Jaw surgery to look beautiful.

The South Korean plastic surgery has not taboo. Many people in South Korea are not only women but also men perform jaw surgery. Many people who do jaw surgery in order to look beautiful and to have a cute face. As to whether the jaw surgery and is there a danger that caused because of this procedure?

Lower jaw surgery.

Jaw surgery or jawline surgery done rife in South Korea. To get the V shape of the chin and looks tiny, people are willing to cut his jaw regardless of the effects that will result from such measures. The plastic surgeon says concerned about this emerging trend. The number of patients who come in beauty clinic asking for jaw surgery when the effect of cutting the jaw is very dangerous, ranging from nerve damage, difficulty in chewing food, until there is paralysis of the facial muscles due to the cutting jaws.

Forward Lower jaw surgery.

Jaw surgery is very attractive to many people. Improve the shape of the jaw and smoothed to look more cute and beautiful. As is the case with one of the Indonesian artist who is also rumored to perform surgery on her jaw, which is now widely circulated rumor is one of those jaw surgery. The operation makes the artist has a V shape face and looked very cute. But before you decide to do this jaw surgery, should you need to know if you are intending to do so, the previous first identify the side effects, you also need to consult with a plastic surgeon.

Shrink jaw surgery is a type of surgery that is quite large and dangerous because in the implementation of this operation using general anesthesia so the patient sedated in total. This operation also takes a long time is approximately 4 hours. The procedure in this operation a box-shaped lower jaw to be cut then connected again with the special pin. It would be very painful. In this operation will be performed incisions in the oral cavity so that the incision is not visible from the outside. For the sake of a beauty many people are willing to endure the pain and dangers that lurk plastic surgery service users. The man who runs the jaw surgery will feel difficulty while chewing food until several months after the operation cuts the jaw.

Operating costs jaw in Indonesia.

A plastic surgeon in Jakarta, Dr. Budiman, SpBP said that in jaw surgery requires high precision, using anesthetists and anesthesia machine tools used were special. It is of course made this jaw surgery procedures become quite expensive. To get V jaw line this tiny patients had to spend around 30-35 million dollars. Figures are pretty fantastic for a beauty procedure, but it will be paid off by encouraging results.

However, it should also be known, in addition to making a person to be beautiful, it turns out plastic surgery can make users become scary because changes like a monster. Some people who have failed in plastic surgery certainly a very sad experience. Some people who failed plastic surgery became very scary.
After knowing a little about the side effects of jaw reduction surgery, there are still want to do? If there is among you who wish to perform plastic surgery should not only be tempted by low prices offered by some of the beauty clinic, identify and verify the clinic already get a license in plastic surgery.
Thank you for reading this article. Written and posted by Bambang Sunarno. sunarnobambang86@gmail.com
author:
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http://primadonablog.blogspot.com/2015/06/jaw-surgery-to-look-beautiful.html
DatePublished: June 27, 2015 at 13:12

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Beautiful woman in different sizes.

In modern times it is quite a lot of alternatives to be beautiful as you want. Beautiful on a woman's size is different, but the prevailing stereotype that today is a tiny face, pointed chin, big beautiful eyes and a prominent nose. Unfortunately, not all people are born with physical perfection like this so many ways done in order to meet the criteria gorgeous today. If you are one of those people who have a problem with your appearance, especially the shape of the nose that is less than ideal, you can try how sharp nose without surgery is the method of growing the yarn.

Methods for sharp nose that is currently booming done even by celebrities is the latest technique, the technique of planting combination with threads and filler injections. The first thread will be inserted into the nose and filler used as a complement result. Yarn used in this slaughter technique is the thread that PDO will be absorbed in the body within 8 months.

This thread is actually long ago been used for caesarean section, cardiac surgery, bone and ligament surgery. While the hyaluronic acid filler or scientifically called hyaluronic acid is a material which can form a collagen that is already contained in our body. The time required to carry out this method is not long, only about 15 minutes to half an hour.

You also do not need a general anesthetic during the process of "formation" of the nose so that they can give advice about the shape you want. Once the process is complete you can go straight to work as usual. Although the effect of this method is only temporary, more or less for 1 year, but more and more people are meminatinya because it feels safer than rhinoplasty or cosmetic surgery. Plastic surgery has a sharp nose to nose risk would seem less natural because the implant should be viewed limit the flexibility of the skin. This should really be a consideration.

Another alternative sharp nose without surgery.

In addition to adopting the sharp nose without surgery as described above, you could also use other means, namely by means of a nose clamp. Tools that are sold on the online shop is efficacious for sharp nose safely. Practising shading techniques to create the illusion that look more aquiline nose can also be an option for you. Has a lot of video tutorials on this shading technique on the internet. Whichever option you should specify wisely and try to not to harm your health. Choose a legal clinics that you receive treatment from medical personnel who are competent in their fields.

Nose Surgery process.

Rhinoplasty. Plastic surgery on the nose or commonly known as nose job is one type of plastic surgery that aims to improve beentuk nose, for example mengecilakn nose is too wide and add sharp pug nose.

Rhinoplasty is a type of plastic surgery on the nose. Rhinoplasty is one of the measures aimed at enhancing facial harmony by improving the proportion of the nose. So we get a more elegant look and proportionate.

Rhinoplasty surgery can change the size of the nose that is in accordance with the shape of the face, fix the position and size of the lobes or nostrils, improve the look of a slightly snub nose so that it can be sharp, fix the tip of the nose is wide, the hole a little bigger, a little look up, or crooked nose tip shape and improve the shape of the nose that are not symmetrical.

In surgery, rhinoplasty can be divided into two: the open rhinoplasty where there is little syatan along the base of the nose and closed rhinoplasty where incisions can be hidden out of sight from the outside. In plastic surgery of the nose, action to create beauty shape of the nose by separating the nasal skin and soft tissue of the nasal cartilage. Then fix the shape of the nose, sewing the incision and replace the nose piece part in the capture and in pieces.

As with the non-surgical rhinoplasty procedure, in this method the doctor will repair and modify the flaws in the nose with a combination of techniques. What is meant by a combination of techniques are physicians using threads and filler injections combined with actions on the network sub cutan nose. This method is done by inserting the thread into the nose and combined with a filler to enhance the results.

Yarn used in this method is thread khusu not all jeniis benag can be used. Yarn used that is thread PDO. The thread is a thread that is often used in cardiac surgery and bone ligaments. This yarn has the same properties as the type of yarn used for caesarean section is an absorbable yarn or thread that can absorb body. This thread will be completely absorbed in the body within a period of approximately 8 months.

Filler itself is a method to improve the shape of the nose or other body parts, for example the lips, chin without surgery through the process and implant. Filler material itself contains hyaluronate (hyaluronic acid), the material is collagen-forming material that is already naturally present in the human body. But we as a prospective customer should also be observant, because there are several types of drugs injected a solution of liquid silicone or paraffin that is harmful to the body.

To get the shape of the nose that is proportional to the method rhinoplasty plastic surgery service users should prepare a cash about 9 million to 21 million dollars. Cost of it depends on which part was going to do surgery. Actions for rhinoplasty among others, reduce or increase the size of the nose, change the line at the tip of the nose, narrow the nostrils dilated and also change the angle between the nose to the lips. In addition, to straighten the nasal cartilage which becomes a barrier between the nostrils. However, this action should be extra careful because it can occur cracks in the cartilage and can also clog the airway.
Thank you for reading this article. Written and posted by Bambang Sunarno.
sunarnobambang86@gmail.com
author:
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name: Bambang Sunarno.
http://primadonablog.blogspot.com/2015/06/beautiful-woman-in-different-sizes.html
DatePublished: June 21, 2015 at 16:03

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Did you know Suture Materials.

Definition.

Suture materials are all materials used for ligating or tissue approximation and hold it until the tissue healing.
Since 2000 BC, the use of threads of fur has been done to stitch the wound. Along with the times, materials for surgical sutures evolving and varies from silk, linen, cotton, tendons or intestines of animals, even now there has been used material from stainless metal thread.

Classification.

Thread for suturing wounds can be divided on several criteria, namely :

Absorption (absorbable or non-absorbable)
Originally Materials (nature or synthetic)
Origin fiber (monofilament or polyfilament)
Coating (coated or uncoated)

1. Absorption.

Yarn absorbed in limited time in the body. The length is in the body can be adapted to organ sewn by selecting the appropriate type of yarn. Wherever possible threads do not disintegrate before the relevant organ really tight and strong enough. For example, the fascia must be sewn with thread a long time absorption, due to fascia healing takes a long time (up to several months). With some reason, sometimes even used thread to sew fascia is not absorbed. Thread is not absorbed will be lifelong. These threads are used for example in connection with dacron graft blood vessels, where blood vessels are living organ would have no connection with the graft which is an inanimate object. Here stitching with thread serves to maintain the unification was absorbed earlier. It should be remembered that the stitches here is a foreign object or less will result in a reaction of the body's tissues. Therefore, for the purpose of minimizing the reaction, use inert material and provide minimal reaction.
Plain and chromic catgut and collagen is absorbed yarns example, being polyamide (nylon) and silk (silk, zyde) is an example of the thread is not absorbed. Advantages of unabsorbed thread is able to provide permanent support will never run out but leaving foreign objects in the body.

2. Origin of Material.

Natural yarns derived from natural materials, such as hair, fur, cotton, linen and catgut. These threads have been used since time immemorial, easily available and relatively inexpensive.
Synthetic yarns are more expensive, but has many advantages in terms of absorption is predictable and generally has been adapted to the organ to be sutured. Examples of synthetic yarns, polyglycolic acid, polypropylene, polyamide, polyester, polyglactin, polydioxanone, polyglyconate, polynylidene, polybutylester and stainless steel. These threads are generally sold in packs and special dosage forms.

3. Fiber Yarn.

Single fiber yarns are generally more flexible but the knot strength (knotting security) is usually smaller, so the easy-open seam knot. The advantage is the stitches (stitching mark) fine. While much better fiber yarn knot strength, because the braided fiber yarn making more abrasive and biting. It should be noted that the cracks were found on the threads is a gathering place that can become a focal nidus of infection that is difficult to recover because it is difficult to achieve macrophages. Frequent sinus formation or wounds that are difficult to heal on the use of fiber yarns lot. This thread stitches with more rough and real.
Many fiber yarn can be divided into two, namely in the form of thread woven braided hair braided like (for example, polyester, polyglycolic acid, polyamide (polyfilament and silk), and twisted braid which consists of fibers wound / untwisted (eg cotton and linen) . Polyamide (nylon) can be found in two forms, namely single fibrous and fibrous lot.

4. Coating.

Coating thread (coated) has a variety of purposes, can to get a more coarse thread so that better knot strength, to secure the braid so it appears more neat and sturdy, to close the gaps (pore) on the webbing so that there is no place for nesting germs , as well as to minimize tissue reaction.
Polyglycolic acid and polydioxanone are many and layered fibrous threads. Sutera given a layer of wax so that the thread is stiffer and more bite, and to close the gaps in the thread.
Criteria for the use of threads that are eligible for surgical sutures, among others,
Has a tensile strength (tensile strength) were good according to size.
Easy to use and has a low resistance when applied in network
Having a good knot security, stillborn is not easy to loose and loose.
Having a good sterile packaging and easy-open so safe to use by the surgical personnel.
Minimal reaction on the network and is not likely to increase the growth of bacteria.

Yarn size (size).

Thread with a large size used to sew a tough structure / clay. To sew fine structure, for example in eye surgery, used yarns ranging in size from 00000 (5/0) to 7/0. The more zeros her, the more subtle size. For microsurgery, worn thread size 8/0 to 10/0. It must be remembered, the greater the size of the thread, the greater the foreign bodies that we enter into the patient's body, which means that the greater the tissue reaction.

Tensile strength (tensile strength).

Tensile strength test performed in laboratory, tensile strength is defined as the applied load per unit area and expressed in psi or kg / cm2 or it could also be defined as the force needed to break the stitches were expressed by lb or kg.
The stronger the tensile strength of a thread, the greater the power to close up the wound. Yarns of this type is mainly used to hold the wound area is a high load, for example the abdomen and extremities. Generally, the most excellent tensile strength on stainless steel yarn, synthetic yarn and being on the weakest in natural yarn.

Stronger
Stainless steel
Tensile strength

Moderate
Polyamide, polypropylene

Weaker
Natural (silk, catgut)

Reaction tissue (tissue reaction).

Tissue reaction to the ligature has the following characteristics:
Ranging between 1-3 days, since the yarn is a foreign object in the body.
The reaction that occurs depends on the physical form of yarn (monofilament, braided) or from their chemical structure.
The reaction in the form of absorption or removal of the yarn material. The faster the absorption, the greater the cellular response network.
Natural ingredients tend to stimulate reactions polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMN) and macrophages, whereas synthetic materials stimulate macrophages and giant cell reaction (giant cell). The amount of tissue reaction will slow wound healing. Likewise, the end result is influenced by the wound healing tissue reaction. Generally more severe tissue reaction, see end cuts will be less good.

Absorption (Absorption).

There are two mechanisms of absorption ligature. First, absorption through enzymatic mechanisms, for example, occurs in catgut and collagen. Here proteolytic enzymes that are stored in the lysosomes of PMN would destroy the thread.
Second, is the mechanism that affects the hydrolysis of water contained in the yarn. Disorders of the water in the threads will cause more fragile thread then destroyed. Hydrolysis will increase with changes in pH.

Security knot (knotting security).

The more coarse fiber of a yarn, the higher the coefficient of friction (coefficient of friction). Thus, the higher the knot security. Many fiber yarn generally has a higher knot security than single fiber yarns. Yarn coating also played a role, candles were used coats the silk threads will cause more abrasive, so it is not easy to loose knot. But please remember, flexibility (pliability) fibrous thread much smaller than a single fiber yarn, making it more difficult to manipulate during suturing. Anyway revocation of wound yarn easier when the single-fiber yarns and slippery. Should also be considered that many fibrous threads will leave a mark (stiching marks) is worse than a single fibrous threads. Besides coefficient of friction, the type and number of ties knot also plays a role in determining the safety of a knot.
For skin in areas of high tension (eg, abdomen and extremities), used yarns with good knot security. Usually aesthetic interest to be number two in this area.
To obtain sufficient knot security, usually carried out in accordance with the type of thread manipulation. Slippery thread should be knotted more than coarse threads. This is in accordance with the law "approximation, no strangulation" (pressed and not ensnare) in suturing the wound.

Surgical needles.

Needle (needle) is an integral part in a suture technique, so knowing the basic concept of the needle can help in mastering the technique of suturing. A large part of the needle is made of corrosive-resistant stainless steel and attached to the end of the thread through the swage, namely holes found on the base of the needle, where threads can be embedded within it. Needle should be sufficiently rigid so as to allow to be able to penetrate the network without becoming hooked, diameter sufficient without causing damage to surrounding tissue, as thin as possible so as not to cause leakage. The tip of the needle should be sharp to penetrate tissue well and a large enough size so as to bring the thread without taking part in bringing the surrounding tissue. Needle should also have a three-dimensional sharpness that allows us to hold the well by using a needle holder without causing damage to other tissues that are not necessary.
Election adapted to the network and the region of surgery.

General criteria that must be owned by surgical needles among others :

Contains a stainless material (stainless steel)
Strong to penetrate tissue
small to not cause trauma to the tissues
sharp
Stable when used with the instrument (needle holder)
Anatomy Surgical Needles (surgical needle)

In the standard surgical needle that there are several parts :

Needle Point, the tip of the needle is relatively sharper and has a diameter smaller than that all parts of the Needle.

Swage is the base of the needle that has a handle in the form of holes or slits for the thread.

Cord Length is the distance between the needle point and swage when drawn straight line, while the length is the distance between the needle and the needle swage point by following the curved outer ring needle.

Radius is the distance between the center of curvature of the needle with the needle itself.

Needle Diameter is the thickness of the needle on each section.

Characteristics Surgical Needle.

The most important characteristic of the surgical needle is :

Sharpness and curvature
Needle length and diameter of the needle (size)
Eye needle and needle-sectional shape
Type attachment with sewing thread to needle
Sharpness and curvature
Sharpness and curvature of the needle is closely related to its function. Often a special needle is only for one type of operation only, eg J-shaped, which is used only for femoral hernia surgery alone.

The length and diameter of the needle.

The potential length of the needle, is determined by the thickness of the material used and the rigidity, ductility and strength of a needle determines the size needle. In fact needle with a diameter of 66 mm with an ultra-thin gauge wire will be more easily bent or broken when compared with short needle thick diameter. Better long needle used for suturing fascia and skin with a needle materials and stronger material. Short Needle is often used to sew visceral and blood vessels.

Eyes and needle cross section.

Point hole formed by the needle is determined by the very end of the needle eye to the greatest transverse diameter of the needle. There are four types of holes formed by the needle: is Conventional Cutting, Reverse cutting, Taper Point and Blunt. Conventional Cutting and Reverse Cutting: use in suturing the skin, periosteum, tendons. Taper is used to easily penetrate tissue and to obtain minimal injuries.
Blunt, to sew the liver and spleen.

The type of sewing thread to needle attachment.

Needle generally already attached to the thread which we will use. The technology began to be known the last few decades. Traditionally all the needle has two eyes on the base and sewing thread must be inserted in the eye of the needle before use.

There are two kinds of attachment of the needle-thread, the first is the type of eye, which today has begun rarely used because it is less practical in its user and cause trauma to the tissue that is sutured.
The second type is swedged, where the yarn has been coupled with a needle in the package. It is preferred because this type cause minimal trauma to the tissue, besides the use of needles also can not be repeated, thereby reducing the risk of disease transmission to patients.
Thank you for reading this article. Written and posted by Bambang Sunarno. sunarnobambang86@gmail.com
author:
http://schema.org/Personal.
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name: Bambang Sunarno.
http://primadonablog.blogspot.com/2015/06/did-you-know-suture-materials.html
DatePublished: June 21, 2015 at 15:41

Tags : Did you know Suture Materials.

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Sewing thread operations.

There are three things that determine the choice of sewing thread, namely the type of material, the body's ability to absorb and arrangement of its filaments.
Threads that can be absorbed through enzymatic reactions in the body fluids are now widely used. Yarn absorption by the network may take between three days to three months depending on the type of yarn and sewn network conditions.
According to the original material, yarn was divided into yarns made from sheep intestines despite its name catgut and distinguished in which no mixture of pure catgut and chromic catgut which the material is mixed with a solution of chromic acid. Pure catgut is absorbed quickly, approximately within one week while chromic catgut longer absorbed approximately 2-3 weeks.
Besides, there are yarns made from synthetic materials, both of poliglikolik acid or of poliglaktin-910 is inert and has a great tension. This thread is used on all networks including the skin. Threads that can be absorbed causing local tissue reaction that can cause fistula yarn or infiltrate the network that may be characterized by induration.
Threads that can not be absorbed by the body is generally made of a material that does not cause tissue reaction because it is not a biological substance. This yarn can come from a very strong silk and clay, from cotton which is less powerful and easy to decompose, and of polyester, which owns strong synthetic material and are usually coated with Teflon. In addition there is also a powerful thread Nailon great tension, which is made of polypropylene that consists of highly inert materials and steel made of stainless steel.
Because it can not be absorbed by the thread will remain in the tissues of the body. Yarns of this type usually used on networks that are difficult to heal. In the event of infection will form a new fistula can be cured after a thread that is foreign objects removed.
Natural yarns made of silk or cotton. Both of these natural substances can react with body tissues though minimal because they contain natural chemicals also. Tense enough power and can be strengthened when moistened first with saline solution before use.
Synthetic material is made of polyester, or polypropylene Nailon generally coated by coating Teflon or Dacron material. With this coating, smoother surface that is not easily curled or decompose. Yarn has a great power strained and used for networks that require the power of a great unification.
According to the shape of the fiber strands, yarns can be monofilament when it consists of only one fiber only, and polifilamen when it consists of many fibers are strung into one. Dangle his way to align assisted coating material or in the strand cross so that the cross section was more rounded, more flexible and not easily curled.
Steel can be shaped monofilament yarn or polifilamen, often used in the sternum after thoracotomy, if contaminated easily happen infections.

Seide (silk / silk)

Silk is not as slick as usual because it was combined with an adhesive, not absorbed by the body. On the outside, the next use of the thread should be reopened.
Color: black and white
Size: 5.0 to 3
Usefulness: leather sewing, tying the arteries (large arteries) and as teugel (control)

Plain catgut

Absorbed by the body within 7-10 days
Color: white and yellowish
Size: 5.0 to 3
Usage: to tie the bleeding source is small, sew subcutaneous and can also be used to sew the loose skin, especially the area (abdomen, face) that is not a lot of moving and extensive small wound.
Plain catgut should be knotted at least 3 times, because the body will inflate.

Chromic catgut

In contrast to plain catgut, before it spun added chrome, sehinggan became harder and longer absorbed 20-40 days.
Color: brown and bluish
Size: 3.0 to 3
Usefulness: suturing wounds were considered not docked within 10 days, to sew the tendon to the patient uncooperative and when mobilization should be done immediately.

Ethilon

Synthetic yarn in packaging atraumatis (direct yarn together with a sewing needle) and is made of nylon is stronger than seide or catgut. Is not absorbed by the body, does not cause irritation to the skin and other body tissues
Color: blue and black
Size: 10.0 to 1.0
Usage: plastic surgery, larger sizes are often used on the skin, a small number used in eye surgery.

Ethibond

Synthetic yarn (polytetra methylene adipate). Packaging atraumatis. Gentle, strong, body reaction to a minimum, it is not absorbed.
Color: hiaju and white
Size: 7.0-2
Usage: cardiovascular and urology

Vitalene

Synthetic yarn (polymer profilen), very powerful soft, not absorbed. Packaging atraumatis
Blue
Size: 10.0 to 1
Usefulness: microsurgical particularly for heart and blood vessels, eye surgery, plastic, sewing leather

Vicryl

Atraumatis synthetic yarn packing. Absorbed by the body does not cause tissue reaction. In subkuitis last three weeks, the muscle last 3 months
Purple
Size: 10.0 to 1
Usage: eye surgery, orthopedics, urology and plastic surgery

Supramid

Synthetic yarn in packaging atraumatis. Unabsorbed
Color: black and white
Usefulness: cutis and subcutaneous suturing

Linen

Of natural cotton fibers, strong enough, easily knotted, not absorbed, the body's reaction to minimum
Colour: White
Size: 4.0-0
Usage: sewing small intestine and skin, especially facial skin

Steel wire

A metallic thread made of stainless steel polifilamen. Very strong non-corrosive, and reaction to the minimum body. Easily knotted
Color: white metallic
Packaging atraumatuk
Size: 6.0-2
Usefulness: sew the tendon

The size of the thread.

Thread size is expressed in units of European raw or in metric units. The smallest size is 11.0 European standards and the largest is size 7.
Thread size is one factor that determines the strength of the seam. Therefore, the selection of the size of the surgical thread for suturing depends on what networks are stitched and with consideration of factors cosmetics. While the strength of the seam is determined by the number of stitches, stitch spacing, and type of yarn. On the face used small size (5.0 or 6.0)
Location suturing thread type Size
All fascia 2.0 to 1
All the muscles from 3.0 to 0
Skin Not absorbed 2.0 to 6.0
Absorbed fat 2.0-3.0
Hepatic chromic catgut 2.0 to 0
Kidneys All catgut 4.0
Silk or cotton pancreas 3.0
Small intestine catgut, silk, cotton 2.0-3.0
Colon chromic catgut 4.0 to 0
Tendon Not absorbed 5.0 to 3.0
The joint capsule is not absorbed from 3.0 to 2.0
Peritoneum chromic catgut 3.0 to 2.0
Microsurgical Not absorbed 7.0 to 11.0

1. The stitches used for hemostasis, or to connect an anatomical structure is truncated (Sabiston, 1995).
2. According Sodera and Saleh (1991), the stitches is the result of the use of materials such as yarn for binding or ligation of blood vessels and connect between the two edges of the wound.
From the above understanding can be concluded that the act of connecting tissue suturing is interrupted or cut off to prevent bleeding using yarns.

General Principles Tailoring wound.

According to Brown (1995), the general principles that must be implemented in the wound suturing lacerations are as follows:
Healing will happen faster if the edges of leather fastened to each other with caution. Voltage from the edges of the skin should be as minimal as possible or if it may not exist at all. This can be achieved by cutting or smoothing the skin carefully before sewn.
Skin edges should be drawn lightly, this is done by using a light traction on the edges of the skin and are more vulnerable again in the dermal layer of the skin rather than sewn.
Each dead space should be closed, either by stitching subcutaneus that can be absorbed or by including these layers at a time to sew the skin
But many subtle stitching is sewn at the same distance preferably greater than stitches and far apart.
Each suture is left in place only as long as necessary. Therefore stitches on the face should be removed as soon as possible (48 hours 5 days), while the stitches in the abdominal wall and legs should be left for 10 days or more.
All wounds should be closed as clean as possible.

The use of forceps and tissue trauma kept to a minimum.

Tailoring is a way to get closer to sew or to connect two edges of the wound.

Can be distinguished :

1. Stitch Primary (Primary Suture Line) is the sutures used to maintain the position of the wound edges are interconnected during the healing process so it can be cured primer.

2. Continuous Suture is stitching with a sewing from around the wound by using the same thread and concluded at the end of the seam and cut once made the knot. Peritoneum is used to sew the skin, subcutis and organs.

3. Stitch Node / crate / Knot, which is a bonding technique which ended a seam. Used to strengthen and maintain the suture so that the stitches are not disconnected or loosened. The meaning of a noose is the binding one, being the node is the binding of the two meshes or more.

The types of yarn used in sewing.

1. Seide (Silk): 

Characteristically not as slick as silk usual because it was combined with an adhesive, is not absorbed by the body. On the next use of the outside, then the thread must be reopened. Useful for sewing leather, tying a large arteries. Measure often used is the number 2 three zero zero, 1 zero and the number 1.

2. Plain catgut: 

Characteristically can be absorbed by the body, the absorption takes place within 710 days and the color is yellowish white. Useful for binding source of minor bleeding, sew the subcutis and can also be used to move and spacious small wound. This thread inference should be done 3 times because the body will inflate. When the inference made only 2 times will be open again.

3. Chromic catgut: 

Characteristically can be absorbed by the body, longer absorption is up to 20 days. Chromic catgut usually cause an inflammatory reaction that is greater than the plain catgut. Useful for suturing wounds were considered not docked within 10 days and if mobility must be done

Complications stitches.

1. Overlapping: 

Occurs as a result do not do adaptation wound so that the wound be overlapping and slow healing of wounds suffered when cured and then the result will be bad.

2. Necrosis: 

Stitches are too tense can cause avaskularisasi causing tissue death.

3. Infection: 

Infection can occur due to non-sterile technique suturing, wound that has been contaminated, and the presence of foreign bodies that are still lagging behind.

4. Bleeding: 

Anticoagulant therapy or in patients with hypertension.

5. Hematoma: 

Occurs in patients with arteries severed and no ligation / binding so that the bleeding continues and causes swelling.

6. Dead space (space / cavity die): 

That the cavity of the wound did not happen because suturing layer by layer.

7. Sinus: 

When the wound healed by leaving a sinus tract, usually there is a thread on a multifilament suture sinus floor that acts as a foreign body.

8. Dehiscence: 

Is a wound that opened prematurely due to seams that are too strong or the use of bad threads.

9. Abscesses: 

severe infections that have produced pus / pus.

Various stitches.

1. Single Node Stitches:

Disconnected seam Simple, Simple Inerrupted Suture is a kind of stitches that are often used. Also used for stitching techniques situation: Doing needling with the distance between half to 1 cm edge cuts and simultaneously take all his subcutaneous tissue with a needle is perpendicular to the direction of the line or injuries. Single knot is done with absorbable thread premises distance between 1 cm. Knot in place the edge of the wound on one of the threads puncture cut approximately 1 cm.

2. Stitch mattress Horizontal:

Horizontal Mattress suture, Interrupted mattress Stitches by stabbing like a knot, before knotted followed by stabbing aligned as far as 1 cm from the first stitch.

3. Vertical Stitch Mattress:

Vertical Mattress suture, Donati, Near to near and far to far Stitch by stitch in depth below the wound was followed by sewing the edges of the wound. Usually produces rapid wound healing because in its hold the edges of the wound by stitching it.

4. Stitch Matras Modification:

Half Buried Mattress Suture Modification of horizontal mattress stitch the wound area but opposite in its subcutaneous region.

5. Stitch baste simple:

Simple running suture, Simple continuous, continuous over and over Stitches is very simple, the same as we baste shirt. Usually produces good cosmetic hasiel, its use is not recommended in loose connective tissue.

6. Stitches baste Feston:

Running locked suture, suture Interlocking continuous Stitches by linking threads on the seam before, used often used in stitching the peritoneum. Is a variation of the usual running suture

7. Stitch baste horizontal:

Horizontal Running Stitch continuous suture stitches interspersed with the horizontal direction

8. Stitch Node intrakutan:

Subcutaneus interupted suture, Buried intradermal suture, Interrupted dermal stitch. Suture knot on intrakutan area, usually used to sew area in the later sewn on the outside as well with a simple knot

9. Stitch baste intrakutan:

Running subcuticular suture, Suture Stitches baste baste subcuticular conducted under the skin, stitching is known to produce good cosmetic

Close the wound or bandage.

After sewing the wound in neatly cleaned with desinfeksan Cover the wound with sterile gauze moistened with betadine Attach with adhesive tape or hipafix (if necessary tied with bandages)

Suturing wounds.

Suturing wounds aims to unite the disconnected network and improve the process of grafting and tissue healing and also prevents open wound that will result in the entry of microorganisms / infection

Preparation Tool Hecting.

1. 5 cc syringes
2. Cotton Alcohol 70%
3. Lidocaine 1%
4. Pedestal
5. Kasa sterile
6. Cut yarn
7. Naldpoeder
8. Tweezers anatomic
9. Korentang
10. The needle skin
11. Needle muscle (if necessary)
12. Yarn leather (side)
13. Yarn muscle / catgut (if necessary)
14. Nierbekken (crooked)
15. antiseptic solution / physiological salt
16. Kom
17. Sterile Gloves
18. Waskom containing 0.5% chlorine solution

Preparation of the patient and the nurse.

1. Inform the client actions that will be performed.
2. Install the cover / curtains.
3. Adjust the position of the clients as comfortable as possible.
4. Wash hands with soap and running water, then dry with a clean towel or hand dryer.
5. Install pedestal and sheets.

Tailoring implementation.

1. Clean the wound with antiseptic solution or physiological saline solution.
2. Use a separate gauze for each swab, clean the wound from the less contaminated areas into the contaminated area.
3. Preparing injection of lidocaine 1%.
4. Perform disinfection at the end of the wound / area to be injected using 70% alcohol is circular with a diameter of over 5 cm shells.
5. Inject lidocaine in sub cutan around the edges of the wound.
6. aspirations, if there is no input lidocaine blood slowly pulling the needle and administer along the edge of the wound. Do it on the other edge of the wound.
7. As he waited drug reactions, prepare nalpoeder, needle and thread.
8. Wait 2 minutes for lidocaine react.
9. Test drug reactions using tweezers
10. Sew the wound approximately 1 cm above the tip of the wound and tie, yarn scissors leaving approximately 1 cm, sewing stitches one by one at a distance from one another approximately 1 cm, continue until all the wounds sewn.
11. Give an antiseptic on the wound.
12. Cover the wound with sterile gauze and tape with plaster.
13. Trim the patient.
14. Clean up tool.
15. Remove gloves and soak in a solution of chlorine of 0.5% along other tools for 10 minutes.
16. Wash your hands.
17. Document.

Basic theory up Hecting.

When the wound has been strong and cured primer, then stitching or thread can be lifted. Often within 5 10 days postoperatively.

Lift Stitches (up-Hecting).

Is a yarn-making process in the wound by location and day of action:
Face or neck 5th day.
Ke7-10 the stomach.
Palms 10.
Day 10 fingers.
Limbs on day 10.
Lower limbs 10-14.
Dada day 7.
Backs days 10-14

Preparation tool up Hecting.

1. Cut the suture lift
2. Handscoen sterile
3. Tweezers anatomical 2 pcs
4. Nierbekken (crooked)
5. Towel small
6. Cut bandages
7. Kassa taste
8. 0.5% chlorine solution
9. Perlak
10. The medical waste

Implementation.

1. Put perlak and sheets under the area to be treated.
2. Wash hands with soap and running water.
3. Wear gloves.
4. Open the old wound dressing and dispose bent.
5. Assess the wound (be sure to dry wounds).
6. Lift and hold down the outside seam with tweezers, then cut the thread under the knot with scissors up hecting.
7. Remove the thread of skin slowly.
8. Perform antisepsis measures. Close the back wound with sterile gauze. Replace the plaster.
9. Trim the patient.
10. Organize tool.
11. Remove gloves soak tools and gloves in 0.5% chlorine solution.
12. Wash your hands.
Stitches are used for hemostasis, or to connect an anatomical structure is truncated (Sabiston, 1995). According Sodera and Saleh (1991), the seam is the result of the use of materials such as yarn for binding or ligation of blood vessels and connect between the two edges of the wound. From the above understanding can be concluded that the act of connecting tissue suturing is interrupted or cut off to prevent bleeding using yarns.

General Principles Tailoring wound.

According to Brown (1995), the general principles that must be implemented in the wound suturing lacerations are as follows :

1. Healing will happen faster if the edges of leather fastened to each other with caution.
2. The voltage of the edges of the skin should be as minimal as possible or if it may not exist at all. This can be achieved by cutting or smoothing the skin carefully before sewn.
3. The Bank of skin to be pulled lightly, this is done with less wear light traction on the edges of the skin and are more vulnerable again in the dermal layer of the skin rather than sewn.
4. Each dead space should be closed, either by stitching subcutaneus that can be absorbed or by including these layers at a time to sew the skin.
5. Stitch smooth but many are sewn at the same distance preferably greater than stitches and far apart.
6. Each seam is left in place only as long as necessary. Therefore stitches on the face should be removed as soon as possible (48 hours - 5 days), while the stitches in the abdominal wall and legs should be left for 10 days or more.
7. All wounds should be closed as clean as possible.
8. The use of forceps and tissue trauma kept to a minimum.

According Sodera and Saleh (1991), the sewing is a way to get closer to sew or connect two edges of the wound. Can be distinguished :

1. Stitch Primary (Primary Suture Line) is the sutures used to maintain the position of the wound edges are interconnected during the healing process so it can be cured primer.
2. Continuous Suture is stitching with a sewing from around the wound by using the same thread and concluded at the end of the seam and cut once made the knot. Peritoneum is used to sew the skin, subcutis and organs.
3. Stitch Node / crate / Knot, which is a bonding technique which ended a seam. Used to strengthen and maintain the suture so that the stitches are not disconnected or loosened. The meaning of a noose is the binding one, being the node is the binding of the two meshes or more.

The types of yarns are used in Tailoring wound.

1. Seide (Sutra) :

Silk is not as slick as usual because it was combined with an adhesive, is not absorbed by the body. On the next use of the outside, then the thread must be reopened. Useful for sewing leather, tying a large arteries. Measure often used is the number 2 three zero zero, 1 zero and the number 1.

2. Plain catgut:

Can be absorbed by the body, the absorption takes place within 710 days and the color is yellowish white. Useful for binding source of minor bleeding, sew the subcutis and can also be used to move and spacious small wound. This thread inference should be done 3 times because the body will inflate. When the inference made only 2 times will be open again.

3. Chromic catgut:

Can be absorbed by the body, longer absorption is up to 20 days. Chromic catgut usually cause an inflammatory reaction that is greater than the plain catgut. Useful for suturing wounds were considered not docked within 10 days and if mobility must be done immediately.

Tailoring wound complications.

1. Overlapping:

Do not occur as a result of adaptation to the wound so that the wound be overlapping and slow healing of wounds suffered when cured and then the result will be bad.

2. Necrosis:

Stitches are too tense can cause avaskularisasi causing tissue death.

3. Infection:

Infection can occur due to non-sterile technique suturing, wound that has been contaminated, and the presence of foreign bodies that are still lagging behind.

4. Bleeding:

Anticoagulant therapy or in patients with hypertension.

5. Hematoma:

Occur in patients with arteries severed and no ligation / binding so the bleeding continues and causes swelling.

6. Dead space (space / cavity die):

Namely the cavity on the injuries occurred because no suturing layer by layer.

7. Sinus:

When the wound healed by leaving a sinus tract, usually there is a thread on a multifilament suture sinus floor that acts as a foreign body.

8. dehiscence:

Is a wound that opened prematurely due to seams that are too strong or the use of bad threads.

9. abscess:

Severe infection that has produced pus. Thank you for reading this article.
Written and posted by Bambang Sunarno. sunarnobambang86@gmail.com
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DatePublished: June 21, 2015 at 12:32

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Ghost town of Chernobyl tragedy.

Almost thirty years of nuclear disaster happened there, but also still leaves Chernobyl horror. When a huge explosion destroyed the reactor 4 of the Chernobyl power plant on April 26, 1986, the event so the worst nuclear accident in the world has ever seen.

Now, the number of tourists who want to go the Chernobyl Exclusion Zone, a radius of 30 kilometers from the contaminated area around the power plant, benefiting some tour companies.

Instability in Eastern Ukraine recently left the country disappear from the search radar of many tourists. However, Chernobyl is still there in the global consciousness. Concerns often circulate about the zone. Lastly, more because of contamination through forest fires.

Concerns were buried deep. By contrast, emerging charm that drain the waves of tourists. In the area there is also a hotel Exclusion Zone. Visitors must pass through security checks and travel guides very tight.

Reporting from the CNN page, travelers heading to the site will pass a two-hour trip to the region north of the capital of Ukraine, Kiev, with the tour bus.

Once there, they must sign a consent for the warning not to touch the goods or vegetation, to agree not sit on the ground.

Leaving the site is also arranged. Body scanning is done to test the high levels of radiation. If the scanner alarm goes off, the officer will examine the individual, looking for radioactive dust that may be carried over, before they are allowed to leave the premises.

Ghost town, a portrait of the old Soviet Union.

Pasture peace in the zone implies a lot of incredible things. The tour guide took the guests the curious heading rusty debris littering the grass. Background radiation around the exclusion zone could reach ten times the normal rate.

Slow-growing vegetation, especially vulnerable absorbs radioactive particles, radiation saves even higher when tested. However, the most interesting part Exclusion Zone is the ghost town of Pripyat.

Located two kilometers from the power plant in 1970. The city's population swelled to nearly 50 thousand inhabitants. The whole population was evacuated after the disaster. Now, the city is abandoned and overgrown. Pripyat still resembles a typical picture of Soviet cities were destroyed at that time.

Full visitors stepped carefully through the broken glass, avoid bushes that grow close every corner of the block of apartment buildings. Textbooks scattered in an empty classroom. In the pool were chipped lay rotting wooden beams decades.

Traces of the former Soviet Union scattered everywhere. Soviet mural paintings clearly as dancing on the wall. Gas masks in sizes of children lay with the tens. Relive the era when people fear an attack that hangs thick in the air.

"It is the preservation of artifacts communists, and the atmosphere is very interesting and there is a sad story behind it," says Dominik Ortafus. Ortafus is a former tour guide in the exclusion zone, now becomes CEO CHERNOBYLwel.come, the company arranged a visit to Chernobyl since 2008.
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Remembering Chernobyl.

"The Chernobyl disaster", the Chernobyl nuclear reactor accident, or simply "Chernobyl", is the worst nuclear reactor accident in history. On April 26, 1986 at 1:23:40 am (UTC + 3), reactor number four at the Chernobyl Nuclear Power Plant located in the Soviet Union in the near Pripyat in Ukraine exploded. As a result, large amounts of radioactive particles dispersed into the atmosphere in the entire area of ​​the western Soviet Union and Europe. Nuclear disaster is considered the worst nuclear accident in history, and is one of two accidents were classified in level 7 on the International Nuclear Events Scale (the other is the accident of Fukushima Daiichi disaster). The number of workers involved to cope with this disaster around 500,000 people, and will spend 18 billion rubles and economic influence of the Soviet Union. Thousands of people had to be evacuated from the city.

Surprising Facts About 'CITY OF DEAD' Chernobyl.

1. The largest man-made disasters of all time.

Everyone would know that the Chernobyl disaster is terrifying, but you may not know that the Chernobyl incident, including the largest man-made disasters of all time according to the International Nuclear Event Scale (INES). Unsparing, INES puts extraordinary event is at level 7, which means this is a great event that have broad impact on health and the environment.

2. Belarus received 70% of the contamination of Chernobyl nuclear explosion.

Neighboring areas have always been affected nuclear explosion, especially Belarus. Located only 10 miles away from Chernobyl Nuclear Power Plant, the scientists estimate that the country's beleaguered land has received 70% of the contamination of Chernobyl nuclear explosion. As a result, one-fifth of agricultural land in Belarus is contaminated and hundreds of thousands of people were forced to leave their homes and move.

Thousands of people also infected by deadly diseases, ranging from leukemia, thyroid cancer, to cardiovascular disease. Until recently, Belarus has lost more than $ 235 billion (or approximately USD 2,291 T) earnings per year as a direct result of the Chernobyl disaster.

3. The rain from the Chernobyl nuclear to Ireland.

Explosion of Reactor No. 4 has created an enormous radioactive cloud was detected in all of Europe and even to Ireland in the form of light. Although these events have occurred more than two decades ago, the impact of the Chernobyl disaster are still felt in the British Isles until now.

According to a new study conducted by the UK Department of Health, 369 farms and 190,000 sheep in the UK still contain faint traces of radioactivity from the Chernobyl disaster. Fortunately, the number of sheep affected by contamination down nearly 95% from 1986.

4. The government is still paying alimony to 7 million people affected by the Chernobyl disaster.

This certainly shows that the Chernobyl disaster still has broad implications for the environment and human civilization living nearby. According to studies conducted by the United Nations Forum on Chernobyl, Belarus, Ukraine and the Russian Federation still pay benefits to about 7 million people affected by the disaster.

The study also claims that 5% to 7% of the Ukrainian government's annual expenditure is budgeted for the victims of Chernobyl. Although the payments were slightly reduced in recent years, benefits that can not be written off in full in the near future.

5. Approximately 97% of radioactive materials from the Chernobyl nuclear power plant is still buried.

Emergency crews to react quickly when an explosion Reactor No. 4, responded by burying the Chernobyl nuclear power plant complex with a large concrete known as the Sarcophagus. Business plan will replace the Chernobyl nuclear power plant such structures after 20 years of the occurrence of such events. But until now, the structure is still being used.

According to local newspapers Poland, Zycie Warszawy, the surface of the concrete structure has been filled with cracks and gaps large enough to allow the rat to pass through. Meanwhile, an independent engineering report also estimates that the whole building would collapse if an earthquake measuring six or more on the Richter scale. It is not impossible, events radioactive cloud that was once the case will return to spread throughout Europe.

Lower the impact of Chernobyl radiation Insect Populations.
Two decades pascaledakan reactor of the Chernobyl nuclear plant, radiation is still an impact, which causes a decrease in the population of insects and spiders. Bumblebees, butterflies, grasshoppers, dragonflies and spiders are now suffering from its effects.

Researchers working in the zone around Chernobyl mentioned, there are "strong signal with regard to population decline contamination". The research report was written in the journal Biology Letters.

Professor of the University of South Carolina, USA, Timothy Mousseau, and Anders Moller from the University of Paris-Sud worked together on the project. Both never publish low-level radiation have a negative impact on bird populations. "We want to expand the scope of research on insects, mammals and plants," said Mousseau. It has been ten years researching the effects of radiation around Chernobyl are far from residential areas.

For the study, Mousseau use the way that he called "standard ecological techniques". He made the "lane line" pass through a certain area and then count the number of insects and spider webs along these lines.

The path passes through the contaminated area of ​​Chernobyl, Belarus, and some areas are free of contamination. At the same time, other researchers carrying GPS equipment and dosimeters to measure the levels (level) radiation. As a result, the rate of population decline in line with the levels of contamination.

Opinions differ.

Some researchers disagree. The absence of a resident in an abandoned location should be beneficial to the citizens of the wild life.

"The wild life continues to increase in the Chernobyl region in line with the low human activity there," said researchers at the Center for Chernobyl in Ukraine, Sergii Gashchak, as quoted by the BBC. "All life evolved under the influence of radiation. So there are certain mechanisms that make it survive in these conditions."

Five World's Worst Nuclear Disaster.

Japan increases the danger status of the Fukushima nuclear plant from level 4 to level 5, based on an international scale of nuclear danger. This status is the same as the nuclear crisis that hit the Three Mile Island, USA, in 1979 ago. But still below the level of the Chernobyl nuclear accident, Ukraine, 1986. Following the worst nuclear disaster of all time:

1. Chernobyl, Ukraine, in 1986.

Plant after the explosion of four trials, which caused a fire during the 9-day and fired at least 100 times higher than the radiation as Hiroshima and Nagasaki bombs. Five people were killed instantly, but according to the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) accident that killed about 4000 people.

2. Kyshtym, Russia, 1957.

Fault in the cooling system at Mayak plant causing non-nuclear explosion that resulted in the release of 80 tons of radioactive material. About 10,000 people were evacuated after reports of skin melted people. At least 200 people were killed

3. Three Mile Island, USA, 1979.

Cooling in Pennsylvania plant is not functioning, causing most of the plants destroyed and the resulting release of radioactivity in small quantities. Around 140,000 people were evacuated, but no reports were killed or injured

4. Windscale, UK, 1957.

Britain's first nuclear power plant core to burn off the radioactive material. These events led to 240 cases of cancer

5. Tokaimura, Japan, 1999.

A number of high-level enriched uranium were prepared by workers who do not qualify triggering nuclear reactions. Two workers were killed, 100 workers and the local population threatened exposure to radioactive.
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The use of nuclear materials.

1. Definition of Nuclear.

Nuclear word means part of or associated with the atomic nucleus (nuclei). In nuclear physics, a nuclear reaction is a process in which two nuclei or nuclear particles collide, to produce different results from the initial product. In principle a reaction can involve more than two particles colliding, but such occurrences are very rare. When the particles collide and separate without changing (except possibly in energy levels), this process is called a collision and not a reaction.

Two known nuclear reactions, namely nuclear fusion reactions and nuclear fission.
Nuclear fusion reaction is a reaction of fusion of two or more atomic nuclei into new and generate energy, also known as a clean reaction.
Nuclear fission is a cleavage reaction due to the collision of atomic nuclei other atomic nuclei, and generating new energy and atomic mass is smaller, as well as electromagnetic radiation.  Fusion reaction also produces alpha radiation, beta and gamma are very harmful to humans.

Examples nuclear fusion reaction is a reaction that occurs in almost all core stars in the universe. Hydrogen bomb weapon also utilizes the principle of uncontrolled fusion reaction. Examples fission is an explosion of nuclear weapons and nuclear power plants.

Elements that are often used in nuclear fission is Plutonium and Uranium (mainly plutonium-239, uranium-235), while in nuclear fusion reaction is Lithium and Hydrogen (particularly Lithium-6, Deuterium, Tritium).

2. Material Maker.

Author nuclear material is uranium. Uranium is a radioactive element. Here is a definition of uranium and how it works according to the World Nuclear Organization or the World Nuclear Association which can be seen in www.world-nuclear.org:

Uranium is a very heavy metal which can be used as an abundant source of concentrated energy.
Uranium occurs in most rocks in concentrations of 2 to 4 parts per million and is as common in the earth's crust as tin, tungsten and molybdenum. Uranium occurs in sea water, and can be recovered from the ocean.
Uranium was discovered in 1789 by Martin Klaproth, a German chemist, in the mineral called pitchblende. It was named after the planet Uranus, which had been discovered eight years earlier.
Uranium was apparently formed in supernovae around 6.6 billion years ago. Although not common in the solar system, today the slow radioactive decay provides the main source of heat in the earth, causing convection and continental drift.
The high density of uranium means that it also finds uses in the keels of yachts and as counterweights for aircraft control surfaces, as well as for radiation shielding.
Uranium has a melting point is 1132 ° C. The chemical symbol for uranium is U.

3. Uses of Nuclear.

Nuclear turned out to have many uses. Some nuclear utility that has been used by developed countries, among others:

As a Power Source which save.

More than 14% of the world's electricity is generated from uranium in nuclear reactors. This amount is more than 2500 billion kWh per year, as well as from all power sources worldwide in 1960.

It comes from some 440 nuclear reactors with a total production capacity of approximately 377 000 megawatt (MWe) operating in 30 countries. More than 60 reactors under construction and another 150 are planned.

Belgium, Bulgaria, Czech Republic, Finland, France, Hungary, Japan, South Korea, Slovakia, Slovenia, Sweden, Switzerland and Ukraine all get 30% or more of its electricity from nuclear reactors. The United States has more than 100 operating reactors, supplying 20% ​​of electricity. France gets three-quarters of its electricity from uranium.

Military weapons.

Both uranium and plutonium used to make bombs before they became important for making electricity and radioisotopes. Types of uranium and plutonium for bombs is different from that in a nuclear power plant. Bomb-grade highly enriched uranium (> 90% U-235, instead of up to 5%), bomb-grade plutonium pure enough Pu-239 (> 90%, not 60% in reactor-grade) and is made in a special reactor.

Since the 1990s, because of disarmament, a lot of military uranium becomes available for power production. Military uranium is diluted about 25: 1 with depleted uranium (mostly U-238) from the enrichment process before being used in power plants. Military plutonium began to be used together, mixed with depleted uranium

Radio Isotopes.

In daily life we ​​need food, water and good health. Today, radioactive isotopes play an important role in technology that provides us with all three. They are produced by bombarding small amounts of particular elements with neutrons.

In medicine, radioisotopes are widely used for diagnosis and research. Radioactive chemical tracers emit gamma radiation which provides diagnostic information about a person's anatomy and function of a particular organ. Radio radioisotope therapy is also used in the treatment of several diseases, such as cancer. More powerful gamma sources are used to sterilize syringes, bandages and other medical equipment. About one person in two in the western world is likely to experience the benefits of nuclear medicine in their lifetime, and gamma sterilization equipment is almost universal.

In the preservation of food, radioisotopes are used to inhibit the growth of root crops after harvesting, to kill parasites and pests, and to control the ripening of fruit and vegetables are stored. Food irradiation received by world and national health authorities for human consumption in an increasing number of countries. They include potatoes, onions, dried fruits and fresh, grain and grain products, poultry and fish. Some prepacked foods can also be irradiated.

In growing crops and breeding livestock, radioisotopes also play an important role. They are used to produce high yield, disease-resistant varieties and weather resistant crops, to study how fertilizers and insecticides work, and to improve the productivity and health of domestic animals.

Industrial, and mining, they are used to inspect welds, to detect leaks, to study the rate of wear metals, and for in-stream analysis of various minerals and fuels.

There are many other uses. A radioisotope derived from the plutonium formed in nuclear reactors used in most household smoke detectors.

Radioisotopes are used to detect and analyze pollutants in the environment, and to study the movement of surface water in rivers and groundwater.
Other usability

There are also other uses for reactors. About 200 small nuclear power reactors around 150 vessels, mostly submarines, but ranging from icebreakers to aircraft carriers. It can stay at sea for long periods without having to make refueling stops. In the Russian Arctic where operating conditions are beyond the capability of conventional icebreakers, very powerful nuclear-powered vessel to operate most of the year, where previously only two months can be used every year.

Heat generated by nuclear reactors can also be used directly and not to produce electricity. In Sweden and Russia, for example, is used to heat buildings and to provide heat for various industrial processes such as water desalination. Nuclear desalination is likely to be a major growth area in the next decade.

High-temperature heat from nuclear reactors are likely to be employed in some industrial processes in the future, especially for making hydrogen.

Facts About Nuclear.

Nuclear is one of the alternative renewable energy that are heavily used. Good for the power source, smoke detectors, world health, industry, and many more. How a scientist can find a way to fission? Is also used in nuclear world war? Some facts about nuclear that you should know.

The phenomenon of radioactivity ranging discovered in 1896 by Henry Becquerel along with Pierre Curie and Marie Curie. In the process they isolate elements that turned out to be highly radioactive radium. They found that the radioactive material to produce intense waves, and then they named the waves with alpha, beta, and gamma.

1934, Enrico Fermi Italian destroy heavy atoms with neutrons sprayed on. But he did not realize that he had obtained nuclear fission.

Note belonged to Marie Curie radioactive, until recently a granddaughter makes decontamination.

On July 16, 1945, the first atomic bomb or A-bomb, tested in Alamogordo, New Mexico.

The atomic bomb was first used for war was 'Little Boy' which was dropped on Hiroshima during the Second World War with the explosive power of 50 square kilometers, followed by the 'Fat Man' was dropped on the city of Nagasaki with the explosive power of 100 square kilometers.

Initially, the first nuclear reactor used to produce plutonium as nuclear weapons material.

Although mankind has mastered the nuclear power recently, nuclear reactor which first appeared controlled by nature. Fifteen natural nuclear fission reactor has been found in the mine Oklo, Gabon, West Africa. First discovered in 1972 by French physicist Francis Perrin. This natural reactor known as the Oklo Fossil Reactors.

Among the three reactions contained in radioactive elements (alpha, beta and gamma), the most dangerous reaction is a reaction because it releases gamma rays gamma which is not the same as the alpha and beta radiation, but an electromagnetic radasi on the frequency and very high energy.

The nuclear reactor that once exploded: Chernobyl (1986), Three Mile Islands (1979) and Japan (2011)
Behind its usefulness, it turns out the use of nuclear as well save trouble. Besides the danger seriously enough radiation (gamma radiation) also wastes that can not be transformed into something that can be used again. Most of the waste is dumped or drowned in the sea.

Indonesia, as one of the countries that are planning to have a nuclear reactor as a new energy source Has had enough knowledge about nuclear ???
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