Plant Organisms bully is a limiting factor in crop production Indonesia both food crops, horticulture and plantation. Plant pests broadly divided into three namely pests, diseases and weeds. Pests cause interference physical plant, can be caused by insects, mites, vertebrates, molluscs. While the cause of disease in the crop physiological disorder, caused by fungi, bacteria, phytoplasmas, viruses, viroids, nematodes and higher plants.
In this lab we will discuss in more detail in particular insect pests for the classification of wood Grasshopper (Valanga nigricornis). Grasshoppers are herbivorous insects of the suborder Caelifera in the order Orthoptera. These insects have antennae that are almost always shorter than the body and also has a short ovipositor. Sound caused some species of grasshoppers are usually produced by rubbing the hind femur to the front wing or the abdomen (called Stridulation), or because their flapping wings while flying. Hind femur length and strong generally suitable for jumping. These insects are generally winged, although wings sometimes can not be used to fly. Female grasshoppers are generally larger than the male grasshopper. In Islam, Grasshopper is one of the two animals that had previously died when still permitted to be eaten, along with fish.
Discussion.
Locust wood (Valanga nigricornis) has the following classification:
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Arthropoda
Class: Insecta
Order: Orthoptera
Family: Acridoidea
Genus: Valanga
Specific name: nigricornis -
Scientific name: - Valanga nigricornis.
External anatomy of insects although basically the same for all types of insects, but it varies according to the type and in a kind of insects according to the stage of development.
Insects have called the integument of the body wall. This integument act as outer frame (eksoskleleton).
Anatomy Integumentary Affairs.
Integument consists of three main layers, namely:
a. Base layer (basement membrane) with a thickness of approximately
b. Epidermis or hypodermis which has a thickness of one cell.
c. Thick cuticle layer of approximately 1m.
The cuticle is composed of dead cells formed by living cells underneath that epikutikula, and consists of prokutikula and epikutikula. Prokutikula consists of layers thicker than epikutikula.
• Prokutikula consists of layers endokutikula and eksokutikula.
• Epikutikula a thin layer usually consists of:
a. Layer in the layer called kutikulin (lipoproteins).
b. The outer layer is called waxy coating impermeable.
• hardened part of the cuticle mainly contained in eksokutikula layer, caused by sklerotin as a result of the hardening process called sklerotisasi.
• The cuticle is relatively permeable, and if the situation is thin, it can be traversed by water and gas.
In cuticle often encountered:
- Sulcus, the grooves on the outer cuticle
- Suture, which is the line of union between two separate sclerites
- Apodema or apofisis, the protrusion of the inner cuticle
Broadly speaking, the insect body parts consisting of head, thorax, and abdomen.
Morphology Head.
Head of the front part of the body of the insect and serves for food collection and manipulation, receiver stimuli and brain (neural fusion). The structure of the head skeleton experiencing sklerotisasi called sclerites. Sclerites-sclerites separated from each other by a suture which appears as a groove
The cuticle on the head of the protrusion inward, forming the framework of the head inside, called the tentorium.
There are three types of heads based on the position of the mouth, namely:
1. Prognatous (facing forward), example: Sithopillus oryzae (Coleoptera, Curculionidae)
2. Hypognatous (face down), for example: Valanga nigricornis (Orthoptera, Acrididae)
3. Ophistognatous (down and back), example: Leptocorisa acuta (Hemiptera, Alydidae)
On the head there are two organ recipients excitatory apparent that the single currency and the antenna. The eyes are of two types: single and compound eyes.
Antenna.
A pair of antennas are located in one segment of the head above the mouth that can be moved about. The antenna is an important tool that serves as a means of taste and olfactory. The first segment is called skapus antenna attached to the head. The second segment is called pedicel and subsequent sections collectively Flagellum. The shape and size of the insect antenna is very diverse.
Based on the shape of insect antenna can be divided into 14 types, namely:
1. filiform: resembles mine, each of the segments that make up the antenna size is the same, ie antennas on Valanga sp. (Orthoptera).
2. Moniliform: like beads, segments of the antenna of the same size and are round, for example Rhysodidae.
3. Setaseous: as stiff hairs (Seta), getting to the end sections maakin slender antenna, for example Isoptera.
4. Clavate: like moniliform but somewhat enlarged gets its end, for example Coccinellidae.
5. Capitate: like clavate but the magnification of the last sections suddenly enlarged, for example Nitidulidae.
6. Serate: each segment is shaped like a tooth, for example Elateridae.
7. geniculate: The first segment length followed by a smaller segments that form an angle with the first segment, for example Formicidae.
8. Pectinate: each segment extends to the side like a comb, for example Pyrochoroidae.
9. Bipectinate: each segment has a pair of hair.
10. Stylate: the last segment of a pointed and rather long, for example Asilidae.
11. Aristate: as if from out again antenna antenna segments, for example Muscidae.
12. Plumose: each segment and a long bushy hair, for example, male mosquitoes.
13. Lamellate: most tip segment enlarged and became a slab, for example Scarabaidae.
14. Flabellate: all segments after pedicel shaped like a plate, for example Rhipiceridae
Oral appliance.
In general, insect mouth tools consist of:
1. Labrum (upper lip)
2. A pair mandibel (first molar)
3. A pair of maxillary (second molars)
4. labium (lower lip)
5. Epifaring (tongue)
Insect mouth parts can be classified into two general types, mandibulata (mastication) and haustelata (suction).
• Type of mouth masticatory apparatus, namely transversely mandibel move from side to side, and the insects are usually able to bite and chew food.
• Type the suction mouth has sections with an elongated shape like proboscis or beak and through the tool liquid food sucked. Mandibel on the suction mouth may be elongated and shaped stylet or no.
Some types of insects oral appliance that is:
a. Type of mouth biting chewing apparatus consists of:
(1). Labrum, serves to put food into the oral cavity.
(2). Epifaring, serves as a taster.
(3). Mandibel, serves to chew, cut, or soften the food.
(4). Maxilla, is a tool to take food. Maxila has four branches, namely kardo, palpus, laksinia, and galea.
(5). Hypopharynx, similar to the growth of the base of the tongue and oral cavity.
(6). Labium, as the lower lip along the upper lip serves to close or open mouth. Labium is divided into three parts, namely ligament, submentum, and ligula. Ligula consists of a pair and a pair paraglosa glosa.
• Examples of types of insects with chewing biting mouth appliance that is the order Coleoptera, Orthoptera, Isoptera, and Lepidoptera.
b. Type of mouth chewing and sucking tool
• Type of mouth tool is represented by the type of oral appliance honeybee Apis cerana (Hymenoptera, Apidae) is a type of combination of the labrum and mandibelnya structure similar to the type of tool mouth biting chewing, but the maxillary and labiumnya elongated and fused.
• Glosa is part of the labium are elongated while the edges resembles a hairy tongue called flabelum that can infiltrate and interesting moves to reach the liquid nectar in the flowers.
c. Type lick suck oral appliance
• Type of mouth tool is for example the oral appliance flies (Diptera).
• At the bottom there is a labium shaped head turned into a slotted tube.
• Segment the base of the tube called the rostrum and bottom sections called haustelum.
• The end of the labium is a special form serves as a sucker, called the labellum
d. Sucking Mouth Tool Type
• Type of mouth tool is usually found in moths and butterflies adult (Lepidoptera) and a special type, which is a very small labrum, and maxillary palpusnya developing imperfect.
• labial palpus labium has a bushy-haired and has three segments.
• Part of this oral appliance that is considered important in this type of oral appliance is proboscis formed by the maxilla and galea into a very elongated tube and roll
e. Sucking Pierced Mouth Tool Type
• Ladybug, have piercing sucking mouth tool, for example Scotinophara (Heteroptera).
• The most prominent mouth tool is labium, which serve as shell stylet
• There are four very pointed stylet which serves as a piercer and suck sap.
• Fourth comes from a pair of maxillary stylet and mandibel this is a change in the shape of the tool mouth chewing insects.
Section of Thoracic
Part of the insect's body between the head and thorax abdomen is composed of three segments or segments that protoraks, mesotoraks, and metatoraks
The third part of the thorax has a pair of legs, while mesothoraks and metatoraks each have a pair of wings.
On each side there is a metathoraks mesotoraks and spiracles.
Protoraks, mesotoraks and metatoraks each consisting of notum top and the bottom is called the sternum.
Notum to prothoraks called the pronotum, and notum to mesothoraks and metathoraks each called mesonotum and metanotum.
Pronotum divided over preskutum, skutum, skutelum and postkutelum, mesonotum and metanotum each divided into epimeron and episternum.
Wing
Insects can be classified into two groups based on the ownership of the wings, namely the winged insects (Pterygota) and wingless insect groups (Apterygota). The wing is a protrusion of part of mesopleuron integument and metapleuron. The wing is reinforced by a row of skeletons bersklerotisasi wing, which contains nerves, trachea, and haemolymph. Upper and lower wing surfaces made of thin chitin. Certain parts of the wing looks like thick lines called wing veins. The wings are surrounded by a cell called the wing veins.
Limbs-Limbs Thorax
Insect legs are on prototaks, mesatoraks and metatoraks respectively called front limbs, limb middle and hind limbs.
Insect leg consists of six segments consisting of:
a. Koksa, which is the part that attaches directly to the thoracic
b. Trochanter, the second part of the segment-sized legs is shorter than the Koksa and partly united with the third segment
c. Femur, is the largest segment
d. Tibia, slimmer size but almost the same length as the femur at the end of the tibia usually are thorns or spurs
e. Tarsus, consisting of 1-5 segments
f. Pretarsus, the last segment of the limb, consisting of a pair of nail tarsus and there are structures such as pads called arolium
• Some types of insect limbs composed as follows:
1. Saltatorial: locust hind legs that are used for jumping, with formsrear leg femur is greater when compared with the femoral front legs and the middle leg. Example: Valanga nigricornis (grasshopper)
2. Raptorial: forelimb is used to catch and hold prey, so its size is large when compared with the other leg. Example: Stagmomantis carolina (mantises)
3. cursorial: Limbs is used for a quick walk or run. Example: Periplaneta australasiae (cockroach)
4. Fosorial: forelimb change shape as a navvy. Example: Gryllotalpa africana (mole-mole)
5. Natatorial: Limbs of this type found in aquatic insects that serve to swim. Example: Hydrophilus triangularis (water beetles)
6. Korbikulum: Limbs of this type serves to collect pollen. Example: Apis cerana (honeybee)
In the lab we use wood Grasshopper (Valanga nigricornis) due to have some reason some of them:
1. locust wood has a perfect body
2. locust wood body parts no modification Bagik head, thorax, and abdomen
3. Make it easy for the practitioner to observe any body parts grasshopper.
Locust explosion occurred in Indonesia, which resulted in a very bad impact on food crops in Indonesia, this occurs due to several reasons, pest and disease development is strongly influenced by the dynamics of climate factors. So do not be surprised if in the rainy season many agricultural world occupied by plant disease problems just as crackle and blast disease in rice, chilli anthracnose and so on. While in the dry season many problems rice stem borer, locusts wanderer, as well as the chilli thrips. Lately climate change as an increase in temperature associated with elevated levels of CO.
Locust explosion occurred not only in all parts of the region in Indonesia, but in other countries ensued as in East Timor, Australia and others. This type of grasshopper can live in a wide area environments because they can adapt to very different ecological conditions.
However, the optimum living conditions are at a temperature of 20-25 degrees Celsius and rainfall of 50-100 millimeters per month which provides sufficient moisture. FAO is one of the institutions in the United Nations entered into a collaboration with countries affected by the explosion belelang, one of which is with Indonesia and East Timor which took place in Kupang 24 to 25 November, 2009.
FAO has provided assistance in the form of insecticides namely pesticides, sprayer (atomizer), training or training and human resource development. Bio-pesticides used are sprayed from the air by helicopter. The results are very good and can eradicate locusts that attack rice plants belonging to farmers.
Nevertheless, this situation may not last long because there are several factors that will come back to blow up the number of grasshoppers. This is due to the accumulation of locusts defense against drugs, so that the locusts are immune to it. So this spur researchers / scientists to produce the latest innovation in order to reduce production losses due to pests on agricultural producers and so on.
Physiological characteristics that affect insect reactions, usually in the form of substance - a chemical substance produced in the metabolism of plants. Metabolic processes in plants generally produce substances that can serve as a reaction catalyst, build networks and energy supply. Plants require inorganic ions and produce enzymes, hormones and carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and phosphate components for energy transfer. The primary metabolite, supports the growth and reproduction of plants.
For insects, some primary metabolites can serve as feeding stimulants, nutrients, toxic substances as well. Secondary metabolites, varies considerably between plants and is referred to as non-essential substances in the primary metabolite. However, secondary metabolites can also serve as a stimulus for insects.
The relationship between stimulus and response of plants insects is chemical communication, a chemical that plays a role called semiochemical which consists of:
Pheromones: supporting communication of individuals in the same species
Allelochemical: supporting communication individuals in different species.
Allomon: Chemicals for defense, producing a negative response to the insects and reduce the possibility of contact with the insect host. Which includes allomon them, repellent, oviposition and feeding deterrent, and toxic substances
Kairomon: give the advantage to insects, support discovery process host, oviposition and feeding. Kairomon consists of: attractants, arrestant, excitant and stimulant.
CONCLUSION.
From the observation that has been made and the discussion above it can be concluded that:
1. Grasshoppers are herbivorous insects of the suborder Caelifera in the order Orthoptera. These insects have antennae that are almost always shorter than the body and also has a short ovipositor.
2. Grasshopper has three body parts, namely;
Consists of the antenna head, eyes and mouth.
Thorax consists of 3 pairs of legs (prothorax, mesothorax, and metathorax)
The abdomen consists of genitals
3. locust wood (Valanga nigricornis) has the following classification:
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Arthropoda
Class: Insecta
Order: Orthoptera
Family: Acridoidea
Genus: Valanga
Specific name: nigricornis -
Scientific name: - Valanga nigricornis.
Thank you for reading this article. Written and posted by Bambang Sunarno.
sunarnobambang86@gmail.com
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Bambang Sunarno.
http://primadonablog.blogspot.com/2015/02/did-you-know-grasshopper-wood.html
DatePublished: 20 February 2015 at 13:01
Tags : Did you know Grasshopper Wood.
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