Hypnosis is a mental state (according to the state theory) or imaginative role enactment (by non-state theory). The person doing the hypnosis process (to give suggestions) to the so-called hypnotic subjects (English: hypnotist). Hypnosis is usually caused by a procedure known as a hypnotic induction, which generally consists of a long series of initial instructions and suggestions. Hypnotic suggestion can be delivered by a hypnotist in the presence of the subject, or may be done alone by the subject (Self-hypnosis). The use of hypnosis for therapeutic called hypnotherapy, while its use as a form of entertainment for spectators is known as Stage hypnosis.
Definition of hypnosis.
The term hypnosis was first coined by James Braid in 1843
Definition of hypnosis itself is very diverse, including:
Definition of hypnosis according to the 30th Division APA.
Hypnosis is generally associated with the introduction of a procedure for the suggestible subjects to experience an imaginative experience. Hypnotic induction is an initial suggestion that extensive use one's imagination and may contain further details on of introduction. A hypnotic procedure is typically used to provide support and evaluate the response of suggestion. When using hypnosis, a person (subject) led by another person (the hypnotist) to respond to suggestions for changes in his subjective experience, changing perceptions, sensations, emotions, thoughts or behavior. The person can also learn self hypnosis (self-hypnosis), which is an act to regulate the procedure of hypnosis on the will of the person. If the subject responds to hypnotic suggestion, generally indicates that hypnosis has been successfully performed. Many people believe that hypnotic responses and experiences are characteristic of a hypnotic state. On the other hand, it is believed that the use of the word 'hypnosis' is not required as part of the hypnotic induction, while others believe that it is important.
Details of hypnotic procedures and suggestions will differ, depending on the purpose of the practitioner and the clinical or research purposes. Traditional procedures involve suggestions to relax, though relaxation is not necessary for hypnosis and suggestion wide variations can be used, including a suggestion that makes a person more alert. Suggestion that cause hypnotic time extension must be assessed by comparing responses to standardized scale used in clinical and research situation. When the majority of the individual to respond to at least some sugest, the range of values of the standardization of a high score against average. Traditionally, values are grouped into categories of low, medium, and high. As is the case with the measurement scale positive psychological construction, such as attention, vigilance, and evidence of the achievement of the state of hypnosis will increase the value of the individual.
Definition of hypnosis according to KBBI.
Hypnosis:
Sleep-like state due to suggestion, which is at the level of the beginning of that person is under the influence of people who give sugestinya, but on the next stage to be not aware at all.
Hypnotic :
Makes or causes a person to be in a state of hypnosis; with respect to hypnosis.
Dictionary definition of hypnosis in modern Catholicism.
Hypnotism is a phenomenon artificially induced sleep, which resulted in the victim is not normally be open to follow the advice / suggestions. Hypnosis subjects tend to be dominated by the ideas and suggestions of the hypnotist clicking, when induced by suggestion or afterwards. According to the principles of the Catholic Church, hypnotism itself is not wrong, so its use in certain conditions permitted. But because hypnotism revoke the subject, or patient, from the use of reason and free will in full, it would require a cause that can be justified to allow hypnosis is practiced. Moreover, because hypnotism put desire subjects / patients in the power of the hypnotic, the necessary precautions to safeguard the good of the subjects / patients, and to protect them and others against the danger of being guilty of actions that can hurt. For reasons precarious, as to cure an alcoholic or someone with a disorder of complex suicidal, it is legitimate to implement a hypnotism, provided that precautions were held with the presence of a witness who can be trusted, with hypnotic really quite competent and honest and sincere. Permission of the subject / patient must also exist. Some of the documents of the Holy See establishes norms to be followed in the use of hipnotism.
History of hypnosis.
Terms and Induction.
Hypnotic usually raised with hypnotic induction techniques. Traditionally, this situation is interpreted as a method to make the subject is in a state of 'hypnotic possessed (trance)'. However the theorists 'nonstate' has a different view, which heightens expectations of clients, confirming their role, focusing attention, and so forth. There are many variations of induction techniques of different uses hypnotism. However, the most influential method is the method of 'fixation eye' (eye-fixation) Braid, also known as where "Braidisme". There are many variations of eye-fixation approach exist, including the induction used in the Stanford Hypnotic Susceptibility Scale (SHSS), the approach most widely used pad the field of hypnotism.
Original description Braid against the induction is as follows: "Take an object that is bright (I usually use a lancet i) between the thumb, forefinger and middle finger of the left hand, grasp it with a distance of 8 to 15 inches from the eyes, in a position like this, on the forehead which can cause tension between the eyes and eyebrows, as well as enabling patients view fixed on the object.
Patients should be able to understand that his eyes should remain fixed for the object, and his mind focused on one object. Can be observed, how the adjustment of the eye, first of all pupils will contract and then dilate, and after reaching the old maximum, can be seen the movement of waves, when the index finger and middle finger of the right hand, stretched and directed from the object approaches the eyes, so the object will move away from the eyes, which often happens, the eyelid is closed unconsciously with vibrating movement. If it does not happen, or the patient moves his eyes, raises his desire to start again, give sense to him that he should close our eyes fingers moved again closer to the eyes, but the eyes have to remain fixed, at the same position, and his mind fixed on the idea that the object held above the eyes. Generally will be found, that the eyelids will be covered with vibrating movement, or close spasmodic. "Braid himself later stated that the induction technique hypnosis is not necessary for every case and most researchers then found that in general are not much useful than previously thought to the effects of suggestion hypnotic. Many variations and alternatives to the original hypnotic techniques have evolved. However, approximately 100 years after Braid introduced the method, other researchers are still states: 9 out of 10 hypnotic technique that is safe is leaning position, muscle relaxation, and fixation with a view to closing the eyes.
Suggestion.
When James Braid first described hypnotism, he did not use the term suggestion but it is intended to measure a subject's conscious mind to focus on one dominant idea. Braid main therapeutic strategy involves stimulating or reducing physiological functioning in different areas of the body. In the subsequent work, however, Braid laid the basis of verbal and nonverbal forms of suggestion, including the use of 'waking suggestion' (waking suggestion) and hypnosis yourself (self-hypnosis). After that, the emphasis hypnosis by Hippolyte Bernheim shifted from the physical state of the psychological process of verbal suggestion. Bernheim concept of the primary verbal suggestion in hypnotism dominated the subject during the 20th century. Thus making some party stated that he is the father of Modern Hypnosis. Hypnotism contemporary wear wide range of suggestions, including:
Direct verbal suggestion indirect verbal suggestions such as requests or insinuations, metaphors, and expression of the words of others.
Nonverbal suggestion in the form of mental imagery, tonality, and physical manipulation. The difference generally exists between the suggestions given by the permissive or authoritarian way. Some hypnotic suggestion is meant to provide immediate response, while others (suggestion pascahipnotik) intended to trigger a response after a time delay for a few minutes up to several years in some cases.
The conscious mind versus the subconscious mind.
Some practitioners understand the suggestion as a primary form of communication directly at the subject's conscious mind, while other practitioners regard the suggestion as a means to communicate with the subconscious or conscious mind. These concepts were introduced in the concept of hypnotism in the late 19th century by Sigmund Freud and Pierre Janet. Pioneering Victorian period hypnotism, including Braid and Bernheim, did not use these concepts, but acknowledged that the hypnotic suggestion is directed to the conscious mind of the subject. Indeed, Braid actually defines hypnotism as a focus on conscious attention to an idea or suggestion that dominant. Different views on the nature of mind has led to various concepts of suggestion. Hypnosis practitioners who believe that the response is mediated mainly by the subconscious mind, like Milton H. Erickson, creating a wide variety of uses indirect suggestions as metaphors or stories, which intends to find the meaning of the conscious mind of the subject. The concept of subliminal suggestion also depends on the mindset. Instead, hypnosis practitioners who believe that the response to the suggestion primarily mediated by the conscious mind, such as Theodore Barber and Nicholas Spanos tended to use more suggestions and verbal instructions directly.
Ideo-dynamic reflex.
Neuro-psychological theory of suggestive hypnosis were first introduced by James Braid who adapted the theory of friends and colleagues, William Carpenter on the motor ideo response to explain the phenomenon of hypnosis. Carpenter had observed closely from everyday experience on the idea that in certain circumstances, the movement can generate enough muscle reflex, or automation, contraction or movement of the muscles involved, albeit in a very small degree. Braid explains Carpenter's theory to examine the response of the body, other than muscular movement, can be influenced, for example, the idea that sucking a lemon can automatically stimulate saliva production, in response to a secretory gland. Braid therefore adopted the term "ideo-dynamic 'which means' power of ideas' to describe a variety of symptoms' psycho-physiological' body. Braid term 'dynamic mono idea' to refer to the theory that hypnosis works by focusing on the idea to reinforce the idea to reinforce the ideo-dynamic reflex response. Variations basic or dynamic theory of suggestion ideo continues to hold considerable influence over subsequent theories hipnotsis, including Clark L.Hull, Hans Eysenck, and Ernest Rossi. It should be noted, that the psychology of the Victorian period, the word 'idea' includes any mental representation, for example, mental imagery, or memories, and so forth.
Suggestion Pascahipnotis (post-hypnotic).
Allegedly pascahipnotis suggestion can be used to change the behavior of a person after hypnotized. One writer states that 'a person may act some time later based on the suggestion embedded in a hypnotic session'. A hypnotherapist told one of his patients who was also his friend: "When I touch your finger, you'll soon be hypnotized". Fourteen years later, at a dinner party, he touched his fingers that his head and immediately fell limp in the chair.
Susceptibility
Braid made a rough distinction between different stages of hypnosis which is referred to as stage hypnotism awareness first and second. Then he replaced this term with the difference between the phases 'subhipnotis', 'full hypnotic "and" hypnotic coma' .. Jean-Martin Charcot made a similar distinction between these stages with names wakings (somnambulism), lethargy (lethargy), and catalepsy , However, Ambroise-Auguste Liebeault and Bernheim introduced deeper hypnotic scale, based on a combination of behavioral, physiological responses and subjective responses. Some of them are due to direct suggestion and partly due to indirect suggestion. In the first decade of the 20th century, the depth scale clinical replaced by clinical research. The scale of the most influential is the creation of the Davis-Husband and Friedlander-Sarben developed in the 1930s. Andre Weitzenhoffer and Ernest R.Hilgard develop Stanford Hypnotic Susceptibility Scale in 1959, consisting of 12 sections followed by a suggestion standard test scenarios eye fixation hypnotic induction and then became one of the most widely-refensi grip on the research in the field of hypnosis. Not long after that, in 1962, Ronald Shor and Emily Carota Orne developed a similar group scale, called the Harvard Group Scale Hypnotic Susceptibility (Harvard Group Scale of Hypnotic Susceptibility (HGSHS)). While the older theory about the depth scale, trying to deduce the level of 'possessed (trance) hypnotic' based on signs that can be observed, such as amnesia spontaneous, most of the measurement scale of the response is observed or evaluated alone to test the suggestion specifics, such as the suggestion immediately arm rigidity (catalepsy). Scale Stanford, Harvard, and other vulnerabilities scale change the numbers into a person's vulnerability assessment as 'high', 'medium', 'low'. An estimated 80% of the population of a medium-scale, 10% higher and 10% lower. Value high hypnotic ability is usually settled in one's lifetime. Research by Deirdre Barrett states that there are two types of vulnerable subjects called 'Visionaries' (Fantasizers) and 'Separation' (dissociaters). Score high on a scale Dreamer so easy to block the absorption of real-world stimuli without hypnosis, often delusional, report imaginary friends during childhood and grow up with parents who suggested a game of imagination. Separator often have a history of child abuse or other trauma, learned to run on nothing and to forget the events that are not pleasant. Their ability to fantasize often be empty rather than imaginary memories are vague. Both the value of this group are equally high for formal scale of hypnotic susceptibility.
Cognitive behavior
In the second half of the twentieth century, there are two factors that contribute to the development of cognitive behavioral approach to hypnosis.
1. cognitive and behavioral theories about the nature of hypnosis (influenced by
the theory Sarbin
and Barber) became increasingly influential.
2. The practice of hypnotherapy and various forms of cognitive behavioral
therapy overlapped and affect each other. Although the theory of cognitive
behavioral hypnosis must be distinguished from
cognitive behavioral approaches to hypnotherapy, both have similar concepts,
terminology, and assumptions which have been integrated by influential
researchers and physicians as Irving Kirsch, Steven Jay Lynn, and others.
At the beginning of cognitive-behavioral therapy in the 1950s, hypnosis used by early behavior therapists such as Joseph Wolpe and also by early cognitive therapists such as Albert Ellis. Barber, Spanos & Chaves introduced the term "cognitive behavioral" to describe a hypnotized state theory (nonstate) on Hypnotism: Imagination & Human potentialities. However, Clark L. Hull had introduced a behavioral psychology back to 1933, which was preceded by Ivan Pavlov. In fact, the theory and practice of the start of hypnotism, even Braid theory, similar to cognitive-behavioral theory in several respects.
The practice of hypnosis.
Practices hypnosis was originally known as meditation techniques from the East (oriental). Practices hypnosis done now has in common with the various forms of yoga meditation by Hinduism and ancient spiritual practices, as described by the ancient Persian writings on a wide variety of religious rituals and healing rituals conducted in the East.
Writing in "The Power of Mind over Strength Physical", although James Braid opposing arguments belief in this phenomenon, but the writings show that meditation from the East produce effects hipotisme in solitude, without the presence of someone who hypnotized, so that he sees it as evidence that hypnotism contained in ancient meditation practices and not of the modern theories and practices of mesmerism flow ..
Controversy hypnotic.
Although in general the effects of hypnosis is recognized, however, many differences of opinion between scientists and clinical circles about how hypnosis works.
Psychological EM Thorton (1976) extending the analogy of the relationship between hypnosis, mesmerism flow, and magic. He stressed that the subject is hypnotized basically asked for "heading simulated conditions such as epilepsy patients as a parody". If the subject looks like a possessed, then this is caused because the condition involves context possessed a similar socio-cognitive, like someone who accepts the role given to him and feel a connection between the requesting and requested. However hypnosis is done, basically hypnotism, the flow of mesmerism, hysteria, and demonic possession has the same base where the social construction designed by the offender therapy enthusiastic about this, performers (showmen), and pastors or principals religious rituals in one side - and on the other hand there are people who are credulous, full of imagination, full of willingness, followed by a high emotional needs will be the ability of others to him.
Hypnotic process.
The process of hypnosis hypnotic condition :
* Client / subject (the person in hypnosis), must be willing, are not averse to in
hypnosis.
* Use language that is understood
* Hipnotist (the hypnotic) must be confident
With confidence hypnotic induction can be run and induction itself is diverse.
* First, to bring awareness to a semi-conscious person entering
the unconscious patient.
* Second, deepening, the goal that the client is more relaxed, entering
world
subconscious deeper, and make the client's condition is very focused.
* Third, given the suggestion to the purpose, if hypnosis stage usually
The suggestions given are entertaintment, but when in hypnosis
health, healing (hypnotherapy), aims to suggestions given
healing.
* The final step is to end the hypnosis, and bring clients to consciously position
with particular suggestion.
Thank you for reading this article. Written and posted by Bambang Sunarno. sunarnobambang86@gmail.com
author:
https://plus.google.com/105319704331231770941.
name: Bambang Sunarno.
http://primadonablog.blogspot.com/2015/12/hypnosis.html
Published Date: December 14, 2015 at 18.29
Tag : Hypnosis.
Code : 7MHPNPADAEFW
