Prambanan temple.

Prambanan temple or Loro Jonggrang is the largest Hindu temple complex in Indonesia, which was built in the 9th century BC. This temple is dedicated to Trimurti, the three main Hindu gods Brahma as the creator god, Vishnu as the preserver god, and Shiva as a god of destruction. Based on the inscriptions Siwagrha original name of this temple complex is Siwagrha (Sanskrit which means 'house of Shiva'), and indeed in garbagriha (main hall) of the temple sits a statue of Shiva Mahadeva three meters high which shows that in this temple of Lord Shiva are preferred.
The temple complex is located in the district of Prambanan, Sleman and sub Prambanan, Klaten, approximately 17 kilometers northeast of Yogyakarta, 50 kilometers southwest of Surakarta and 120 kilometers south of Semarang, exactly on the border between the provinces of Central Java and Yogyakarta. It is very unique, Prambanan temple is located in the administrative area Bokoharjo village, Prambanan, Sleman, while the entrance to the Prambanan temple complex located in the village administration Tlogo, Prambanan, Klaten.
This temple is including the UNESCO World Heritage Site, the largest Hindu temple in Indonesia, and one of the most beautiful temples in Southeast Asia. The architecture of the building is tall and slender shape in accordance with Hindu architecture in general with the Shiva temple as the main temple has a height reached 47 meters towering in the middle of the complex cluster of temples are smaller. As one of the grandest temples in Southeast Asia, Prambanan temple is the main attraction of tourists visiting from all over the world.
According to the inscription Siwagrha, this temple was built in about 850 BC by Rakai Pikatan, and continue to be developed and expanded by Balitung Maha Sambu, during Medang Mataram kingdom.

Etymology.

Name Prambanan, is derived from the name of the village where the temple stands, believed to be the change of the name of the dialect of Javanese language of the term theology Hindu Para Brahman means "Brahman Supreme" is Brahman or the eternal realities highest and greatest that can not be described, which is often equated with the concept of God in Hinduism. Another opinion considers the Brahman may refer to the heyday of the temple was formerly filled by brahmins. Another opinion put forward the notion that the name "Prambanan" comes from the root word mban in the Java language that is meaningful to bear or have a task, refer to the Hindu gods who took on the task to organize and run the harmony of the universe.
The original name of this Hindu temple complex is the name of Sanskrit; Siwagrha (House of Shiva) or Siwalaya (Natural Shiva), based shivagrha inscription which is dated 778 Saka (856 AD). Trimurti glorified in this temple complex of three main temples venerate Brahma, Shiva and Vishnu. But Shiva Mahadeva who occupy the main hall in the temple of Shiva is the god most venerated in this temple complex.

History.

Development.

Prambanan is the largest Hindu temple and grandest ever built in the ancient Javanese kingdom Hindu temple construction was started by Rakai Pikatan as a rival Buddhist temple of Borobudur and Sewu temple which is located not far from Prambanan. Some historians have long suspected that the construction of grand Hindu temple to mark the return to power Sanjaya family on Java, it is related to the theory of the twin house of different beliefs competing; namely the Sanjaya dynasty of Hindu and Buddhist Sailendra dynasty. Surely, with the construction of this temple indicate that Hinduism Saiwa back the support of the royal family, after the Sailendra dynasty tend to be more supportive Mahayana Buddhist. It is marked that the kingdom Medang switch focus their religious support, from Mahayana Buddhism to the cult of Shiva.
The building was first built around 850 AD by Rakai Pikatan and continuously refined and expanded by King Lokapala and king Balitung Maha Sambu. Based on the inscriptions Siwagrha to the year 856 AD, the sacred building was built to honor the god Shiva, and the original name of the building is in Sanskrit is Siwagrha (Sanskrit: Shiva-grha which means: 'The house of Shiva') or Siwalaya (Sanskrit: Shiva-laya that means: 'Realm of Shiva' or 'Natural Shiva'). In this inscription mentioned that during the construction of the temple Siwagrha ongoing, carried out public works also changes in the water system to move the streams near this temple. River in question is the Peel river that flows from north to south along the west side of the temple complex of Prambanan. Historians suspect that the original flow of the river curving turn towards the east, and is considered too close to the temple so that erosion of the river could endanger the construction of the temple. This water system project done by creating a new river that cuts spatula curved river with the north-south axis along the west wall outside the temple complex. Former river channel original and then backfilled to provide broader land for the construction of a row of ancillary temple (temple or temple guards escort).
Some archaeologists believe that the Shiva statue in Garbhagriha (main hall) in the Shiva temple as the main temple is a statue of the king Balitung embodiment, as the statue pedharmaan him posthumously.
This building complex periodically continue to be refined by the kings of Mataram Medang the next, like a king Daksha and Tulodong, and expanded by constructing additional hundreds of temples around the main temple. Because of the grandeur of this temple, Prambanan temple serves as a grand temple Mataram Kingdom, where important ceremonies convening various kingdoms. At the height of its glory, historians suspect that hundreds of pastors brahmin and his students gathered and inhabit the outer court of the temple to study the Vedas and implement various Hindu rituals and ceremonies. While the center of the Mataram kingdom palace royal or supposedly located somewhere near Prambanan in Kewu Plain.

Abandoned.

Around the year 930-an, the capital of the kingdom moved to East Java by Mpu SINDOK, who founded isyana dynasty. Causes move the center of power is not known for certain. But very likely caused by the great eruption of Mount Merapi, which rises about 20 kilometers north of the temple of Prambanan. Other possible causes are wars and power struggles. After the transfer of the capital, Prambanan temple began neglected and unkempt, so this temple slowly begin to deteriorate and crumble.
The temple building totally collapsed allegedly due to severe earthquakes in the 16th century. Although no longer the center of religious and worship of Hindus, the temple is still recognizable and unknown by the people who inhabit villages around Java. Temples and statues of Durga in the main building of this temple Javanese folk tales that inspired the legend of Rara Jonggrang. After the split of the Sultanate of Mataram in 1755, the ruins of the temple and the nearby river Opaque be a sign of a barrier between the Sultanate of Yogyakarta and Surakarta (Solo).

Rediscovery.

Local residents Java citizens around the temple was aware of this temple. But they do not know the real historical background, who is the king and the royal what has built this monument. As a result of the imagination, local community creating local fairy tale to explain the origin of the existence of this temple; colored with a fantastic story about the demon king, thousands of temples built by spirits and demons in just one night, as well as the beautiful princess who was cursed into a statue. Prambanan legend known as Rara Jonggrang story.
In 1733, the temple was discovered by CA. Lons a Dutch nationality. This temple attracted worldwide attention when during the British occupation of Java. When Colin Mackenzie, a subordinate surveyor Sir Thomas Stamford Raffles, find this temple. Although Sir Thomas then ordered a further investigation, the ruins of this temple remained abandoned until decades. No serious excavations conducted during the 1880s that unfortunately even fertilize the practice of looting carving and stone temples. Then in 1855 Jan Willem IJzerman started to clean up and move some of the rocks and soil of the temple. Moments later Isaac Groneman massive demolition and the temple stones were piled haphazardly along the Peel River. Statues and reliefs were taken by Dutch nationals and used as garden ornaments, while the natives use stone temples for building materials and house foundation.

Restoration.

The restoration began in 1918, but a serious effort begins in earnest in the 1930s. In 1902-1903, Theodoor van Erp keep parts that are prone to collapse. In the years 1918-1926, followed by the Bureau of Antiquities (Oudheidkundige Dienst) under PJ Perquin in a more systematic manner according to the rules of archeology. As known predecessors perform removal and demolition of thousands of stones indiscriminately without thinking about the restoration effort back. In 1926 De Haan continued until his death in 1930. In 1931 was replaced by Ir. V.R. van Romondt up in 1942 and later handed over the leadership of the renovation was the son of Indonesia and it continued until 1993
Renovation efforts continue to be done even now. The restoration of the Shiva temple that is the main temple complex was completed in 1953 and inaugurated by the first President of the Republic of Indonesia Sukarno. Many parts of the temple was renovated, using new stone, because many original stones are stolen or reused elsewhere. A temple will be renovated only when at least 75% original stone is still there. Therefore, many small temples are not rebuilt and just looks foundation course.
Now, the temple was included in the World Heritage Site protected by UNESCO, awarded UNESCO status in 1991. Today, some parts of the Prambanan temple being renovated to repair damage caused by the Yogyakarta earthquake of 2006. This earthquake has damaged a number of buildings and sculptures.

Contemporary events.

In the early 1990s the government moved the markets and villages spread wildly around the temple, displacing villages and rice fields in the area around the temple, and restore it into a park immemorial. The archaeological park covers a large area on the edge of Yogyakarta-Solo highway on the south side, covering the entire temple complex of Prambanan, including Candi Lumbung, Bubrah temple and Sewu in the north. In 1992 the Government of Indonesia state-owned company, Limited PT Taman Wisata Candi Borobudur, Prambanan and Ratu Boko. This business entity in charge of managing archaeological tourist park in Borobudur, Prambanan, Ratu Boko, as well as the surrounding region. Prambanan is a famous tourist attraction in Indonesia visited by many tourists in domestic or foreign tourists.
Just across the river Peel complex built Trimurti stage and theater performances are regularly held Ramayana. Open stage right Trimurti located opposite the temple on the west bank of the river with a background Peel highlighted Prambanan light. Open stage is only used during the dry season, while in the rainy season, the show moved on a closed stage. Puppet Javanese dance Ramayana people are valuable tradition of Javanese court which has hundreds of years old, usually performed in the palace and began to be shown in Prambanan during the full moon since the 1960s. Since then Prambanan has become a tourist attraction and ancient culture in Indonesia.
After a massive restoration in the 1990s, Prambanan is also back at the center of Hindu worship in Java. The revival of religious values ​​Prambanan is because there is quite a lot people Hindus, both immigrants from Bali or Java citizens returning Hindu living in Yogyakarta, Klaten and surrounding areas. Every year Hindus from Central Java and Yogyakarta provinces gathered at Prambanan temple to hold the ceremony on the holy day of Galungan, Tawur Kesanga, and Nyepi.
On May 27, 2006 an earthquake of 5.9 on the Richter scale (while the United States Geological Survey reported a magnitude of 6.2 on the Richter scale) hit Bantul and surrounding areas. The earthquake caused severe damage to many buildings and mortality in the population around. This earthquake centered on Peel tectonic faults are faults in the direction of Peel river valley near Prambanan. One of the buildings are badly damaged Prambanan temple complex, especially the Brahma temple. Early photographs show that despite the complex of buildings remain intact, the damage is significant. Larger rock fragments, including panel-carved panels and waterless Vajra fallen and scattered on the ground. These temples were closed from tourist visits to the damage and the danger of collapse can be taken into account. Yogyakarta archeology hall states that it can take many months to determine the extent of the damage caused by this earthquake. A few weeks later, in 2006 the site re-opened for tourist visits. In 2008, there were a number of Indonesian tourists 856 029 and 114 951 foreign tourists visited Prambanan. On January 6, 2009 Nandi temple restoration is complete. In 2009, the space inside the main temple is closed from the tourist traffic for security reasons.

The temple complex.

The entrance to the building complex is located in the four corners of the wind direction, but the direction toward the building is to the east, the main entrance of this temple is the east gate. Prambanan temple complex consists of:
* 3 Trimurti temple: the temple of Shiva, Vishnu, and Brahma
* 3 Wahana temple: temple Nandi, Garuda, and Geese
* 2 Temple Apit: located between rows of Trimurti temples and temples rides in
      the north and south
* 4 Temple Kelir: located in the 4 direction right behind the entrance to the inner
      courtyard or the core zone
* 4 Temple Stakes: located at the 4 corners of the pages or the core zone
      224 ancillary temples: 4 rows are arranged in concentric with the number of
      temples from the innermost to the outermost rows: 44, 52, 60, and 68
      then there are a total of 240 temples in the complex of Prambanan.
Originally there were 240 large and small temples at Prambanan temple complex. But now only 18 temples; ie 8 main temples and 8 small temples in the core zone and 2 ancillary temples. Many ancillary temples have not been restored, of 224 perwara only 2 that have been restored, leaving only a pile of stones scattered about. Prambanan temple complex consists of three zones; The first is the outer zone, the second is the middle zone consisting of hundreds of temples, the third is in a zone which is the zone of the main temple is the holiest place eight and eight small temples.
Prambanan temple complex cross-section of the plan is based on a square yan land consists of three sections or zones, each zone is bordered pages andesite stone wall. The outer zone is marked with a square fence on each side along the 390 meters, with the orientation of the Northeast - Southwest. Unless the remaining southern gate, part of another gate and walls of the temple are many missing. The function of the outer courtyard is not known; the possibility of park land is sacred, or dormitory complex Brahmin and his students. Perhaps first building standing in the outer courtyard is made of wood, so it had rotted and destroyed nothing left.
Prambanan is one of the largest Hindu temples in Southeast Asia apart from Angkor Wat. The three main temples called Trinity and dedicated kepadantiga main god Trimurti: Shiva the Destroyer, Vishnu the Preserver and Brahma the Creator. Shiva in this temple complex are preferred and more exalted than the other two gods Trimurti. Shiva temple as well as the main building of the largest and highest, 47 meters tall.

Shiva temple.

Pages in the zone is the sacred temple complex mostly three zones. Court high surface and with plans caged stone fence with four gates at the four points of the compass. In this page with the surface of the sand there are eight main temple; namely the three main temples called Trimurti temple ("three state"), dedicated to the three supreme Hindu gods: Brahma the Creator, Vishnu the Preserver, and Shiva the Destroyer.
Shiva temple as the main temple is the largest building in the temple complex at once centipede Rara Jonggrang, measuring 47 meters high and 34 meters wide. Mastaka peak or peak temple is crowned modified diamond shape that symbolizes Vajra or thunderbolt. Vajra forming a companion version of the Hindu stupa found in Buddhist temples without water. Shiva temple surrounded hallway decorated with a gallery that tells the story of Ramayana; engraved on a wall inside the balustrade. On top of this balustrade fenced waterless lineup that also shaped Vajra. To follow the story in this order, the visitors had to enter from the east side, then do pradakshina which revolves around the temple according clockwise. This led to the Ramayana story Brahma temple.
Shiva temple in the middle, contains five rooms, one room in each direction of the wind and the garbagriha, the main room and the largest located in the center of the temple. Eastern room connected to the main room where sits a statue of Shiva Mahadeva (Shiva as the embodiment of Supreme Deity) as high as three meters. This statue has Lakçana (attribute or symbol) of Shiva, which is chandrakapala (skull above a crescent moon), jatamakuta (crown of glory), and Trinetra (third eye) on his forehead. This statue has four arms that hold the attributes of Shiva, as aksamala (rosary), camara (horsetail hair repellent flies), and trident. This statue wearing upawita (rope caste) in the form of a serpent (cobra). Shiva depicted wearing a loincloth of a tiger skin, depicted with carved head, paws, and tail of a tiger on his thighs. Most historians beranggapa that this Shiva statue embodies Balitung king as god Shiva, as the statue pedharmaan him posthumously. So that when the body dies, the spirit is considered reunited with his Lord dropper is Shiva. Mahadeva Shiva statue stands on a lotus pedestal on the foundation of a square-shaped yoni on the north side of the carved serpent (cobra).
Three other smaller space saving statues smaller size associated with Shiva. In the southern area there Resi Agastya, Ganesha son of Shiva in the west room, and in the north there is a statue sakti or wife of Shiva, Durga Mahisasuramardini, depicting Durga as repellent Mahisasura, giant ox attacking Swargaloka. Durga is also called Rara Jonggrang (slender virgin) by the locals. This image is associated with the daughter of legendary figures Rara Jonggrang.

Brahma temple and Vishnu temples.

Two other temples dedicated to Lord Vishnu, which is located on the north side and the other dedicated to Brahma, which is located on the south side. The second temple is facing east and only one room, which is dedicated to the gods. Brahma Temple store Vishnu temple statue of Brahma and Vishnu statue store measuring nearly 3 meters high. Brahma and Vishnu temple size is the same, namely a width of 20 meters and a height of 33 meters.

Wahana temple.

Right in front of the temple there are three temples Trimurti smaller than Brahma and Vishnu temples are dedicated to the vehicle or the vehicle's gods; Nandi the bull vehicle of Shiva, Brahma rides the swan, and the Garuda Wisnu vehicle. The temples of this vehicle is located right in front of the god rider. In front there is a Shiva temple Nandi temple, in which there is a statue of Nandi bull. On the wall behind the statue of Nandi at the left and right flank and the statue of the moon god Chandra Surya the sun god. Chandra is depicted standing on 10 horse-drawn carriages, while Surya standing on a horse-drawn carriage 7. Right in front of the temple of Brahma temple there Geese. The temple was empty and no statues of swans in it. Maybe once residing Goose as vehicle of Brahma statue in it. In front of the temple of Vishnu temples are dedicated to Garuda, but just as the temple Geese, in this temple not found the statue of Garuda. Garuda may first statue ever existed in this temple. Until now the emblem of Garuda become important in Indonesia, namely Garuda Pancasila as the state emblem.

Apit temple, temple Kelir, and Temple Stakes.

Among the sixth row of the main temples, there are temples Apit. Apit temple size is almost equal to the size of the ancillary temples, which is 14 meters high with a footprint sketch 6 x 6 meters. Besides the 8 main temple there are small temples in the form of a small temple that may function resembles pelinggihan in Bali Hindu temple or a place to put cymbals offerings, as well as a shelter in front of the entrance. This small temples namely; 4 Temple Kelir at the four corners of the wind in front of the entrance, and 4 Temple Stakes at each corner. Kelir temple and temple-shaped peg miniature temple without a ladder with a height of about 2 meters.

Ancillary temples.

Two walls that limit with the two-page plan, set up with the proper orientation of the four winds. The second wall of a length of 225 meters on each side. In between the two walls is the second page or second zone. The second zone consists of 224 perwara are arranged in four concentric rows. The temples are built on the four steps of the terraces are increasingly central to slightly higher. Four lines of the temples are smaller than the main temple. The temples are called "ancillary temples" of the temple guard or complementary temple. Ancillary temples arranged in four rows of concentric inner line consists of 44 temples, 52 temples second line, third line 60 temples, and the fourth line at the same time the outer row consists of 68 temples.
Perwara each measuring 14 meters high with a footprint sketch 6 x 6 meters, and the total number of ancillary temples on this page is 224 temples. All of these ancillary temples have one staircase and the entrance in the direction toward the main, except 16 temples around the corner which has two staircases and two entrances facing outwards. If most of the roof of the temple in the core zone of the page in the form of Vajra, the roof of the temple symbolizing Charles ancillary shaped jewel.
Originally there were many temples in these pages, but only a few have been restored. Perwara form is designed uniforms. Historians suspect that the temples are financed and built by local authorities as a sign of devotion and sacrifice for the king. While there is an opinion that connects four ancillary lines symbolize the four castes, and only those whose caste members are allowed to enter and worship in it; innermost row just inserted by the Brahmins, in addition to the outside line is temple row for knights, Vaishya and Sudra. While others do not see the relationship between the chapel and the four castes. Ancillary lines may be used for worship, or a place for meditation for the pastor and his flock.
Architecture.
Prambanan temple architecture guided by the traditions of Hindu architecture that is based on the book of Wastu Literature. Mandala pattern follows the plan of the temple, while the towering form of the temple is the hallmark of a Hindu temple. Prambanan real name Siwagrha and is designed to resemble the home of Shiva, which is the shape of the sacred mountain Mahameru, where the gods reside. All parts of the temple complex follows the model of the universe according to the concept of Hindu cosmology, which is divided into several layers realm, natural or Loka.
Such as Borobudur, Prambanan temple also has a level zone, starting from the less sacred to the most sacred zone. Although the names are different, each Hindu concept has existed in the Buddhist concept on the same basis.

Both the layout of the ground horizontally or vertically divided into three zones :

* Bhurloka (in Buddhism: Kamadhatu), is the lowest realm of mortals; humans,
   animals, as well as spirits and demons. In this sphere man is still tied with less
   lust, passion, and a way of life that is impure. Terlar page and foot of the
   temple symbolizes the realm bhurloka.
* Bhuwarloka (in Buddhism: Rupadhatu), is a natural tegah, a saint, sage,
   ascetic, and lowly gods. In this human nature began to see the light of truth.
   The central courtyard and the temple symbolizes the realm bhuwarloka.
* Swarloka (in Buddhism: Arupadhatu), is the highest realm as well as the shrine    of the gods dwell, also called Swargaloka. An inner courtyard and roof of the
   temple symbolizes the realm swarloka. The roof of the temples at Prambanan
   complex decorated with waterless mastaka be ratna (Sanskrit: jewel),
   Prambanan is a modified form of Ratna Vajra shape that symbolizes the
   diamond or thunderbolt. In the ancient architecture of Javanese Hindu,
   Buddhist Hindu Charles is a sideline to the stupa, which serves as waterless or
   temples mastaka.
At the time of restoration, just below the statue of Shiva in the bottom of the main room there is a Shiva temple in the wells is essentially pripih (stone box). The 5.75-meter-deep wells and pripih stone coffin was found on a pile of charcoal, wood, soil, and bones of sacrificial animals. Pripih contained in sacred objects such as sheets of gold inscribed with characters Waruna (god of the sea) and Parwata (mountain god). In a stone coffin, there are sheets of copper mixed with charcoal, ash, and soil, 20 pieces of ancient money, a few grains of gems, glass, pieces of gold, and a sheet of silver, shells, and 12 sheets of gold (5 of them in the form of a turtle, a snake dragon (cobra), lotus, altar, and eggs).

Relief.

Ramayana and Krishnayana.

The temple is decorated with a narrative that tells the Hindu epics; Ramayana and Krishnayana. This revolves around a series of reliefs carved into the wall of the balustrade along the aisle galleries that surround the three main temples. Relief is read from right to left with a clockwise motion around the temple. This is in accordance with the ritual circumambulation, which surrounds the building sacred ritual clockwise by pilgrims. Ramayana story begins on the east side of the temple of Shiva and Brahma temple continued to the temple. On the balustrade of Vishnu temple there Krishnayana narrative reliefs that tell the life of Krishna as one Awatara Vishnu.
Relief Ramayana illustrates how Shinta, Rama's wife, abducted by Ravana. Commander nation Wanara (monkey), Hanuman, come to the aid of Lanka to seek Rama Shinta. This story is also featured in the Ramayana, the Javanese wayang performances are staged regularly at Trimurti open stage every night of the full moon. Trimurti stage background is a magnificent view of the three main temples are illuminated by light.

Lokapala, Brahmins, and the Gods.

Across the narrative relief panels, on the walls of the temple along the gallery is decorated statues and reliefs depicting the gods and sages brahmin. Lokapala statues of gods, gods guardian heavenly winds can be found at the Shiva temple. While the statue of the brahmin compiler of the Vedas are in the temple of Brahma. In the temple there are statues of the gods Vishnu flanked by two apsaras or celestial nymphs.

Panel Prambanan: Lion and Kalpataru.

On the outer wall of the lower temple is decorated by rows of niches (niche) that holds the stone lions flanked by two panels depicting the tree of life kalpataru. This sacred tree in the Hindu-Buddhist mythology considered trees that can meet the expectations and needs of people. At the foot of Kalpataru tree is flanked by a pair kinnaras-kinnari (magic animals bodied human-headed bird), or a couple of other animals, such as birds, deer, sheep, monkeys, horses, elephants, and others. Lion flanked kalpataru pattern is typical pattern found only in Prambanan, therefore called "Panel Prambanan".

Museum Prambanan.

In the Prambanan temple complex archaeological park there is a museum that holds various archaeological findings of historical objects. The museum is located on the north side of Prambanan temple, between the temple and the temple Prambanan Lumbung. The museum is built in the traditional architecture of Java, such joglo. Collections stored in the museum are various temple stones and various statues found around Prambanan temple site; eg Nandi bull statue, sage Agastya, Shiva, Vishnu, Garuda, and Durga Mahisasuramardini, including the Shiva Linga stone, a symbol of fertility.
A replica of the golden treasure of the famous Wonoboyo findings, such as the Ramayana carved bowls, scoop, bag, money, and gold jewelry, also dipamekan in this museum. Wonoboyo original findings are kept in the National Museum of Indonesia in Jakarta. Replicas of architectural models several temples such as Prambanan, Borobudur, and Plaosan also exhibited in this museum. The museum is accessible for free by park visitors since ancient Prambanan tourism park admission is included this museum. Audio-visual show about the Prambanan temple is also shown here.

Other temples around Prambanan.

Sewu, a Buddhist temple entry in Prambanan purbalaka Park neighborhood, is associated with the legend of Rara Jonggrang
Kewu Plain or plateau Prambanan is a fertile plain that stretches between the southern slopes of the foot of Mount Merapi in the north and a chalk Sewu mountain range in the south, near the border of Yogyakarta and Klaten, Central Java. In addition to Prambanan temple, valleys and plains around Prambanan rich in archaeological relics Buddhist temples of the earliest in the history of Indonesia, as well as Hindu temples. Prambanan temple surrounded by Buddhist temples. Still in the complex archaeological tourist park, not far north there are the ruins of the temple of Prambanan temple and temple Bubrah barn. More to the north again there Sewu temple, the largest Buddhist temple Borobudur second. Further to the east there is a temple Plaosan. In the west there is a temple Prambanan temple Kalasan and Sari. While in the south there is a temple Sojiwan, Ratu Boko located on the hills, as well as temples Banyunibo, Barong temple, and the temple Ijo.
With the discovery of so many historic relics such as temples are just a few hundred meters of each other, indicating that the area around Prambanan in ancient times is an important area. Areas that have significant value both in terms of religion, politics, economics, and culture. Allegedly center Medang Mataram kingdom located somewhere in the plains. A wealth of archaeological sites, as well as the sophistication and beauty of the temple temples make the Prambanan Plain equally with other famous historical district in Southeast Asia, such as the archaeological site of the ancient city of Angkor, Bagan, and Ayutthaya.
Thank you for reading this article. Written and posted by Bambang Sunarno. sunarnobambang86@gmail.com
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name: Bambang Sunarno.
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Published Date: December 21, 2015 at 10:44

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Borobudur temple.

Borobudur is a Buddhist temple located in Borobudur, Magelang, Central Java, Indonesia. The location of the temple is approximately 100 km southwest of Semarang, 86 km to the west of Surakarta, and 40 km northwest of Yogyakarta. Stupa-shaped temple was founded by the Mahayana Buddhists around the year 800 AD during the reign of the Sailendra dynasty. Borobudur is the largest Buddhist temple or shrine in the world, and one of the largest Buddhist monument in the world.
This monument consists of six square terraces on which there are three circular courtyard, the walls are decorated with 2,672 relief panels and 504 Buddha statues originally contained. Borobudur has the most complete collection of Buddhist reliefs in the world. The main stupa in the middle teletak once crowned this building, surrounded by three rows of circular 72 perforated stupas in which there are statues of buddha sitting cross-legged in the lotus position perfectly with mudra (hand gesture) Dharmachakra mudra (turning the wheel of dharma).
This monument is a model of the universe and built as a shrine to honor Buddha also functions as a place of pilgrimage to lead mankind to switch from natural lust to enlightenment and wisdom according to the teachings of Buddha. The pilgrims enter through the east side begin the ritual at the base of the temple with a walk this sacred building circling clockwise, while continuing to ascend to the next steps through the three levels of the realm in Buddhist cosmology. The third level is Kamadhatu (the realm of lust), Rupadhatu (the realm of intangibles), and Arupadhatu (formless realm). In this journey the pilgrim goes through a series of hallways and stairs with witnessing no less than 1,460 relief panels beautifully carved on the wall and balustrade.
According to historical evidence, Borobudur was abandoned in the 14th century as the weakening of the influence of Hindu and Buddhist kingdoms in Java as well as begin the influence of Islam. The world began to realize the existence of this building since it was discovered in 1814 by Sir Thomas Stamford Raffles, who was then serving as the British Governor General of Java. Since then Borobudur has suffered a series of rescue and restoration efforts. The restoration project was held in the period 1975 to 1982 for the efforts of the Government of the Republic of Indonesia and UNESCO, then this historic site included in the list of World Heritage Sites.
Borobudur is still used as a place of religious pilgrimage; each year Buddhists who come from all over Indonesia and abroad gather at Borobudur to celebrate Vesak Trisuci. In the world of tourism, tourism Borobudur is Indonesia's single most visited by tourists.

Borobudur name.

In Indonesian, ancient religious buildings called temples; temple term is also used more broadly to refer to all the ancient buildings dating from the Hindu-Buddhist in the archipelago, such as gates, gate, and petirtaan (pool and shower baths). The origin of the name Borobudur is unclear, although it is the original name of most temples in Indonesia is unknown. Name Borobudur was first written in the book "The History of Java" by Sir Thomas Raffles. Raffles wrote about a monument called borobudur, but no older document that mentions the exact same name. The only old Javanese manuscripts that give clues about the existence of the Buddhist sacred buildings which may refer to Borobudur is Nagarakretagama, written by MPU Prapanca in 1365.
Bore-Budur name, which is then written Borobudur, probably written Raffles in English grammar to refer to the closest village to the temple, the village Bore (Boro); Most of the temple was often named after the village where the temple stood. Raffles also suspect that the term 'Budur' may be associated with the term Buda in the Java language, which means "ancient" - it means "ancient Boro". But other archaeologists believe that the name comes from the term Bhudhāra Budur which means mountain.
Many theories attempt to explain the name of this temple. One of them states that the name is probably derived from the word Sambharabhudhara, which means "mountain" (bhudara) where the slopes are located terraces. In addition there are several other folk etymology. Suppose Borobudur word derived from the words "the Buddha" is due to shift the sound becomes Borobudur. Another explanation is that the name comes from the two words "coal" and "beduhur". The word bara said to have originated from the monastery, while there are also other explanations where coal comes from Sanskrit which means temple or monastery and beduhur meaning is "high", or to remind the Balinese language means "above". So the point is a monastery dormitories were on high ground.
Historian J.G. de Casparis in his dissertation for a doctorate in 1950 argued that Borobudur is a place of worship. Based on the inscriptions Karangtengah and Tri Tepusan, Casparis estimates Borobudur is the founder of a dynasty Mataram dynasty king named Samaratungga, doing construction around 824 AD The huge building will be completed at the time of her daughter, Queen Pramudawardhani. Borobudur construction is expected to take half a century. In Karangtengah inscription also mentioned about the conferment of land sima (tax-free land) by CRI Kahulunan (Pramudawardhani) to maintain Kamulan called Bhūmisambhāra. Kamulan term itself comes from the word originally meaning the origin place, a sacred building to honor ancestors, most likely ancestor of the Sailendra dynasty. Casparis estimates that Bhumi Sambhāra Bhudhāra in Sanskrit means "Hill set ten levels boddhisattwa virtue", is the original name of Borobudur.

Surrounding environment.

Located about 40 kilometres (25 miles) northwest of the city of Yogyakarta, Borobudur is situated on a hill on a plateau surrounded by two pairs of twin mountains; Mount Sundoro-cleft in the northwest and Merbabu-Merapi in the northeast, to the north there is a hill Tidar, closer to the south there is a range of hills Menoreh, and the temple is located near the confluence of two rivers namely Progo and Elo River next east. According to the legend of Java, an area known as Kedu plain is considered sacred in Javanese belief and hailed as the 'Garden of Java' for its natural beauty and fertility of the soil.

Three temple triad.

In addition to Borobudur, there are some Buddhist and Hindu temples in the region. At the time of discovery and restoration in the early 20th century discovered other Buddhist temples are Mendut and Pawon who lay stretched in a straight line. Initially thought to just a coincidence, but is based on a fairy tale locals, there used to be a stone-lined street that is lined on both sides of the balustrade that connects the third temple. No evidence of physical existence of the highway bare rocks and fenced and this may only fairy tales, but experts suspect there is a symbol of the unity of the third temple. The third temple (Borobudur-Pawon-Mendut) have similar architectural style and the decoration and is derived from the same period which strengthens the case for linkages between the third temple ritual. Holy linkages must exist, but how the religious rituals of pilgrimage is done, it is not certain.
Besides Mendut and Pawon, around Borobudur also found several other ancient relics, including various findings of pottery like pots and jugs which show that around Borobudur first there are some residential areas. Archaeological findings around Borobudur is now kept in the Museum Karmawibhangga Borobudur, which is located in the north of the temple next to the Ocean Museum Mercury. Not how far north Pawon found ruins of a Hindu temple called Candi Banon. At this temple was found several statues of the main Hindu gods in a state good enough that Shiva, Vishnu, Brahma and Ganesha. But the original stone temple Banon very little was found that it was impossible to do reconstruction. At the time of its discovery Banon statues transported to Batavia (now Jakarta) and now stored at the National Museum of Indonesia.

Ancient lake.

Unlike other temples built on flat land, Borobudur was built on a hill with a height of 265 m (869 ft) above sea level and 15 m (49 ft) above the ancient lakebed that has dried. The existence of an ancient lake is a matter of heated debate among archaeologists in the 20th century; and led to speculation that Borobudur was built on the edge or even in the middle of the lake. In 1931, an artist and expert on Hindu Buddhist architecture, WOJ Nieuwenkamp, ​​put forward the theory that Kedu Plain was once a lake and Borobudur was built symbolize the lotus flower floating on the lake surface. Either in the form of a lotus flower lotus (lotus red), Utpala (blue lotus), or kumuda (white lotus) can be found in all the Buddhist iconography of religious art. often held by Bodhisattva as like (symbol regalia), became cushion throne Buddhist stupa or a pedestal. The architecture of Borobudur itself resembles a lotus flower and Buddha postures in Borobudur symbolize the Lotus Sutra, mostly found in schools of Mahayana Buddhist religious texts (Buddhism later spread to East Asia). Three circular courtyard at the top of Borobudur is also thought to symbolize the lotus petals. But Nieuwenkamp theory that sounds incredible and fantastic rebuttal reap many of the archaeologists. the land around the monument have been found archaeological evidence that proves that the area around Borobudur during the construction of this temple is dry land, not the ancient lakebed.
Meanwhile geologists actually support the view Nieuwenkamp by showing evidence of mud sediments near the site. A study stratigraphy, sediment and analysis of pollen samples conducted in 2000 supports the existence of an ancient lake in the neighborhood of Borobudur, which reinforces the idea Nieuwenkamp. This ancient lake surface elevation heaving change from time to time, and evidence suggests that the base of the hill near Borobudur never go back under water and into the edge of the lake around the 13th century and the 14th. River flows and volcanic activity is thought to have contributed to alter a landscape and topography of the environment around Borobudur including its lake. One of the most active volcanoes in Indonesia is Mount Merapi which is located quite close to Borobudur and has been active since the Pleistocene.

History.

Development.

Was not found written evidence explaining who build Borobudur and what it does. Construction time is estimated based on the comparison between the type of script that is written in closed toe Karmawibhangga with the kind of characters commonly used in royal inscriptions 8th century and 9th. It is estimated that Borobudur was built around 800 AD. This period according to the period between 760 and 830 AD, the height of the glory of the house of dynasty in Central Java, who was then influenced Srivijaya Empire. Borobudur development is expected to spend time 75-100 years and actually completed during the reign of Samaratungga in the year 825.
There is confusion as to whether the facts of the ruling king at that time Java Hindu or Buddhist. Sailendra known as Mahayana Buddhists devout, but through finding Sojomerto inscriptions indicate that they may originally Hindu Shiva. In the period that was built many Hindu and Buddhist temples in the Kedu Plain. Based Canggal inscription, in 732 AD, the king of religion Shiva Sanjaya ordered the construction of sacred buildings Shiwalingga built in the hills of Mount Wukir, located only 10 km (6.2 miles) east of Borobudur. Borobudur Buddhist temple built in the same time period with temples at Prambanan Plain, though Borobudur is expected to be completed around 825 AD, twenty-five years earlier before the commencement of construction of the Shiva temple Prambanan around the year 850 AD
Construction of Buddhist temples - including Borobudur - when it is possible for the heir Sanjaya, Panangkaran grant permission to Buddhists to build the temple. In fact, to show respect, Panangkaran village confers Kalasan the sangha (Buddhist community), for maintenance and financing Kalasan built to glorify Bodhisattwadewi Tara, as mentioned in kalasan inscription to the year 778 AD. These instructions understood by archaeologists, that the ancient Javanese society, religion was never an issue that can reap the conflict, exemplified Hindu king could support and fund the construction of a Buddhist temple, and vice versa. However allegedly contained dynastic rivalry between the two kingdoms at that time - embracing Buddhist Sailendra dynasty and dynasty Sanjaya who worships Shiva - who then won a battle Sanjaya dynasty in the year 856 in the hills Ratu Boko. Ambiguity also arises regarding the temple Lara Jonggrang in Prambanan, the magnificent temple that is believed to be built by the winner of Rakai Pikatan as an answer dynasty Sanjaya to rival the grandeur of Borobudur owned dynasty dynasty, but many people believe that there is an atmosphere of tolerance and togetherness that peace between the two dynastic this namely the Sailendra also involved in the construction of Shiva temple at Prambanan.

Borobudur development stages.

Archaeologists suspect that the preliminary design of Borobudur is a very large single stupa crowning the peak. Suspected mass of the giant stupa unusually large and is harmful to the body weight and leg Borobudur temple so the architect designer decided to dismantle the giant stupa and changed to three rows of small stupas and a main stupa as it is now.

Here are the approximate stage of development Borobudur :

The first stage:

Borobudur construction period is not known for sure (estimated range of 750 and 850 AD). Borobudur is built on a natural hill, the top of the hill flattened and expanded flat yard. Indeed Borobudur is not entirely made of andesite, part of the hill the soil is compacted and covered stone structure that resembles a shell that encloses the hill land. The remaining parts of the hills covered stone structure layer by layer. Initially built-storey apartment layout. It seems designed as a pyramid staircase, but later changed. As evidence of the demolished apartment layout. Built three first steps that closes the original structure of the pyramid staircase.

The second stage:

The addition of two square steps, balustrades and one step circular stupa was built directly on top of a single, very large.

The third stage:

A change in the design, steps over the circle with a single large parent stupas demolished and replaced three railroad circle. Stupas built smaller circular march at the court of these steps with a large stupa in the middle. For some reason the foundation widened, built extra legs that wrap original foot while closing relief Karmawibhangga. Archaeologists suspect that Borobudur stupa was originally designed in the form of a single, very large terrace crowned shelf-shelf square. But the great stupa is too heavy so as to encourage structural skew shifted out. Keep in mind that the heart is just a hill Borobudur ground so that the pressure at the top will be distributed to the outer side of the bottom so Borobudur danger of landslides and collapses. That is why it was decided to dismantle a single large stupa and replace it with a circular terrace lined with small stupas and only one. To shore up the walls of the temple so that no avalanche then added an additional foot structure that encloses the foot of the original. This structure is an amplifier and function like a belt that ties in order that the temple did not collapse and fall out, while hiding the relief Karmawibhangga on the Kamadhatu

The fourth stage:

There are small changes such as improvement of relief, additional outer balustrades, stairs and arch changes over the wicket door, as well as the widening of the toe.

Borobudur abandoned.

Borobudur hidden and neglected for centuries buried under a layer of volcanic ash soil and then covered with trees and shrubs so that Borobudur was then actually resembles a hill. Borobudur was abandoned real reason the cause is still unknown. Is not known exactly since when this sacred building is no longer a Buddhist pilgrimage center. In the range 928 and 1006, the king moved the capital of the kingdom Mpu Sindok Medang to East Java after a series of volcanic eruptions; it is uncertain whether these factors cause Borobudur was abandoned, but some sources suspect that perhaps Borobudur began to be abandoned in this period. This sacred building is mentioned vaguely around 1365, by Mpu Prapanca in Nagarakretagama script written during the Majapahit kingdom. He mentioned the "Temple in Budur". In addition Soekmono (1976) also proposed the popular opinion that this temple started really abandoned since a population of around proselytised to Islam in the 15th century.
This monument is not completely forgotten, through folklore Borobudur switched on as evidence of the glory of the past into a story that is more superstition associated with bad luck, misfortune and suffering. Chronicle of Java written two 18th century mention the bad luck associated with this monument. According to the Chronicle Tanah Jawi (History of Java), this monument is a fatal factor for Mas Fund, dissident rebel against Pakubuwono I, king of the Sultanate of Mataram in 1709. It is said that the hill "Redi Borobudur" surrounded and the rebels were defeated and put to death by the king. In the Chronicle Mataram (Mataram Kingdom History), the monument is associated with bad luck Monconagoro Prince, Crown Prince of the Sultanate of Yogyakarta who visited this monument in 1757. Despite the taboo that forbids people to visit this monument, "the Prince to come and visit the imprisoned knight in confinement (buddha statues contained in the stupa overlay) ". After returning to the palace, the prince fell ill and died a day later. In Java confidence during the Islamic Mataram, rubble enshrinement regarded as the abode of spirits and considered wingit (haunted) that is associated with bad luck or misfortune that may befall anyone who visits this site and disturbing. Although scientifically suspected, probably after the site was not abandoned and covered with bushes, this place was once a nest of diseases such as dengue fever or malaria.

Rediscovery.

After the Anglo-Dutch War in the fight over the island of Java, Java under British rule (UK) in the period 1811 to 1816. Thomas Stamford Raffles was appointed as Governor General, and he has a special interest in the history of Java. He collects antique artifacts of ancient Javanese art and make notes about the history and culture of Java were collected from the encounter with the local people in the journey around Java. On an inspection visit in Semarang in 1814, he was informed about the existence of a big monument deep in the forest near the village Bumisegoro. Because absent and his duties as Governor General, he can not go alone to search the building and sent HC Cornelius, a Dutch engineer, to investigate the existence of this large building. In two months, Cornelius and his 200 subordinates cut down trees and bushes growing on a hill Borobudur and clean the soil layer to bury this temple. Because of the threat of landslides, he was not able to dig in and clean up all the hall. He reported his findings to Raffles including various drawings sketches handed Borobudur. Although the invention is only a few sentences, Raffles is credited on the rediscovery of this monument, and to draw global attention to the existence of this monument is ever lost.
Hartmann, a Dutch government official in the Residency of Kedu continue working in 1835 Cornelius and eventually the entire building has been excavated and visible. His interest in the Borobudur is more personal than his duty. Hartmann did not write a report on their activities; in particular, it was rumored that he had found a large Buddha statue in the main stupa. In 1842, Hartmann investigated the main stupa in spite of what he found remains a mystery because the inside of an empty stupa.
Dutch East Indies government commissioned F.C. Wilsen, an engineer Dutch officials in engineering, he studied the monument and drew hundreds of relief sketches. J.F.G. Brumund was also appointed to conduct more detailed research on this monument, whose completion in 1859. The government plans to publish an article based on Brumund study incorporating sketches Wilsen work, but Brumund refused to cooperate. Dutch East Indies government then commissioned another scientist, C. Leemans, who compiled a monograph based on the source of Brumund and Wilsen. In 1873, the first monograph and more detailed research on Borobudur was published, followed by editions in French translation a year later. The first photograph of the monument was taken in 1873 by a Dutch engrafi, Isidore van Kinsbergen.
Appreciation on this site is growing slowly. For quite a long time Borobudur has become a source of souvenirs and income for thieves, looters temple, and collectors "artifact hunter". Head of Buddha statue is the most often stolen. For stealing whole buddha statues too heavy and bulky, statues deliberately turned upside down and dropped by the thief so that his head severed. That's why many are now at Borobudur was found headless Buddha statue. Borobudur Buddha head has long been a coveted collector of antiquities and museums around the world. In 1882, chief inspector of cultural artifacts recommended that Borobudur entirely dismantled and moved to the museum reliefs due to unstable conditions, uncertainties and theft are rampant in the monument. As a result, the government appointed Groenveldt, an archaeologist, to hold a thorough investigation of the site and take into account the actual condition of the complex; the report states that these concerns are exaggerated and suggested that this building is left intact and not dismantled to be moved.
Part Borobudur stolen as souvenirs objects, statues and carvings hunted collector of antiques. Acts of looting of historic sites is even one of them sanctioned colonial government. In 1896, the King of Thailand, Chulalongkorn when visiting Java in the Dutch East Indies (now Indonesia) expressed interest in having parts of Borobudur. Dutch East Indies government permit and presented eight carts full of statues and parts of the building Borobudur. Artifacts are trafficked to Thailand, among others; five Buddha statue along with 30 stone reliefs, two lions, some shaped stone, stairs and gates, and the statues that once stood guard Dwarapala in Bukit Dagi - a few hundred meters northwest of Borobudur. Some artifacts, namely lions and Dwarapala, now on display at the National Museum Bangkok.

Restoration.

Borobudur again attracted attention in 1885, when Yzerman, Chairman of the Archaeological Society in Yogyakarta, finding hidden leg. The photos show the reliefs on the hidden foot were made in the period 1890-1891. This discovery encourages the Dutch government to take steps to preserve this monument. In 1900, the government set up a commission consisting of three officials to investigate this monument: Brandes, an art historian, Theodoor van Erp, an engineer who is also a member of the Dutch army, and Van de Kamer, building construction expert engineer of the Department of Public Works.

In 1902, the Commission submitted a proposal three steps Borobudur conservation plan to the government.
First, the immediate danger must be overcome by adjusting the angles of the building, moving the stone endangering another rock next to him, strengthening the first balustrades and restoring several niches, gate, stupa and the main stupa.
Secondly, fenced yard of the temple, maintain and repair the drainage system by fixing the floor and shower.
Third, all loose rocks and loose must be removed, the monument cleared up to the balustrade of the first, the broken stone removed and restored the main stupa. The total cost required at the time were estimated at around 48 800 Gulden.
The restoration undertaken during 1907 and 1911, using the principle anastylosis and led Theodor van Erp. The first seven months were spent to excavate the ground around the monument to find missing Buddha heads and panel stones. Van Erp dismantle and rebuild three circular terraces and a stupa at the peak. In the process Van Erp discovered many things that can be improved; he submitted another proposal approved by the supplementary budget amounting to 34,600 guilders. Van Erp do further reconstruction, he even meticulously reconstruct chattra (umbrella stone stacking three) crowning the peak of Borobudur. At first glance, Borobudur has recovered like in its heyday. But reconstruction chattra only use a little native stone and fabrication approx. Because they are not accountable authenticity, Van Erp dismantle part chattra. Now mastaka or waterless Borobudur chattra stacking three stored in the Museum Karmawibhangga Borobudur.
Due to a limited budget, this restoration is only focused on cleaning and stone sculptures, Van Erp did not solve the problem of drainage and water system. In 15 years, the gallery walls slant and relief showed cracks and damage. Van Erp used concrete that causes the formation of salt crystals alkali and calcium hydroxide which spread to all parts of the building and damage the stone temples. This causes further problems so renovation is needed.
Small-scale restoration carried out since then, but not enough to provide complete protection. In the late 1960s, the Indonesian government has submitted a request to the international community for a massive refurbishment to protect this monument. In 1973, a master plan for restoring Borobudur made. Indonesian government and UNESCO to take steps to repair this monument thoroughly in a large project between 1975 and 1982. The foundation is strengthened, and all 1,460 relief panels cleaned. The restoration was done by dismantling the entire five square terraces and improve drainage by embedding water channels into the monument. Filter layer and waterproof added. This colossal project involving 600 people to restore the monument and cost a total of 6,901,243 US dollars. After the renovation, UNESCO Borobudur insert into the list of World Heritage Sites in 1991. Borobudur Cultural entrance criteria (i) "represent a masterpiece of human creative genius", (ii) "featuring the exchange is important in human values ​​within a certain time span within a cultural area of ​​the world, in the development of architecture and technology, monumental arts, town planning and design of landscape ", and (iii)" directly and clearly connected with events or living traditions, with ideas, or with beliefs, with artwork artistic and literary works which have outstanding universal value ".

Contemporary events.

After a massive refurbishment in 1973, supported by UNESCO, Borobudur back into religious and pilgrimage center of Buddhism. Once a year during the full moon in May or June, Buddhists in Indonesia celebrate Vesak holy day, a day that commemorates the birth, death and enlightenment of Siddhartha Gautama especially events that achieve the highest level of wisdom of the Buddha Shakyamuni. Vesak is a national holiday in Indonesia and a memorial service was centered on three major Buddhist temples with ritual walk from Mendut towards Pawon and procession ending at Borobudur.
On January 21, 1985, nine stupas nine severely damaged by bombs. In 1991 a Muslim preacher extreme wing blind, Husein Ali Al Habsyie, sentenced to life in prison for acting as the brain a series of bomb attacks in the mid-1980s, including the attack on the temple of Borobudur. Two members of the extreme right-wing groups were sentenced to death 20 years in prison in 1986 and the other received a sentence of 13 years in prison.

This monument is a tourist attraction single most visited in Indonesia. In 1974 as many as 260,000 tourists that 36,000 of them are foreign tourists have visited this monument. This figure increased to 2.5 million visitors annually (80% were domestic tourists) in the mid-1990s, before the Asian financial crisis of 1997. However, tourism development does not involve the local community criticized that some local conflicts often occur. In 2003, the population and small-scale entrepreneurs around Borobudur held a meeting and protest with poetry readings, rejected the provincial government's plan is planning to build three-story mall complex called 'Java World'. The local community's efforts to earn a living from Borobudur tourism sector has increased the number of small businesses around Borobudur. But their efforts to earn a living is often even disturbing the comfort of visitors. For example merchants interfere with souvenir hawkers who insist on selling merchandise; widespread souvenir market stalls so that when going out of the temple complex, visitors walk away instead herded play entering the labyrinth of souvenir market. If not well then all of this makes the temple complex of Borobudur increasingly chaotic.
On May 27, 2006, an earthquake measuring 6.2 scale shook the southern coast of Central Java. This natural disaster destroyed the region with the most casualties in Yogyakarta, but Borobudur remained intact.
On August 28, 2006 symposium titled Trail of Civilizations (traces of civilization) was held at Borobudur on the initiative of the Governor of Central Java and the Ministry of Tourism and Culture, also attended representatives of UNESCO and the countries the majority of Buddhists in Southeast Asia, such as Thailand, Myanmar, Laos, Vietnam, and Cambodia. The highlight is a colossal ballet performances "Borobudur Masterpiece" in front of Borobudur. This dance was created with a style based on traditional Javanese dance, gamelan music, and fashion, telling about the history of the construction of Borobudur. After this symposium, ballet staged Borobudur Masterpiece back several times, particularly ahead of the commemoration of Vesak which is usually attended by the President of the Republic of Indonesia.

UNESCO identifies three critical issues in the effort to preserve Borobudur: (i) vandalism or destruction by visitors; (ii) soil erosion in the southeastern part of the site; (iii) analysis and the return of the missing parts. Loose soil, several earthquakes and heavy rain could destabilize the structure of this building. Earthquakes are the most serious factor, because not only the rocks can fall and arch collapsed, the ground itself moves bumpy which can damage the structure of the building. The increasing popularity of stupa attract many visitors most of whom are Indonesian. Although there are many signs warning not to touch anything, warning through loudspeakers and guards, vandalism such as graffiti vandalism and graffiti reliefs and sculptures often the case, this is clearly damaging the site. In 2009, there was no system to limit the number of tourists are allowed to visit per day, or apply each visit must be accompanied by a guide so that visitors are always in control.

Rehabilitation.

Borobudur greatly affected by the eruption of Mount Merapi in October and November 2010. The volcanic ash from Merapi covered the temple complex within 28 kilometres (17 miles) west-southwest of the crater of Merapi. Volcanic dust layer reaches a thickness of 25 Centimetres (10 in) cover of the temple when the eruption of 3 to 5 November 2010, the dust also kill plants around, and experts are concerned that volcanic dust chemically acidic rocks can damage this historic building. The temple complex was closed 5 to 9 November 2010 to clean up the dust fallout.
Observing Borobudur rehabilitation efforts after the eruption of Merapi in 2010, UNESCO has donated $ 3 million to fund rehabilitation efforts. Cleanse the temple of the deposition of volcanic ash will spend at least 6 months, followed by reforestation and tree planting to stabilize the temperature of the surrounding environment, and finally revive social and economic life of local communities. More than 55,000 blocks of stone temples to be demolished to improve the drainage system and clogged water batter mixed with volcanic ash rain. Restoration ended November 2011, earlier than previously thought.

Architecture.

Borobudur is a masterpiece of Buddhist art Indonesia, for example crowning achievement of architectural engineering and aesthetic harmony of art Buddha in Java. The building is inspired by the idea of ​​dharma of India, among others stupa and mandala, but also believed the continuation of local elements; megalithic structures punden or terraced pyramids are found from the prehistoric period in Indonesia. As a combination of the original ancestor worship Indonesia and the struggle for Nirvana in Buddhism.

The concept of design.

In essence, Borobudur is a stupa which, when viewed from above form a great Mandala pattern. Mandala is an intricate pattern composed of square and concentric circles that symbolize the cosmos or universe that is commonly found in streams Wajrayana-Mahayana Buddhist. Ten yard owned illustrates clearly Borobudur Mahayana school of philosophy that simultaneously illustrate the concept of the universe cosmology, as well as the level of the mind in Buddhism. Like a book, Borobudur describes ten Bodhisattva levels which must pass to reach the perfection of the Buddha. Basic sketch of the square measuring 123 meters (404 ft) on each side. The building has nine terraces, six terraces of a square bottom and the top three circular terraces.
In 1885, accidentally discovered a hidden structure at the foot of Borobudur. This hidden feet there is a relief that 160 of them is the story of Karmawibhangga. On this panel are carved reliefs script which is an indication for the engraver to create a scene in relief image. The original leg is covered by the addition of a stone structure that forms a fairly large yard, the real function is still a mystery. Initially it was suspected that the addition of these feet to prevent sliding of the monument. Other theories propose that this is due to the addition of foot fault foot of the original design, and not in accordance with Wastu Literature, Indian book about architecture and urban planning. Whatever the reason for adding these feet, adding an extra leg and manufacturing is done carefully with consideration for religious reasons, aesthetic, and technical.
The third level of the spiritual realm in Buddhist cosmology is:
Kamadhatu The legs symbolize Kamadhatu Borobudur, the world is still dominated by kama or "low desire". This section is mostly covered by a pile of stone that allegedly made to strengthen the construction of the temple. At the foot of the original enclosed additional structure there are 160 panels Karmawibhangga story that is now hidden. Most small additional structure on the southeast corner is set aside so that people can still see some relief in this section. Andesite additional foot structure that covers the foot of this original has a volume of 13,000 cubic meters.
Rupadhatu four steps that form a corridor around the patio which is on the gallery walls adorned with reliefs by experts called Rupadhatu. The floor is rectangular. Rupadhatu consists of four hall with 1,300 relief image. 2.5 km long relief entirely with 1,212 decorative carved panel. Rupadhatu is the world that has been able to break free from lust but are still bound to appearance and shape. This level represents the nature among which, between the underworld and the upper world. In part this Rupadhatu Buddha statues found in the niche or niches in the wall above the balustrade or breezeway. Originally there were 432 Buddha statues in the niches open along the outer side on the balustrade. On the balustrade there is a slight difference in design that symbolizes the transition from the realm Kamadhatu towards the realm Rupadhatu; lowest balustrade crowned jewel, while four levels above the balustrade crowned stupika (small stupas). Part of this rectilinear terraces rich ornaments and carved reliefs.
Arupadhatu Unlike the hallways Rupadhatu rich in relief, from the fifth to the seventh floor walls are not berelief. This level is called Arupadhatu (which means no tangible form or not). Circular floor plan. This level represents the upper world, where people are free from all desires and the bond forms and shapes, but have not reached nirvana. In the courtyard of the circle there are 72 two small stupas arranged in three rows surrounding a large stupa as the main stupa. Small bell-shaped stupa is arranged in three circular terraces, each of which are 32, 24, and 16 (total 72 stupas). Two terraces bottom Stûpa greater with rhombus-shaped hole, the top terrace Stûpa a little smaller and a square box-shaped hole. Buddha statues are placed in a stupa covered with holes like in confinement. From outside the statues were still seem vague. This design is cleverly explained the concept of transition to a state without form, the Buddha statue was there but invisible.
The highest level that describes the absence of perfect form is represented in the form of the largest and highest stupa. Stupa depicted plain with no holes. The largest stupa is ever found a statue of imperfect Buddha also called Buddha that is not finished, in expect him as a statue 'Adibuddha', but through further research there is never a statue in the main stupa, sculptures that do not finish it the fault of the sculptor in ancient times. According to the belief that one statue in the manufacturing process it should not be tampered with. Archaeological excavations conducted in the temple found many statues like this. The main stupa left empty allegedly meaningful highest wisdom, which is true, perfect silence and the absence of which the human soul is not tied to desire, desire, and the shape and free from the cycle of samsara.

Building structure.

Approximately 55,000 cubic meters of andesite quarry and transported from place to build this monument carvers. This stone is cut into a certain size, transported to the site and put together without using cement. Borobudur structure does not use cement at all, but the interlock system (interlocking) are like Lego blocks that can be attached without adhesive. These stones are put together with the bulge and the right hole and fit each other, as well as a form of "doves" that locks the two blocks of stone. Relief made at the site after the building structure and the walls completed.
This monument is equipped with a drainage system which is good enough for areas with high rainfall. To prevent inundation and flooding, 100 showers installed at each corner, each with a unique design in the form of a giant head of kala or makara.
Borobudur is very different from the design of other temples, the temple was not built on a flat surface, but on top of a natural hill. However, the construction techniques similar to other temples in Java. Borobudur has no worship spaces like the other temples. That there are long hallways which is a narrow road. The hallways surrounding the walled temple level by level. In general design is similar to the pyramid terraces Borobudur. In the halls of this is expected to conduct Buddhist ceremonies walk around the temple to the right. Borobudur may initially serve more as a stupa, rather than a temple or temple. Stupa is intended as a sacred building to honor Buddha. Sometimes stupa was built as a symbol of respect and glorification of the Buddha. While shrine or temple is to function as a house of worship. Complex design of this monument shows that this building was a building places of worship. The shape of the building without room and terraced patio structure is believed to be the development of a form of punden, which is a form of original architecture from prehistoric Indonesia.
According to local legend Borobudur architect designer named Gunadharma, little is known about this mysterious architect. His name is based on fairy tales and legends of Java and not based on historical inscriptions. Gunadharma legends associated with the folklore of Menoreh hills resembling the body of lay people. Local fairy tale is told that the body lying Gunadharma turned into the ranks of the hills Menoreh, of course, this is just fiction legends and fairy tales.
Borobudur design using a tuning measuring units, namely the length of a human face between the ends of the hairline at the forehead to the tip of the chin, or span the distance between the tip of the thumb to the tip of the little finger when the hand is fully developed. Of course, this unit is relative and differ slightly among individuals, but the unit is still on this monument. Research in 1977 revealed a ratio of 4: 6: 9 found on this monument. Architects use this formula to determine the exact dimensions of a fractal geometry of self-similar repetition in the design of Borobudur. The mathematical ratio also found in the design Mendut and Pawon nearby. Archaeologists believe that the ratio 4: 6: 9 and a tuning unit has a function and meaning calendar, astronomy, and cosmology. The same thing applies in the temples of Angkor Wat in Cambodia.
The structure of the building can be divided into three parts: the base (foot), the body, and the summit. Basic measuring 123 × 123 m (403.5 × 403.5 ft) with a height of 4 meters (13 ft). The temple body consists of five square terraces shelf decreasing over it. The first terrace retreated 7 meters (23 ft) from the base of the terrace. Each subsequent retreat terrace 2 meters (6.6 ft), leaving a narrow corridor at each level. The upper part consists of three circular terraces, each level of shoring row are arranged concentrically stupa. There is a main stupa of the largest in the middle; the shoots reach a height of 35 meters (115 ft) above the ground. The original high Borobudur including chattra (umbrella stacking three) now released is 42 meters (138 ft). Stairs located at the center of the four sides of the wind that brings visitors towards the top of the monument through a series of gates guarded arch 32 stone lions. Wicket gate decorated with carvings Kala at the top middle of the door and carvings vacant makara prominent on both sides. Kala-Makara motif commonly found in architectural door of the temple in Java. The main door is located on the east side, at the same starting point to read the story of relief. This staircase straight ahead connected with stairs on the slope of the hill that connects the temple with the surrounding plains.

Relief.

In the temple walls at every level - except on the terraces Arupadhatu - carved panels of bas-reliefs made with meticulous and refined. Borobudur reliefs and decorative patterns naturalist style with ideal proportions and refined aesthetic taste. These reliefs are very beautiful, even considered as the most elegant and graceful in the art of the Buddhist world. Relief Borobudur also discipline Indian art, such as a variety of gestures that have particular meaning or aesthetic value. Reliefs noble human form like a hermit, king and duchess, angel atapun achieve the degree of sanctity creatures like gods, such as tare and Boddhisatwa, often depicted with the body position tribhanga. The position of the body is called "curve of three" that is curved or bent slightly at the neck, hips, and ankles with only body weight resting on one foot while the other foot is curved to rest. Flexible posture implies elegance, for example Surasundari angel figure standing with posture tribhanga clutching long-stemmed lotus.
Relief Borobudur view multiple pictures; like a good human figure nobles, commoners, or ascetic, a variety of plants and animals, as well as displays of traditional vernacular building forms the archipelago. Borobudur is like like a book that records the various aspects of the life of the ancient Javanese society. Many archaeologists researching past life in ancient Java and the archipelago of the 8th century and 9th with examining and refer carved reliefs of Borobudur. Form of stilt house Wooden boats with outriggers typical of the archipelago shows ancient maritime culture. Ark replica made by the reliefs of Borobudur is stored in the Museum Ocean Mercury is located in the north of Borobudur., barns, palaces and temples, the form of jewelry, clothing and weapons, a variety of plants and wildlife, as well as transportation, to be observed by the researchers. One is the famous relief depicting Borobudur Ship. Wooden boats with outriggers typical of the Nuantara shows ancient maritime culture. Ark replica made by the reliefs of Borobudur is stored in the Museum Ocean Mercury is located in the north of Borobudur.
These reliefs read in accordance clockwise or referred mapradaksina in Old Javanese language derived from Sanskrit meaning daksina is east. These reliefs variety of story content, among other reliefs Jataka stories. Reading of the stories are always the starting relief, and ends on the east side of the gate at every level, starting on the left and right ends of the gate. So obviously that the east is the ladder up the real (main) and to the top of the temple, it means that the temple facing east while the other sides of similar right.

In sequence, the story of the temple reliefs significant briefly as follows:

Karmawibhangga.

In accordance with the symbolic meaning of the feet of the temple, reliefs that decorate the walls of a hidden shelf illustrates the law of karma. Karmawibhangga is a script that describes the doctrine of karma, namely causation good and evil deeds. Rows of relief is not a story of the series (the series), but at every frame illustrates a story that has a causal relationship. Relief is not only to give an idea of ​​the human misconduct penalty shall be accompanied by the acquired, but also the good deeds of man and reward. Overall a depiction of human life within the circle of birth - life - death (samsara) which never ends, and by Buddhist tersebutlah chain will be terminated to perfection. Now only the southeastern part of the open and can be seen by the end. Photo Karmawibhangga complete relief can be seen in the Museum Karmawibhangga on the north side of the temple of Borobudur.

Lalitawistara.

A portrayal of the history of the Buddha in a series of reliefs (but not a complete history) that starts from the Buddha's descent from Tushita heaven, and ends with the first sermon in the Deer Park near the city of Banaras. These reliefs lined the stairs on the south side, after a row exceeded the relief of 27 frames starting from the east side of the stairs. 27th frame depicts activity, both in heaven and in the world, as a preparation to welcome the presence of the last incarnation of the Bodhisattva as the Buddha. The reliefs depict the birth of the Buddha in this arcapada as Prince Siddhartha, son of King Suddhodana and Empress Maya of Kapilavastu State. The relief amounts to 120 frames, which ended with the first sermon, which was symbolically expressed as the Wheel of Dharma, the Buddha's teaching is called dharma which also means "law", while the dharma represented as a wheel.

Jataka and Awadana.

Jataka are stories about the Buddha before he was born as Prince Siddhartha. Its content is the subject protrusion good deeds, such as self-sacrifice and helpfulness that distinguishes the Bodhisattvas from any other creature. Several Jataka tale fable featuring the story of the story involving animal figures who behave and think like humans. Indeed, the collection service or good deeds are in the preparatory stages of the business to the level to Buddhahood.
While Awadana, basically almost the same as the Jataka but the culprit is not the Bodhisattvas, but other people and stories collected in the book Diwyawadana meaning noble act of divinity, and the book Awadanasataka or a hundred stories Awadana. At Borobudur temple reliefs Jataka and Awadana, are treated equally, meaning they are in the same row without distinction. The set of the most famous of the life of the Bodhisattva is Jatakamala or strands Jataka, works Aryasura poet who lived in the 4th century AD.

Gandawyuha.

A row of reliefs adorn the walls of the hallway of the 2nd, is the story of Sudhana who traveled tirelessly in his search for the highest knowledge of the Truth by Sudhana. Depiction in the frame 460 based on Mahayana Buddhist scripture entitled Gandawyuha, and to the lid by any other book story that Bhadracari.

Buddha statue.

In addition to the form of Buddha in Buddhist cosmology is engraved on the wall, in Borobudur there are many statues of Buddha sitting cross-legged in the lotus position and displays the mudras, or symbolic hand gesture particular. Buddha statue with a height of 1.5 meters was carved from andesite stone.
Buddha statue in the recesses in Rupadhatu level, set by the line on the outer side of the balustrade. Diminishing numbers on its upper side. The first row of the balustrade consists of 104 niches, the second line 104 niches, niches third line 88, line 72 niches fourth and fifth rows 64 niches. The total amount are 432 statues of Buddha in Rupadhatu level. At the Arupadhatu (three circular courtyard), the statue of Buddha placed in stupas berterawang (perforated). In the first circular courtyard there are 32 stupas, the second court of 24 stupas, and the third courtyard there are 16 stupas, everything is a total of 72 stupas. Of the original number as many as 504 Buddha statues, over 300 have been damaged (mostly headless) and 43 missing (since the discovery of this monument, buddha head often stolen as collector's item, mostly by foreign museums).
At first glance all this buddha statues look similar, but there are subtle differences among them, namely the position mudras or hand gesture. There are five groups of mudra: North, East, South, West, and Central America, all of which is based on five main directions of the compass according to the teachings of Mahayana. Fourth balustrade has four mudras: North, East, South, and West, where each of the buddha statues facing the direction showing a typical mudra. Buddha statues at the fifth balustrades and statues of Buddha in the 72 stupas berterawang in the courts above displays mudra: Central or Central. Each mudra symbolizes the five Dhyani Buddhas; each with its own symbolic meaning.

Heritage.

Achievement of aesthetic and architectural engineering skills shown Borobudur, as well as the extraordinary size, be evidence of past grandeur, and has raised the pride of the nation of Indonesia. As the role of the Nation Cambodia Angkor Wat, Borobudur has become a powerful symbol for Indonesia - as witnesses of past glory. Sukarno confirm it by inviting guests to visit the country. While Suharto - aware of the symbolic significance and economic potential - diligently staged restoration project to restore this monument with the help of UNESCO. Many museums in Indonesia exhibiting small scale model or replica of Borobudur. This monument has become an icon, grouped together wayang and gamelan as a form of classical Javanese culture that inspired Indonesia.

Some archaeological artifacts from Borobudur, or replica, exhibited in several museums in Indonesia and abroad. Besides Karmawibhangga Museum within the complex of Borobudur, some museums keep relics of Borobudur, Indonesia, among others, the National Museum, Tropenmuseum in Amsterdam, the British Museum in London, and National Museum Bangkok. While the Louvre Museum in Paris, the Museum Negara Malaysia in Kuala Lumpur, and the Museum of World Religions in Taipei also features a replica of Borobudur. This monument has attracted the world's attention to the classical civilizations of ancient Javanese Buddha.
Rediscovery and restoration of Borobudur has been praised by Buddhists Indonesia as a sign of the revival of Buddhism in Indonesia. In 1934, Narada Thera, a monk speaker of Sri Lanka, to visit Indonesia for the first time as part of his journey spread the teachings of the Dharma in Southeast Asia. This opportunity was used local Buddhists to renewed calls Dharma in Indonesia. On that occasion the Bodhi tree planting ceremony held on the southeast side of Borobudur, on March 10, 1934 to be blessed by Narada Thera, as well as removal of some laymen become monks. Every year, thousands of Buddhists from all over Indonesia and neighboring countries, gathered at Borobudur to celebrate Vesak Trisuci.
Symbol of the province of Central Java and Magelang District, featuring the image of Borobudur. This temple has become a symbol of Central Java and Indonesia at large. Borobudur has been the name of several institutions and entities, such as the University of Borobudur Hotel Borobudur Jakarta, Indonesia as well as several restaurants abroad. Borobudur is displayed in the rupiah currency, stamps, discussed in several books, news, publications, documentaries, as well as Indonesia's tourism promotional materials. This temple becomes the leading tourist attractions in Indonesia, it is important to drive the local economy and in the area around Borobudur. For example, the tourism sector Yogyakarta grow one of them thanks to its proximity to the Borobudur and Prambanan.
Thank you for reading this article. Written and posted by Bambang Sunarno. sunarnobambang86@gmail.com
author:
https://plus.google.com/105319704331231770941.
name: Bambang Sunarno.
http://primadonablog.blogspot.com/2015/12/borobudur-temple.html
Published Date: December 20, 2015 at 09:40

Tag : Borobudur temple.

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Most Unique tattoos.

Some tattoos have a unique design with the feel of high art. But not infrequently, there is a tattoo that looks so bad and should never have been made. Especially when the image is printed permanently on the body.

Some tattoos are :

Backs Cool Tattoos

Women who spend a lot of time, money and pain to make this tattoo deserve appreciation. In addition, many symbols and irony between beauty and pain that were presented. People who wear tattoos tattoo maker feasible once proud of this beautiful work.

Hello Kitty character in In Lips

Someone might just be checking the inside of the lips while the toothbrush. Then what use this tattoo? Is it to the dentist? Besides Hello Kitty choice totally cool

The color bias

These colors are so unique with a detail that can not be trusted. Such a force would be suitable for painters, tattoo artist or anyone who works with colors and inks. Besides this tattoo would be suitable for both men and women and may give a different effect with different skin colors.

Face Tattoos: Family Tradition

Tattoos on the face might be scary if packaged good with the right motive. But the star motif and the word Family Tradition looks very fit for display in the face. Family does not seem to be impressed with the way he is keeping the tradition.

Draw Eyes in Neck

This is probably one of the horrible tattoos. People in the street would probably say, "Oh my," if you have seen this tattoo on the neck of the woman wearing it. Moreover, because the eyes are brown.

Peter Pan

The story of Peter Pan who never ripen quite interesting. One of the most memorable scene is when Peter flew with her friends to Neverland. Capture the moment could be an interesting idea. More points because it was in the right place.

Feet Patterned

Do not say this tattoo was made when he was drunk? Besides not too good and the position at the foot. So what happens if wearing a skirt above the knees, not at all pretty.

Foot Perforated

Tattoo presents the effect of an optical illusion that is very interesting. Look like the wearer's feet completely hollow. Such as foot cyborg or an artificial leg. If there is a tattoo like this, worth a try.

Animation Futurama

In theory, this would look cool. Who likes Futurama? Tattoos on the show is not to be made without the figure of Fry. But where Bender and Leela? Is this tattoo maker just like the episode Future Stock of the third episode?

Aphorisms

Bit words are packed sweet pearl would be suitable to fill one side of the shoulder. In addition to being trimmer, this tattoo would be as a reminder to keep energized.
Thank you for reading this article. Written and posted by Bambang Sunarno. sunarnobambang86@gmail.com
author:
https://plus.google.com/105319704331231770941.
name: Bambang Sunarno.
http://primadonablog.blogspot.com/2015/12/most-unique-tattoos.html
Published Date: December 20, 2015 at 18:18

Tag : Most Unique tattoos.
Code : 7MHPNPADAEFW