Legend Memories of Death.

For those of you who do not know , the Concorde supersonic aircraft is a very legendary iron bird shot because it can exceed the speed of sound . So fast , Concorde can produce a thunderous sound that can be shattered houses .
The aircraft is capable of flying up almost all the space that is one of the masterpieces of the world. Her birth with midwife two large countries , Britain and France , who was very interested in the supersonic vehicle .

Unfortunately , his courage faltered super fast jet when it turns into a deadly pickup on July 25, 2000 . All passengers including crew members died on the spot because the plane crashed and burned.
The accident happened just seconds after taking off from the airport in France to go to Washington , United States ( U.S. ) .
Flight Paris - Washington only 3 hours 32 minutes .
Prototype supersonic aircraft that can fly faster than the speed of sound is finally completed in 1969 . On April 9, in the same year , Brian Trubshaw became the first pilot of the plane tried .
On October 1, 1969 , the Concorde supersonic aircraft successfully aired for the first time . After undergoing several improvements and ensure the strength of the engine of the aircraft began to dare doing commercial flight .

Seven years later , the Concorde began flying commercially . British Airways Concorde flew from London to Bahrain . While the airline Air France fly from Paris to Rio de Janeiro . At that time , the Concorde took only 3 hours 32 minutes to arrive in Washington from Paris .
Queen of the Sky ' nickname for Masterpieces Concorde .
Concorde supersonic aircraft capable of flying at a maximum speed of 2,179 km / hour . So fast , the aircraft can make a sound like an explosion that shattered houses under its path .

The sound of the explosion of the plane known as Sonic Boom . By doing so , the aircraft will fly using the new normal and supersonic speed while flying over the Atlantic Ocean .
To get to Washington , United States of Paris , France with the use of other commercial aircraft , passengers will spend 9-11 hours , however Concorde took only 3.5 hours to do a cross- country flight . Latency managed to break the world record .
Not only that , this supersonic aircraft can fly at an altitude of 18,300 feet or with a climbing speed of 25.41 m / s . When the plane taking off , Concorde carrying passengers almost out of space . Some passengers claimed had seen it with his round the earth while flying Concorde .
Until the tragedy of death that happens , Concorde known as ` Queen of the Sky . Plane shape is elegant and high-tech to conquer the sky and crossed the sky gracefully .
Deadly Concorde crash , all passengers and crew were killed .
The legendary supersonic aircraft Concorde valor eventually paralyzed as well . The super- fast plane suffered a deadly accident that killed 113 people on Tuesday, July 25, 2010 .
Only tens of seconds after the air hose , a large fire burned the jet 's tail . The plane then turned down and fell the remaining burned to charred beyond .
All the passengers as many as 100 people and 9 crew died on the spot . Four other victims who were walking around the hotel near the runway also died on the spot .
After a long study for two years , a team of investigators said the cause of the accident was the fall of 43 cm long metal that fell from the engine box Continental Airlines DC - 10 aircraft to the runway . As a result , one of the wheels was broken and caused a fire at the rear of the plane .
All victims were killed beyond recognition .
The total death toll from the deadly Concorde tragedy reached 113 people . At the time of the incident , relatives of all the victims are not allowed to get close to the scene .
The authorities forbade the family to close because of the flames from the plane . The severity of the fire made ​​it impossible for the body of the bodies were identified .
The tragedy of death is the only plane crash experienced by the super- fast , Concorde . Masterpieces of air transport was turned into a deadly introduction for its passengers .
Conversations Concorde pilot before deadly accident occurred .
Concorde takes off with the fire at the rear . The plane belongs to Air France when it was taking off from Charles de Gaulle airport .
The fire was quickly creeping and burning engine and the left wing in a matter of seconds . 42 seconds after the plane actually takes off , the officer informed the air traffic incident at Concorde pilot .
" It's too late , " said the pilot who flew the plane death . The plane eventually crashed and burned , killing all passengers without remainder .
A memorable stay Concorde finally retired on October 23, 2003 .
After the deadly accident that killed 113 people , super fast jet it had ceased operations . But a year later , the aircraft Concorde resumes its commercial boosted spending in November after 17 million pounds sterling for program improvement .
But the speed is too high of a supersonic aircraft that make many of the components damaged when lifted up. Finally, British Airways and Air France announced that legendary aircraft will cease to operate .
His last commercial flight made ​​on October 23, 2003 .
So, thank you for reading this article.  Written and posted by Bambang Sunarno.
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DatePublished : March 29, 2014 at 13.33

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Concorde.

 Supersonic Aircraft Type
 Manufacturers BAC ( now BAE Systems )
Aérospatiale ( now EADS )
 Fly premiered March 2, 1969
 Retired 26 November 2003 .
 Retirement status ( not airworthy )
 Users British Airways
Air France
Braniff International Airways
Singapore Airlines
 Total production of 20 units ( including 6 units of non- commercial aircraft ) .
 Unit price of £ 23 million pounds in 1977 .

Aérospatiale - BAC Concorde is a supersonic delta wing aircraft which is one of two types of supersonic passenger aircraft ever serve commercial transport pathway . The other is a supersonic aircraft Tupolev Tu - 144 belonging to the Russian who was also suspected of espionage is a result of the Concorde .
Concorde had a cruising speed of 2.04 Mach ( speed of sound ) and fly up to 60,000 feet altitude ( 17,700 feet ) with a delta wing configuration and evolution of the engine that is equipped with an afterburner jet engine originally developed for the strategic bomber aircraft ( bomber ) Avro Vulcan . Commercial flight operated by British Airways and Air France began on January 21, 1976 and ended on October 24, 2003, with the last flight on November 26 the same year.

History .

In the late 1950s , the United Kingdom , France , the United States and the Soviet Union were considering developing supersonic transport . British Bristol Aeroplane Company and the French Sud Aviation were both working on designs , called the Type 223 and Super - Caravelle , respectively Secondly largely funded by their respective governments . British design for a thin - winged delta shape ( which owed ​​much to work by Dietrich Küchemann ) transatlantic - ranged aircraft for about 100 people , while the French were intending to build a medium-range aircraft .
The design is equally ready to start prototype was built in the early 1960s , but the cost is so great that the British government made ​​a requirement that BAC look for international co-operation . The approach taken in a number of countries , but only France showed real interest . International development project was negotiated as a treaty between the two countries rather than a commercial agreement between companies and included a clause, originally asked by the UK, imposing heavy penalties cancellation. Agreement signed on 28 November 1962. A draft treaty was signed on 28 November 1962.
At this time , both companies had been merged into the new ; thus , the Concorde project between the British Aircraft Corporation and Aerospatiale .
At first the new consortium intended to produce one long term and one short range version . However , prospective customers showed no interest in the short-range version and it was dropped. The consortium secured orders (ie, no other binding) for more than 100 of the long -term version of the airline of the day : Pan Am , BOAC and Air France were the launch customers, with six Concorde respectively. Other airlines in the order book included Panair do Brasil , Continental Airlines , Japan Airlines , Lufthansa , American Airlines , United Airlines , Air India , Air Canada , Braniff , Singapore Airlines , Iran Air , Olympic Airways , Qantas , CAAC , Middle East Airlines and TWA .
The aircraft was initially referred to in English as " Concorde " , with the French spelling , but was officially changed to " Concord " by Harold Macmillan in response to a perceived slight by Charles de Gaulle . " In 1967 , at the French roll-out in Toulouse the British Government Minister for Technology , Tony Benn announced that he would change the spelling back to " Concorde . " This created a nationalist uproar that died down when Benn stated that the suffixed " e " represented" Excellence , England , Europe and Entente ( Cordiale ) . " in his memoirs , he tells a story about an angry letter from Scotland stated : " [ Y ] ou talk about ' E ' for England , but most are made in Scotland . " Given the contribution of Scotland to provide nose cone for the aircraft, Benn replied , " t was also ' E ' for ' Ecosse ' ( the French name for Scotland ) - and I might have added ' e ' for extravagance and ' e ' for escalation as well ! "
Construction of two prototypes began in February 1965 : 001 , built by Aerospatiale at Toulouse , and 002 by BAC at Filton , Bristol . Concorde 001 makes first test flight from Toulouse on 2 March 1969 , piloted by Andre Turcat , and supersonic first time on October 1 . The first British built Concorde flew from Filton to RAF Fairford on 9 April 1969 , piloted by Brian Trubshaw . As the flight program in progress, 001 start sales and demonstration tour on 4 September 1971. Concorde 002 followed on June 2, 1972 with a tour to the Middle and Far East . Concorde makes first visit to the United States in 1973 , which recently landed at Dallas - Fort Worth Regional Airport to mark that airport opening .
These trips led to orders for over 70 aircraft , but a combination of factors led to order cancellations : the 1973 oil crisis , financial difficulties airlines , a spectacular Paris Le Bourget air show crash of the competing Soviet Tupolev Tu - 144 , and the environment such as the sonic boom , takeoff noise and pollution In 1976, four states remained as prospective buyers : Britain , France , China , and Iran . In the end only Air France and British Airways ( the successor to BOAC ) took their order , with two pieces of government taking any profit . In the case of BA , 80 % of retained earnings by the government until 1984 , while the cost of buying the aircraft was covered by a state loan .
Two designs have been submitted ; the Lockheed L -2000 , looks like a scaled- up Concorde , lost to Boeing in 2707 , which was intended to be faster , to carry 300 passengers and feature a swing - wing design . Industry observers in France and the United Kingdom suggests that part of the Concorde against America on the basis of noise pollution are regulated by , or at least encouraged by , the U.S. Government , out of spite for not being able to propose a viable competitor , despite President John F. Kennedy's passionate commitment statement, 1963. Other countries , such as India and Malaysia , ruled out Concorde supersonic overflights due to noise concerns .
Demonstration and test flights were flown from 1974 onwards . Testing of Concorde set records that have not been exceeded ; prototype , pre - production and first production aircraft made 5,335 flight hours . A total of 2,000 test hours were at supersonic speeds . Unit Unit cost of £ 23 million ( U.S. $ 46 million ) in 1977 . The cost of building six times the projected amount .

Concorde is a supersonic aircraft ( aircraft with the speed of sound ) was first created in the 1950s the result of cooperation between the UK and France . Additional letter ' e ' in the name of British Concorde given as a thank you for the service of France in the manufacture of this aircraft . Concorde was first operated in 1969.
One of the unique things of this aircraft is part of the nose that can be bent . Overview bending Concorde nose just like accessories only.
However it turns out , the nose bending ( bending angle of 12.5 degrees to the 30 degrees ) needs to be done when trying to land that does not block the view of the Concorde 's nose toward the runway pilot airstrip below .
Concorde never had an accident on July 25, 2000 . It made people aware of the vulnerability of supersonic aircraft . Finally , coupled with the high cost of operations , since 2003 Concorde does not fly anymore , and the two airlines that operate it ( Air France and British Airways ) from the ranks of the retired aircraft fleet and an end to the era of supersonic flight .
During the first 20 years of commercial flight , Concorde carrying 3.7 million passengers . Jam - 13 aircraft to fly the Concorde now more than 200,000 flight hours . Of that amount , 140,000 hours of which is 140,000 flying hours over the speed of sound . The aircraft is also capable of carrying 144 passengers at a speed of Mach 2.04 ( 2,200 miles per hour ) at an altitude of 60,000 feet . That means the speed of Concorde 2 times the speed of sound, which is 1,200 km / h . With remarkable speed , the Concorde only takes 2 and a half hours from Paris to New York . In fact , the average plane normal distances should take more than 7 hours .
when penetrating the incredible speed , Concorde will issue a booming voice called SONIC BOOM . If it happens on land that is filled with housing , the effect of the sonic boom could break the windows of the house . Thus , the Concorde is only allowed to fly at incredible speeds is when it is above the Atlantic Ocean . When the Concorde was still flying over the mainland of Europe and America , Concorde cruised by using ordinary air speed , which is 600 km / hour .

Air France Flight 4590 crash.

Concorde suffered one fatal accident , the Air France Flight 4590 . The flight was scheduled flights special Concorde flight from Charles de Gaulle International Airport Paris , France to New York , United States . According to the NTSB , the accident caused by a tire burst .

Specifications .

General characteristics .
Crew : 3 ( 2 pilots and flight engineers )
Capacity : 92-120 passengers ( 128 in high-density layout ) ( N 5 )
Length : 202 ft 4 in ( 61.66 m )
Wingspan : 84 ft 0 in ( 25.6 m )
Height : 40 ft 0 in ( 12.2 m )
Aircraft internal length : 129 ft 0 in ( 39.32 m )
Aircraft Width : up to 9 ft 5 in ( 2.87 m ) external 8 ft 7 in ( 2.62 m ) internal
Aircraft height : up to 10 ft 10 in ( 3:30 m ) external 6 ft 5 in ( 1.96 m ) internal )
Wing area : 3,856 ft 2 ( 358.25 m 2 )
Empty weight : 173,500 pounds ( 78,700 kg )
Useful load : 245,000 pounds ( 111,130 kg )
Powerplant : 4 × Rolls-Royce/SNECMA Olympus 593 Mk 610 afterburning turbojet.
Dry thrust : 32,000 lbf ( 140 kN ) each
Thrust with afterburner : 38,050 lbf ( 169 kN ) each
Maximum fuel load : 210,940 pounds ( 95,680 kg )
Maximum taxi weight : 412,000 pounds ( 187,000 kg ).
So , thank you for reading this article. Written and posted by Bambang Sunarno.
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DatePublished : March 29, 2014 at 12.36
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Did you type Aircraft Engines.

Type Aircraft Engines .

Aircraft Engine Types: Turboprop , Turbojet , Turbofans , turboshaft , ramjet .
The aircraft can fly because there is the thrust of the prime mover ( engine) which causes the aircraft has speed , and speed is what is received aerofoil shaped wing aircraft so the aircraft can be lifted / fly . The selection was based on the size of the engine size aircraft . The types of engine ( Engine ) aircraft are as follows :

1 . Turboprop Engine .

In the early development of the engine , generally commercial aircraft using turbo propeller propulsion systems or commonly called a turboprop . Type turbo prop had not much different system with turbo jets , but the energy (thrust ) generated by the propeller rotation by 85 % , which is driven by a propeller rotation turbine expansion that receives energy from the burning , the remaining 15 % to the exhaust jet thrust ( hot gas )
Turboprop engines are more efficient than the turbojet , designed to fly at speeds below 800 km / h ( 500 mph ) . Examples of popular turboprop engines include Rolls-Royce Dart engines used on aircraft British Aerospace , Fokker 27, etc.

2 . Turbojet engine.

The development of aircraft propulsion engine ( Engine ) is progressing very rapidly with the development of type turbojet engine , in which the propeller that serves to suck in air and produce a thrust force is replaced by a high-pressure compressor casing is closed , the engine together with the combustion chamber and turbine engines. Of the image under visible parts of a turbo-jet engine , which consists of a water inlet ( air duct ) , the compressor rotor and stator fins , fuel lines ( fuel inlet ) , combustion chamber ( chamber combustors ) , turbine and exhaust gas duct ( exhaust ) . Power thrust ( Thrust ) 100 % produced by the exhaust of jet thrust .
Turbojet engine is the simplest jet engine , typically used for high-speed aircraft . Examples of this machine is the Rolls-Royce engines used Olypus 593 for Concorde aircraft . Another type is the Olympus Marine engine that has the power of 28,000 hp ( horse power , equivalent to 21 MW ) is used to drive a modern warship with a deadweight of 20,000 tonnes with a high-speed operation .

3 . Turbofan Engine .

Turbo Fan is the most modern type of engine that combines technologies currently enjoys Turbo Prop and Turbo Jet . This machine is actually a by-pass engine in which a portion of the compressed air supplied to the combustion chamber and , while remaining a low density distributed around the outside of the combustion chamber ( by-pass ) . The air at the same time serves to cool the engine . Power thrust ( Thrust ) generated by the biggest FAN ( front baling-baling/blade measuring length ) , generates thrust by 80 % ( secondary airflow) , and the remaining 20 % to the exhaust jet thrust ( hot gas ) . At first glance it is similar to the turbo fan engine turbo prop , but the propeller in front of the turbo fan has a chamber cover ( casing / Fan case ) .
Engine / engine that uses this type of example is RB211 engines used on the Boeing B 747 GE CF6 - 80C2 and used on the DC 10 and the P & W JT 9D SERIES . Other machines that use this type of turbofan engines are Rolls-Royce Tay on Fokker F - 100 aircraft ( dubbed the engine fanjet ) , Adour Mk871 engines used on aircraft type Hawk Mk 100/200 Jaguar fighter aircraft and Mitsubishi F - 1 is used AU Japan .
Then the high by-pass engine turbofan is applied also to the CFM56 - 5C2 engine used by AIRBUS A340 aircraft and CFM56 - 3 engines used on the Boeing B - 737 series 300 , 400 and 500 which is a joint product between GE with Snecma of France .
In military aircraft , turbofan engines are applied , among others, the TF39 - 1C engines used on the giant transport aircraft C - 5GALAXI , then GE F110 used on the F - 16 .

4 . Ramjet Engine .

Ramjet is a type of engine ( engine ) where if the fuel and air mixture is sprinkled fire an explosion will occur , and when the explosion occurred continuously it will produce a thrust ( Thrust ) . Ramjet engine is divided into four sections , namely : inlet ( nozzle divergent ) section for incoming air stream , the mixture space is a space between the mixture of air and fuel are mixed so perfectly , combustor is equipped with a combustion chamber membrane , which serves to prevent back pressure , outlet ( convergent nozzle ) that serves to focus the thrust flow , retain heat and increase the temperature of the combustor .
Ram jet technology is generally developed in rocket / space shuttle . Drone 's X - 43A scramjet engine harness that in the future will also be used on the space shuttle . The privileges of the X - 434 is the use of a scramjet engine ( supersonic combustible ramjet ) . Scramjet using a new technology that burns hydrogen with oxygen taken from the air . Oxygen is inhaled and emitted again at breakneck speed .

5 . Turboshaft engines.

Turboshaft engine is actually a turboprop engine without a propeller . The power turbine is connected directly to the gearbox reduction or to a shaft ( axis ) so that the energy is measured in shaft
horsepower ( shp ) or kilowatts ( kW ) .
This type of machine is generally used to move the helicopter , the main rotor and the rotor moves the tail ( tail rotor ) but it is also used in industrial and maritime sectors including power generation , oil and gas pumping stations , hovercraft , and boats .
Examples of this machine is the GEM / 1004 RR -powered 900 shp applied to the helicopter type Lynx and Gnome engine 1,660 shp ( 1,238 kW ) on the Sea King helicopter . While other industry versions is 25-30 MW power plant engine Rolls-Royce RB 211 with shp 35000-40000 .
So , thank you for reading this article . Written and posted by Bambang Sunarno.
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DatePublished : March 29, 2014 at 10.25

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You Need to Know About Aircraft .

Aircraft is an aircraft that is heavier than air, fixed wing, and can fly on his own. In general, the term is often also called the aircraft with aircraft or aircraft or aircraft with the objective definition quite the same as a vehicle capable of flying in the atmosphere or the air . But in the world of aviation , the terms of different aircraft with aircraft , aircraft term is much broader sense because it has included airplanes and helicopters .

Figures .

Anthony Fokker (1890-1939) who was called Tony was born in Blitar, East Java, in April 1890 . At the age of 20 years ( 1910) , Tony made his first aircraft , named Spin . It was the first airplane made ​​in the Netherlands . In 1912 , Tony founded the new company Fokker Aeroplan in Berlin City , which later moved to the city of Schwerin , Germany .

History .

Aircraft heavier than air was first flown by the Wright Brothers ( Orville Wright and Wilbur Wright ) by using its own aircraft design called the Flyer , which was launched in 1903 in the United States . In addition to the Wright brothers , there were several other aircraft inventor who invented the airplane , among others, Samuel F Cody is doing the action on the field Fanborough , England in 1910. As for the aircraft that is lighter than the air already flown away before. S the first time by using a hot air balloon found a French nationality and named Joseph Montgolfier Montgolfier Etiene occurred in 1782 , then refined the German Ferdinand von Zeppelin named by modifying the cigar -shaped balloon which is used to carry passengers and goods in 1900 . In subsequent years to master Zeppelin air freight to ship disaster Zeppelin on trans - Atlantic trip in New Jersey in 1936 that marked the end of an era Zeppelin though still used before the Second World War . After the Wright era , many aircraft are modified both in design , shape and aircraft engines to meet the needs of air transportation . Larger commercial aircraft made ​​in 1949 named Bristol Brabazon . Until now the world's largest passenger aircraft made ​​by Airbus industrie from Europe to the A380 .

Categories and classification of aircraft .

Heavier than air .

Kirby Chambliss Zivko Edge 540 uses , Zivko Aeronautics in the Red Bull Air Race World Championship Perth 2006
Aircraft heavier than air called aerodin , which fall into this category are the autogiro , helicopters , and airplanes girokopter / fixed wing aircraft . Fixed wing aircraft generally use a combustion engine in which a piston engine (the propeller) or turbine engines ( jet or turboprop ) to produce thrust that moves the plane, and air movement in the wings generate thrust upward , which makes this aircraft can fly . As an exception , there is also a fixed wing aircraft that do not use machines , eg gliders , which only uses the force of gravity and the flow of hot air . Helicopter and autogiro using machines and rotating wings to produce thrust upward , and helicopters also use the machine to produce forward thrust .

Lighter than air .

Aircraft lighter than air called aerostat , which fall into this category are the balloon and airship . Aerostat use buoyancy to fly in the air , like a ship that is used to float on the water . These aircraft generally use a gas such as helium , hydrogen , or hot air to generate buoyancy is . The difference with the blimp blimp airship is more to windward , while the airship has a propulsion system to boost forward and control systems . So , thank you for reading this article . Written and posted by Bambang Sunarno.  sunarnobambang86@gmail.com
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DatePublished : March 28, 2014 at 19.57

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Tag : You Need to Know About Aircraft.

Did You Know About tachometers.

Tachometers or sometimes we call RPM is a tool to measure the spin machine , in particular the number of turns made ​​by a shaft in one unit of time and is often used in motor vehicle equipment. Usually have a screen that shows the speed of rotation per minute.
In motor vehicle applications , tachometers installation in order for the rider to use the machine efficiently.

History .

Estimated mechanical tachometers was first made ​​by a German engineer , Diedrich Uhlhorn in 1817 to measure the speed of rotation of the crankshaft . Since 1840, tachometers began to be used as an indicator of the speed of the locomotive.
Tachometer is an instrument used to measure the rotation speed of the shaft ankle / disc motors or other machinery . There are three functions that can be selected on / switch tachometer / , ie rpm ( / resolution per minute / ) to calculate the distance traveled .
The working principle of this instrument is of the input data is a modified round by the sensor as a frequency value of the frequency then inserted in series / frequency to voltage converter / ( F to V ) outputs a voltage , is used to move the needle on an analog or incorporated tachnometer ( / analog to digital converter ) / ADC in a digital tachometer to be converted into digital data and is shown on the display .

Various tachometer .

Optical tachometer .

Optical tachometer is an instrument for measuring the angular velocity of the play with the amount of rpm . Optical tachometer consists of lines or line ( stripe ) contained in the trunk then there is a photosensor or facing on the trunk .
How it works every rod that rotates the photosensor will detect the amount stripe through it . Will then generate output that will be shaped pulses . In the pulse wave period â ‰ opposite of angular velocity . Can be measured using a counter circuit as depicted in the trunk optical encoder . The advantages of optical tachometer has a photosensor that is able to detect any line through it , while the disadvantages can not sense the position and distance , but it can be treated using 2 pieces photosensor .

Scalloped Rotor Tachometer .

Sensor consists of a fixed and a player serrations , wheels , and iron materials . There are two types of sensors are used :

Variable reluctance sensor.

Hall Effect Sensor . There is a magnet that hangs as a sensor
The way it works is the spinning rotor, then the rotor toothed part to be measured.
A magnetic sensor that will detect any such serrations are passed . Each serration through the magnetic field increases and induces a voltage in the winding wire that will be produced pulse . Pulse is converted into a clean square wave with a threshold detector circuit . The advantages of these serrations tachometer is Giving a pulse every time when iron teeth through it and generates a pulse signal box clear.

DC tachometer .

DC tachometer is a DC generator which produces a DC output voltage that is proportional to the speed of the rod . Consisting of permanent magnets and rotating parts made ​​of coils , as well as direct conversion occurs .
Its working principle is the direct conversion process between speed and voltage . Tachometer is what is used in marine instrumentation lab in this opportunity . The advantages of this DC tachometer is to keep down the inertia can be overcome with the use of a brush while its own drawbacks , namely the use of a brush to keep the inertia can be worn .

Touch Tachometer / Tachometer Paste .

In this type of sensor on the tool requires touching the objects being measured . In its application of this type tachometer rarely used in certain areas with the technical or safety reasons .

Tachometer Laser / Photo Tachometer .

In this type makes it possible to perform measurements of distance . Laser Tachometer work with light sensor is very sensitive to the rotating element . Rotating element will have a reflective place , and rpm meter measures the rate at which the light beam is reflected back .

Use of Tachometer .

Use in Cars .

In the most widely used form , where the tachometer to measure the speed of a rotating mechanical device , which is usually indicated in RPM . Used to monitor RPM tachometer in the car because it runs the engine RPM is too high a price can drastically reduce the life of the machine becomes shorter .
There are several ways in which the tachometer should be used can be built . In some cases , a small generator attached to the engine drive shaft , and RPM measurements are based on the electrical current generated by the device . It may also just measure the rate at which the ignition system sends sparks into the engine.

In the use of aircraft .

Aircraft usually have a tachometer for each engine . In aircraft that uses a propeller , the tachometer is also required for each propeller . An aircraft engines typically operate at a higher RPM than the blades . By using a separate tachometer for different parts , aircraft pilot or crew can find out if there is a problem with a particular part .

Laser Tachometer .

Tachometer in the past require physical contact between the instrument and the measured objects . In applications where this is not feasible for technical or safety reasons , it is possible for the laser to take measurements remotely . Laser Tachometer work with pulsed beam of light tight against the rotating element . Rotating element will have a reflective place , and a tachometer to measure the rate at which the light beam is reflected back . Laser Tachometer can become a permanent part of the system , or they can be hand-held for occasional point measurement .

In Medical Uses .

Tachometer can even find a use in medicine . By placing a small , turbine - like instrument called haematachometer in an artery or vein , a doctor can use a tachometer to infer the rate of blood flow from the speed at which the turbine rotates. It can be used to diagnose circulatory problems such as clogged arteries.
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DatePublished : March 28, 2014 at 18.10

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Did You Know About Compass.

Compass is a navigational instrument for determining direction in the form of an arrow pointing magnetic freely align itself with Earth's magnetic field accurately . Compass provide certain reference direction , so it is very helpful in the field of navigation . Designee cardinal directions are north , south , east , and west . When used together with clock and sextant , the compass will be more accurate in showing the direction . This tool helps the development of maritime trade by making travel safer and much more efficient than when humans still based on the position of the stars to determine direction .

The discovery that the magnetic needle always points to north and south occurred in China and described in the book Loven Heng .  In the ninth century , the Chinese have developed a compass needle floating and rotating needles .  Persian sailors obtain the compass from the Chinese and then trade . But only in 1877 the Englishman , William Thomson , 1st Baron Kelvin ( Lord Kelvin ) made ​​a compass that can be accepted by all countries . By correcting errors arising from magnetic deviation due to the increased use of iron in ship architecture .
Any device that has a rod or a magnetic needle free to move pointed toward magnetic north of a planet's magnetosphere can already be considered as a compass . Compass watch is equipped with a compass sundial . Compass variation fragile structure is a special tool that is used by observing variations of the needle movement . Girokompas used to determine true north .
Location of the magnetic North Pole is always shifted from time to time . Recent research conducted by the Geological Survey of Canada reported that the position of the magnet is moving about 40 miles per year to the northwest .

The type of compass .

Compass can be divided into two types , namely the analog compass and a digital compass .

Analog compass .

Analogue compass is a compass that we see in everyday life . For example, the compass that is used when a scout event . While the digital compass is a compass that has used the digitization process . In other words the workings of the compass using computerized .

Digital compass .

The creation of a digital compass aims to complement the needs of an increasingly sophisticated robotics . Robotics world is in dire need navigation tools effectively and efficiently . While the navigation system tools available in the market are expensive . While the compass itself is an effective tool navigation system at a cheaper price . therefore expected to substitute digital compass tool in robot navigation systems .
Digital compasses on the market many kinds. Among these are artificial CMPS03 Devantech Ltd. Magnetic Compass . CMPS03 measuring 4 x 4 cm using Philips KMZ51 magnetic field sensor is sensitive enough to detect the Earth's magnetic field . The digital compass is quite supplai voltage of 5 Vdc with 15mA current consumption. In CMPS03, cardinal directions are divided in the form of degrees, namely : North ( 0 ) , East ( 90 ) , South ( 180 ) and West ( 270 ) .
There are two ways to get a share of the direction of the digital compass is by reading the PWM signal ( Pulse Width Modulation ) on pin 4 or the I2C interface to read the data on pins 2 and 3 . PWM signal is a signal that has been modulated pulse width . In CMPS03 , positive pulse width represents the angle of direction . Pulse width varies between 1mS ( 00 ) until 36.99mS ( 359.90 ) . In other words, the pulse width changes by 100uS each rank . The signal will be low for 65mS between pulses ,  so that the total period is 65mS + the positive pulse width (between 66mS to 102mS). The pulses generated by 16-bit timer in the processor, which provides a resolution 1uS .
In addition to PWM , CMPS03 also equipped with an I2C interface that can be used to read the data direction in the form of serial data . In 8 -bit mode , the direction north indicated by the data 255 with a resolution of 1.40625 degrees / bits . In 16 -bit mode , the direction north indicated by the data of 65535 so that the resolution be 0.0055 degrees / bits .
Of the various kinds of digital compass above it can be seen that the digital compass digital compass CMPS03 is the most good . Although the compass is nice because the picture can be displayed in the LCD screen character , but this compass can not be used by all types of robots . This is because every robot has a need for a navigation system in the form of a digital compass that different between the robots with other robots . It is possible types of robots A type B requires a digital compass , and there is the possibility that the compass can not be substituted by other compass .
Thank you for reading this article.  Written and posted by Bambang Sunarno.
sunarnobambang86@gmail.com
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DatePublished : March 28, 2014 at 17.26

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Tag : Compass.

Did You Know About Lighthouse.

Lighthouse is a tower building with a light source at the top to help navigate ships. Light sources used range from light to the lens and (in ancient times) fire.
Because this time of navigation of ships has grown rapidly with the help of GPS, the number of lighthouses in the world has been reduced to less than 1,500 pieces. Lighthouses are usually used to mark dangerous areas, such as corals and shallow marine areas.

One of the most famous lighthouse in the world is Pharos at Alexandria, which was one of the Seven Wonders of the World.

History. 

Ancient period. 

Perhaps the most famous lighthouse in history is the Lighthouse of Alexandria, which was built on the island of Pharos in Hellenistic Egypt. The name Pharos is still used as a noun for "lighthouse" in some languages, for example: Albanian, Catalan, and Romanian (far), French (Phare), Italy, Spain, and Galicia (Faro), Portugal (Farol), Denmark, Norway , and Swedish (fyr), Bulgarian (фар), and Greece (φάρος). The term "pharology" (which is used in the study of lighthouses) also derives from the name of the island.
Lighthouse of Alexandria was built in 280 BC to serve as a supervisor port. With an estimated altitude varies between 115 and 135 meters (383-440 feet), the lighthouse is one of the tallest man-made structures on Earth for many centuries, and has been identified as one of the Seven Wonders of the World by classical writers.

Two lighthouses, each called the Pharos, built at Dover soon after the Roman conquest in the UK. They are located at two elevations (Elevation East and West Elevation) and models built for Caligula's aborted invasion at Boulogne. The author of China during the Tang Dynasty, Jia Dan, wrote in his book (written between AD 785-805) that in the sea route forming the mouth not in the Persian Gulf, the medieval Iranians, have established large towers that serve as a beacon. Confirming the reports of Chinese writing, a century later, Arab writers al-Mas'udi and al-Muqaddasi wrote about the same lighthouse.
In China, the medieval mosque at Canton had a tower that serves as a beacon. Then, make the Song Dynasty Chinese pagoda tower built in medieval Hangzhou, known as the Liuhe Pagoda (founded in 1165), also served as a lighthouse for sailors along the Qiantang River.
During the Dark Ages, Roman lighthouses eventually abandoned and no longer used, but some remained functional, such as the "Farum Brigantium" which is now known as the Tower of Hercules in A Coruña, Spain, and others who are still standing in the Mediterranean Sea.
Along increased navigation, lighthouses gradually expanded into Western and Northern Europe. One of the oldest working lighthouse in Europe is "Hook Lighthouse" located at Hook Head, County Wexford, Ireland. Built during the medieval period, in a sturdy circular design. A century later, in the Late Middle Ages, a 40-foot tower was built by Edward the Black Prince in Cordouan near Gironde, France. One hundred years later, in 1581, Henri III asked architect Louis de Foix to survey and estimate repair costs. High costs led to de Foix contracted for three years to eventually build a new one.
Build the lighthouse required twenty-seven years and finally completed in 1611. Terraced Cordouan it symbolizes the power and prestige of the French maritime. King get the luxury apartment interior, decorated pillars and murals. The upper level was rebuilt in 1788 and still active lighthouse since then. The tower later became the first lighthouse building which uses the revolutionary Fresnel lens, around the beginning of 1820. When visiting the building at the time, a Briton, Robert Stevenson, was very impressed with the work being done with the new light. She seeks to expand the use of the lens in Scotland, mainly driven by the demands of the Age of Sail, lighthouse development can be done more quickly.

Classical period. 

Construction of the lighthouse experiencing rapid development process that is constructed around the 17th century by Britain's Trinity House on the first building in 1609, and began construction of a national lighthouse services established in Denmark (1650).
In the UK, Eddystone lighthouse was first lit the light in 1698, although the third incarnation was the most enduring, designed by John Smeaton and finished in 1759. England, as the owner of the dominant sea power, lighthouse built by the Stevenson family for the Northern Lighthouse Board began to appear in Scotland.
Lighthouse, which first appeared in North America is in St.. Augustine, who is described on the map Boazio and printed in London in 1791. Menendez build the lighthouse tower after landing in 1586. Boazio interviewed the crew upon their return from piracy Drake St. Augustine.
The next lighthouse built in America was Boston Light on Little Brewster Island (1716). His first keeper was George Worthylake who drowned along with his wife and daughter, when returning to the island in 1718. Original tower was destroyed by the British during the evacuation of Boston, which in turn was built back in 1784.
The oldest existing lighthouse in the United States is Hook Lighthouse, NJ (1764), and is still operational today. At the end of the 19th century, the United States has a long coastline, has the most lighthouses compared to most other countries in the world.
The U.S. Lighthouse Bureau started was formed in 1789 through Law # 9 of the first Congress the first time put the lighthouse under federal control. Over the years, the lighthouse was placed under the direction of the Department of Revenue (this department was disbanded in 1820), the Ministry of Finance (until 1903), and later in the Department of Commerce. Lighthouse Board (of the U.S. Lighthouse founder) held power from 1852 until July 1, 1910 when the trade creating lighthouse service. Then the United States Coast Guard (U.S. Coast Guard) take over on July 7, 1939.
After 1852, the U.S. was divided into lighthouse districts; originally eight, but then eventually to 19 pieces. Each district is run by a Naval Officer (Navy military officer (AL)) is appointed by the Lighthouse Board as an inspector in every district. They run the district with the help of the Army Corps of Engineers officer, who is responsible for the problems that are the engine (technical). In 1910, civilians started replacing the military officers to take over the management of the lighthouse.
The first lighthouse in Canada was the Louisbourg Light built by the French in Nova Scotia in 1734. This lighthouse was destroyed during the Siege of Louisbourg in 1758. The British built the Sambro Island Light at Halifax, Nova Scotia in the same year that so far has survived so have made it into menrcusuar oldest lighthouse in North America. Network lighthouse built by the British-North American colonies united in 1867 by the Canadian government which greatly expanded the Canadian lighthouse system through the Department of maritime, mainly through economical wooden lighthouses are managed by the family.
Matters relating to the lighthouse to be very labor intensive to extremes in the classic era of lighthouse operation. Lighthouse keepers needed to trim the wick, refueling, ensure engine work hour winds, and perform maintenance tasks such as cleaning lenses and windows.
In 1907, Nils Gustaf Dalen produce valves that can make solar flare (the top of which deliver light) turns on at night and off during daytime automatically. The first lighthouse was established with this technology is Furuholmen lighthouse that sits between Stockholm and Vaxholm. In 1912 Dalen awarded the Nobel Prize for Physics for the discovery of the magnitude of 'automatic valves designed to be used in combination with gas accumulators in lighthouses'.
Dalen's discovery, electrification and automatic lamp changers began to make lighthouse keepers using and no longer needed. Over the years, lighthouses still had keepers, partly because lighthouse keepers could serve as a rescue service if necessary. Improvements in maritime navigation and safety such as GPS have led to the removal of non-automated lighthouses gradually, and begins with the removal of the last lighthouse keeper in the 1990s.

Modern Era. 

Often in remote and difficult to access, modern lighthouse work is much more functional but not very artistic and beautiful, because usually they use solar batteries are rechargeable and have a single spotlight that can not be changed place standing in the frame steel tower lighthouse.
The last lighthouse was constructed using human officers in the United States, the Charleston Light in 1962. Resembling tower air traffic control, this tower has a modern triangular shape, with a layer of aluminum alloys, air conditioning, and elevator. So, thank you for reading this article. Written and posted by Bambang Sunarno. sunarnobambang86@gmail.com
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http://www.primadonablog.blogspot.com/2014/03/did-you-know-about-lighthouse.html
DatePublished : March 28, 2014 at 16.32
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Tag : Did You Know About Lighthouse.