The largest empire in history.

Ottoman Empire.

At the peak of his powers (16-17 century), the Ottoman Empire ruled in three continents, controlling much of Southeastern Europe, Western Asia and North Africa. oversees 29 small kingdoms and followers are many, some input into the empire, while the rest were given various types of autonomy for centuries. Empire was located between the East and the West for six centuries. By Constantinople as the capital, and the area around the eastern Mediterranean during the reign of Suleiman I (reigned 1520-1566), the Ottoman Empire, in many ways, is the replacement for the Eastern Roman Empire (Byzantine) to Islam.

Umayyad Caliphate.

Caliphate Umayyad Caliphate was the second of four Islamic caliphate, was established after the death of Muhammad. The empire ruled by the Umayyad dynasty, whose name derives from Umayya ibn Abd Shams, the great-grandfather of the first Umayyad caliph. Although the Umayyad family originally came from the city of Mecca, Damascus was the capital of their Caliphate. Finally, the empire that includes more than five million square miles, making it the largest empire the world that never was. Umayyads established the Arab-Muslim country in the history. From the time of Muhammad until 1924, successive and contemporary Caliphate owned by various dynasties that this latter is the Ottoman Empire (above).

Persian Empire.

Babylonians, Akkadians, Assyrians, Sumerians, Hitites, Bactrians, Scythians, Parthians, Medes, Elamites, Egypt, Ethiopia ... Before Rome, there are Persian. They basically brings together the entire Central Asia consisting of many different cultures, empires, kingdoms and tribes. It was the largest empire in ancient history. At the height of his power, empire covers approximately 8 million km2. Empire held by Cyrus the Great, and the ruling on three continents: Asia, Africa and Europe.

Byzantine Empire.

The Byzantine Empire or Eastern Roman Empire, was the Roman Empire in the Middle Ages, centered on the capital of Constantinople, and ruled by emperors in direct succession from the ancient Roman emperors. It was called the Roman empire, and also called Romania. During its existence, more than a thousand years, Empire remains one of the strengths of economic, cultural and most powerful army in Europe, despite setbacks and territorial losses, especially during the Roman-Persian and Byzantine-Arab Wars. Empire received a mortal blow in 1204 by the Fourth Crusade, when it was dissolved and divided into Greek and Latin Byzantine. Despite the eventual recovery of Constantinople and re-establishment of the Empire in 1261, under the emperor Palaiologan, successive civil wars in the fourteenth century over again weaken the power of the Empire.

Han Dynasty.

During the period of the war in China, the whole of China is involved in a civil war, they consist of several countries fight over territory. In the end, the State of Qin won, and gobbled up the whole of China, with 40 million people under the control of it. Qin Dynasty did not last long, and soon moved to Han, who eventually dominate China for nearly 400 years. The period of the Han Dynasty is considered a golden age in Chinese history in terms of scientific achievements, technological advances, economic, cultural and political stability. Even today, most Chinese people refer to themselves as the Han. Currently, "Han people" is regarded as the largest ethnic group in the world.

British Empire.

British colony known as the largest empire in history, because it covers more than 13 million square miles, which is roughly a quarter of the Earth's total land area, and controlled more than 500 million people once again a quarter of the world's population. As a result, many legacy left in the colony in terms of political reform, the exchange of culture and way of life. English, which is spread, is the most widely used language world today, and linguistics agree that English is the de facto world. British Empire was certainly one of the most powerful empire that ever existed in human history.

The Holy Roman Empire.

During the Middle Ages, they were considered a superpower in its day. At the height kejayaanya, the Holy Roman Empire consisted of eastern France, throughout Germany, northern Italy and western Poland. Although relatively small in terms of power, influence on the history of Central Europe is still felt today. Empire was formally dissolved on August 6, 1806 when the last Holy Roman Emperor Francis II (later Francis I of Austria), surrendered after a military defeat by the French under Napoleon. After the collapse, the following emerging countries: Switzerland, the Netherlands, Imperial Austria, Belgium, the Prussian Empire, Liechtenstein, Confederation of the Rhine and the first French Empire.

The Russian Empire.

Russian Empire was a state that existed from 1721 until the Russian Revolution of 1917. The empire was the predecessor of the Soviet Union. It is the second largest contiguous empire in world history, and can only be defeated by the Mongol Empire. This empire is the third largest empire behind the British Empire and the Mongol Empire. At the time of 1866, this empire stretched from Eastern Europe, Asia, and North America.

Mongol Empire.

It all started when Temujin (later known as Genghis Khan), vowed in his youth to rule the world under his feet. He was about to fulfill his vow. The first action is a unifying Mongolian tribes scattered. Then, he saw in China, and the rest can be seen in history. From Vietnam to Hungary, the Mongol Empire was the largest contiguous empire in the history of mankind. Unfortunately for them, their empire is too large to be controlled, and there is no unity among different cultures. The Mongols were fearless warriors and cruel, but have little experience in administration. Mongol image as a brutal and savage famous people throughout history.

Roman Empire.

In the beginning of this empire is a republic (which later became the empire). The empire's a lot of making history. begin kingdom only from a small kingdom, which then has a large area. Coupled with the military and administrative system, the Roman Empire, or rather ancient Romans, is also one of the longest kingdom. Counting of founding the fall of the Byzantine Empire, ancient Rome lasted for 2,214 years.

Ancient Rome contributed greatly to the development of law, war, art, literature, architecture, technology, religion and language in the Western world. In fact, many historians consider the Roman Empire into a perfect imperial influence, fair, durable, large, well maintained and developed economically. The influence of the Roman Empire is felt today, for no other reason if the effect is great against the Catholic Church, which many take administrative systems and culture from there.
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Scissors inventor.

Glance background.

Leonardo was born in 1452 in the town of Vinci, province of Firenze, Italy son of Ser Piero Da Vinci and Caterina, so his full name is Leonardo di Ser Piero da Vinci, which means son of Ser Piero Leonardo Vinci's home town.

In 1476 the accused with the case of homosexual with a male model was a teenager named Jacopo Saltarelli. So many years that Leonardo was always under the supervision of the authorities.

At a young age, he had learned to paint by Andrea del Verrocchio and began painting in Florence. No news tells Verrochio declared retirement painting after painting his witness that this one is better than the painting itself. In addition to being a painter Leonardo was also able to demonstrate its ability in other areas. In 1481 Leonardo moved to Milan to work with Duke (Duke) there. The results of his work in Milan during the most famous is the Sforza Horse was doing for more than 11 years. But there he not only painting and sculpture, but also transform the streets of rivers and building canals, as well as entertain Flut Duke to play and sing. Then he worked for King Louis XII of France in Milan and to Pope Leo X in Rome.

Meanwhile he helped Raphael and Michaelangeo in designing the cathedral of St. Peter. In her lifetime Leonardo was very interested in science. He began studying the birds fly and began designing glyphs. The thinking was present in as many as 7,000 pages of his notebook. In the book there is also a sketch of the study of the human body. At that time, the anatomy of the human body no more than about because whoever is strictly forbidden to dissect corpses. In desperation he steal opportunity-surgical dissecting dead bodies, in a later action unusual in this era contributed greatly to the world of medicine.

Masterpiece, Last Meals (The Last Supper) in the year 1495 until the year 1497 were painted on the walls of the monastery of Santa Maria in Milan, has now been damaged by time. Other famous painting Mona Lisa are now contained in the Louvre museum, Paris. A speculation about who the real Mona Lisa, among others, states that the image of the woman is the custom face of Da Vinci himself. Another speculation is that women really existed, a merchant's wife.

Leonardo da Vinci died at Clos Lucé, France on May 2, 1519, and was buried in the Chapel of St. Hubert in the castle of Amboise, France.

After his death, a very strong suspected that he never plays a role as the strongest man in a secret society called the Priory of Sion with the Knights Templar army. Is this a secret organization? Many facts lead to an allegation that the Priory of Sion is an organization that is keeping tight-tight secret Christian history according to different versions of the Bible that is circulating in the community. Secret is about who the true messiah and the possibility of Jesus did not observe the law of celibacy. In the version that had caused controversy is believed that the true Messiah is St. John the Baptist, it is implied from the frequency of the Santo Da Vinci painted the finger pointed upward position as a symbol of the 'Son of God'. Version is no less startling is the possibility of Mary Magdalene a prostitute in the former wife made by Jesus. But all these things are not proven true, until now, so that this allegation is only considered as a move to discredit the position of Christians.

Really?

In some literature, the name of Leonardo da Vinci was always touted as the inventor of scissors. Without prejudice to our honor at the crazy visionary, we need to straighten that this object is already a mandatory instrument in ancient Egypt since 1500 BC. The people of ancient Mesopotamia using scissors since 4000 years ago. Manufacturing techniques were not much different from the current, heat the iron while shaping it to be comfortable in the hand and then sharpened. If the first by rubbing and hitting the part you want sharpened, sharpening scissors now the only set in modern sharpening tool.

Modern scissors newly introduced by the British named Robert Hinchliffe in 1761 with mass quantities. Since then the development of the form and function of scissors is expanding rapidly. In conclusion, right Leonardo da Vinci invented the scissors, in the room of his father who likes to cut up photographs of a model of FHM and stick it on the wall.
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Famous female scientists.

Marie Curie.

Famous female scientist, specializing in fields such as chemistry and physics. This female scientists known as the inventor of radioactive polonium and radium element and as the first to win two Nobel prizes.

Bette Nesmith Graham.

Neswmith find liquid paper, originally called "Mistake out", a substance used to cover up mistakes made on paper.

Mary Anderson.

Mary found the device to clean the car window, now known as the windscreen wiper.

Stephanie Kwolek.

Is the inventor scientist, mother of Kevlar - synthetic fibers such as steel used in radial tires, crash helmets and bulletproof vests.

Grace Murray Hopper.

Grace broke through in controlled areas of the majority of men in terms of programming. He is the inventor of the COBOL programming language.

Ruth Wakefield.

He was responsible for the birth of chocolate chip cookies.

Lillian Moller Gilbreth-queen ergonomics. 

We can be grateful for bins with foot pedal, electric food mixer, rack in door refrigerator and other kitchen improvements.

Martha Coston.

He created a pyrotechnic signaling system, now known as the maritime beacon signal.

Ruth Handler.

Inventor of the Barbie doll. This doll is meant to be a teenage fashion doll.

Josephine Cochran.

Dishwasher's inventor. Once he said: "If there are other people who will create the dishwasher, I'll do it myself". And great he created it.
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A great discovery.

Zyklon B.

Fritz Haber is Jewish Nobel prize-winning scientist who made a low nitrogen fertilizer and chemical weapons for Germany during World War I. Insecticide is the work that is widely used in grocery stores that are responsible for the deaths of about 1.2 million people. Zyklon B became the preferred method of execution preferred gas in the gas chambers during the Holocaust.

Agent Orange.

Arthur Galston made chemicals that can accelerate the growth of soybeans and make these plants can be grown in areas that have short seasons. However, high concentrations it can make the plants bare. High concentration of a chemical substance is finally made as herbicides though Galston already explained the bad effects for humans. Then these substances supplied to the US authorities in casks-strip striped orange and 77 million liters of this substance (then called Agent Orange) deployed in Vietnam and 400,000 deaths and disabilities caused by abnormalities in 500,000 births.

Gatling Gun.

Richard Jordan Gatling find Gatling Gun after he realizes that death in the American Civil War actually caused by illness, not by bullets. In 1877, he wrote: "If I can make a machine with a speed weapon in the shooting, making only a soldier can do battle as hundreds of soldiers, then I can replace the need for soldiers that much, and consequently, war and disease will be reduced much too. "Gatling gun is even successfully used to expand the powers of the European colonial empires who were ruthlessly eradicate indigenous people who only have traditional weapons.

Trinitrotoluene (TNT)

Know TNT? Joseph Wilbrand a German chemist who discovered it in 1863 for yellow dyes. TNT is an abbreviation of TriNiTroluene. However, in 1902, discovered the true power of TNT and TNT eventually be used as an explosive that is widely used in World War I and II. Until now TNT is still used for military purposes.

Leaded Petrol.

Thomas Midgley discovered that CFCs are cooling agents that are safer than the highly toxic refrigerants such as ammonia. But it turned out to destroy ozone. The idea that famous again is added tetrahedryl leads (lead tetrahedral) into gasoline. But in fact, it just adds to the long list of sins to cause lead poisoning people. He is dubbed as a man who "had a greater impact on the atmosphere than any one single organism in the history of the world."

Sarin Gas.

Dr Gerhard Schrader is a German chemist who specialize in finding new insecticides. But he never resulted in the discovery that "defects" such as sarin and tabun, which is well known as a nerve agent.

Nuclear Fusion.

Sir Marcus Laurence Elwin Oliphant was the first to discover that the heavy hydrogen nuclei can be reacted with each other. This fusion reaction is the basis of the hydrogen bomb.

Rockets.

The rocket was designed to be able to bring the object into space. However, this goal changed. Wernher von Braun is a scientist who made the Nazi V2 rockets that have killed 7,250 military personnel and civilians and 20,000 slave labor during manufacture. Then the USA develop ICBM rockets that can carry a lot of nuclear warheads. And finally was created Saturn V rocket that he managed to bring the man to the moon.

Ecstasy.

Anton 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine Köllisch develop as drugs to dampen the abnormal bleeding. This discovery was ignored for 70 years to become famous dance clubs in the early 80s. Eventually these substances into four major illegal drug that has killed about 50 people per year in the UK. Anton Köllisch himself died in World War I.



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Hours history.

Expected to be found and used by monks to mark his time praying with media bells .
Only in the 1500s a locksmith from Germany find hours home with 10cm diameter by 12.5 cm and a thickness of 7.5 cm.
At the end of the sixteenth century, the bells began to be made up, in the seventeenth century clockwork began to be enriched with a layer of brass and glass cover and stylus minutes.
In 1656, born Grandfather's Clock (clock with a bell with a pendulum) as a measure of time. Then its role as a reliable timepiece replaced by Crystal Quartz which was implemented on the hour with a very minimal error rate.

Why 24 hours a day ?.

At first, the second term in English is known as
"second minute" (second minute), which means a small part of an hour.
The first part is known as the "prime minute" (minute premiere)
same with the minutes as it is known today.

The magnitude of this division fixated on 1/60, that is, there are 60 minutes in an hour
and there are 60 seconds in a minute.
It may be caused by the influence of the Babylonians, who uses a count system based sexagesimal (base 60).

The term clock itself has been discovered by the Egyptians in the rotation of the earth as 1/24 of the mean solar day.
This makes the second as 1 / 86,400 of a mean solar day.

In 1956, the International Committee for Weights and Measures (CIPM)
under the mandate given by the General Conference on Weights and Measures (CGPM) to ten in 1954, describes the second in a period of rotation of the earth around the sun in the current epoch.

Because at the moment it has been realized that the rotation of the earth on its axis is not uniform enough to be used as a standard time.
Earth movement was described in Newcomb's Tables of the Sun, which gives a formula for the movement of the sun in the epoch in 1900 based on astronomical observations made during the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries.

Thus the second is defined as 1 / 31,556,925.9747 part of the sun at date 0 January 1900 12 hours ephemeris time.
This definition is ratified by the General Conference on Weights and Measures to eleven in 1960.

References to 1900 does not mean this is the epoch of the mean solar day contains 86,400 seconds.
Rather it is the epoch of the tropical year which contains 31,556,925.9747 seconds of Ephemeris Time.
Ephemeris Time (Ephemeris Time - ET) has been defined as a measure of time that gives the position of celestial objects visible in accordance with Newton's theory of dynamic movement.
With the making of the atomic clock, it was determined using an atomic clock
as the basis for the definition of seconds, no longer with the rotation of the earth.

From the work of a few years, two astronomers at the United States Naval Observatory (USNO) and two astronomers at the National Physical Laboratory (Teddington, England)
determine the relationship of the hyperfine transition frequency of the cesium atom and the ephemeris second.

By using common-view measurement method based on signals received from the radio station WWV, they determine that the orbital motion of the moon around the earth where the apparent motion of the sun can be guessed, in units of atomic clock time.

As a result, in 1967, the General Conference on Weights and Measures defined the second of atomic time in the International System of Units (SI) as the duration of 9,192,631,770 periods of the radiation with respect to the transition between the two hyperfine levels of the ground state of the cesium-133 atom .

The ground state is defined in the lack of circumstances (zero) magnetic field.
Seconds are defined the same as ephemeris seconds.
Definition seconds later was perfected in meeting the BIPM to include the sentence.

This definition refers to a cesium atom stationary at a temperature of 0 K.
In practice, this means that the realization of seconds with high accuracy should compensate for the effects of radiation around it to try mengextrapolasikan to the second price as mentioned above.

Digital Clock History.

Hamilton d Lancaster producing the world's first electric clock. Hamilton set a time electric clock with traditional balance wheel mechanism that has been used in part to the hundreds of hours a year and therefore no more accurate than another hour. However, instead of giving the mechanical strength of
spring, a battery is used to give strength to the mechanics so that the needs of rotation is no longer necessary.

Although people love the fact that they no longer use round the clock, it stops when it becomes corroded electrical contacts where there is no longer the life span of an hour. It makes a headache for the repair department Hamilton continuously updated on the deal until 1961.

Accutron by BulovaPada around that time, Bulove provide further substantial enhancement in the timing of electrically with Accutron watch them in 1960. It comes in the format of a U-shaped piece of nickel alloy that vibrates in response to electrical current from the battery. This vibration frequency is higher than the traditional style wheels, so for the first time an electric intercession be a neat idea which gives strength to the clock by offering better accuracy as well. Accutron also working on further problem with introducing electrical contact transistor, providing hours of work a long time without having to wear it. This clock is also closely related to the US space program that is used in the Mercury and Apollo spacecraft used by NASA to to the moon. Smooth the JamInovasi Swiss movement. However, the success of the scary Bulova Swiss watchmaker, who saw the potential challenges to their dominance in terms of the quality of the timer. They come together to fund research lab CEH (Center Electonique Horloger). CEH target their research to find oslilator more accurate than horseshoes nickel.

Quartz movement has been used for the first time in hours in 1930; until the early 60s they even have used it in naval chronometer (although there is no denying the accuracy can not be predicted). CEH set about increasing the accuracy and up to the mid 60s and Bernard Golary Longines has created a pocket watch that has an accuracy up to 0:01 seconds a day.

In 1967, CEH producing watches with quartz movement first. In regard to the increase in microelectronics, the integration of electronic circuits has increased making it more energy efficient, making quartz movement can fit in a wristwatch. However, the Swiss manufacturers continue to refine their mechanical engineering and then equaled Bolova through traditional means. After many years of research, Switzerland saw quartz
as a mode that will pass, taking into account the mechanical advantage of their error which would show them to survive as a king of the heap; it was poor judgment which will sometimes lead to death in some companies.

Japanese interpretation.

While the Europeans play one-upmanship with the various techniques they, Seiko has been constantly taking a fresh look at quartz and it is a Japanese company that issued the first quartz watch in the world - Hours Astron 25SQ - in Japan on December 25, 1969. Valuable expensive , with a price of 450,000 yen ($ 1,250 in 1969 exchange rates). Has a flat face, clot (not as thin mechanical watch Switzerland) and also painful with so many technical difficulties that make Seiko end by pulling it after only produce 100 hours.

However, despite the apparent failure, also marks a new stage in the technology of hours where we will never turn. Quartz technology has been on a new step forward in the year 1970; many Japanese watchmaker Seiko follow the path, also made the Americans, until sometimes when Switzerland climb to join though not until some other manufacturers collapsed. This competition leads to the thinness, the hours are more hungry accuracy. Even with the addition of more features such as the progress of the 70s, the next leap just the way place.

History Hours sand.

Hourglass sand clock or consists of two glass bloat loaded fine sand (one above one below) and are connected by a narrow pipe. Shows the average time for an hour. Factors having an effect in the appointment time is, the volume of the tube, the type of quality sand and wide neck.
According to some experts hourglass created d Alexandria about the middle of the third century. Where in those days, people bring hourglass everywhere as we do with this present hour. There is also the opinion in the 11th century, also added a compass to indicate the direction. Another opinion, hourglass first appeared in the year 1338 is estimated based on the painting Allegory of Good Government of Ambrogio Lorenzetti. Records have been found regarding the early existence of the hourglass is a list of Thomas de Stetesham sales revenues in the year 1335.
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Railroad history in Japan.

History is sometimes jump, though not infrequently he moves creep. The author tried to capture the development and leap events in the history of railways in Japan that make up the history of the glory of his ministry. In present-day train service (KA) has two main characteristics, namely timeliness and good rail capacity. Reading books on the history of Japanese railway will bring us to an understanding of the existence of a long process of the presence of this a reliable mode of transportation. Chronology of historical events becomes important to learn in terms of making the railway as one of the main support of transportation in Indonesia. Therefore, the circuit in this paper will review some part in the history of trains in Japan are hopefully able to be used as a means of learning.

The presence of KA in Japan can not be separated from the Meiji Restoration in progress. Exposure to the modernization which is the main symbol of the Meiji Restoration utilized by the minister Kingdom of England to market the central railway technology they develop. At that time, railway technology can be likened to LTE technology today, where every pair of eyes in the whole world a great desire to see and develop this technology. Railway technology is believed to revolutionize the pattern of human movement and transportation of goods in the world, because the train is believed to be able to eliminate the speed and capacity constraints faced by other modes of transportation at that time. At the time this technology was introduced by the British government, the Japanese government actually is experiencing crop failures in the Tohoku region. Crop failure this be one for the rapid adoption of railway technology in Japan, because the Japanese government believes that the adoption of this technology is able to cope with a similar crisis by bringing food faster than Japan over the country to the area of crisis (such as Tohoku).

Although approved by the government, the adoption of this technology is apparently not immune from the opposition. The biggest opposition comes from the military who put priority on weaponry and isolationism. Isolationism is a notion that is fairly common in Japanese society, where they assume railway built by foreign engineers is a strange alien tool. After having some problems in terms of contracts and administration, the Meiji government finally agreed on plans to build railway line. The first railway line was built in 1872, which connects the state capital of Tokyo and Yokohama port. Yokohama is one of the few ports that are built to increase international trade. After conducting a survey in 1870, eventually train line along 29 km successfully operating in 1872. The success story of this development was followed by the construction of the railway line from Osaka to the port of Kobe. Not long ago, the development process is then forwarded by linking Osaka - Kyoto (1876) and Osaka - Otsu (1880).

Several series of events is at least provide some important lessons for the development of the railway line. The first lesson is the development priorities that put the construction of the trade support in the first position. Japanese government policies that build towards the port town center lane (ie Tokyo-Yokohama and Osaka-Kobe) to support the trade, as well as the mindset of the railway line design for food security in parts of the country is one of the important messages about this development priorities. This message becomes very interesting, because today is generally understood that the primary function is as a passenger train and parse congestion, with little attention to the transport of goods. This understanding is not entirely wrong, but when they put the mindset in terms of competitiveness of domestic products and the effectiveness of the distribution of goods, the development of railway lines must accommodate effectiveness in the distribution of goods. Because the price of any goods to consumers contained costs to distribute, the development of the railway line to lower the cost of distribution of goods becomes an important message that should be underlined. In the future this mindset is also used as a primary consideration in conducting wide standardization rail, where the increase in the capacity of rail cars to offset the progress of the chemical industry can not be done without wide standardization rail.

The second important lesson is the need for lengthy process of building a railway. Convenience of transportation life enjoyed by the people of Japan at this time apparently was the result of a long process that began before 1872. This process went through a phase heaving, privatization-nationalization phase, up to the phase of competition with private vehicles. Therefore, comparing the conditions of transport Indonesia with Japanese transportation is not a wise comparisons, especially with the analysis that expensive vehicle tax, and parking spaces are expensive as the main reason for the tendency of the Japanese people to use public transport. Before starting the vehicle use policy tightening, Japan already has a long history of the development of mass transportation as the backbone of the nation's transportation system. They were also lucky when competition between private vehicles and mass transit was at its peak, world war forced the restriction of the use of fuel for military purposes only. Thus, mass transportation has been prepared in advance remains the top choice of Japanese society.

The third message is no less important is the relationship with the railway line of defense and security of the nation. At the beginning, the military are those who feel most aggrieved by the construction of this railway, although in the future the military is a very disadvantaged in the distribution logistics and soldiers in wartime. Even when the idea of railway electrification is done, the military considers returning this idea would endanger state resistance, since the attack on the electric train (KRL) easier deadly war logistics distribution channels rather than the use of steam trains.

This topic actually being a debate in Indonesia, so hopefully some important messages from the history of nationalization and privatization in Japan can be drawn lessons to be implemented in Indonesia.
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Train.

 Train is a form of rail transport that consists of a series of vehicle being driven along the railway line to transport cargo or passengers. The driving force is provided by a separate locomotive or individual motors in some units. Although historical propulsion steam engines dominate, modern forms of the most common is a diesel engine and electric locomotives, which is supplied by overhead wires or additional rails. Other energy sources including horses, rope or wire, gravity, pneumatics, batteries, and gas turbines. Railroads usually consist of two, three or four tracks, with a monorail and maglev guideways in the mix. The word 'train' comes from the Old French language trahiner, from Latin trahere 'pull, draw'.
There are various types of train designed for a specific purpose. Train can consist of a combination of one or more of the locomotives and attached railroad cars, or a self-propelled multiple unit (or occasionally a single or articulated powered coach, called a train car). The first train pulled by a rope shape, gravity powered or pulled by horses. From the beginning of the 19th century, almost all of them supported by a steam locomotive. From the 1910s onwards the steam locomotives began to be replaced by less and cleaner (but more complex and expensive) diesel locomotives and electric locomotives, while at the same time some self-propelled vehicle unit either power system became much more common in passenger service.

History.

Railway history as the history of transportation generally beginning with the invention of the wheel. Originally known chariot consists of only one train (series), and then made a horse-drawn carriage which attracts more than one series and running in certain lines of iron (rail) and is called the gauge. It is used especially in areas where there is mining trucks and pulled coupled with horsepower.
After James Watt invented the steam engine, Nicolas Cugnot make three-wheeled vehicle fuel vapor. People refer to it as an iron horse vehicle. Then Richard Trevithick made locomotive engine coupled with the train and use it on a show in front of the general public. George Stephenson perfect race to win the locomotive locomotives and used in the path of the Liverpool-Manchester. At that time steam locomotive that used constructed locusts. Completion for the improvement made to obtain a more effective steam locomotives, large power, and is able to train more attractive.
The discovery of electricity by Michael Faraday made several discoveries that followed the invention of the electric equipment electric motor. The electric motor is then used to create an electric tram which is the forerunner of an electric train. Then Rudolf Diesel diesel trains bring a more powerful and more efficient than steam locomotives. Along with the development of electrical and magnetic technology is more advanced, they invented magnetic train has a speed above the speed of regular trains. Japan in the 1960s operate KA Super Express Shinkanzen Tokyo-Osaka route that eventually developed further so as to reach almost all of Japan. Then France operate trains similar to the TGV name.

Types of trains.

In terms of propulsion (propulsion).
Steam train
Rail diesel Consists of:
Electric-diesel train (KRDL)
Hydraulic diesel train (KRDH)
Light rail
Train Magnetic Levitation (Maglev)

In terms of rail.

Conventional rail trains.

Conventional rail train is a train that we usually encounter. Using rail consisting of two steel rods were placed in a hard teak pads. In certain areas that possess the level of altitude steep, jagged used rails placed in the middle of the rail and using a special locomotive that has gears, and only in the island of Sumatra and Java

Monorail train.

Monorail train (single track rail) train track is not like a train line that is common. This rail consists of a single rod. Train layout is designed to hang on the rail or on the tracks. Because efficient, usually used as a means of urban transport, especially in metropolitan cities of the world and is designed much like the overpass.

In terms of the above / below ground level.

If a city is built with cross overpass or underground, then there is no railroad crossing, so the train schedule can be 1.5 to 2 minutes as happened in Japan. Therefore KRL in Jakarta is not possible to operate less than 10 minutes, because there is still a train crossing, consequently also each set of KRL is always full.

Rail surface (surface).

Train running on the ground surface. Generally, a common rail trains are of this type. Construction costs for the train is the cheapest surface than underground or elevated. Generally the track surface in Indonesia was built before World War II.

Railroad overpass (elevated / viaduct).

Railroad overpass running over with the help of poles, this is to avoid cross plot, so as not to require railroad crossing gates. Costs incurred approximately three (3) times of trains surface with the same distance, for example, to train surface requires $ 10 million to train the overpass to cost $ 30 million. In Jakarta there is a path through the City of Manggarai to Gambir station. At the center of this cross, Manggarai - City, there is no railway crossings. The initial plan was to cross the east (Jatinegara - Monday - City) and cross-west (Manggarai - Tanah Abang), will also be posted but inadequate finances, so that only the central passage are solved temporarily. The plan of the Senayan traffic to Brass contained elevated monorail made in Malaysia. Instead it consists of a design that has been customized state of railroad history.

Underground train (subway).

Underground train is a train that runs below ground surface (subway). Trains of this type built by building tunnels under the ground as the railway line. Commonly used in a large urban city (metropolitan) like New York, Tokyo, Paris, Seoul and Moscow. In addition, it is also used on a smaller scale in the mining area. The costs are very expensive, because often penetrate 20m below the surface, time - the buildings and roads, namely 7 (seven) times that of the rail surface. For example, if to build with the same distance to the surface of the needed $ 10 million, then the underground require $ 70 million. In Japan cross subway construction has been started since 1905. Jakarta is planned to be built subway segment Upper Hamlet to the City of Jakarta Mass Transit Project. Thank you for reading this article.
Written and posted by Bambang Sunarno. sunarnobambang86@gmail.com
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name: Bambang Sunarno.
http://www.primadonablog.blogspot.com/2014/11/train.html
DatePublished: 26 November 2014 at 12:02

Tag : Train.
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