be seen by humans.
Can not penetrate opaque materials.
Can be caused by components that generate heat.
At infrared wavelengths have the opposite relationship or inversely proportional to temperature. When the temperature increases, the wavelength decreases.

The types of infrared wavelengths based.

Near-infrared range with a wavelength of 0.75 - 1.5 μm
Medium infrared range with a wavelength of 1:50 - 10 μm
Infrared remote with a wavelength of 10-100 μm

Infrared usefulness in life.

Health.

Activate the water molecules in the body.
This is because the infrared has the same vibration of water molecules. Thus, when the molecule is broken it will form a single molecule that can increase body fluids.

Improve microcirculation.

His vibrating water molecules and the effect will generate infrared heat that causes the capillaries to dilate, and increase skin temperature, improve blood circulation and reducing the pressure of the heart.

Increase metabolism.

If microcirculation in the body increases, toxins can be removed from our body through metabolism. This can reduce the burden on the liver and kidneys.

Ph develop in the body.

Infrared light can purify blood, improve skin texture and prevent arthritis because of high uric acid.

Infrared remote is widely used in medical devices.

Radiant heat in the form of infrared rays of the organs of the body can be used as information about the health condition of the organ. It is very useful for physicians in the diagnosis of the patient's condition so that he can make decisions appropriate action with the patient's condition. In addition, radiant heat in a certain intensity believed to be used for the process of healing diseases such as smallpox. Examples of the use of infrared is a trend today is for health bracelet. By utilizing infrared remote, the bracelet can be fought in the body cleansing and disinfection or bacteria.

The field of communications.

The existence of infrared sensor systems. The sensor system is basically using infrared as a medium of communication between two devices. Application of infrared sensor system is very useful as a remote control, security alarm and automation systems. The transmitter in this system consists of an infrared LED that has been equipped with a circuit which is able to generate data to be sent via infrared beams, while at the receiver usually are photo transistor, photodiode, or modulation infrared function to receive infrared light transmitted by the transmitter ,
Their invisibility camera that utilizes infrared rays. Infrared light indeed can not be captured by the naked human eye, but infrared light can be captured by a digital camera or video camcorders. The presence of a technology in the form iR filter PF is functioning as a successor to infrared light, the camera or video capabilities to be increased. This technology has also been applied to the camera phone

For imaging such views nightscoop

Infrared is used for short range communications, such as the TV remote. Infrared wavelengths it is easy to be made, the price is relatively cheap, can not penetrate walls or dark objects, as well as having a high power fluctuations and can be interference by sunlight.

As one of the standardization of wireless communication.

Infrared can be regarded as one of the connectivity in the form of a wireless device that is used to connect or transfer data from one device to another device. The use of infrared as we can see in mobile phones and laptops that have infrared applications. When we want to send the file to a mobile phone, then the infra must be confronted with infrared module on the PC. During the delivery process takes place, there must be no other objects that block. Infrared function on mobile phones and laptops run through technology IrDA (Infra Red Data Acquition). IrDA formed with the aim to develop a communication system via infrared.

Excess infrared in data transmission.

With infrared data transmission can be done anytime, because it does not require delivery of the infrared signal.
With infrared data transmission can be said to be easy because it includes a simple tool.
Sending data from mobile phones will not cost (free)

Weakness in infrared data transmission.

In the data transmission via infrared, infrared second hole must be facing one another. It is rather difficult for us to transfer data because of the way that is troublesome.
Infrared is very harmful to the eyes, so do not even infrared beam into the eyes
Infrared data transmission can be said to be slower compared with his Bluetooth.

Spatial field.

Infrared is emitted in the form of infrared light to an object, can produce infrared photograph. Photos infrared radiant heat which works on the basis of an object can be used to create a painting of the heat from an area or object. Results paintings depict the area where the heat can be hot and not. A painting of a building heat can be used to determine which part of the zone of the building which generate excessive heat that can do the necessary improvements.

Industrial Field.

Infrared lamp. An incandescent lamp with its filament temperature above ± 2500 ° K. this causes the infrared light it emits into more than a standard incandescent bulb. Infrared lamp is usually used to perform the heating process in the industry.
Infrared heating. Is a condition when the infrared energy strike an object with the power of the electromagnetic energy emitted above -273 ° C (0 ° K in absolute temperature). Infrared heating is widely used in devices such as, grills and light bulbs (90% heat - 10% light). Thank you for reading this article.
Written and posted by Bambang Sunarno. sunarnobambang86@gmail.com
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DatePublished: July 5, 2015 at 14:33

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X-rays And X-ray To Work.

A German physicist named Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen was doing experiments with electron beams in a gas discharge tube. Suddenly she watched her luminous events a fluorescent screen hers who happened to be near the gas discharge tube when the electron beam is turned on. Under normal circumstances, events luminescence fluorescent screen was not something strange, considering that the fluorescent material is indeed material will fluoresce in response to an electromagnetic wave. However, the events experienced such Röntgen, he actually has covered the gas discharge tube with a fairly thick cardboard and are colored black. The assumption, with thick black cardboard eletromagnet radiation can not escape because it is blocked by a thick cardboard.

Röntgen tried putting various objects between the tube with a fluorescent screen. The result is still phosphorescent screen. The most surprising, Röntgen asked his wife to put his hand between the tube and the screen, and the result is a shadow silhouette of his bones, complete with a circular ring on the ring finger Ny. Röntgen. Such was the origin of the discovery of a type of light, which he called Röntgen X-ray, which has significance in the medical world.

X-ray, which was found accidentally, it is used to perform X-Ray photograph in the hospital. With the photo, the doctor can see the patient through flesh to inspect the broken or fractured bones, or objects that might be caught in the throat of the patient, with incredible ease.

What's that X-ray? How can he penetrate certain materials?

X-rays are essentially "brothers" with visible light. Ie light which cause we can see around us. They are part of the electromagnetic wave spectrum and we know that electromagnetic waves consist of packets of energy called photons. the difference between X-rays to visible light photon energy lies in arranging, and photon energy is related to the wavelength. X-ray photon energy larger than the energy of visible light photons. Because the photon energy is inversely proportional to its wavelength, it can be said that the wavelength of X-ray photons are shorter than the wavelength of visible light photons. Unfortunately we are only able to catch the eyes of a specific wavelength which incidentally is the wavelength of visible light is only possessed by so we were not able to see the X-rays.

Neither X-ray photons and photons of visible light, both produced by the movement of electrons in atoms. We know that electrons occupy certain energy levels, which we call orbitals, around the nucleus. If an electron falls into a lower energy level, then the electron must expend a certain amount of energy, and this energy is released in the form of photons. Regardless of the energy of photons depends on how deep the target orbit of the electron.

How excited atoms.

At the time of a photon impingement other atoms, atoms which pounded will absorb the photon energy is pounding and trigger an electron in an atom is to move to a higher orbit. One requirement that must be met for it, namely energy photons striking the atoms must be equal to the difference between the two orbits of electrons. Otherwise, the photons are not able to shift the atomic electrons.

The atoms of our body skin absorbs photons of visible light very well. The energy possessed by the photons of visible light is fit to the difference between the energy levels of the atoms making our skin. For other types of electromagnetic waves, such as radio wave energy possessed by its photons are insufficient to create a body of atomic electrons move to higher energy levels. That's why radio waves will penetrate almost any material. X-rays are also able to penetrate many materials (ingredients) but not because it has less energy, but because the energy possessed by its photons actually very large. Energy X-ray photons can even cause the atomic electrons ejected from the atom. Some of the energy of X-ray photons can separate the electron from the atom, and the rest causes the electrons to drift in the air. Larger atoms more easily absorb photons of X-rays, because larger atoms that has a difference of levels greater energy anyway. While atoms are smaller, the difference between the electron energy levels (orbits) smaller, more difficult to absorb the X-rays; which means more permeable X-rays.

Soft layer of our skin is composed of atoms that are small, so it can not absorb X-rays or X-rays pass on well. Calcium atoms which is a constituent atom of our bones have a much larger atoms so that the atoms absorb the X-rays so difficult to penetrate bone X-rays. To use X-rays to perform X-ray in the field of medicine, the necessary equipment emitting X-rays. How this X-ray emitter work?

How It Works X-ray machine.

The workings of the X-ray machine for X-ray.

The main part of the X-ray machine is a pair of electrodes, the cathode and anode, which is placed in a vacuum glass tube. The cathode is made from a filament that is heated, as is commonly found on older models of incandescent lamps. Electric current on X-ray machines transmitter is passed through the filament so that the filament gets hot. As a result, electrons emitted from the filament surface. Positively charged anode, made of tungsten flat circular, attract electrons to form an electron beam from the cathode to the anode in the tube.

Between the cathode and anode were given a very large potential difference, so that a beam of electrons to flow in a tube with a very high energy. When these high-energy electrons at the anode mashing tungsten atom, an electron which is at a relatively low orbit of the tungsten atoms will be thrown to leave the place. Another electrons are in higher orbit will soon fall to fill the empty places in the lower orbital electrons that had been abandoned. Because the electron falls from a higher orbital to a lower orbital, then the process will be released photons. in this event, the fall of electrons originating from the energy level is much higher, so that the resulting photon is also a photon with enough energy high, ie photons of X-rays.

Free electrons can also generate photons without mashing an atom. This happens because an atomic nucleus that attracts electrons that move freely will cause the moving electrons will experience a slowdown. Slowdown or reduction in speed occurs in a manner that fairly quickly. This speed change will cause a release of energy in the form of X-ray photons.

A very powerful collision of events in the process of formation of X-rays will generate heat. To avoid melting the anode as a result of this heat, the X-ray emitter machine there is a rotating anode motor. Thus, the electron beam is not always mashing the same part of the anode. In addition there is also oil in the engine coolant that absorbs the heat.

All around the X-ray device of this, fitted with a thick barrier of lead material. This is to keep the X-rays radiating out in all directions. To channel the X-ray beam produced, made a small hole in the barrier layer. Prior to this X-ray of the patient's body to be photographed, X-rays will pass through a number of filters (filter) according to the needs.

A camera on the other side of the patient will record the pattern of X-rays that pass through the patient's body. The X-ray camera using film technology similar to regular film cameras (not digital cameras). The difference is that chemical reactions on photographic film caused by X-rays instead of visible light rays as in a regular film camera.

Generally, doctors use X-ray directly results in the form of a film negative. You've seen the film negatives and how it works is not it? We used to call negative film with the terms photogravure. On the negative film, the part exposed to much light will appear darker compared with fewer parts exposed to light. Hard objects, such as bones, appear white on the film while the objects are softer, for example skin, will appear black or gray.

X-rays it dangerous for our bodies?

X-rays are an important tool in medicine since it allows a physician a patient without cutting it. It's much easier and safer to inspect a bone using X-rays rather than dissect the skin and flesh to examine the bones.

However, excessive X-rays will harm our body. X-ray radiation is one type of ionizing radiation, ie the radiation which can cause ionize atoms. If a normal light on the atom, the light can not change the subject atom significantly. Another case when X-rays on an atom. If the X-ray mashing an atom, the atom the electron can be ejected leaving atoms to form ions, which are electrically charged atoms. Electrons are thrown into free and can grind other atoms thus producing more ions again.

These electrically charged ions can produce unusual chemical reactions in the cell. Even can damage our DNA chain. cells undergoing DNA damage will die or mutate. The more DNA is dead, then the body will cause various kinds of diseases. If the DNA is mutated, cells can undergo cancerous, and this cancer can spread. So, although X-rays is very meaningful in the medical world, you should be careful not too often do Röntgen photo.
Thank you for reading this article. Written and posted by Bambang Sunarno. sunarnobambang86@gmail.com
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DatePublished: June 29, 2015 at 15:15

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The discovery of X-ray history.

X-rays (or X-ray) was discovered by the Germans a physics professor who served in the University of Wurzburg, Bavaria, Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen on 8 November 1895. Prof Fizik get this beam has an impressive ability to produce images on film in photography after penetrating wipes, clothing and metal.

Continue the study, Roentgen obtain crystalline barium salt platinosianida shines when in place adjacent to the cathode ray tube is closed. He also found that photographic plate covered placed adjacent to the cathode ray will be black. From here the conclusion can be made that X-rays can not be seen, moving in a straight line and has a high penetration power, which can penetrate opaque objects for ordinary light rays. Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen, who was born on March 25, 1845 was the first discovered X-rays.

After that, Roentgen rays showed it came from the glass walls berpendaflour cathode ray light when exposed to it. To validate this discovery, he has run a quick experiment. In this experiment, he put one screen coated with barium platinosianida in the trajectory of X-rays. This screen will glow when exposed to X-rays. By putting his hand between the cathode-ray tube and the screen, the shadow of a hand with the bones in it clearly visible in this screen. It may prove that X-rays coming out of the cathode ray tube has a high penetration power.

In medicine, x-rays can be used to view the condition of the bones, teeth and other organs without surgery directly on the patient's body.
Usually, ordinary people refer to as' 'X-rays'. Useful addition, x-rays have the effect / impact is very harmful to our bodies which if used in excess it can lead to dangerous diseases, such as cancer. Therefore, the doctors do not recommend overuse '' X-rays '' excessive.

LOSSES SINAR X

After the X-ray shows the results of the photo shoot with X-rays of the hand of his wife who wears a ring, where the image is clearly visible vertebrae of her fingers, then people begin to realize the great benefits that can be gained from the discovery of ionizing radiation earlier. Utilization of ionizing radiation in medicine, especially X-rays, growing rapidly while after the discovery of the radiation. Mastery of knowledge about ionizing radiation by human beings continue to increase over time also allows the radiation exploited in various fields of activities outside of medicine, in addition to its use in the field of medicine itself is also constantly increasing.

Some adverse effects that arise in the human body because terpapari X-rays and gamma immediately observed some time after the discovery of two types of radiation. The adverse effects such as hair loss and skin damage. In 1897 in the United States reported 69 cases of skin damage caused by X-rays, while in 1902 the numbers increased to 170 cases reported. In 1911 in Germany also reported 94 cases of tumors caused by X-rays. Although some of the adverse effects of X-rays and gamma has been observed, but the protection against the dangers of radiation X-rays and gamma is not unthinkable. Marie Curie, the discoverer of the radioactive material Po and Ra died in 1934 due stricken by leukemia. The disease is likely due to radiation exposure because he often associated with radioactive materials.

USE LIGHT X

Treatment.

Soft X-rays are used to take still images, known as radiographs. X-rays may penetrate the human body but is absorbed by a portion which is more dense as bone. X-ray images are used for the detection of bone defects, the detection of broken bones and investigate the state of the organs in the body.
Hard X-rays are used to destroy cancer cells. This method is known as radiotherapy

Industry.

In the industrial sector, X-rays may be used to, the detection of disability in the target structures or the parts inside the machine and engine.
investigate fractures in metal pipes, concrete walls and high pressure steamer. check for cracks in the plastic structure and sap.

Investigation

X-rays are used for probing crystal structure and the separation distance between atoms in a crystal material.
Investigate fractures in metal pipes, concrete walls and high pressure steamer. Checking cracks in the plastic structure and sap.
X-rays are used for probing crystal structure and the separation distance between atoms in a crystal material.

X-rays impression

Although X-rays are very useful to humans, but excessive exposure to X-rays may cause, destruction of cells in the body.
Changes in the genetic structure of a cell.
Severe cancer illness.
Bad impressions such as hair loss, skin becomes red and ulcerous.

The properties of the X-ray

X-rays can be obtained rather than a type of electronic device called tiub x-ray. Rather than study scientists have found X-ray certain properties that can be allotted to the usual properties and characteristics.

a) General properties

X-rays moving pace and straight.
Should not be focused by lenses or mirrors and may not be dipesong by the magnetic field around the direction heading path.
Abide by the rules 'Legal Counsel Two Songsang' ie ray observations changed by the power of two Songsang distance than the stem jets.

b) The nature of the typical

Efforts to penetrate solid objects.
Impression glow - giving the impression of light to chemical compounds such as zinc sulfide, calcium tungstate and barium platinosiamida.
Photographic impression - giving blackening to be exposed to the film when the X-rays.

Ionizing impression - the flow of X-rays that pass through the gas transfer energy to the molecules so be broken to the positively charged particles and negatively. Biology impression - X-rays act with all these living tissue contained in the body.

Types of another wave

Examples of various wavelengths of electromagnetic rays is as follows: -

· Radio waves 1cm - 3 x 105 cm
· The light beam - 4 x 10-5 cm - 7 x 10-5 cm
· Ultraviolet rays - 10-5 cm - 7 x 10-5 cm
· X-rays - 10-7 -10-9 cm cm
· Gamma rays - 10-9 cm
· Cosmic rays - <10-10 cm
Thank you for reading this article. Written and posted by Bambang Sunarno. sunarnobambang86@gmail.com
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DatePublished: June 29, 2015 at 14:27

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Various Genital Diseases.

Already know various kinds of venereal disease? If not, the following information may be useful to identify various venereal diseases, sexually transmitted diseases and healing.
Venereal disease is a type of disease caused by germs that are transmitted through oral sex as well as through relationships between the sexes. Therefore, to avoid venereal disease is advised not to have sex arbitrary and not blindly. Faithful to pair or use safety devices such as condoms are alternatives.
Most of the venereal disease so far has found a cure, but the disease Aids is not only transmitted through sexual intercourse but mostly transmitted through needles.

Some venereal diseases along with the bacteria that causes it and a glimpse of the way of prevention and treatment, which in said Dr. Taylor of Health Awareness Connection (HAC), Broklyn USA :

Gonorrhea and Chlamydia

Caused by bacteria. The infection starts a few days to several weeks after sexual intercourse with an infected person's genitals;
In men, genital diseases cause discharge of male genitalia. Urination can be a pain. These symptoms can feel heavy or not felt at all;
Symptoms of gonorrhea in women is usually very mild or not felt at all, but if untreated venereal disease can be severe and cause infertility;
Venereal disease can be cured with antibiotics if treated early.

HERPES

Caused by a virus, can be treated but not curable;
Symptoms appear between 3 to 10 days after having sex with this venereal disease;
The initial symptoms appear as blisters which then opens into the small hole and watery;
Within 5 to 10 days the symptoms disappear;
The virus can persist in the body and reappear something current, and sometimes frequently;
Women often do not realize that he was suffering from herpes because of blisters occur in the vagina.

INFECTION MUSHROOMS

Caused by the fungus;
Causing red irritation under the skin of a man who is not circumcised;
In women going beyond the thick white fluid that causes itching;
Can be treated with antifungal creams.

Syphilis

Caused by bacteria. Lesions appear between 3 weeks to 3 months after having sex with this venereal disease;
The wound looks like a hole in the skin with a higher edge. In general, do not hurt;
The wound will disappear after a few weeks, but the virus will persist in the body and venereal disease can appear in the form of blisters on the whole body bruises will disappear as well, and the virus will attack other body parts;
Syphilis can be cured at any stage by penicillin;
In women lesions can be hidden in the vagina.

VAGINISTIS

Infection of the vagina that usually causes vaginal discharge that smells and cause discomfort;
Caused by various types of bacteria (bacteria gonorrhea, chlamydia) or a fungus;
Also can be caused by various bacteria are not harmful indeed settle in the vagina;
Can be investigated by examining the vaginal fluid under a microscope;
In general can be cured with the right medication in accordance with the cause.

Ulcers on the genitals

Caused by a virus (Human Papilloma Virus or HPV);
Appears in the form of one or more sores or bumps between a month to a year after having sex with the venereal disease;
In general, can not be seen in women because it is located inside the vagina, or in men because it is too small. Can be tested with a layer of vinegar;
Can be serious in women because it can cause cervical cancer;
Genital ulcers can be cured, she must run a pap smear every time changed intimate partner.

BUG SEX

Very small (less than or equal to 1/8 inch), brownish-gray colored, settled on pubic hair;
Can be treated with a liquid medicine that is rubbed on the pubic hair.

TICKS UNDER SKIN

Similar to genital lice, but smaller in size and settled under the skin;
Causing minor injuries and itching all over the body;
Treated with a liquid medicine that is rubbed into the whole body;
Clothing, bed linens and towels must be washed after treatment, because lice can live on fabrics stretcher.

AIDS (Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome) / HIV DISEASE

Venereal disease as a result of the most serious intimate relationships, causing no operation of the immune system;
There are no real symptoms without blood research;
Can cause death after ten years after infection with HIV, but treatment (not cure in total) have been found;
Spread through sexual intercourse and sharing needles simultaneously.
Thank you for reading this article. Written and posted by Bambang Sunarno. sunarnobambang86@gmail.com
author:
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name: Bambang Sunarno.
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DatePublished: June 27, 2015 at 16:24

Tags : Various Genital Diseases.

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Not made of reactive materials.

Chapter I

Preliminary.

Knowledge required suturing wounds in surgery because the surgery makes cuts and sutures aiming to reunite the severed tissue and improve the process of grafting and tissue healing and also prevents open wound that will result in the entry of microorganisms / infection.

Suturing material quality is covering certain conditions. The first is the convenience to be used or to be held. Then sufficient protection on each appliance. Should always sterile. Fairly elastic. Not made of reactive materials. Enough power to wound healing. The ability for biodegradation of chemicals to prevent the destruction of foreign bodies.

Chapter II

Suture material.

The use of tools and material quality tailoring is covering certain conditions. The first is the convenience to be used or to be held. Then sufficient protection on each appliance. Should always sterile. Fairly elastic. Not made of reactive materials. Enough power to wound healing. The ability for biodegradation of chemicals to prevent the destruction of foreign bodies.

II.a. Instruments.

1. Needle holder.

Another name or nald voeder needle holder.
Kind used varies, the type of wood Crille (shaped like a clamp) and the type of Mathew Kusten (triangular shape). To this the suturing needle holder as the holder of a sewing needle and thread as concluding.

                                                  Type of wood Crille

                                                   Mathew types Kusten

                                                       Needle Holder

2. Cut.

* Scissors Yarn.

There are two kinds of scissors thread scissors yarn is crooked and straight usefulness for thread cutting operation, smoothed the wound. Provision of each of the pieces.

* Cut out dissection.

Scissors, there are two types, namely straight and crooked. Usually tapered edges. There are two frequently used, the type and the type of Metzenbaum Mayo. The usefulness of this scissors is to open up the network, freeing small tumor from the surrounding tissue, to esksplorasi and smoothing the wound.

dissecting scissors

* Scissors bandages / dressings.

Usefulness is to cut bandages and plasters.

3. Knife Surgery.

      Consisting of two parts, namely the handle and the blade (mess / bistouri / blade). In the old model scalpels, blades and handles together, so that when the blades should be sharpened blunt back. In the new model, the blades can be replaced. Usually the blade is only to be disposable.

      There are two numbers handle of a knife that is often used, namely handles number 4 (for large blade) and the handle number 3 (for a small blade). This is in order scalpel to cut various organs / parts of the body. Blade adapted to the body part to be slashed.

                     

Knife Surgery.

Knife Surgery.

4. Clamp (Clamp).

* Clamps pean artery.

There are two types, namely straight and crooked. Its purpose is to hemostasis especially for thin and soft tissue.

* Clamps Kocher.

There are two types of clamps are straight and crooked. Not intended for hemostasis. Distinctive trait is to have teeth on the edges (like teeth on sirurgis tweezers). The point is to clamp the tissue, especially in order not to miss the tissue clamp, and this is made possible by the teeth on the tip of the clamp.

* Clamps Mosquito.

Similar to clamp the artery pean, but size, smaller. Its use is for hemostasis, especially for thin and soft tissue.

* Clamps Allis.

Its use is for soft tissue clamping and clamping a small tumor.

* Clamp Babcock.

Its use is to clamp tumor rather large and fragile.

* Towel clamp (clamp Doek).

Its use is to clamp doek / fabric operation.

5. Retractors (Wound Hook).

* Retractors langenbeck.

Its use is unfold the wound.

* US army double ended retractor.

Its use to uncover the wound.

* Retractors Volkman.

Its use is to uncover the wound. The use of adjusted to the width of the wound retractor. Nothing has two gears, 3 gear and 4 gear. 2 gears for small wounds, 4 gear for large wounds. There is also a blunt-toothed retractor.

6. Needle.

      Many kinds. For sewing leather used which have a triangular for easy slicing the skin (scherpe nald). Is being used to sew the muscles which have a round (round nald). There are semicircular and there is also a form of a quarter circle.

      Its use is to stitch the wound and sew other damaged organs. Provision of customized needs.

7. Tweezers

    - Tweezers sirurgis.

Its use is to clamp tissue during the dissection and suturing wounds, members of marks on the skin before the start of the incision.

   - Tweezers anatomical.

Its use is to pinch the screen while pressing the wound, pinning thin and soft tissue.

8. Yarn.

* Seide / silk.

Made of silk fibers, fibers composed of 70% protein and 30% additional material such as adhesive. It was black and white. Silk is not as slick as usual because it was combined with an adhesive. Is not absorbed by the body. On the use of on the outside, the thread should be reopened.

Available in various sizes, ranging from the number 00000 (5 zeros is the smallest size for the surgery department) to number 3 (which is the largest size). The most commonly used is the number 00 (2 zero) and 0 (1 zero) and the number one. The greater the smaller its many zeros thread

Its purpose is to sew leather, tying the arteries (especially the large arteries), as teugel (control).

Yarn must be sterile, because if not will be a nest of germs (focal infections), since the bacteria are protected in the stitching thread, while the thread itself can not be absorbed by the body.

* Plain catgut.

Originally he is cat (cat) and the gut (intestine). The first thread is made from the intestines of cats, but this time made from the intestines of sheep or cow intestines. Can be absorbed by the body, the absorption takes place within 7-10 days, and the color is white and yellowish.

Available in various sizes, ranging from 00000 (5 zeros which is the smallest size) to number 3 (the largest size). Frequently used numbers 000 (3 zeros), 00 (2 zero), 0 (1 zero), the number 1 and number 2.

Its purpose is to bind small source of bleeding, sewing subcutaneous and can also be used to sew up loose skin, especially for the area (abdomen, face) that is not a lot of moving and extensive small wound.

Plain catgut should be knotted at least 3 times, because the body will expand, if concluded two times will be open again. Plain catgut should not be submerged in lisol because it will expand and become soft, making it unusable.

* Chromic catgut.

In contrast to plain catgut, before the spun yarn is added chrome. With the chrome, then the thread will be harder and stronger, and longer absorption, ie 20-40 days. The color is brown and bluish. This yarn is available in sizes 000 (3 zeros is the smallest size) to number 3.

Its use in suturing wounds that are considered not docked within ten days, to sew the tendon in patients who are not cooperative and when mobilization should be done immediately.

* Nylon. (Dafilon, monosof, dermalonEthilon).

A synthetic yarn in packaging atraumatis (direct yarn together with a sewing needle) and made of nylon, strong leboh of seide or catgut. Is not absorbed by the body, and does not cause irritation to the skin or other body tissue.

The color is dark blue. Available in sizes 10 to one zero zero. Penggunanan on plastic surgery, larger size commonly used skin, a small number used in eye surgery.

* Ethibond.

A synthetic yarn (made from polytetra methylene adipate). Available in packs atraumatis. Gentle, strong, body reaction to a minimum, it is not absorbed, and the colors green and white. The size of 7 zero to number 2. Its use in cardiovascular surgery and urology.

* Vitalene / prolene / surgilen.

A synthetic yarn (made from polymer profilen). Very strong and soft, are not absorbed, blue. Available in packs atraumatis. The size of the 10 zero to number 1. Used in microsurgery, particularly for heart and blood vessels, eye surgery, plastic surgery, is also suitable for sewing leather.

* Poly glicolic As Polisorb, Dexon, Vicryl.

A synthetic yarn in packaging atraumatis. Absorbed by the body, and does not cause a reaction in the body tissues. In subcutaneous last for three weeks, the muscle last for 3 months. This yarn is very soft and the color purple.

The size of the 10 zero to number 1. Usage on eye surgery, orthopedics, urology and plastic surgery.

* Supramid.

A synthetic yarn, in packaging atraumatis. Is strong, soft, flexible, minimum body reaction and not absorbed. It was black and white. Used to sew cutis and subcutaneous.

* Linen (catoon).

Made with natural cotton fiber by way of spinning. Gentle, strong enough and easily knotted, not absorbed, the body's reaction to a minimum, are white.

Available in 4 sizes zero to one zero. Used to sew the intestine and skin, especially facial skin.

* Steel wire.

A metallic thread made of stainless steel polifilamen. Very strong, non-corrosive, and reaction to the minimum body. Easily knotted. Metallic white color. Contained in packaging and packaging atraumatis usual. The size of 6 zero to number 2. To sew the tendon.

Chapter III.

Suture technique.

III.1. GOAL

Basic stitches are making adequate pressure on the wound closed without distance but also loose enough to avoid ischemia and necrosis. Stitches can also aim to take care of hemostasis or bleeding that occurs. Can be for first aid measures. Reduce post-operative pain. Stitching is also the maker of the bond restrictions on the network until healed and no longer needed. Stitches can also prevent bone that may be exposed to healing old wounds and resorption that is not necessary. It is also necessary in action flap.

III.2. Suture principle.

Full knot should be tight, and strong so it will not be separated. To avoid bacterial infection, the knot is placed on the incision line. Knot should be made small. Do not tie too tight to avoid damaging the threads. Do not do a lot of movement that would damage the stitches. Avoid damaging the material hecting by pinning using needle holder except when going binding. Do not be too strong feared necrosis. Traction should be adequate.

III. 3. TYPES stitches.

Interrupted sutures.

Most used because it is simple and easy. Each stitch knotted itself. Can be carried on the skin or other body parts, and is suitable for areas that many moves because each stitch mutually supporting one another.

Interrupted sutures (interupted suture), each node stands alone. In cosmetics coarse yarn / large or tense when menyimpulnya will give the former is less good, that bleak picture of a centipede.

Stitches single node.

Synonyms: Disconnected Stitches Simple, Simple Inerrupted Suture. Is a frequently used type of stitch. Also used for stitching the situation.

Technique :

** Do needling with the distance between half to 1 cm edge of the wound and tissue subkutannya simultaneously take all the needle is perpendicular to the direction of the line or injuries.

** Single Node done with absorbable thread to the distance between 1cm.

** Node in place on the edge of the wound on one of the puncture.

** The thread is cut approximately 1 cm.

Stitch mattress Horizontal

Synonyms: Horizontal Mattress suture, Interrupted mattress
Stitches by stabbing like a knot, before knotted followed by stabbing aligned as far as 1 cm from the first stitch.
Gives a strong seam.

Vertical Stitch Mattress.

Synonyms: Vertical Mattress suture, Donati, Near to near and far to far.
Sew seams with depth below the wound was followed by sewing the edges of the wound. Usually produces rapid wound healing because in dekatkannya edges of the wound by stitching it.

Stitch Matras Modifications

Synonyms: Half Buried Mattress Suture
Modification of horizontal mattress stitch the wound area but across the region subkutannya.

Continuous stitching.

Often called doorloven. Knot only on the ends of the seams, so there are only two nodes. Let one of these stitches will open it fully open. This suture is rarely used to sew leather. In cosmetic scar as the interrupted sutures. Continuous sutures can be done faster than interrupted sutures.

Stitch baste simple.

Synonyms: Simple running suture, Simple continuous, continuous over and over
This seam is very simple, the same as we baste shirt. Usually produces good cosmetic results, its use is not recommended in loose connective tissue.

Stitch baste Feston.

Synonyms: Running locked suture, suture Interlocking
Continuous stitching with thread linking the previous stitch, used often used in stitching the peritoneum. Is a variation of the usual running suture.

Stitch baste horizontal.

Synonyms: Horizontal Running suture
Interspersed with a continuous seam stitching horizontal direction.
  

Stitches intradermal.

      Memeberikan most excellent cosmetic results (only a single line only). Can not be used for areas that many moves. Most good for the face. There are various modifications of this intradermal stitches. It takes a lot of practice to memahirkan this way intradermal suturing.

Stitches intrakutan knot.

Synonyms: Subcutaneus interupted suture, Buried intradermal suture, Interrupted dermal stitch.
Suture knot on intrakutan area, usually used to sew area in the later sewn on the outside as well with a simple knot.

Stitches baste intrakutan.

Synonyms: Running subcuticular suture, Suture baste subcuticular
Baste stitches were done under the skin, stitching is known to produce good cosmetic

CHAPTER IV

CONCLUSION.

Suture material

Berkualiatas suturing material is covering certain conditions. The first is the convenience to be used or to be held. Then sufficient protection on each appliance. Should always sterile. Fairly elastic. Not made of reactive materials. Enough power to wound healing. The ability for biodegradation of chemicals to prevent the destruction of the object or suturing wounds need some good preparation tools, materials and some other equipment. The sequence technique should also be understood by the operator and his assistant.

Tools needed:
-- Naald Voeder (Needle Holder) or the needle holder is usually the fruit.
-- Surgical tweezers Tweezers Chirrurgis or one fruit
-- Cut a piece of yarn.
-- sewing needle, depending on the size of just two pieces only.

Materials needed:
- seide sewing thread or silk
- Sewing Thread Cat gut chromic and plain.

Etc:
* Doek sterile hole
* sterile gauze
* sterile Handscoon

Surgery techniques.
Sequence wound suturing techniques (suture techniques)
1. Preparation tools and materials
2. Preparation of assistant and operator
3. Disinfection of the operating field
4. Anesthesia operating field
5. debridement and excision of the wound edges
6. suturing wounds
7. wound care

Various kinds of stitches:
1. Single Node Stitches
2. Stitch mattress Horizontal
3. Vertical Stitch Mattress
4. Stitch Matras Modifications
5. Stitch baste sederhan
6. Stitches baste Feston
7. Stitch baste horizontal
8. Stitch Node intrakutan
9. Stitch baste intrakutan.
Thank you for reading this article. Written and posted by Bambang Sunarno. sunarnobambang86@gmail.com
author:
http://schema.org/Personal.
https://plus.google.com/105319704331231770941.
name: Bambang Sunarno.
http://primadonablog.blogspot.com/2015/06/not-made-of-reactive-materials.html
DatePublished: June 27, 2015 at 15:51

Tags : Not made of reactive materials.

Code : 7MHPNPADAEFW