Muara Takus history.

Barelang temple is an Indonesian national cultural heritage. Located in the village of Muara Takus, District Thirteen Koto Kampar, Kampar. This place became one of the famous sights in Riau, even Indonesia. Visitors not only want to see up close the historical relics of the past, but many are held iven with coworkers or family.

The temple is located about 128 kilometers from Pekanbaru, directions to the West Sumatra (West Sumatra). Koto expanse of Lake Hydroelectric long stretches in the right side of the steel bridge, spoil the eye could see before entering the small road to the right towards Muara Takus. After passing through the village of Tanjung Alai, Gulamo, Inscribed Stone and Koto Tuo, temples and even then visible. The road taken, smoothly paved. Only some parts are damaged.

Stupa temple with yellow, is clearly visible. There are high, some are low. There is a flat building that no longer has a stupa. The buildings are located on an area of ​​about 74x74 meters. Iron fence surrounds the building.

Barelang temple is a Buddhist temple. This can be seen from the stupa is a symbol of the Buddha. There is the argument that this temple is a mix of forms of Buddha and Shiva temple. The main building which is called the Old Temple. This temple measuring 32.80 mx 21.80 m and is the largest building on the existing buildings. It is in the north temple youngest. In the East and West there are stairs that according to the original estimates decorated effigies.

The second building is called Temple Mahligai. The building is a square with a size of 10.44 x 10.60 m. Height up to 14.30 meters. The third building called the Temple of Palangkaraya, which is 3.85 m East Temple Mahligai. The building consists of red bricks that are not printed. Palangka Temple is the smallest. The recesses of the rock that is composed not the same as Mahligai temple walls. In the past, before restoration, was buried around one meter.

The fourth building is named Candi youngest. Youngest temple is located on the western side of the temple Mahligai. The building is made of two types of stone, the sandstone. In addition to these buildings, in the north or in front of the temple gate there Tua molehill that has two holes. This place is estimated a funeral pyre. One hole to insert the corpse and the other to remove the ashes. Burial place is included in the maintenance because in the complex of enshrinement. The soil in the pile are pebbles derived from Kampar River.

This temple has been restored. Bricks at the top of the temple, the bricks present. But, at the bottom is still original. Shaped like soil, soft and pervasive water. Among the stones is also a relic of the past drainage. At the very back of the temple is also a well which is used for research.

Outside the fence of this building there is a large yard. Here there are huts where people sell. This is where visitors usually rest and often perform a variety of activities. Can form a race, a game or just discuss with a mat and eat together. Facilities such as bathrooms and a prayer room are also available here.

The original area of ​​this temple is actually quite extensive, reaching 4 square kilometers. Even up on the edge of Lake hydropower which is located not far from the temple. Side of the lake in this area is also the location for tourists to visit. The trees surrounding the shade and breeze on the edge of the lake, makes visitors linger here. At the very least, they spend most of the time to take pictures here.

The lake was built in 1992. At that time, Tokyo Elektric Power Limited undertake development projects Hydroelectric Power Plant (HEPP) in the village of Koto Panjang, District Thirteen Koto Kampar. The program of cooperation between Indonesia and Japan in the form dams. Initially, the Kampar River water will be increased up to 100 meters that can produce 140 megawatts. It is time to fuss a lot of circles. Confirmed that high water temple submerge clusters, then lowered again to 85 meters.

Muara Takus cluster was saved, but a fragment of the story is now also under the water surface of the lake. Piece of the story in the village Pongkai, village temple where the clay material is taken. Traces of a hole dug in the ground within the village about 8 kilometers downstream of the complex is destroyed Muara Takus sink.

On the other hand, also not far from the temple, there is a small building made of brick the same one used to make the temple. It is certain this building is part of the temple. Approximately 20 meters to the edge of the river, there is a pier. Not far from the pier there are wells ban. Wells are also part of the temple.

Due to the high lake water, the well had disappeared. Local residents and then look for it and re-locate the well. Do not want to lose again, residents then change the shape of these wells into the well ring. Wells even this is not obvious, though, a lot of stories and history in it.

Why the temple area is believed to be the local community area of ​​4 kilo meters, because this area was fenced with ancient embankments. This dike is made circumference. The rest of the ancient embankments are still visible. Not far from the pier. Simply by walking alone. In the area of ​​the rest of this ancient dike used to the place of manufacture and burning of bricks to make the temple. But this region has also been submerged by Lake hydropower.

Travelers who come will not be accompanied by a guide. However, this temple remains a guard and interpreter peliharanya (jupel). One of them Zaidil. He was appointed as employee salaries by Decree (SK) of the Ministry of Culture and Tourism Directorate General of Antiquities History of stone cage work areas of West Sumatra, Riau and Riau Islands when that has now been transformed into the Institute for Preservation of Cultural Property (BPCB). Zaidil working with eight other Jupel; four of BPCB and five others from the Department of Tourism Kampar.
Thank you for reading this article. Written and posted by Bambang Sunarno. sunarnobambang86@gmail.com
author:
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name: Bambang Sunarno.
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DatePublished: December 22, 2015 at 21:02

Tag : Muara Takus.
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Muara Takus Temple.

Muara Takus site is a site which is located in the Buddhist temple in the village Barelang, District XIII Koto, Kampar, Riau, Indonesia. The site is located approximately 135 kilometers from the city of Pekanbaru.
Site Muara Takus surrounded by walls measuring 74 x 74 meters, made of white stone with a ± 80 cm high walls, outside their area there is also an earthen wall measuring 1.5 x 1.5 kilometers, surrounds this complex sampal to the edge of the Kampar River Right. Inside the complex there are several buildings of the temple, called the Temple of elder / older, Temple Young, Mahligai Stupa and Palangkaraya.
Archaeological experts have not been able to determine exactly when the temple site was established. Some say the fourth century, some say the seventh century, the ninth century, even in the eleventh century. However, this temple is considered to have been there in the golden age of Srivijaya, so some historians consider this region is one of the central government of the kingdom of Srivijaya.
In 2009 Muara Takus nominated to become a UNESCO World Heritage Site.

Description of the site.

Barelang temple is the oldest temple site in Sumatra, is the only heritage sites that shaped temple in Riau. The Buddhist temple that is a proof that Buddhism once flourished in this area.
The temple is made of sandstone, river stones and bricks. Unlike the existing temple in Java, which is made of andesite stone taken from the mountain. Muara Takus making materials, especially clay, taken from a village called Pongkai, located approximately 6 km downstream of the site Muara Takus. Pongkai name probably derived from the Chinese language, means hole Pong and Kai means the soil, so the soil can mean hole, caused by excavation in the manufacture of the Muara Takus. Former pit that is now submerged by the reservoir inundation Hydropower Koto Panjang. But in the Siamese language, is similar to the word Pongkai Pangkali which can mean a river, and the temple site is indeed located on the banks of the river.
The main building in the complex is a large stupa-shaped tower which is mostly made of bricks and a small portion of yellow sandstone. Within the site there are Muara Takus temple building called the Old Temple, Temple Young, Stupa Mahligai and Palangkaraya. In addition to the buildings in the temple complex was also found that the mound is estimated as burning human bones. While the outside of this site there are also buildings (former) made of brick, which has not been established types of building.

Mahligai temple.

Mahligai or Mahligai Stupa Temple, the temple is considered the most intact. The building is divided into three parts, the legs, trunk, and roof. This stupa has a rectangular foundation berdenah and measuring 9.44 mx 10.6 m, and has 28 sides that surround the base of the temple with the entrance located next to the South. At the base there is a double lotus ornament, and at the center stands the cylindrical tower building with 36 hand-shaped petals on the bottom. The upper part of the building is circular. According Snitger, first on all four corners of the foundation there are 4 statues of a seated lion made of andesite. In addition, based on research conducted by Yzerman, formerly the top of the tower there is a stone with leaves oval paintings and reliefs around. The building is believed to undergo two stages of development. Allegations in based on the fact that at the foot of the building that now there is a foot profile building long before the building was enlarged.

Old temple.

Old Temple or Temple Firstborn is the largest building among other buildings on the site Muara Takus. The building is divided into three parts, the legs, trunk, and roof. The foot is divided into two. The size of the first leg height of 2.37 m while the second has a height of 1.98 m. Entrance stairs on the side of the West and East sides are decorated with stone lions. Each stair width of 3.08 m and 4 m. Judging from the rest of the base of the building has the shape of a circle with a diameter of ± 7 m and a height of 2.50 m. The size of the building foundation of this temple is 31.65 mx 20.20 m. The foundation of this temple has 36 sides that surround the base. The upper part of this building is a roundabout. There is no space at all inside the Temple Firstborn. Buildings made of bricks with an additional sandstone that is only used to make the corners of the building, pilasters, and seam-seam under foot barrier perbingkaian temple by limiting the body's legs and body with perbingkaian foot on foot. Based on 1983 research note that this temple has undergone at least two phases of development. Indications of this can be seen from the profile of the building enclosed by another wall which forms a different profile.

Youngest temple.

Youngest temple form is not much different from the temple elder. Only at the top of the quadrilateral. He stood on the west temple Mahligai with a size of 13.20 x 16.20 meters. In the east there are small stupas and there is a staircase made of white stone. Part of the foundation of the building has 20 sides, with a plane on it. On the field there is a lotus. Research conducted by Yzerman, managed to find a hole in the outskirts of padmasana stupa in which there are soil and ashes. In the land obtained three pieces of gold pieces and one piece again found in the bottom of the hole, which is etched with images tricula and three letters Nagari. Below the hole, square piece of stone found on the bottom side turned out to be etched with images tricula and nine characters. The building is divided into two parts according to the type of material used. Approximately half of the northern part of the building is made of sandstone, while the southern half of the building is made of brick. The boundary between the two parties to follow the profile shape of the building is made of sandstone. This suggests that part of the building is made of sandstone has been completed then added part of the building is made of brick.

Temple Palangkaraya.

The temple building is located on the east side Stupa Mahligai the temple body size 5.10 mx 5.7 m with a height of about two meters. The temple is made of brick, and has an entrance facing north. Palangkaraya temple in the past allegedly used as an altar.

Architecture.

Barelang temple is one of the Buddhist sacred buildings in Riau. Characteristics which indicate the sacred building is the building of the Buddhist religion is a stupa. Stupa shape is derived from early Indian art, almost an artificial mound covered with a semicircular brick or pile and given a peak of Meru. Stupa is characteristic of Buddhist sacred buildings and the changing form and function in its history in India and other Buddhist world.

Stupa based functions can be divided into three, namely :

* Stupa which is part of building something.
* Stupa stand-alone or in groups but each one as a complete building.
* Stupa which complements the group as ancillary temples.
Based on the above functions can be concluded that the buildings in the complex Muara Takus occupy the second function, ie stupas stand-alone or in groups but each one as a complete building.
Architecture Muara Takus stupa itself is unique because it is not found elsewhere in Indonesia. The temple forms have in common with Buddhist stupas in Myanmar, stupa in Vietnam, Sri Lanka or ancient stupa in India during the period of Ashoka, the stupas which have the trappings of a wheel and a lion's head, similar to the statues found in complex Muara Takus.
Lion statue itself is philosophically an element of decoration of the temple that symbolizes the good aspects that can defeat the evil aspect or aspects of the 'light' that can defeat the aspect of 'evil'. Buddhism in the decorative motifs of lions can be connected with the meaning of the Buddha, it is seen from the nickname given to the Buddha as the 'Lion of the Sakya family'. As well as the teachings given by the Buddha is also described as the 'voice' (simhanada) that sounded loud in all directions of the compass.
Initiatives Silpa texts written in that there are four types of lions that are considered good, among others:
Udyatā: lion depicted on both hind legs, his body in the reverse position and look back. This attitude is called simhavalokana.
Jāgrata: lion depicted with a very wild face (mattarūpina). He sat with his claws being raised to the top. Often called khummana Simha.
Udyatā: lion depicted in sitting position with the back foot and are usually placed on a high place. Jhmpa-known as Simha.
Gajakrānta: lion pictured sitting with his feet on the third king of the elephants. One front paw raised in front of his chest as if ready to pounce. This lion is called Simha Kunjara.
In the complex Muara Takus itself there are two temples that have a statue of a lion, the eldest temple and temple Mahligai. In Temple Firstborn lions found in front of the temple or on the steps of the temple entrance. In Temple Mahligai lions are found in all four corners of the foundation. This lion statue placement, based on the concept that comes from Indian culture, intended to keep the sacred building of evil influences because the lion is a symbol of the power of light, or both.
Based on research R.D.M. Verbeck and E. Th. van Delden alleged that the Muara Takus building was once a building which consists of a Buddhist monastery and a few temples.

Background of the establishment.

The temple is a sacred building that developed in the Hindu-Buddhist. Holy building was created as a means of worship to the deities of Hinduism and Buddhism. Hinduism and Buddhism came from India so that the concepts used in the establishment of a sacred building similar to the concept that developed and used in India, the concept of holy water. Sacred buildings should be near the water is considered holy. The water will be used as a means of ritual. The role of water is not only used for ritual ceremonies, but technically it is also necessary in the development and maintenance and survival of the building itself. The establishment of a sacred building somewhere is indeed a potential to be considered sacred, and not the building that potential is sacred. So in building construction business building sacred artists always consider the potential sanctity of the place where the building will be erected.
To stay awake and maintaining the sanctity of a place, it must be maintained area around the center point of the building or Brahmasthana and the four points of the compass which Lokapala god (keeper of the wind) is to protect and secure the area as Wastupurusamandala that blend the supernatural and the real world. Then performed ceremonies to purify the land. In this case the water was very instrumental during the ceremony, because in addition to purify well water to fertilize the area. Resulting in the establishment of a sacred building efforts, in addition to the potential for ground sanctity to note is the presence or availability of water in the area. This is similar to the concept of Indian culture which states that the existence of the mountain Meru as the abode of the gods dikeilingi by the seven seas. Then logically and umun to note that the establishment of most of the sacred building where he was always near water.
Geographical circumstances Sumatra region which has a large river flows strongly supports the concept of the Indian culture. With the flow of the great river of the water can easily be obtained for the purposes of ritual. In addition to water factors, economic factors may also be behind the establishment of a sacred building. The flow of the river in Sumatra in the past is a transportation route for trade. At first the number of traders who came a little. But over time due to waiting for the right time to sail they live around the area. It requires places of worship to religious and sacred buildings erected. Because it is not possible establishment of a sacred building or temple without the support of society for the survival of the founders of the holy building. Then tune with the growth and rapid trade somewhere in general will appear also sacred buildings or temples to be used as a ceremonial ritual by economic actors that have been familiar with the magical to the building of the temple, play a role in the function of social development / economic and trade ,
Power factor is also influential in the construction of a temple. An empire that conquered a territory, of course, there are the remains of which can describe the characteristic of the kingdom. It could be the remains of inscriptions and temples.

Some aspects of the establishment of the temple.

Of a building of the temple we can see some aspects of life. At this Barelang temple Dapa aspects that we see among others:
Technological aspects: The materials used are brick. The size of the bricks used to build this temple vary in length between 23 to 26 cm, width of 14 to 15.5 cm and a thickness of 3.5 cm to 4.5 cm. Bricks in the past to have a better quality of brick at the present time. This is because the clay used is filtered until absolutely no other components apart from the clay, such as sand. In addition, there is a "stuffing" in brick, usually in the form of husk. The intent of this field, so that a strong brick. Adhesion between the bricks using kosod system. Kosod system is a system of gluing bricks by rubbing brick by brick else where on the field the gosokannya given water. This system can also be found at sites in East Java and can still be found in Bali. Brick gluing system uses kosod cause adhesion between the bricks will be tightened from year to year.
Social aspect: The construction of this temple is done worked together and performed by people crowded. Likewise during the worship ceremony there are differences in status, the master of ceremonies and his followers.
Religious aspects: seen from the shape Barelang temple stupa, which shows this temple as a place of worship of the people of Buddhism, especially Mahayana
Thank you for reading this article. Written and posted by Bambang Sunarno. sunarnobambang86@gmail.com
author:
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name: Bambang Sunarno.
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DatePublished: December 22, 2015 at 20:18

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Kalasan.

Kalasan or Kalibening temple is a temple that is categorized as a Buddhist temple located in Kalasan village, Sleman regency, Yogyakarta province, Indonesia.
The temple has 52 stupas and were on the side of the highway between Yogyakarta and Solo, and about 2 km from the Prambanan temple.
At first only Kalasan is found on the site area, but once dug deeper then found even more supporters rise building around this temple. Besides Kalasan and buildings - other supporting buildings there are also three small temples outside the main temple building, shaped stupa.
Based Kalasan inscription is dated 778 were found not far from this temple mentioned the establishment of a holy building to honor female Bodhisattva, Tarabhawana and a monastery for the monks. Rulers who govern the construction of the temple was named Maharaja Tejapurnapana Panangkaran (Panangkaran) of the family dynasty. Then the comparison of manuscripts at the inscription Kelurak this figure can be identified by Dharanindra or with the inscription Nalanda is the father of Samaragrawira. So this temple can be evidence of the presence of the Sailendra dynasty, rulers of Srivijaya in Sumatra on Java.
Pre kalasan inscription lettered in Nagari, these Gaelic-speaking teachers mention the king Tejapurnapana Panangkaran of Syailaendra family managed to persuade the king to make a building sacred to the goddess Tara along with his monastery for pendera as a gift from the Sangha.
Professor Dr Casparis. based inscription Kalasan interpret it, Kalasan built together between Buddhist and Hindu. Meanwhile Van Rumond, historian of the Dutch believe that in the same site ever existed other sacred buildings are much older age than Kalasan, according to the results of research done in 1928. The building was berbentu holy temple which covers 45 x 45 meters. This means that the temple had three times improvement. As proof, he says, there is a temple with four corner legs protruding parts.
In the southern part of the temple there are two reliefs Bodhisattva, while the roof is composed of 3 levels. Roof top there are 8 spaces, two triangular roof level 8, while the bottom roof congruent with square-shaped temple which features 20 rooms on each side.

Some Features and Forms of Kalasan.

At Kalasan have a cover layer of the temple which is called Bajralepa, a kind of stucco in fine stone carvings. Detail of the decoration of this Bajralepa which is one of the characteristics Kalasan, which is also found in Candi Sari.
Plan Kalasan square-shaped building. The roof is octagonal and a top shaped dagoba (stupa). The situation has been severely damaged. Only the southern part that is still intact. Touted, its first chamber has a 6 meter high bronze statue that is now lost. While the three chambers also empty.
Body and roof of the temple is decorated with carvings very beautiful. Composed of recesses, tendrils, statues of Buddha, dagobas-dagobas and statues Gana, which is dwarf potbellied usually carry goods.
Regarding this decoration, Bernet Kempers in his book, Indonesia During the Hindu era, page 25, states that the way of making ornaments are quite neat and alluring shows that during the making of this temple has an expert sculptor and building plaster very capably.
Added by Bernet, Kalasan once entirely covered by stucco, as well as other temples. While smoothing parts of the temple are added stone coverings made of limestone.
Inside the temple are visible now, there was an older construction. Therefore, some experts say that banguna present it is an additional building of around the 9th century. The original building obviously has an older age than that.
Plan Kalasan foot located at the top of a square pedestal. The temple grounds also square. At the foot of the temple there is a makara. No decoration around the foot of the vase. Body temple squares with viewer-viewer that juts out in the middle of the side. Equipped a throne decorated sekeor singha standing on the back of an elephant.
The outside of the temple, there is a niche decorated with images of deities hold a lotus flower. At each entrance there are dijenggernya headdress when there are flower buds. There above the tree gods and the occupants of heaven plays sounds like a fiddle, drums, shells and fir.
Gana ornate roof temple there. Her roof is octagonal and two-storey. On the first level there is a statue of Buddha. At around the temple are 4.6 meters tall stupa as many as 52 pieces.
Kalasan beauty can still be enjoyed, especially in the southern part of the temple. There is a great Banaspati, lane perpendicular decorated with tendrils and makara-makara, which is including the results of the Hindu Javanese art at best. Another specialty is Makaranya facing in and out and there is a painting above the head Kala shaped towering temple roof.
When the temple is seen from the inside, the temple is composed of a pile of rocks yag interrelated and widened bottom.
Even though this temple was restored in 1927 and in 1929, but people will still find it difficult to see the beauty of this Kalasan. That's because there are parts that can not be forced to be put back together, because many original stones were missing.
Thank you for reading this article. Written and posted by Bambang Sunarno. sunarnobambang86@gmail.com
author:
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name: Bambang Sunarno.
http://primadonablog.blogspot.com/2015/12/kalasan.html
DatePublished: December 22, 2015 at 19:45

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Sewu temple.

Manjusrighra Sewu temple or a Buddhist temple built in the 8th century within just eight hundred meters to the north of Prambanan. Sewu is the second largest Buddhist temple complex after Borobudur temple in Central Java. Sewu older than Borobudur and Prambanan. Although originally had 249 temples, the temple community is called "Sewu" means thousand in the Java language. This naming is based on the legend Loro Jonggrang.
Administratively, complex Sewu located in Hamlet Bener, Bugisan Village, District Prambanan, Klaten regency, Central Java Province.

History.

Based Kelurak inscription which dates to the year 782 and Inscription Manjusrigrha in 792 and was discovered in 1960, the original name of this temple is "Prasada Vajrasana Manjusrigrha". Prasada term meaningful temple or shrine, while a significant Vajrajasana Vajra (diamond or lightning) reigned, while Manjushri-grha meaningful House Manjushri. Manjusri is one Boddhisatwa in the teachings of Buddha. Sewu temples have been built in the 8th century BC at the end of the reign of Panangkaran. Panangkaran (746-784) is a renowned king of ancient Mataram kingdom.
This temple complex may be restored and expanded during the reign of Rakai Pikatan, a prince of the dynasty of Sanjaya who married Pramodhawardhani of the Sailendra dynasty. After Sanjaya dynasty ruling the people still embraced earlier religion. The existence of a patterned Sewu buddha temple adjoining the temple Prambanan Hindu-style show that since time immemorial in Java Hindus and Buddhists live in harmony and religious intolerance. Because the majesty and breadth of this temple complex, believed to be Sewu temple Buddhist temple of the Kingdom, at the same center buddhist important activities in the past. The temple is situated in Prambanan valley that stretches from the southern slopes of Mount Merapi in the north to the mountains Sewu in the south, around the border of Yogyakarta and Klaten regency, Central Java. In this valley are scattered temples and archaeological sites within just a few hundred meters of each other. This suggests that this region is an important area in the religious sector, politics, and urban life of the ancient Javanese society.
This temple was badly damaged by an earthquake in May 2006 in the Yogyakarta and Central Java south. Very real damage to building structures and the main temple suffered the most severe damage. Fragments of rocks scattered on the ground, cracks and fissures between the rocks visible connection. To prevent the collapse of buildings, metal frame mounted on four corners of the building to support and hold the body of the main temple. Although the site was reopened to visitors a few weeks later after the earthquake in 2006, all the main temple remain closed and must not be entered for security reasons.
Now, after restoration, the metal frame supporting the main temple had been removed and visitors can enter the room in the main temple.

The temple complex.

Sewu temple complex is a collection of the largest Buddhist temples in the area around Prambanan, with landscape the size of land 185 meters north-south and 165 meters east-west. The entrance of the complex can be found in the four winds, but look at the composition of the building, known to the main door is located on the east side. Each entrance guarded by a pair of statues Dwarapala. Giant-sized statue guard height of about 2.3 meters is in fairly good condition, and the replicas can be found in Kraton Yogyakarta.
Originally there were 249 temples in the complex's buildings are arranged to form a mandala wajradhatu, the embodiment of the universe in the Mahayana Buddhist cosmology. In addition to the main temple of the largest one, the stretch of the central axis, the north-south and east-west, at a distance of 200 meters from each other, between the lines of the 2nd and 3rd ancillary temples (guards) there is a small temple 8 Penjuru, candi- This temple is the second largest in size after the main temple. Original in every corner of the wind there each pair facing each other over the temple, but now only parts of the twin temples of the eastern and northern parts of the temple are still intact. Based on the research foundation of the building, estimated that only one corner of the temple in the north and one in the southern corner of the temple was built, both facing east. That means it may indeed parts of the north east side of the temple and parts of the east side uselatan was never (no time) was built to complement the initial proposal.
Ancillary temples (guards) that are smaller originally consisted of 240 pieces with a similar design and is composed of four concentric rows. Judging from the deepest part (middle), the first line consists of 28 temples, and the second row consists of 44 temples are arranged with a certain distance intervals. Two outer rows, the third row consists of 80 temples, while the fourth line the outer consists of 88 small temples are arranged close together.
The fourth line of ancillary temples there are two draft Junis perwara; The fourth line (outermost) has designed a form similar to the first line (the deepest), namely on the cross section of wicket door, while the second and third row has a higher design forms with different wicket door. Many statues and ornaments that have been lost and its composition has changed. These ancillary temples filled Dhyani Buddha statues. Found four types of Dhyani Buddha in the complex Sewu. Buddha statues that used to fill these temples with statues of buddha probably similar in Borobudur.
The temples are smaller around the main temple of the greatest but some parts are no longer intact. Behind the 4th row of small temples are bare stone yard and stood in the middle of the main temple.

The main temple.

The main temple has a plan that resembles a 20-angle polygon cross or cross with a diameter of 29 meters and height of buildings up to 30 meters. At each corner of the wind there is a building structure that juts out, each with its own staircase and room arrangement and crowned with a stupa. The entire building is made of andesite. The room at the four compass points are inter-connected by galleries fenced corner ledge.
Based on the findings at the time of restoration, estimated the initial design of the building is only a single-roomed temple. The temple was later expanded by adding additional structures around it. The door is made to connect additional buildings to the main temple and created the main temple building with five rooms. The main room in the middle of the larger with a higher roof, and can be entered through the eastern space. Now there are five statues in this room. But based on the foundation or carved stone lotus throne in the main room, supposedly first in this room there are bodhisattvas Manjushri or buddha statue out of bronze whose height reaches 4 meters. But now the statue was gone, may have been plundered to take the metal since centuries ago.
Thank you for reading this article. Written and posted by Bambang Sunarno. sunarnobambang86@gmail.com
author:
https://plus.google.com/105319704331231770941.
name: Bambang Sunarno.
http://primadonablog.blogspot.com/2015/12/sewu-temple.html
DatePublished: December 22, 2015 at 19:28

Tags: Sewu temple.
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Cempedak fruit.

Cempedak is the fruit of the plant family Moraceae. Fruit shape, flavor and fragrance such as jackfruit, despite strong aroma piercing often resemble the durian fruit.
These plants come from Southeast Asia, and spread from Tenasserim region of Burma, the Malay Peninsula, including Thailand, and parts of the archipelago: Sumatra, Borneo, Sulawesi, Maluku up to Papua. Also a common sight in western Java.
Known widely as jackfruit or campedak, this fruit also has several local names such as bangkong (Cempedak forest, wild form in Malaysia), Baroh (Kep. Lingga and Johor), jackfruit beurit (Sunda), Nongko Cino (Java), Cubadak forest (Minangkabau) tiwadak (Banjar) and others.

Evergreen tree, was the size, height can reach 20 m although mostly just a dozen meters. Twigs and buds with fine hair and stiff, brownish. Monoecious (monoecious).

Thin leaves somewhat stiff as leather, sessile, obovate to elliptic, 2.5-5 × 5-25 cm, flat-brimmed (integer, whole), with the base of the wedge shaped to rounded and tapered tip (acuminate). Petiole 1-3 cm. Stipule ovoid elongated, tapered, wire-haired, easy to fall off and leave scars in the form of a ring on a twig.
Inflorescence alone, appearing axillary, on large branches or the main trunk (cauliflory), in particular short leafy shoots. Male wreath shaped like a mace or a spindle head, 1 × 3 to 5.5 cm long, pale green or yellowish, stemmed 3-6 cm. Hump-shaped mace elongated female flowers, the flowers are stuck deep as 1.5 mm in the shaft head and the free passage of about 3 mm.
Artificial fruit compound (syncarp) cylindrical to oval, 10-15 × 20-35 cm, greenish, yellowish to brownish, with a similar pyramidal protrusions soft spines that meeting or slippery checkered with eye facets. 'Flesh' is actually the flower jewelry enlarged and thickened, yellowish white to orange, sweet and fragrant, soft textured, slimy tongue and slightly fibrous. Unlike jackfruit, the overall mass of flesh along with the flowers sterile or fails (known as 'dami') is easily separated from the shaft ('heart') artificial fruit when ripe. Seed round of flattened or elongated, 2-3 cm.

Results and usability.

Fruit eaten fresh or processed first. Jack fruit flesh, sometimes along with seeds once, given flour, sugar or salt and fried, used as a snack to drink tea or coffee. The seeds can be fried, boiled or baked, before being eaten with a little salt mixture. Young fruit, as young jackfruit, can be used as a vegetable.
The wood is of good quality, strong and durable, so it is often used as lumber, furniture, boat or material. Fibrous bark can be used as a rope, and the sap to trawl birds. Can also be produced from wood yellow dye.
In Borneo, jackfruit or language Banjar tiwadak, besides consumed fruit flesh and seeds, the skin can be processed into food called mandai or there is also a call dami. Mandai is made by peeling the fruit skin to look white and then soaked in brine to preserve and soften the texture. Marinade can be performed over several hours or even up to a month. Mandai is usually consumed with fry until browned.

Ecology.

Naturally, wild jackfruit often found in lowland rainforest, both primary and secondary forests. Growing to a height of about 1000 m above sea level, is like a fruit tree areas with a dry season that is not firm, lands with shallow ground water level, and even the occasional hold flooded.
Cempedak commonly planted in the yard, garden mix, to agroforestry complex, which is not uncommon wilder become secondary forest. Cempedak can also naturally intersect with jackfruit.

Genuine Exotic Fruit Cempedak recognize Indonesia.
Cempedak is a fruit native to Indonesia are well known. Glance appearance and taste of the fruit is similar to jackfruit, jackfruit still reasonable because the related (one genus) with jackfruit. However Cempedak more piercing aroma like durian.

Cempedak also known as campadak or cempeda. In some areas of Indonesia, called by several local names such as jackfruit beurit (Sunda), Nongko Cino (Java), Cubadak forest (Minangkabau), tiwadak (Banjar). Whereas in English, Cempedak known as Chempedak or Champedak.

The Latin name of this plant is Artocarpus integer (Thunb.) Merr., Which has several synonym names such as Artocarpus champeden (Lour.) Stokes, Artocarpus hirsutissimus Kurz, Artocarpus integrifolius Lf, Artocarpus jaca Miq., Artocarpus pilosus Reinw. ex Miq., Radermachia integra Thunb., and Saccus integer (Thunb.) Kuntze.

Description Cempedak

Cempedak is the fruit of plants from the family Moraceae. Medium-sized tree with a height of up to 20 meters. Overall jackfruit tree similar to jackfruit (Artocarpus heterophyllus) but the ramifications thicker and more straight and tall trunk. Stem diameter of 15 to 20 cm, with bark brown-gray and contains the concentrated sap.

Green leaves, thin and slightly rough and stiff. Shaped leaves obovate to oblong, with a width of between 2.5 to 5 cm long and 5-25 cm. Cempedak stemmed leaves (1-3 cm stem length), flat brimmed with peg-shaped leaf base to the rounded and tapered tip. Leaves easily fall out and leave marks on the ring like a twig.

Flowers jackfruit (Artocarpus integer) form of compound interest are arranged in a flower pot elliptical. Male flowers and female flowers grow apart in one tree. Flowers appear in axillary, large branches or the main trunk, and special short leafy shoots.

Jack fruit is round elongated, greenish, yellowish to brownish, with a large with an average size of 40 cm long and 20 cm diameter. Prickly fruit skin like jackfruit though not as sharp and rough as jackfruit. Meat fruit (nyamplung) Cempedak thin, soft, fibrous, and taste sweet. Flesh color yellowish white with a very strong characteristic aroma. Nyamplung stick to the fruit with a strong stalk, and will remain attached even rind and 'dami' fruit removed. Jackfruit seeds roundish shape, smaller than the jackfruit seeds. Just like jackfruit, jackfruit seeds can be consumed after boiling.

Distribution, Habitat, and Benefits Cempedak.

Tree jackfruit (Artocarpus integer) grows well in lowland areas up to an altitude of 1000 meters above sea level. Indonesia is a native plant in Sumatra, Borneo, Java, Sulawesi, Maluku, Papua and the surrounding islands. Outside Indonesia, Cimpedak grown in Thailand, Malaysia (Malay Peninsula and Borneo).

Plants Cempedak excluding rare plants in Indonesia, not including protected plants, was not listed as an endangered species in the IUCN Red List. Even widely cultivated in the yard, garden, or grow wilder in primary and secondary forests.

The main uses his Cempedak are consumed either directly (in a fresh state) or used as processed food. The ripe fruit can be processed into jackfruit fried, like fried bananas (part dami), made jam, compote or as a mixture. While the young fruit can be cooked as a vegetable. Jackfruit seeds can be cooked and consumed. Cempedak young leaves are also widely used as a vegetable.

Cempedak Fruit for Health Benefits.

Jack fruit is a fruit that comes from Central Asia, namely Malaysia, Indonesia and Brunei Darussalam. The fruit has a scientific name Artocarpus champeden. This fruit when viewed at a glance, the exterior will look like breadfruit, parts of it such as jackfruit, while it smells almost like durian. So no wonder if this fruit is also called fruit which is a combination of breadfruit, jackfruit and durian. For tastes like mango and durian mixed sweeter than with jackfruit. The texture of the fruit when ripe is also softer, spongy, sticky and fibrous.

Apparently not many people in Indonesia who know or never eat this fruit. Even so the fruit is still a fruit that has many benefits for health. In the course of this fruit have some content of nutrients and compounds that are good for the body.

Ingredients Fruit Cempedak.

Jack fruit will never examined the nutritional content. It turns out this fruit has some contents that are beneficial to our health. According to sources of the Nutrition Directorate of the Ministry of Health in 1992, that the jack fruit has some contents as follows:
* Water
* Protein
* Carbohydrate
* Fat
* Calcium
* Iron
* Phosphorus
* Vitamin A
* Vitamin C
* Vitamin B1

Jack fruit has a delicious flavor. Therefore, it will normally be eaten by people while in a state still fresh. But those that process it in other ways as made compote or fried.

Even for people Banjar, South Kalimantan, usually even eat the skin Cempedak. How to remove the outer skin to look white Cempedak and cleaned. Galam then soaked with water up to 3 days to soften and fermented. Once it is fried and called the mandai fried savory and distinctive.
Cempedak young leaves are also used as a vegetable. As for the fruit seeds can also be processed by boiling or frying like jackfruit seeds. In Malaysia, the root of the jackfruit tree is also used as a mixture of traditional herbs for women after childbirth.

One of the benefits for health jack fruit is to nourish the eye. That's because Cempedak contains vitamins A 200 SI in every 100 grams. We know that vitamin A is used to maintain the health of the cornea in order to function properly. Efficacy Cempedak the other is to maintain digestive health and can reduce cholesterol in the blood. That's because Cempedak contains dietary fiber plus vitamin C higher when compared with jackfruit.

Not quite up there alone, stem bark of jackfruit contains heteriflavon compound C. The compound is believed to be able to overcome malaria parasite triggers. It also has a high energy value for each 100 grams has an energy of 116 kcal. Jack fruit water content is also quite high, it is of course very good because our bodies need daily water intake. According to research conducted by Professor Dr. Frank Yatsu, an expert from the United states that if the body has met adequate water intake will help to thin the blood, which in turn will facilitate the supply of oxygen to the brain so that it can prevent the risk of stroke. Thank you for reading this article.
Written and posted by Bambang Sunarno. sunarnobambang86@gmail.com
author:
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name: Bambang Sunarno.
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DatePublished: December 22, 2015 at 18:57

Tag : Cempedak fruit.
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Mendut temple.

 

Mendut temple is a Buddhist-style temple. The temple is located at Jalan Mayor Sills Mungkid City, Magelang regency, Central Java, was situated about 3 kilometers from the temple Borobudur.7 ° 36'17.17 "S 110 ° 13'48.01" E

Period of manufacture.

Mendut founded during the reign of King Indra of Sailendra dynasty. In the inscription Karangtengah which is dated 824 AD, mentioned that the king Indra has built a shrine called wenuwana which means bamboo forests. By a Dutch archaeologist named J.G. de Casparis, this word is associated with Mendut.

Temple architecture.

Temple building material is actually the bricks are covered with natural stone. The building is located on a high basement, so it looks more elegant and sturdy. Climb stairs and entrance facing the southwest. Above the basement there is a hallway that surrounds the temple. The roof is three-tiered and decorated with small stupas. Number of small stupas built now is 48 pieces.
Building height is 26.4 meters.

Decoration on Mendut.

Ornaments contained in Mendut form of decoration that criss-cross. Decorated with carvings of celestial beings form gandarwa gods and nymphs or nymphs, two monkeys and an eagle.
On both sides of the stairs there are reliefs Pancatantra and Jataka stories.

Hariti.

The temple walls are decorated with reliefs Boddhisatwa among Awalokiteswara, Maitreya, Wajrapāṇi and Manjushri. On the wall there is a relief of the temple body kalpataru, two angels, Hariti (a yaksi who repent and then follow the Buddha) and Āţawaka.

Buddha in position dharmacakramudra.

Inside the temple there is a statue of Buddha holding a large amount to three: the Dhyani Buddha Wairocana with hand gesture (mudra) dharmacakramudra. In front of the statue of Buddha there is a relief in the form of wheels and flanked by a pair of deer, the symbol of Buddha. On the left there is a statue Awalokiteswara (Padmapani) and the right of the statue Wajrapāņi.

Reliefs.

Relief 1 (Brahmin and a crab)

At this relief are painting animal stories or fables are known from Pancatantra or Jataka. The full story is presented below:
Then it is a brahmin who came from the underworld and named Dwijeswara. He was very fond of all sorts of animals.
Then walk him to pray on the mountain and met with a crab on a mountaintop called Astapada, brought in her clothes. Then said the Brahmin: "Kubawanya into the river, because I feel sorry." So when he walked and met with a hall resting on the riverbank. Crab was then released by the Brahmins. The Astapada was relieved of his heart. While the Brahmin rest in these halls. He slept with pleasure, her comfortable.
Is a snake who was friends with a crow and a threat to the Brahmin. Then the serpent said to his friend the Raven: "If people come here to sleep, tell me, I'm the prey."
The crow saw the Brahmin sleeping on the couch. Immediately out of the snake said: "I want to prey on her friend." That's their agreement.
The crabs brought by the Brahmin heard. Then said the crab in my heart: "Oh, really bad evil crow and snake. Equally bad behavior. "It occurred to him that the crabs are indebted to the Brahmins. He wants to pay off debt, then he thought. "There siasatku, I will be friends with both of them." So said the crab, " O both my friend, I would extend the neck, so much more enjoyable if you want to prey on the Brahmin." - "I agree with you suggest, <perform your> immediately. "So said the raven and the snake both. Both of whom participated submit their necks and disupit on the side there and here by the crab and the two immediately broke instantly. Death to the crows and the serpent.

Relief 2 (geese and turtles)

At this relief are painting animal stories or fables are known from Pancatantra or Jataka. The full story is presented below. But the story is presented below slightly different version of the painting in relief this:
There are turtles reside in the lake Kumudawati. The lake was very beautiful, a lot of its variegated lotus, there are white, red and (lotus) blue.
There gander female, wandering around looking for food in lake water Kumudawati the origin of the swan lake Manasasara.Adapun name, the Cakrangga (name) gander, the Cakranggi (names) geese females. They were together live in the lake Kumudawati.
Then a very long friends with turtles. The Durbudi (name) male, while Kacapa (name) of the female.
Then almost coming dry season. Kumudawati more water in the lake dries up. [Second] geese, si si Cakranggi Cakrangga and then say goodbye to their friend the tortoise; which Durbudi and Kacapa. He said:
"O friend we ask ourselves away from here. We want to go from here, because more water dries up in the lake. Especially before the power of the summer. Not us away from the water. That's why we want to fly from here, fled to a lake in the mountains of Hima named Manasasana, very pure water is clear and deep. Do not dry in spite of the dry season. That's where our goal comrade. "So said the tortoise ringworm. Then the answer, he said:
"Ah friend, a great love for you, now you are going to leave us, fighting for your own life.
Is not it (the situation) with us with you, can not be far from the water? Wherever you go, we will participate, in joy and sorrow you. This is the result of our friendship with you.
Goose said: "Well turtle We unreasonable There are wood, you pagutlah middle, we'll bite the tip here and there with my wife There are strong we will bring you to fly, [just] do not lose your bite ... and again not talk. Everything we overcome as long as we fly later, you should do also scolds. If anyone asks not also addressed. That's what you have to do, do not obey our word. If you do not follow our instructions will not work you get to purposes, will end up dead. "So said the goose.
Then in the middle pagutlah wood by turtles, tip and base in pecking by a goose, there and here, men chant, right. Immediately fly carried by geese, would go to the lake Manasasara, hoping purposes. Has far they fly, come over Wilanggala field. Then it is a male and female dogs that shelter under a mango tree. Nohan male dog names, female names Babyan. The one female dog looked up, saw the geese fly, they fly turtles. Then he said, "O my father, to see that there is something very unlikely Turtles flown by a pair of swans." Male dog then replied: "It's impossible what you say Since when there are geese flying turtle taken by There turtles but dried buffalo dung, nests Presents for children geese, that is ..?." So said the male dog.
There comes a dog with a turtle said, angry thoughts. Vibrating the one mouth because it is considered as dry buffalo dung, nests.
Then the gaping mouth of the turtle, bitten her loose wood fell to the ground and then eaten by wolves male and female geese. The shame is not obeyed his advice. Then they proceeded to drift into the lake Manasasara.

Relief 3 (Dharmabuddhi and Dustabuddhi)

The story is about two friends children merchants. One day Dharmabuddhi find the money and told his friend Dustabuddhi. Then they both hide the money under a tree. Whenever they need money, Dharmabuddhi take some and apportion. But Dustabuddhi not satisfied and one day take all the money left. He then accused Dharmabuddhi and put them on trial. But Dustabuddhi finally caught and punished.

Relief 4 (Two different parrot)

This relief depicts the story of two brothers but different parrot behavior because one educated by a highwayman. While the one by a priest.

Mendut Buddhist Vihara.

Right next Mendut Mendut there are Buddhist temples. This monastery was formerly a Catholic convent that then the land parceled out to people in the 1950s. Then people's lands bought by a Buddhist foundation and on it built a monastery. In this temple there are dormitories, places of worship, parks, and a statue of Buddha. Some of them are donations from Japan.
Thank you for reading this article. Written and posted by Bambang Sunarno. sunarnobambang86@gmail.com
author:
https://plus.google.com/105319704331231770941.
name: Bambang Sunarno.
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Published Date: December 21, 2015 at 11:44

Tag : Mendut temple.

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Prambanan temple.

Prambanan temple or Loro Jonggrang is the largest Hindu temple complex in Indonesia, which was built in the 9th century BC. This temple is dedicated to Trimurti, the three main Hindu gods Brahma as the creator god, Vishnu as the preserver god, and Shiva as a god of destruction. Based on the inscriptions Siwagrha original name of this temple complex is Siwagrha (Sanskrit which means 'house of Shiva'), and indeed in garbagriha (main hall) of the temple sits a statue of Shiva Mahadeva three meters high which shows that in this temple of Lord Shiva are preferred.
The temple complex is located in the district of Prambanan, Sleman and sub Prambanan, Klaten, approximately 17 kilometers northeast of Yogyakarta, 50 kilometers southwest of Surakarta and 120 kilometers south of Semarang, exactly on the border between the provinces of Central Java and Yogyakarta. It is very unique, Prambanan temple is located in the administrative area Bokoharjo village, Prambanan, Sleman, while the entrance to the Prambanan temple complex located in the village administration Tlogo, Prambanan, Klaten.
This temple is including the UNESCO World Heritage Site, the largest Hindu temple in Indonesia, and one of the most beautiful temples in Southeast Asia. The architecture of the building is tall and slender shape in accordance with Hindu architecture in general with the Shiva temple as the main temple has a height reached 47 meters towering in the middle of the complex cluster of temples are smaller. As one of the grandest temples in Southeast Asia, Prambanan temple is the main attraction of tourists visiting from all over the world.
According to the inscription Siwagrha, this temple was built in about 850 BC by Rakai Pikatan, and continue to be developed and expanded by Balitung Maha Sambu, during Medang Mataram kingdom.

Etymology.

Name Prambanan, is derived from the name of the village where the temple stands, believed to be the change of the name of the dialect of Javanese language of the term theology Hindu Para Brahman means "Brahman Supreme" is Brahman or the eternal realities highest and greatest that can not be described, which is often equated with the concept of God in Hinduism. Another opinion considers the Brahman may refer to the heyday of the temple was formerly filled by brahmins. Another opinion put forward the notion that the name "Prambanan" comes from the root word mban in the Java language that is meaningful to bear or have a task, refer to the Hindu gods who took on the task to organize and run the harmony of the universe.
The original name of this Hindu temple complex is the name of Sanskrit; Siwagrha (House of Shiva) or Siwalaya (Natural Shiva), based shivagrha inscription which is dated 778 Saka (856 AD). Trimurti glorified in this temple complex of three main temples venerate Brahma, Shiva and Vishnu. But Shiva Mahadeva who occupy the main hall in the temple of Shiva is the god most venerated in this temple complex.

History.

Development.

Prambanan is the largest Hindu temple and grandest ever built in the ancient Javanese kingdom Hindu temple construction was started by Rakai Pikatan as a rival Buddhist temple of Borobudur and Sewu temple which is located not far from Prambanan. Some historians have long suspected that the construction of grand Hindu temple to mark the return to power Sanjaya family on Java, it is related to the theory of the twin house of different beliefs competing; namely the Sanjaya dynasty of Hindu and Buddhist Sailendra dynasty. Surely, with the construction of this temple indicate that Hinduism Saiwa back the support of the royal family, after the Sailendra dynasty tend to be more supportive Mahayana Buddhist. It is marked that the kingdom Medang switch focus their religious support, from Mahayana Buddhism to the cult of Shiva.
The building was first built around 850 AD by Rakai Pikatan and continuously refined and expanded by King Lokapala and king Balitung Maha Sambu. Based on the inscriptions Siwagrha to the year 856 AD, the sacred building was built to honor the god Shiva, and the original name of the building is in Sanskrit is Siwagrha (Sanskrit: Shiva-grha which means: 'The house of Shiva') or Siwalaya (Sanskrit: Shiva-laya that means: 'Realm of Shiva' or 'Natural Shiva'). In this inscription mentioned that during the construction of the temple Siwagrha ongoing, carried out public works also changes in the water system to move the streams near this temple. River in question is the Peel river that flows from north to south along the west side of the temple complex of Prambanan. Historians suspect that the original flow of the river curving turn towards the east, and is considered too close to the temple so that erosion of the river could endanger the construction of the temple. This water system project done by creating a new river that cuts spatula curved river with the north-south axis along the west wall outside the temple complex. Former river channel original and then backfilled to provide broader land for the construction of a row of ancillary temple (temple or temple guards escort).
Some archaeologists believe that the Shiva statue in Garbhagriha (main hall) in the Shiva temple as the main temple is a statue of the king Balitung embodiment, as the statue pedharmaan him posthumously.
This building complex periodically continue to be refined by the kings of Mataram Medang the next, like a king Daksha and Tulodong, and expanded by constructing additional hundreds of temples around the main temple. Because of the grandeur of this temple, Prambanan temple serves as a grand temple Mataram Kingdom, where important ceremonies convening various kingdoms. At the height of its glory, historians suspect that hundreds of pastors brahmin and his students gathered and inhabit the outer court of the temple to study the Vedas and implement various Hindu rituals and ceremonies. While the center of the Mataram kingdom palace royal or supposedly located somewhere near Prambanan in Kewu Plain.

Abandoned.

Around the year 930-an, the capital of the kingdom moved to East Java by Mpu SINDOK, who founded isyana dynasty. Causes move the center of power is not known for certain. But very likely caused by the great eruption of Mount Merapi, which rises about 20 kilometers north of the temple of Prambanan. Other possible causes are wars and power struggles. After the transfer of the capital, Prambanan temple began neglected and unkempt, so this temple slowly begin to deteriorate and crumble.
The temple building totally collapsed allegedly due to severe earthquakes in the 16th century. Although no longer the center of religious and worship of Hindus, the temple is still recognizable and unknown by the people who inhabit villages around Java. Temples and statues of Durga in the main building of this temple Javanese folk tales that inspired the legend of Rara Jonggrang. After the split of the Sultanate of Mataram in 1755, the ruins of the temple and the nearby river Opaque be a sign of a barrier between the Sultanate of Yogyakarta and Surakarta (Solo).

Rediscovery.

Local residents Java citizens around the temple was aware of this temple. But they do not know the real historical background, who is the king and the royal what has built this monument. As a result of the imagination, local community creating local fairy tale to explain the origin of the existence of this temple; colored with a fantastic story about the demon king, thousands of temples built by spirits and demons in just one night, as well as the beautiful princess who was cursed into a statue. Prambanan legend known as Rara Jonggrang story.
In 1733, the temple was discovered by CA. Lons a Dutch nationality. This temple attracted worldwide attention when during the British occupation of Java. When Colin Mackenzie, a subordinate surveyor Sir Thomas Stamford Raffles, find this temple. Although Sir Thomas then ordered a further investigation, the ruins of this temple remained abandoned until decades. No serious excavations conducted during the 1880s that unfortunately even fertilize the practice of looting carving and stone temples. Then in 1855 Jan Willem IJzerman started to clean up and move some of the rocks and soil of the temple. Moments later Isaac Groneman massive demolition and the temple stones were piled haphazardly along the Peel River. Statues and reliefs were taken by Dutch nationals and used as garden ornaments, while the natives use stone temples for building materials and house foundation.

Restoration.

The restoration began in 1918, but a serious effort begins in earnest in the 1930s. In 1902-1903, Theodoor van Erp keep parts that are prone to collapse. In the years 1918-1926, followed by the Bureau of Antiquities (Oudheidkundige Dienst) under PJ Perquin in a more systematic manner according to the rules of archeology. As known predecessors perform removal and demolition of thousands of stones indiscriminately without thinking about the restoration effort back. In 1926 De Haan continued until his death in 1930. In 1931 was replaced by Ir. V.R. van Romondt up in 1942 and later handed over the leadership of the renovation was the son of Indonesia and it continued until 1993
Renovation efforts continue to be done even now. The restoration of the Shiva temple that is the main temple complex was completed in 1953 and inaugurated by the first President of the Republic of Indonesia Sukarno. Many parts of the temple was renovated, using new stone, because many original stones are stolen or reused elsewhere. A temple will be renovated only when at least 75% original stone is still there. Therefore, many small temples are not rebuilt and just looks foundation course.
Now, the temple was included in the World Heritage Site protected by UNESCO, awarded UNESCO status in 1991. Today, some parts of the Prambanan temple being renovated to repair damage caused by the Yogyakarta earthquake of 2006. This earthquake has damaged a number of buildings and sculptures.

Contemporary events.

In the early 1990s the government moved the markets and villages spread wildly around the temple, displacing villages and rice fields in the area around the temple, and restore it into a park immemorial. The archaeological park covers a large area on the edge of Yogyakarta-Solo highway on the south side, covering the entire temple complex of Prambanan, including Candi Lumbung, Bubrah temple and Sewu in the north. In 1992 the Government of Indonesia state-owned company, Limited PT Taman Wisata Candi Borobudur, Prambanan and Ratu Boko. This business entity in charge of managing archaeological tourist park in Borobudur, Prambanan, Ratu Boko, as well as the surrounding region. Prambanan is a famous tourist attraction in Indonesia visited by many tourists in domestic or foreign tourists.
Just across the river Peel complex built Trimurti stage and theater performances are regularly held Ramayana. Open stage right Trimurti located opposite the temple on the west bank of the river with a background Peel highlighted Prambanan light. Open stage is only used during the dry season, while in the rainy season, the show moved on a closed stage. Puppet Javanese dance Ramayana people are valuable tradition of Javanese court which has hundreds of years old, usually performed in the palace and began to be shown in Prambanan during the full moon since the 1960s. Since then Prambanan has become a tourist attraction and ancient culture in Indonesia.
After a massive restoration in the 1990s, Prambanan is also back at the center of Hindu worship in Java. The revival of religious values ​​Prambanan is because there is quite a lot people Hindus, both immigrants from Bali or Java citizens returning Hindu living in Yogyakarta, Klaten and surrounding areas. Every year Hindus from Central Java and Yogyakarta provinces gathered at Prambanan temple to hold the ceremony on the holy day of Galungan, Tawur Kesanga, and Nyepi.
On May 27, 2006 an earthquake of 5.9 on the Richter scale (while the United States Geological Survey reported a magnitude of 6.2 on the Richter scale) hit Bantul and surrounding areas. The earthquake caused severe damage to many buildings and mortality in the population around. This earthquake centered on Peel tectonic faults are faults in the direction of Peel river valley near Prambanan. One of the buildings are badly damaged Prambanan temple complex, especially the Brahma temple. Early photographs show that despite the complex of buildings remain intact, the damage is significant. Larger rock fragments, including panel-carved panels and waterless Vajra fallen and scattered on the ground. These temples were closed from tourist visits to the damage and the danger of collapse can be taken into account. Yogyakarta archeology hall states that it can take many months to determine the extent of the damage caused by this earthquake. A few weeks later, in 2006 the site re-opened for tourist visits. In 2008, there were a number of Indonesian tourists 856 029 and 114 951 foreign tourists visited Prambanan. On January 6, 2009 Nandi temple restoration is complete. In 2009, the space inside the main temple is closed from the tourist traffic for security reasons.

The temple complex.

The entrance to the building complex is located in the four corners of the wind direction, but the direction toward the building is to the east, the main entrance of this temple is the east gate. Prambanan temple complex consists of:
* 3 Trimurti temple: the temple of Shiva, Vishnu, and Brahma
* 3 Wahana temple: temple Nandi, Garuda, and Geese
* 2 Temple Apit: located between rows of Trimurti temples and temples rides in
      the north and south
* 4 Temple Kelir: located in the 4 direction right behind the entrance to the inner
      courtyard or the core zone
* 4 Temple Stakes: located at the 4 corners of the pages or the core zone
      224 ancillary temples: 4 rows are arranged in concentric with the number of
      temples from the innermost to the outermost rows: 44, 52, 60, and 68
      then there are a total of 240 temples in the complex of Prambanan.
Originally there were 240 large and small temples at Prambanan temple complex. But now only 18 temples; ie 8 main temples and 8 small temples in the core zone and 2 ancillary temples. Many ancillary temples have not been restored, of 224 perwara only 2 that have been restored, leaving only a pile of stones scattered about. Prambanan temple complex consists of three zones; The first is the outer zone, the second is the middle zone consisting of hundreds of temples, the third is in a zone which is the zone of the main temple is the holiest place eight and eight small temples.
Prambanan temple complex cross-section of the plan is based on a square yan land consists of three sections or zones, each zone is bordered pages andesite stone wall. The outer zone is marked with a square fence on each side along the 390 meters, with the orientation of the Northeast - Southwest. Unless the remaining southern gate, part of another gate and walls of the temple are many missing. The function of the outer courtyard is not known; the possibility of park land is sacred, or dormitory complex Brahmin and his students. Perhaps first building standing in the outer courtyard is made of wood, so it had rotted and destroyed nothing left.
Prambanan is one of the largest Hindu temples in Southeast Asia apart from Angkor Wat. The three main temples called Trinity and dedicated kepadantiga main god Trimurti: Shiva the Destroyer, Vishnu the Preserver and Brahma the Creator. Shiva in this temple complex are preferred and more exalted than the other two gods Trimurti. Shiva temple as well as the main building of the largest and highest, 47 meters tall.

Shiva temple.

Pages in the zone is the sacred temple complex mostly three zones. Court high surface and with plans caged stone fence with four gates at the four points of the compass. In this page with the surface of the sand there are eight main temple; namely the three main temples called Trimurti temple ("three state"), dedicated to the three supreme Hindu gods: Brahma the Creator, Vishnu the Preserver, and Shiva the Destroyer.
Shiva temple as the main temple is the largest building in the temple complex at once centipede Rara Jonggrang, measuring 47 meters high and 34 meters wide. Mastaka peak or peak temple is crowned modified diamond shape that symbolizes Vajra or thunderbolt. Vajra forming a companion version of the Hindu stupa found in Buddhist temples without water. Shiva temple surrounded hallway decorated with a gallery that tells the story of Ramayana; engraved on a wall inside the balustrade. On top of this balustrade fenced waterless lineup that also shaped Vajra. To follow the story in this order, the visitors had to enter from the east side, then do pradakshina which revolves around the temple according clockwise. This led to the Ramayana story Brahma temple.
Shiva temple in the middle, contains five rooms, one room in each direction of the wind and the garbagriha, the main room and the largest located in the center of the temple. Eastern room connected to the main room where sits a statue of Shiva Mahadeva (Shiva as the embodiment of Supreme Deity) as high as three meters. This statue has Lakçana (attribute or symbol) of Shiva, which is chandrakapala (skull above a crescent moon), jatamakuta (crown of glory), and Trinetra (third eye) on his forehead. This statue has four arms that hold the attributes of Shiva, as aksamala (rosary), camara (horsetail hair repellent flies), and trident. This statue wearing upawita (rope caste) in the form of a serpent (cobra). Shiva depicted wearing a loincloth of a tiger skin, depicted with carved head, paws, and tail of a tiger on his thighs. Most historians beranggapa that this Shiva statue embodies Balitung king as god Shiva, as the statue pedharmaan him posthumously. So that when the body dies, the spirit is considered reunited with his Lord dropper is Shiva. Mahadeva Shiva statue stands on a lotus pedestal on the foundation of a square-shaped yoni on the north side of the carved serpent (cobra).
Three other smaller space saving statues smaller size associated with Shiva. In the southern area there Resi Agastya, Ganesha son of Shiva in the west room, and in the north there is a statue sakti or wife of Shiva, Durga Mahisasuramardini, depicting Durga as repellent Mahisasura, giant ox attacking Swargaloka. Durga is also called Rara Jonggrang (slender virgin) by the locals. This image is associated with the daughter of legendary figures Rara Jonggrang.

Brahma temple and Vishnu temples.

Two other temples dedicated to Lord Vishnu, which is located on the north side and the other dedicated to Brahma, which is located on the south side. The second temple is facing east and only one room, which is dedicated to the gods. Brahma Temple store Vishnu temple statue of Brahma and Vishnu statue store measuring nearly 3 meters high. Brahma and Vishnu temple size is the same, namely a width of 20 meters and a height of 33 meters.

Wahana temple.

Right in front of the temple there are three temples Trimurti smaller than Brahma and Vishnu temples are dedicated to the vehicle or the vehicle's gods; Nandi the bull vehicle of Shiva, Brahma rides the swan, and the Garuda Wisnu vehicle. The temples of this vehicle is located right in front of the god rider. In front there is a Shiva temple Nandi temple, in which there is a statue of Nandi bull. On the wall behind the statue of Nandi at the left and right flank and the statue of the moon god Chandra Surya the sun god. Chandra is depicted standing on 10 horse-drawn carriages, while Surya standing on a horse-drawn carriage 7. Right in front of the temple of Brahma temple there Geese. The temple was empty and no statues of swans in it. Maybe once residing Goose as vehicle of Brahma statue in it. In front of the temple of Vishnu temples are dedicated to Garuda, but just as the temple Geese, in this temple not found the statue of Garuda. Garuda may first statue ever existed in this temple. Until now the emblem of Garuda become important in Indonesia, namely Garuda Pancasila as the state emblem.

Apit temple, temple Kelir, and Temple Stakes.

Among the sixth row of the main temples, there are temples Apit. Apit temple size is almost equal to the size of the ancillary temples, which is 14 meters high with a footprint sketch 6 x 6 meters. Besides the 8 main temple there are small temples in the form of a small temple that may function resembles pelinggihan in Bali Hindu temple or a place to put cymbals offerings, as well as a shelter in front of the entrance. This small temples namely; 4 Temple Kelir at the four corners of the wind in front of the entrance, and 4 Temple Stakes at each corner. Kelir temple and temple-shaped peg miniature temple without a ladder with a height of about 2 meters.

Ancillary temples.

Two walls that limit with the two-page plan, set up with the proper orientation of the four winds. The second wall of a length of 225 meters on each side. In between the two walls is the second page or second zone. The second zone consists of 224 perwara are arranged in four concentric rows. The temples are built on the four steps of the terraces are increasingly central to slightly higher. Four lines of the temples are smaller than the main temple. The temples are called "ancillary temples" of the temple guard or complementary temple. Ancillary temples arranged in four rows of concentric inner line consists of 44 temples, 52 temples second line, third line 60 temples, and the fourth line at the same time the outer row consists of 68 temples.
Perwara each measuring 14 meters high with a footprint sketch 6 x 6 meters, and the total number of ancillary temples on this page is 224 temples. All of these ancillary temples have one staircase and the entrance in the direction toward the main, except 16 temples around the corner which has two staircases and two entrances facing outwards. If most of the roof of the temple in the core zone of the page in the form of Vajra, the roof of the temple symbolizing Charles ancillary shaped jewel.
Originally there were many temples in these pages, but only a few have been restored. Perwara form is designed uniforms. Historians suspect that the temples are financed and built by local authorities as a sign of devotion and sacrifice for the king. While there is an opinion that connects four ancillary lines symbolize the four castes, and only those whose caste members are allowed to enter and worship in it; innermost row just inserted by the Brahmins, in addition to the outside line is temple row for knights, Vaishya and Sudra. While others do not see the relationship between the chapel and the four castes. Ancillary lines may be used for worship, or a place for meditation for the pastor and his flock.
Architecture.
Prambanan temple architecture guided by the traditions of Hindu architecture that is based on the book of Wastu Literature. Mandala pattern follows the plan of the temple, while the towering form of the temple is the hallmark of a Hindu temple. Prambanan real name Siwagrha and is designed to resemble the home of Shiva, which is the shape of the sacred mountain Mahameru, where the gods reside. All parts of the temple complex follows the model of the universe according to the concept of Hindu cosmology, which is divided into several layers realm, natural or Loka.
Such as Borobudur, Prambanan temple also has a level zone, starting from the less sacred to the most sacred zone. Although the names are different, each Hindu concept has existed in the Buddhist concept on the same basis.

Both the layout of the ground horizontally or vertically divided into three zones :

* Bhurloka (in Buddhism: Kamadhatu), is the lowest realm of mortals; humans,
   animals, as well as spirits and demons. In this sphere man is still tied with less
   lust, passion, and a way of life that is impure. Terlar page and foot of the
   temple symbolizes the realm bhurloka.
* Bhuwarloka (in Buddhism: Rupadhatu), is a natural tegah, a saint, sage,
   ascetic, and lowly gods. In this human nature began to see the light of truth.
   The central courtyard and the temple symbolizes the realm bhuwarloka.
* Swarloka (in Buddhism: Arupadhatu), is the highest realm as well as the shrine    of the gods dwell, also called Swargaloka. An inner courtyard and roof of the
   temple symbolizes the realm swarloka. The roof of the temples at Prambanan
   complex decorated with waterless mastaka be ratna (Sanskrit: jewel),
   Prambanan is a modified form of Ratna Vajra shape that symbolizes the
   diamond or thunderbolt. In the ancient architecture of Javanese Hindu,
   Buddhist Hindu Charles is a sideline to the stupa, which serves as waterless or
   temples mastaka.
At the time of restoration, just below the statue of Shiva in the bottom of the main room there is a Shiva temple in the wells is essentially pripih (stone box). The 5.75-meter-deep wells and pripih stone coffin was found on a pile of charcoal, wood, soil, and bones of sacrificial animals. Pripih contained in sacred objects such as sheets of gold inscribed with characters Waruna (god of the sea) and Parwata (mountain god). In a stone coffin, there are sheets of copper mixed with charcoal, ash, and soil, 20 pieces of ancient money, a few grains of gems, glass, pieces of gold, and a sheet of silver, shells, and 12 sheets of gold (5 of them in the form of a turtle, a snake dragon (cobra), lotus, altar, and eggs).

Relief.

Ramayana and Krishnayana.

The temple is decorated with a narrative that tells the Hindu epics; Ramayana and Krishnayana. This revolves around a series of reliefs carved into the wall of the balustrade along the aisle galleries that surround the three main temples. Relief is read from right to left with a clockwise motion around the temple. This is in accordance with the ritual circumambulation, which surrounds the building sacred ritual clockwise by pilgrims. Ramayana story begins on the east side of the temple of Shiva and Brahma temple continued to the temple. On the balustrade of Vishnu temple there Krishnayana narrative reliefs that tell the life of Krishna as one Awatara Vishnu.
Relief Ramayana illustrates how Shinta, Rama's wife, abducted by Ravana. Commander nation Wanara (monkey), Hanuman, come to the aid of Lanka to seek Rama Shinta. This story is also featured in the Ramayana, the Javanese wayang performances are staged regularly at Trimurti open stage every night of the full moon. Trimurti stage background is a magnificent view of the three main temples are illuminated by light.

Lokapala, Brahmins, and the Gods.

Across the narrative relief panels, on the walls of the temple along the gallery is decorated statues and reliefs depicting the gods and sages brahmin. Lokapala statues of gods, gods guardian heavenly winds can be found at the Shiva temple. While the statue of the brahmin compiler of the Vedas are in the temple of Brahma. In the temple there are statues of the gods Vishnu flanked by two apsaras or celestial nymphs.

Panel Prambanan: Lion and Kalpataru.

On the outer wall of the lower temple is decorated by rows of niches (niche) that holds the stone lions flanked by two panels depicting the tree of life kalpataru. This sacred tree in the Hindu-Buddhist mythology considered trees that can meet the expectations and needs of people. At the foot of Kalpataru tree is flanked by a pair kinnaras-kinnari (magic animals bodied human-headed bird), or a couple of other animals, such as birds, deer, sheep, monkeys, horses, elephants, and others. Lion flanked kalpataru pattern is typical pattern found only in Prambanan, therefore called "Panel Prambanan".

Museum Prambanan.

In the Prambanan temple complex archaeological park there is a museum that holds various archaeological findings of historical objects. The museum is located on the north side of Prambanan temple, between the temple and the temple Prambanan Lumbung. The museum is built in the traditional architecture of Java, such joglo. Collections stored in the museum are various temple stones and various statues found around Prambanan temple site; eg Nandi bull statue, sage Agastya, Shiva, Vishnu, Garuda, and Durga Mahisasuramardini, including the Shiva Linga stone, a symbol of fertility.
A replica of the golden treasure of the famous Wonoboyo findings, such as the Ramayana carved bowls, scoop, bag, money, and gold jewelry, also dipamekan in this museum. Wonoboyo original findings are kept in the National Museum of Indonesia in Jakarta. Replicas of architectural models several temples such as Prambanan, Borobudur, and Plaosan also exhibited in this museum. The museum is accessible for free by park visitors since ancient Prambanan tourism park admission is included this museum. Audio-visual show about the Prambanan temple is also shown here.

Other temples around Prambanan.

Sewu, a Buddhist temple entry in Prambanan purbalaka Park neighborhood, is associated with the legend of Rara Jonggrang
Kewu Plain or plateau Prambanan is a fertile plain that stretches between the southern slopes of the foot of Mount Merapi in the north and a chalk Sewu mountain range in the south, near the border of Yogyakarta and Klaten, Central Java. In addition to Prambanan temple, valleys and plains around Prambanan rich in archaeological relics Buddhist temples of the earliest in the history of Indonesia, as well as Hindu temples. Prambanan temple surrounded by Buddhist temples. Still in the complex archaeological tourist park, not far north there are the ruins of the temple of Prambanan temple and temple Bubrah barn. More to the north again there Sewu temple, the largest Buddhist temple Borobudur second. Further to the east there is a temple Plaosan. In the west there is a temple Prambanan temple Kalasan and Sari. While in the south there is a temple Sojiwan, Ratu Boko located on the hills, as well as temples Banyunibo, Barong temple, and the temple Ijo.
With the discovery of so many historic relics such as temples are just a few hundred meters of each other, indicating that the area around Prambanan in ancient times is an important area. Areas that have significant value both in terms of religion, politics, economics, and culture. Allegedly center Medang Mataram kingdom located somewhere in the plains. A wealth of archaeological sites, as well as the sophistication and beauty of the temple temples make the Prambanan Plain equally with other famous historical district in Southeast Asia, such as the archaeological site of the ancient city of Angkor, Bagan, and Ayutthaya.
Thank you for reading this article. Written and posted by Bambang Sunarno. sunarnobambang86@gmail.com
author:
https://plus.google.com/105319704331231770941.
name: Bambang Sunarno.
http://primadonablog.blogspot.com/2015/12/prambanan-temple.html
Published Date: December 21, 2015 at 10:44

Tag : Prambanan temple.

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